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1

C, Srivastava Suresh, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for imaging and therapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.

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2

Diagnostic ultrasound: Principles and instruments. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.

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3

Diagnostic ultrasound: Principles and instruments. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders, 1998.

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4

Diagnostic ultrasound: Principles and instruments. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993.

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5

Kremkau, Frederick W. Diagnostic ultrasound: Principles, instruments, and exercises. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1989.

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6

Capture, Canada Image Generation and. Report of Working Group 2, Medical Imaging Technology Roadmap. Ottawa, Ont: Industry Canada, 2001.

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7

Heffez, Leslie B. Imaging atlas of the temporomandibular joint. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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8

Burns, Marvin. The U.S. market for refurbished diagnostic imaging equipment: Recent sales trends and competitive challenges, sales and market share by manufacturer, industry and end-user analysis, technological assessment and market forecasts. Portsmouth, RI: Second Source Publications, 1993.

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9

T, Albanese Craig, Esposito Ciro, Fujioka Masayuki, MacKinlay Gordon A, Rollins Nancy, Schier F, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Pediatric Surgical Diseases: A Radiologic Surgical Case Study Approach. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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10

M, Judd Robert, and Kim Raymond J, eds. Cardiovascular MRI in practice: A teaching file approach. London: Springer, 2008.

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11

1928-, Ward Paul H., ed. The larynx: Radiology, surgery, pathology. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1990.

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12

1943-, Murry Thomas, ed. FEESST: Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing. San Diego: Plural Pub., 2005.

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13

Andrew, Dyson, ed. Fibreoptic intubation. London: Greenwich Medical Media, 2000.

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14

Gross, Manfred, M.D., Ph. D., ed. Stroboscopy: And other techniques for the analysis of vocal fold vibration. London: Whurr, 2005.

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15

In vivo NMR spectroscopy: Principles and techniques. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

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16

In vivo NMR spectroscopy: Principles and techniques. Chichester: Wiley, 1998.

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17

Bachu, Anil. Diagnostic Procedures. Edited by Rajiv Radhakrishnan and Lily Arora. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265557.003.0027.

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In this chapter important aspects of diagnostic procedures are reviewed including psychiatric interview, mental status examination, psychological testing, neuropsychological testing, diagnostic assessments and rating scales, laboratory monitoring, imaging studies, EEG and sleep studies
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18

Yilmaz, Ali, and Anca Florian. Myocarditis: imaging techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0367.

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The clinical presentation of myocarditis is multifaceted and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes as well as biomarkers tend to be non-specific. Therefore, the diagnosis of myocarditis can be challenging and should be based on an integrated approach including patient history, physical examination, non-invasive tests such as ECG and serum biomarkers, and non-invasive cardiac imaging. As myocarditis may lead to global ventricular dysfunction, regional wall motion abnormalities, and/or diastolic dysfunction, echocardiography should be routinely performed. However, hallmarks of acute myocarditis comprise structural changes such as cardiomyocyte swelling, an increase in extracellular space and water content, accumulation of inflammatory cells, potential necrosis or apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and myocardial remodelling with fibrotic tissue replacement that can be depicted by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Nuclear techniques are still not routinely recommended for the work-up of myocarditis—with the possible exception of suspected sarcoidosis—due to limited data, limited diagnostic specificity, limited availability, and risk from radiation exposure. This chapter focuses on those non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques that are used in daily clinical practice for work-up of suspected myocarditis. However, as research continues and novel imaging techniques become available, it is hoped that even more accurate and timely diagnosis of myocarditis will be possible in the near future.
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19

K, Udupa Jayaram, and Herman Gabor T, eds. 3D imaging in medicine. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2000.

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20

Eisenberg, Ronald L. Chest and Cardiovascular Imaging: An Atlas of Differential Diagnosis. Raven Pr, 1993.

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21

Morrison, Alan R., Joseph C. Wu, and Mehran M. Sadeghi. Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0029.

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Cardiovascular molecular imaging is a relatively young but rapidly expanding discipline that consists of a biologically-targeted approach to the assessment of physiologic and pathologic processes in vivo. This novel approach to imaging involves the integration of multiple disciplines such as cell and molecular biology, chemistry, and imaging sciences. The ultimate goal is quantitative assessment of cardiovascular processes at the cellular and molecular level, moving beyond traditional diagnostic information, in order to guide individually tailored therapy. In fact, it is likely that specific approaches to molecular imaging will be developed in tandem with the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in probe development and imaging systems have contributed to evolution of molecular imaging toward clinical translational. These include technological progress in traditional imaging platforms; along with the emergence of newer imaging modalities such as photoacoustic imaging. In addition, hybrid imaging (e.g. nuclear imaging with CT or MRI) has the potential for improved spatial localization, and more accurate quantification by coupling anatomic and biological information. In addition to potential clinical applications that address existing diagnostic gaps in cardiovascular medicine, molecular imaging allows for unique approaches to studying pathophysiology. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the state of the art in cardiovascular molecular imaging, highlighting how it may improve the management of major cardiovascular diseases.
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22

Kremkau, Frederick W. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments. 7th ed. Saunders, 2005.

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23

Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments. 6th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, 2002.

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24

Suresh K., M.D. Mukherji and Vincent Chong. Atlas of Head and Neck Imaging: The Extracranial Head and Neck. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2004.

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25

Corporation, Market Intelligence Research, ed. End-users of diagnostic imaging equipment: Radiologists and other end-users critique performance and reveal future purchasing plans. Mountain View, CA: Market Intelligence Research Corp., 1990.

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26

(Editor), Ami E. Iskandrian, and Mario S. Verani (Editor), eds. Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: Principles & Applications. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.

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27

Johnson, Daniel. Mayo Clinic Gastrointestinal Imaging Review. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199862153.001.0001.

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This resource provides an atlas of common abnormalities that affect the gastrointestinal tract and includes all imaging modalities used within GI radiology, as well as plain radiographs, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, MR, angiography, and nuclear medicine. Focusing solely on adult conditions, it features 13 chapters covering a separate organ within the gastrointestinal system and a final exam chapter reviewing all chapter content. Each organ-focused chapter is subdivided into sections related to diseases or findings of that organ. Large, high-quality images are presented so that they can be reviewed as unknowns. A discussion of the cases is presented as if it were a consultation— with a description of the findings, differential diagnosis, and final diagnosis. A brief discussion of the disease is included. The end of each chapter lists differential diagnoses for the chapter's specific organ. Full-color composite anatomical illustrations show the immediately obvious appearance of common conditions that correlate with major radiologic findings.
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28

Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.

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Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.
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29

1941-, Iskandrian Ami E., and Verani Mario S, eds. Nuclear cardiac imaging: Principles and applications. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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30

(Foreword), Joseph T. Coyle, Monique Ernst (Editor), and Judith M. Rumsey (Editor), eds. Functional Neuroimaging in Child Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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31

Michael, Conn P., ed. Imaging in biological research. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

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32

Sicari, Rosa, and Raluca Dulgheru. Stress echocardiography: introduction and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0011.

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Stress echocardiography is the combination of two-dimensional echocardiography with a physical, pharmacological, or electrical stress. The diagnostic end point for the detection of myocardial ischaemia is the induction of a transient worsening in left ventricular regional function during stress. Among different stress modalities of comparable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy available, semisupine exercise is the most frequently used; dobutamine-the best test for viability assessment; dipyridamole-the safest and simplest pharmacological stress test; and the most suitable for combined wall motion-coronary flow reserve assessment. Identification of viable myocardium and evaluation of severity of valvular heart disease are additional recognized applications of stress echocardiography. In spite of its dependence upon operators’ training, stress echocardiography is today the best (most cost-effective and risk-effective) possible imaging modality to achieve the still elusive target of sustainable cardiac imaging in the field of non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
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33

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. The Standard Transoesophageal Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0003.

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Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is a semi-invasive procedure that harnesses the transoesophageal echo windows via a specialized probe to improve diagnostic accuracy if transthoracic imaging is not sufficient, or to allow echocardiographic examination and monitoring in circumstances where the transthoracic echo windows are not accessible, e.g., intra-operatively or during cardiac interventions. Main indications for TOE are the diagnosis of infective endocarditis, the identification of left atrial thrombi, in particular in the left atrial appendage before cardioversion, prosthetic valve dysfunction, aortic disease including dissection, intraoperative monitoring of valvular surgery, peri-interventional monitoring of interventions in structural heart disease, e.g. interventional mitral repair or transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and atrial septal defect closure. The chapter describes proper precautions and technique of TOE, standard views and recordings, as well as the most important imaging information and how to get it for the main TOE indications.
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34

Heffez, J., MD Mahmood F. Mafee, and Henry M. Rosenberg. Atlas of Temporomandibular Joint Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,US, 1995.

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35

Ather, Sameer, Ayman Farag, Vikas Bhatia, and Fadi G. Hage. Role of Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0017.

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Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the biggest contributor of death in these patients. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a validated tool for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and for predicting short and long term prognosis in this patient population. Non-invasive stress imaging, with MPI or other imaging modalities, is widely used for risk stratification in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) being evaluated for kidney transplantation due to the paucity of donor organs and the high cardiovascular risk of patients on the transplant waiting list. In this Chapter we will review the data on diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification using MPI in patients with CKD and ESRD highlighting the special challenges that are unique to this population. We will also discuss novel indicators that have been used in these patients to improve risk stratification.
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36

Thuny, Franck, and Didier Raoult. Pathophysiology and causes of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0160.

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Endocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the endocardial surface of the heart. This may include heart valves, mural endocardium or the endocardium that covers implanted material, such as prosthetic valves, pacemaker/defibrillator leads and catheters. Infective and non-infective-related causes must be distinguished. In most cases, the inflammation is related to a bacterial or fungal infection with oral streptococci, group D streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci accounting for 85% of episodes. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease with an incidence ranging from 30 to 100 episodes/million patient-years. From various portals of entry (e.g. oral, digestive, cutaneous) and a subsequent bacteraemia, pathogens can adhere and colonize intracardiac foreign material or onto previously damaged endocardium due to numerous complex processes based on a unique host–pathogen interaction. Rarely, endocarditis can be related to non-infective causes, such as immunological or neoplastic. Mortality is high, with more than one-third dying within a year of diagnosis from complications such as acute heart failure or emboli. This disease still remains a diagnostic challenge with many cases being identified and subsequently treated too late. Diagnosis of IE usually relies on the association between an infectious syndrome and recent endocardial involvement. Blood cultures and echocardiography are the main diagnostic procedures, but are negative in almost 30% of cases, requiring the use of more sophisticated techniques. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are promising imaging modalities. Improved understanding of its pathophysiology and the development of relevant diagnostic strategies enables accelerated identification and treatment, and thus an improved prognosis.
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37

Denham, S. LeeAnn, and Heidi R. Umphrey. Radiology–Pathology Correlation. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0058.

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Over 1 million image-guided breast biopsies, guided by mammography, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging, are performed annually in the United States. When the imaging characteristics of a lesion correspond to the histopathological diagnosis (e.g., suspicious imaging findings and malignant pathology), the biopsy results are deemed concordant. However, when the imaging characteristics differ from the pathological results (e.g., suspicious imaging findings but benign pathology), this biopsy result is considered discordant. This chapter, appearing in the section on interventions and surgical change, reviews the process of determining concordance between imaging and pathological findings, and managing discordant findings. Topics discussed include benign pathology results with suspicious imaging appearances, as well as the management of high-risk lesions, locally aggressive breast lesions, and malignant breast lesions.
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38

Medical imaging 2006.: 14-16 February 2006, San Diego, California, USA. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 2006.

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39

Avni, Fred E., Marie Cassart, Anne Massez, and Michèle Hall. Ante- and postnatal imaging to diagnose human kidney malformations. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0361.

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Antenatal imaging plays a central role in the detection and management of congenital uropathies. Nowadays, two or three ultrasound examinations are performed in selected countries like Belgium or France while only one mid-trimester examination is performed in others (United Kingdom, Scandinavia). These examinations potentially allow the detection of a wide range of uronephropathies including at one end benign diseases and at the other, life-threatening conditions. Once detected, a full evaluation must be performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the prognosis. In selected cases, fetal magnetic resonance imaging will provide additional useful information. After birth, imaging evaluation has been standardized and helps to prevent further deterioration of the renal function.
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40

Canada, Canada Industry, ed. Image generation and capture: Report of working group 2 : medical imaging technology roadmap. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 2001.

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41

van Gaalen, Floris, Désirée van der Heijde, and Maxime Dougados. Diagnosis and classification of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0003.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a potentially disabling chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. Lead symptoms are chronic back pain and stiffness. The disease is called radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) when, on plain radiographs, bone changes consistent with sacroiliitis are present. When no evidence of sacroiliitis is seen on radiographs, it is called non-radiographic axSpA. In such cases, diagnosis is made based on evidence of active inflammation of SI joints on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical and laboratory features, or a combination of clinical and laboratory features only. Apart from affecting the spine and SI joints, axSpA may involve peripheral joints (e.g. knee, ankle) and manifest in extra-articular manifestations, for example uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this chapter, diagnosis and classification of axSpA is discussed, including use of MRI in detecting sacroiliitis and the difference between clinical diagnosis and disease classification.
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42

Marcelo F. Di Carli (Editor) and Martin J. Lipton (Editor), eds. Cardiac PET and PET/CT Imaging. Springer, 2007.

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43

Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 40-Year-Old Female with Increasing Arm Pain and Numbness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0013.

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) is an uncommon cause of chronic arm pain and numbness but should not be missed. It can lead to chronic pain and disability. Symptoms of NTOS are often aggravated by arm exertion and elevation and tend to occur after exercise rather than activity. A thorough diagnostic evaluation is key, which includes provocative tests, imaging, electromyography/nerve conduction study, and diagnostic injections. Electromyography/nerve conduction study (EMG/NCS) are recommended for NTOS as it is important to exclude an entrapment neuropathy or cervical radiculopathy that may be misdiagnosed as NTOS. EMG/NCS is usually normal in NTOS, however, in severe presentations, the EMG/NCS pattern is most consistent with a lower trunk plexopathy. Treatment options of NTOS are also described in this chapter.
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44

Dorbala, Sharmila, and Katarina H. Nelson. Inflammatory and Infiltrative Diseases and Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0026.

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This chapter highlights some of the novel clinical radionuclide imaging strategies beyond perfusion imaging including inflammatory diseases, infiltrative diseases and tumors. Targeted molecular imaging techniques to evaluate cardiac amyloidosis as well as myocardial and vascular inflammation are addressed. Clinical 18F-FDG imaging of cardiac sarcoidosis, cardiovascular prosthetic valve and device infections, systemic vasculitis, and tumors are discussed in detail. For each of these pathologies, a concise overview of the disease pathophysiology and management pertinent to understanding of imaging techniques is provided followed by details of imaging including radiotracers, imaging techniques and image interpretation with a reference to societal guidelines. The published data on the utility of radionuclide imaging tests to assess diagnosis, prognosis and to monitor response to therapy are discussed. Clinical scenarios and available societal recommendations on the use of imaging are illustrated. The strengths and limitations of radionuclide techniques are discussed in the context of a comparison to echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac CT and endomyocardial biopsy. Future directions in imaging and ongoing clinical trials in these areas are listed at the end of each section.
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45

Weidemann, Frank, Gilbert Habib, and Clara Vazquez. Isolated ventricular non-compaction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0045.

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Isolated ventricular non-compaction (IVNC) in adults is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by the presence of prominent myocardial trabeculations in the apical segments of the left ventricle with deep inter-trabecular recesses in communication with the ventricular cavity. Until now there is no clear genetic or laboratory test for the diagnosis of IVNC and thus the diagnosis is defined by clinical and imaging criteria. During echocardiography a maximal end-systolic ratio between the non-compacted endocardial layer and the compacted layer of greater than 2 is consistent with IVNC. This chapter focuses on the definition of IVNC and typical imaging features seen by standard and by advanced echocardiography.
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46

Chadwick, David, Alastair Compston, Michael Donaghy, Nicholas Fletcher, Robert Grant, David Hilton-Jones, Martin Rossor, Peter Rothwell, and Neil Scolding. Investigations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0100.

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This chapter describes the many methods that can be used to investigate neurological disorders. The application and suitability for specific disorder types are outlined, as are contraindications for use. Methods of imaging the central nervous system include computed tomography (CT) imaging, several magnetic resonance (MR) scanning methods, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Invasive (angiography) and non-invasive methods of imaging the cerebral circulation are also outlined.The standard method of recording electrical activity of the brain is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is heavily used in epilepsy to investigate regions of epileptogenesis.Other investigations described include evoked potentials, nerve conduction and electromyography studies, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid and the diagnostic use of neurological autoantibodies. Finally, neurogenetics, neuropsychological assessment and the assessment of treatments by randomized trials are discussed.
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47

LaHue, Sara, and Morris Levin. Emergency Neurology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190064303.001.0001.

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Neurological emergencies, either presenting in the emergency department, arising in hospitalized patients, or presenting in the field are among the most worrisome of all medical situations. Neurologists are trained in best approaches to these emergencies, which include such diverse presentations as severe headache, transient neurologic deficits, altered consciousness and coma, severe vertigo and balance problems, uncontrolled seizures, radicular and facial pain, and posttraumatic conditions. However, as time is often “the enemy” as ER physicians commonly say, diagnostic and treatment dilemmas are particularly challenging in the field of emergency neurology. This volume attempts, as do all the offerings in Oxford University Press’s What Do I Do Now series, to present straightforward but thorough roadmaps for handling the most common and worrisome impasses faced by neurologists and other providers in the topic area. Illustrative cases in cerebrovascular, epileptic, infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, traumatic, neoplastic, and structural conditions are presented with recommendations for best approaches to differential diagnosis, diagnostic testing, and management decision-making in important challenges faced in both adult and pediatric cases. Each case contains a brief summary of key information. The reader is encouraged to imagine the case under discussion, formulate a differential diagnosis, plan diagnostic testing, and begin thinking about best management approaches. Then read Drs. LaHue’s and Levin’s approach to the situation. At the end of each chapter is a list of key points to remember in the topic and a selection of resources for further reading.
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48

Conn, P. Michael. Imaging in Biological Research, Part B, Volume 386 (Methods in Enzymology). Academic Press, 2004.

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49

Conn, P. Michael. Imaging in Biological Research, Part B, Volume 386 (Methods in Enzymology). Academic Press, 2004.

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50

Harris, Robin K., and Dave M. Grant. Methods in Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (2-Volume Set). Wiley, 2000.

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