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1

Jasieńko, Jerzy, Tomasz Nowak, and Katarzyna Hamrol. "Selected Methods of Diagnosis of Historic Timber Structures – Principles and Possibilities of Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.225.

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The paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art nondestructive and semi-destructive diagnostic techniques of testing timber structures and examples of their application. Nondestructive testing is a field of study which covers: identifying the mechanical and physical properties of materials and structural components, detecting material defects and discontinuities, and measuring the geometric dimensions of objects without affecting their performance. The nondestructive and semi-destructive methods are described in a systematic manner and the relevant equipment, technology and applications are discussed. The paper focuses on acoustic methods, resistance drilling techniques and radiography, which are suitable for detecting internal defects, decay and cracks, determining the location and dimensions of degraded areas and assessing the mechanical properties of structural timber members. Much attention is devoted to the techniques that are used in practice and have shown significant promise for future development. The results of several drilling resistance tests carried out on historic timber structures are presented.
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2

Parisi, Maria Adelaide, Mariapaola Riggio, Chiara Tardini, and Maurizio Piazza. "Rehabilitation of Timber Structures and Seismic Vulnerability: A Case Study." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.741.

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Synthetic methods for the diagnosis of structures and particularly for their vulnerability assessment rely on simplified calculations and visual inspection. Their effectiveness strongly depends on an accurate calibration of the procedure by which data are collected. A recent methodology for the seismic vulnerability assessment of timber roofs in historical buildings has been applied to the Thun Castle during a study for its rehabilitation. The purpose was twofold: testing and calibrating the procedure on a heritage structure and estimating the capability of the roof structure to resist seismic action, as required in a zone of low but not negligible seismicity.
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Bertolini Cestari, Clara, and Tanja Marzi. "Conservation of historic timber roof structures of Italian architectural heritage: diagnosis, assessment, and intervention." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 632–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1442523.

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4

Macchioni, Nicola, Michele Brunetti, Benedetto Pizzo, Paolo Burato, Michela Nocetti, and Sabrina Palanti. "The timber structures in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem: Typologies and diagnosis." Journal of Cultural Heritage 13, no. 4 (December 2012): e42-e53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.10.004.

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Faggiano, Beatrice, Maria Rosaria Grippa, and Federico M. Mazzolani. "The Royal Palace of Naples: Diagnosis, Assessment and Structural Restoration of Complex Roofing Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.831.

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The paper presents an overview on the timber structures of the Royal Palace of Naples. Focusing on the roofs of the Historical Apartment, located at the second level of the palace, different structural typologies are illustrated. The structural identification was achieved starting from an extensive in situ survey, aimed at assessing materials, conservation state, geometries and static schemes. Therefore 3D FEM models of the study systems as whole were set up and the structural analyses carried out, allowing to catch the weaknesses in terms of strength and deformation capacities; the safety checks were performed according to Eurocode 5 provisions. Finally, on the basis of the acquired knowledge, the appropriate retrofitting techniques were suggested [1, . In particular, with reference to the Diplomatic Hall (II), details of the realized restoration interventions, based on mixed technologies, are presented [.
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Brunetti, Michele, Michela Nocetti, and Paolo Burato. "Strength Properties of Chestnut Structural Timber with Wane." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.377.

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Grading of timber for structural purposes allows material with similar physical and mechanical properties to be grouped together. The groups are defined by specific strength values and indicate the basic working stresses and stiffnesses to be used for structural design purposes. In particular, visual strength grading bases the assignment of each timber element to a grade on the characteristics that are visually measurable (i.e. knots, slope of grain, annual ring width). Very similar principles are implemented for the in situ assessment of timber structures, as recommended for example by the Italian standard UNI 11119, that specifies the procedures for the diagnosis of timber members. Currently, however, European standards and most of the national standards on strength grading refer to timber elements with rectangular cross section, while in existing buildings, members with irregular cross section are extremely common. Thus, 10 different provenances (5 from Italy and 5 from France) of chestnut timber were sampled. More than 600 structural elements with wane were visually examined in laboratory and all the characteristics were collected. Bending tests were then performed on each timber element until failure, and bending strength, as well as modulus of elasticity and density, were determined. Here, the limitations for the main strength-reducing characteristics and the characteristic values (fifth percentile for bending strength and density and the mean value for modulus of elasticity) of chestnut timber with wane are presented.
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7

Cointe, Alain, Patrick Castéra, Pierre Morlier, and Philippe Galimard. "Diagnosis and monitoring of timber buildings of cultural heritage." Structural Safety 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2006.07.013.

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8

Lokuge, Weena, Nirdosha Gamage, and Sujeeva Setunge. "Fault tree analysis method for deterioration of timber bridges using an Australian case study." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 6, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-01-2016-0001.

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Purpose – Deterioration of timber bridges can often be related to a number of deficiencies in the bridge elements, connectors and/or as a result of been in aggressive environments which they are exposed to. The maintenance cost of timber bridges is affected significantly by a number of deterioration mechanisms which require a systematic approach for diagnosis and treatment. Evaluating the risk of failure of these bridges is of importance in bridge performance assessment and decision making to optimize rehabilitation options. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper identifies common causes for timber bridge deterioration and demonstrates an integrated approach based on fault tree analysis to obtain qualitative or quantitative estimation of the risk of failure of timber bridge sub-systems. Level 2 inspection report for a timber bridge in Queensland, Australia has been utilized as a case study in this research to identify the failure modes of the bridge. Findings – A diagnostic tool for timber bridge deterioration will benefit asset inspectors, managers, and engineers to identify the type, size and the distress mechanisms in order to recognize the proper corrective measures either to prevent or to reduce further deterioration. Timber bridge maintenance is a major issue in Queensland, Australia. If a decision support tool can be developed, it will benefit road authorities and local councils. Originality/value – Timber bridge maintenance is a major issue in Queensland, Australia. If a decision support tool can be developed as initiated in this research paper it will benefit road authorities and local councils.
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9

Marzouk, Mohamed, Maryam ElSharkawy, Pakinam Elsayed, and Aya Eissa. "Resolving deterioration of heritage building elements using an expert system." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2019-0106.

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PurposeThe maintenance of original building materials is crucial to extending their lifetime and avoiding their repeated replacement in heritage buildings. In order to maintain the identity of built heritage and resolve possible deterioration over the years, special expertise is required to avoid possible materials decay and to preserve building elements in a way that allows them to function efficiently as originally intended.Design/methodology/approachAn expert system is created to identify the most effective method of repair for each specific building material and to propose the appropriate conservation methods for resolving different types of damages. Artificial intelligence is used to provide a systematic problem-solving technique that saves time and provides the most efficient conservation and preservation method for heritage building elements.FindingsThose expert systems could be generalized on similar historical structures to be used as a systematic guide for examining material, evaluating deterioration state and objectively suggesting their related repair techniques. Further deteriorated materials in heritage buildings should be investigated, such as stone and timber staircases, to provide a guide for usage by restoration and conservation authorities.Originality/valueUsing a user-friendly method, with special considerations to three major problematic building elements in terms of decay and material dysfunction in heritage structures, timber doors, iron gates, and ceiling paintings are selected for diagnosis and repair in an Egyptian heritage building.
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10

Koehl, Mathieu, Anthony Viale, and Sophie Reeb. "A Historical Timber Frame Model for Diagnosis and Documentation before Building Restoration." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 34–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015100103.

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The aim of the project that is described in this paper was to define a four-level timber frame survey mode of a historical building: the so-called “Andlau's Seigniory”, Alsace, France. This historical building was built in the late XVIth century and was in a stage of renovation in order to become a heritage interpretation centre. The used measurement methods combine Total Station measurements, Photogrammetry and 3D Terrestrial Laser scanner. Different modelling workflows were tested and compared according to the data acquisition method, but also according to the characteristics of the reconstructed model in terms of accuracy and level of detail. 3D geometric modelling of the entire structure was performed including modelling the degree of detail adapted to the needs. The described 3D timber framework exists now in different versions, from a theoretical and geometrical one up to a very detailed one, in which measurements and evaluation of deformation by time are potentially allowed. The virtually generated models involving archaeologists, architects, historians and specialists in historical crafts, are intended to be used during the four stages of the project: (i) knowledge of the current state of needs for diagnosis and understanding of former construction techniques; (ii) preparation and evaluation of restoration steps; (iii) knowledge and documentation concerning the archaeological object; (iv) transmission and dissemination of knowledge through the implementation of museum animations. Among the generated models one can also find a documentation of the site in the form of virtual tours created from panoramic photographs before and during the restoration works. Finally, the timber framework model was structured and integrated into a 3D GIS, where the association of descriptive and complementary digital documents was possible. Both offer tools leading to the diagnosis, the understanding of the structure, knowledge dissemination, documentation and the creation of educational activities. The integration of these measurements in a historical information system will lead to the creation of an interactive model and the creation of a digital visual display unit for consultation. It will be offered to any public to understand interactively the art of constructing a Renaissance structure, with detailed photos, descriptive texts and graphics. The 3D digital model of the framework will be used directly in the interpretation path, within the space dedicated to “Seigniory” of Andlau. An interactive touch-screen will be installed. It will incorporate several levels of playgrounds (playful, evocative and teaching). In a virtual way, it will deal with the different stages of building a wooden framework and clarify the art of construction.
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11

Diodato, Maria, Nicola Macchioni, Michele Brunetti, Benedetto Pizzo, Michela Nocetti, Paolo Burato, Lorena Sozzi, Elisa Pecoraro, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, and Camilla Mileto. "A Peculiar Spanish Timber Floor, the "Revoltón": A Diagnostic Example at the "Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló"." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1064.

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The paper deals with the application of the Italian method for assessing on-site and diagnosing timber elements to a distinctive Spanish type of horizontal structure called “revoltón” i.e. jack arch floor. As in Spain does not exist a specific regulation for the on-site diagnosis of timber elements, this analysis was performed according to the Italian standard UNI 11119. Due to the peculiar features of the jack arch floor some modifications were applied to the method.During spring 2012 the authors had the opportunity to carry out a pilot project by making a diagnostic analysis on a whole three stories building. The building, “Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló”, located in Spain in the town of Benicarló, between Barcelona and Valencia, was erected during the second half of the XVIII century. It maintains the original internal distribution and structure, and it is characterized by precious ceramic decorations on walls and floors. All the horizontal structures studied inside the palace were jack arch floor except the roof structure that was also made of timber.The results of the project described in the paper clarify the specific problems of the horizontal structures and the roof surveyed during the fieldwork. These results are accompanied by several plans that represent the information recovered on-site and lead to a complete assessment of the structures. The plans include the grading based on wood defects, the local moisture content of wood, the superficial and inner decay due to insects and rot and the deformation of the joists. In this way it was possible to locate the areas of the palace where more problems were concentrated, and better understand the causes and origin of the damages.
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12

Bertolini-Cestari, Clara, Filiberto Chiabrando, Stefano Invernizzi, Tanja Marzi, and Antonia Spanò. "Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Settled Techniques: A Support to Detect Pathologies and Safety Conditions of Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.350.

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Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for detailed geometrical representation of the existing cultural heritage, in particular to improve the comprehension of interactions between different phenomena and to allow a better decisional and planning process. The LiDAR technology (Light Detection and Ranging) can be adopted in different fields, ranging from aerial applications to mobile and terrestrial mapping systems. One of the main target of this study is to propose an integration of innovative and settled inquiring techniques, ranging from the reading of the technological system, to non-destructive tools for diagnosis and 3D metric modeling of buildings heritage. Many inquiring techniques, including Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) method, have been exploited to study the main room of the Valentino Castle in Torino. The so-called “Salone delle Feste”, conceived in the XVIIth century under the guidance of Carlo di Castellamonte, has been selected as a test area. The beautiful frescos and stuccoes of the domical vault are sustained by a typical Delorme carpentry, whose span is among the largest of their kind. The dome suffered from degradation during the years, and a series of interventions were put into place. A survey has revealed that the suspender cables above the vault in the region close to the abutments have lost their tension. This may indicate an increase of the vault deformation; therefore a structural assessment of the dome is mandatory. The high detailed metric survey, carried out with integrated laser scanning and digital close range photogrammetry, reinforced the structural hypothesis of damages and revealed the deformation effects. In addition, the correlation between the survey-model of the intrados and of the extrados allowed a non-destructive and extensive determination of the dome thickness. The photogram-metrical survey of frescos, with the re-projection of images on vault surface model (texture mapping), is purposed to exactly localize formers restoration and their signs on frescos continuity. The present paper illustrates the generation of the 3D high-resolution model and its relations with the results of the structural survey; both of them support the Finite Element numerical simulation of the dome.
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Campos, Aline Faria, Laurenn Borges de Macedo, Maria ângela Pereira de Castroe Silva Bortolucci, and Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr. "Evaluation of Health Conditions of Wooden Structures of the Former Slave Quarters of Farm Santa Maria do Monjolinho, Located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1096–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1096.

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Brazil still has a diversity of architectural structures that represent various historical periods experienced. However, much of this cultural heritage is not properly maintained and this work aims to contribute to the conservation of the wooden structure of a historic site in the state of São Paulo. Problems related to the health/physical normality of wood present in historical building structures are commonly found, therefore, assessment measures and maintenance should be performed to secure the structural integrity of these parts, so that these architectural references are not lost over time. The farm Santa do Maria Monjolinho, located in São Carlos, the central region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, declared cultural heritage in 2007 by the department of state assets - CONDEPHAAT - stands out for the richness of its architectural set which was built in the nineteenth century, under the dominance of the coffee economy. Its facilities include the main house, yard coffee, granary and machine room, aqueduct and water wheel, chapel, mill, barn, settler houses and the building of the former slave quarters, fully preserved by the family Malta Campos. The old slave quarters, the object of our study, was built in the mid nineteenth century: today is the building that has the highest level of degradation. Originally consisted of two large environments, called wards, one female and the other male, with the function of house the farms slaves. After abolition, italian colonists adapted the building turning it into five houses with party walls of clay and wattle-and-daub. The roof, which consists in a wood structure and clay tiles, is bulging and has loads of broken tiles and the timber (rafters, beams and purlins) structurally compromised due to moisture attack and wood decay agents. The roof structure is supported by brickwork pillars and fresh mainstays, and some of them exhibit some level of degradation. To evaluate the health of these mainstays were used wood samples from other similar structures in the same property, built at the same era of the slave quarters. Tests of shear, compression parallel to the fibers and density that were developed made possible to make an analogy to the strength and condition of the wooden structures that support the roof of the slave quarters. The results as such tests show the reduction of the mechanical resistance of the pieces evaluated, leading to the need to reassess the conditions of service of the structures considered. Seeking an evaluation and diagnosis of health and structural conditions of the roof of the slave quarters, we intend to perform nondestructive tests on some parts of the wood of the structure itself. To do so, the following equipment could be used: Stress Wave Timer, Pylodin and Resistograph, offered by USP. Thus, using data obtained by the tests will be possible to determine the percentage of deterioration of structural components and the indication of restoration suitable for conservation of the structure, while cultural heritage of regional significance.
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14

Edlund, Bo. "Timber Structures." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612439.

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15

McDougall, Reece. "Conserving Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2006.11464741.

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Kuda, D., and M. Petříčková. "Modular timber structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 800 (May 19, 2020): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/800/1/012033.

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Žagar, Zvonimir. "Smart Timber Structures." IABSE Symposium Report 85, no. 11 (January 1, 2001): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137801796348313.

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18

Ceraldi, C., C. D’Ambra, M. Lippiello, and A. Prota. "Restoring of timber structures: connections with timber pegs." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 75, no. 6 (April 1, 2017): 957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1179-6.

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19

YASUMURA, MOTOI. "Large-Scale Timber Structures." Wood Preservation 23, no. 4 (1997): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.23.199.

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20

Ceccotti, Ario. "Composite concrete-timber structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 4, no. 3 (2002): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.126.

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21

Vavrušová, Kristýna, and Antonín Lokaj. "Timber Structures Fire Resistance." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10160-010-0025-0.

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Timber Structures Fire Resistance The topic of this contribution is an outline of the timber structures design and assessment issues related to effects of fire according to standard and alternative (fully probabilistic) methods.
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22

Köhler, Jochen, and Staffan Svensson. "Special Issue — Timber Structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.026.

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23

Kurz, Jochen H. "Monitoring of timber structures." Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 5, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13349-014-0075-6.

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Radford, D. W., D. Van Goethem, R. M. Gutkowski, and M. L. Peterson. "Composite repair of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 16, no. 7 (October 2002): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(02)00044-2.

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Köhler, Jochen, John Dalsgaard Sørensen, and Michael Havbro Faber. "Probabilistic modeling of timber structures." Structural Safety 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2006.07.007.

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26

Kirkegaard, P. H., J. D. Sørensen, and F. Hald. "Robustness Analyses of Timber Structures." Computational Technology Reviews 8 (September 3, 2013): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ctr.8.5.

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27

Wheeler, A. S., and A. R. Hutchinson. "Resin repairs to timber structures." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 18, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7496(97)00060-2.

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Leicester, R. H., C. H. Wang, M. N. Nguyen, and C. E. MacKenzie. "Design of Exposed Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 2009): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2009.11465024.

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Leicester, R. H. "Buckling Strength of Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 2009): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2009.11465027.

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Dowrick, D. J. "Hysteresis loops for timber structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.2.143-152.

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This paper reviews experimentally determined hysteresis loops for timber structures, including moment-resisting joints with (i) steel and (ii) plywood side plates, (iii) shear walls clad with various materials, and (iv) push-pull tests on various connection details. The paper compares bending and push-pull hysteresis loops for nailed steel side-plate joints. An attempt is made to classify the above hysteretic behaviour for analytical purposes, and the available computer models are reviewed for applicability to these hysteresis shapes.
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Kovarova, Barbora. "Spatial Prefabrication in Timber Structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 23, 2019): 032053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/3/032053.

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Malo, K. A., J. Siem, and P. Ellingsbø. "Quantifying ductility in timber structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2998–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.03.002.

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Schober, Kay-Uwe, Annette M. Harte, Robert Kliger, Robert Jockwer, Qingfeng Xu, and Jian-Fei Chen. "FRP reinforcement of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 97 (October 2015): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.020.

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Schober, Kay-Uwe, and Thomas Tannert. "Hybrid connections for timber structures." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1024-3.

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Pokrovskaya, Elena. "Longevity enhancement of wooden civil structures." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126301023.

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A method of longevity enhancement of wooden civil structures by absorption-chemical modification of timber surfaces is described herein. The modifiers were phosphoric acid ethers. The properties of the superficial layer were studied by IR-spectroscopy and elementary analysis by Energy Dispersion X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for build-up detection of covalent bonds of the modifier with the timber surface. During mycological studies, quantities of vital spores on surfaces of wooden structures were measured. As a result, the modified surface of the timber features durable a high degree of biological and fire protection enhancing the longevity of timber structures. The obtained results were practically introduced for longevity enhancement of the timber structures in Ryazan Kremlin, Anglican Church in Archangel’sk City, Nikol’skaya Church (Lyavlya Village, Archangel’sk Region), in Yaroslavl’ Wooden Architecture Museum, Holy Trinity Sergius’ Lavra, in construction of individual housings in Moscow Region.
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Fajman, Petr, and Jiri Maca. "Historical Timber Structures with Selected Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 769 (June 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.25.

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Repairs of historical timber structures lead to connecting existing and new beams. The requirements for beam authenticity make use of older ways of connecting. The first type is the splice of beams in bending with the scarf joint, rafters and tie-beams are joined with the dovetail and, finally, the connection of the main joist with the strut is by the mortise carve.
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Harris, Richard. "Design of timber gridded shell structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 164, no. 2 (April 2011): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.9.00088.

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Steer, P. J. "EN1995Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 144, no. 6 (November 2001): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2001.144.6.39.

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Jirka, Ondrej, and Karel Mikes. "Semi-rigid joints of timber structures." Pollack Periodica 5, no. 2 (August 2010): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.5.2010.2.2.

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Duszyk, Iwona, and Wojciech Gilewski. "An Introduction to Timber Textile Structures." Procedia Engineering 91 (2014): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.049.

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41

Margetts, L. "The Conservation of Large Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2008.11464767.

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D'Ayala, Dina, and Hui Wang. "Conservation Practice of Chinese Timber Structures." Journal of Architectural Conservation 12, no. 2 (January 2006): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2006.10784966.

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43

Natterer, Julius K. "New technologies for engineered timber structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 4, no. 3 (July 2002): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.119.

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44

van de Kuilen, J. W. G. "Service life modelling of timber structures." Materials and Structures 40, no. 1 (October 18, 2006): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9158-0.

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45

Branco, Jorge M., and Ivan Giongo. "Special issue on “existing timber structures”." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1453327.

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46

D'Aveni, Antonino, and Giuseppe D'Agata. "Post-tensioned timber structures: New perspectives." Construction and Building Materials 153 (October 2017): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.031.

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Colella, Micaela. "Structures, Algorithms and Stone/Timber Prototypes." Nexus Network Journal 19, no. 1 (July 25, 2016): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-016-0310-z.

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Gilbert, Benoit P., Steven B. Hancock, Henri Bailleres, and Mohammed Hjiaj. "Thin-walled timber structures: An investigation." Construction and Building Materials 73 (December 2014): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.070.

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49

Harte, Annette M., and Keith Crews. "Special issue: Reinforcement of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 97 (October 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.144.

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50

Bell, T. J. "Extended use of timber frame structures." Construction and Building Materials 6, no. 3 (January 1992): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(92)90009-n.

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