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Dewji, Zameel, and Brian W. Blakley. "S216 – Is Oculomotor Testing Useful in the Modern Era?" Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.391.
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Objectives To understand the role of oculomotor testing in the era of advanced imaging with MRI. Methods First, the literature was evaluated systematically to determine the level of evidence that oculomotor testing is sensitive in central nervous system lesions. Next, the sensitivity and specificity of saccade, pursuit, and gaze testing in detection of brain abnormalities were assessed using a database of 561 patients who underwent ENG using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the “gold standard.” Among the abnormal MRI scans, oculomotor testing was abnormal in 1 and normal in 37. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR), and the diagnostic odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (± CI) were calculated. Results For oculomotor testing, our data which concur with the literature indicate: Sensitivity 2.6%, (± 0.005–1.1); Specificity 96%, ± (0.89–0.98); Diagnostic OR 0.71 ± (0.065–5.6); PPV 20% ± (0.043, −0.64); NPV 71% ±(0.62, 0.78). Conclusions Our data suggest that oculomotor testing adds little diagnostic information. The cost and benefit of oculomotor testing are low.
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Cysewska-Sobusiak, Anna Romana. "Examples of acquisition and application of biooptical signals." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.897.
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Scientific activity of Division of Metrology and Optoelectronics with Poznan University of Poland (PUT) includes methods and systems used in modern electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical metrology. Noninvasive diagnostic methods applied in medical engineering, with special interest in optoelectronic sensor technology and advanced methods of imaging, are considered in the paper. The author who was the Head of the Division presents the short review of some selected former results of studies related to biophotonics. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Cysewska-Sobusiak, "Powers and Limitations of Noninvasive Measurements Implemented in Pulse Oximetry", Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering 22 (2002). DirectLink J.G. Webster, Design of pulse oximeters (Bristol, IOP Publishing Ltd 1997). CrossRef T. Aoyagi, "Pulse oximetry: its invention, theory, and future", Journal of Anesthesia 17, 4 (2003). CrossRef A.A. Alian and K.H Shelley, "Photoplethysmography", Anesthesiology 28, 4 (2014). CrossRef F.A. Duck, Physical properties of tissue: a comprehensive reference book (San Diego, Academia Press 1990). CrossRef Z. Krawiecki, A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, G. Wiczyński, and A. Odon, "Modeling and measurements of light transmission through human tissues", Bull. Pol. Ac. Tech. 56, 2 (2008). DirectLink A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, "One-dimensional representation of light-tissue interaction for application in noninvasive oximetry", Opt. Eng. 36, 4 (1997). CrossRef D. Prokop, A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, and A. Hulewicz, "Monitoring of the Arterial Blood Waveforms with a Multi-Sensor System", Procedia Eng. 47 (2012). CrossRef A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, P. Skrzywanek, and A. Sowier, "Utilization of Miniprobes in Modern Endoscopic Ultrasonography", IEEE Sensors Journal 6, 5 (2006). CrossRef A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, G. Wiczyński, Z. Krawiecki, and A. Sowier, "Role of optical techniques in combined use of selected methods of medical imaging", Opto-Electron. Rev. 16, 2 (2008). CrossRef A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, M. Bołtrukiewicz, and J. Parzych, "Evaluation of fluorescence images acquired from oligonucleotide libraries", Optica Applicata 38, 2 (2008). DirectLink M. Jukiewicz and A. Cysewska-Sobusiak, "Stimuli design for SSVEP-based brain computer-interface", Intl. Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 62, 2 (2016). CrossRef G. Wiczyński, "Inaccuracy of Short-Term Light Flicker Pst Indicator Measuring With a Flickermeter", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 27, 2 (2012). CrossRef A. Hulewicz, "A New Approach to Objective Evaluation of Human Visual Acuity", Phot. Lett. Poland 6, 4 (2014). CrossRef A. Zielińska, K. Kiluk, M. Wojtkowski, and K. Komar, "System for psychophysical measurements of two-photon vision", Phot. Lett. Poland 11, 1 (2019). CrossRef
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Skrok, Marta Katarzyna, Damian Siedlecki, and David Alonso-Caneiro. "Precise geometry of the anterior chamber of the eye by means of OCT imaging." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.819.
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Nowadays medicine highly relies on non-invasive optical diagnostic methods. The likewise situation is in the case of ophthalmology, especially in diagnosis of anterior segment eye diseases, where optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays inestimable role. OCT devices can do fast, painless measurements of the anterior segment of the eye. Nonetheless it should be remembered that the OCT images are burdened with an optical distortion and they doesn’t reflect the true geometry of the eye. This study presents an algorithm for correcting the distortion in OCT images and reflecting true parameters of the anterior segment of the eye. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Podoleanu, I. Charalambous, L. Plesea, A. Dogariu, R. Rosen, "Correction of distortions in optical coherence tomography imaging of the eye", Phys. Med. Biol. 49(7), 1277 (2004). CrossRef S. Ortiz, D. Siedlecki, I. Grulkowski, L. Remon, D. Pascual, M. Wojtkowski, S. Marcos, "Optical distortion correction in Optical Coherence Tomography for quantitative ocular anterior segment by three-dimensional imaging", Opt. Express 18, 2782 (2010). CrossRef F. LaRocca, S.J. Chiu, R.P. McNabb, A.N. Kuo, J.A. Izatt, S. Farsiu, "Robust automatic segmentation of corneal layer boundaries in SDOCT images using graph theory and dynamic programming", Biom. Opt. Express 2(6), 1524 (2011). CrossRef S.A. Read et al., "Anterior eye tissue morphology: Scleral and conjunctival thickness in children and young adults", Sci. Rep. 6, 33796 (2016). CrossRef S.R. Uhlhorn, D. Borja, F. Manns, J.-M. Parel, "Refractive index measurement of the isolated crystalline lens using optical coherence tomography", Vision Res., 48(27), 2732 (2008). CrossRef R. Koprowski, Z. Wróbel, S. Wilczyński, A. Nowińska, E. Wylęgała, "Methods of measuring the iridocorneal angle in tomographic images of the anterior segment of the eye", Biomed. Eng. Online, 12, 40 (2013). CrossRef D.P. Pinero, A.B. Plaza Puche, J.L. Alio, "Corneal diameter measurements by corneal topography and angle-to-angle measurements by optical coherence tomography: Evaluation of equivalence", J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 34, 126 (2008). CrossRef B. Urban, M. Krętowska, M. Szumiński, A. Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk, " Evaluation of anterior chamber depth measurements in emmetropic, hypermetropic and myopic eyes in children and adolescents using OCT Visante", Klinika Oczna 114(1), 18 (2012). DirectLink L. Chen, D. Chernyak, "Pupil Changes under Scotopic and Photopic illumination", Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 1524 (2013). DirectLink D. Monsalvez-Romin, A.J. del Aguila-Carrasco, T. Ferrer-Blasco, J.J. Esteve-Taboada, R Montes-Mico, Evaluation of the iridocorneal angle with accommodation using optical coherence tomography", Int. J. Ophthalmol. 10(10), 1614 (2017). CrossRef
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Lucic, Zorka, Dusan Hadnadjev, Mira Govorcin, Sanja Stojanovic, Viktor Till, Milos Lucic, Katarina Koprivsek, et al. "Current diagnostic trends in radiology." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712599l.
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Since the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad R?entgen at the end of the 19th century, diagnostic imaging techniques have been continously improved by technological advances, bringing radiological diagnosis into the very center of modern medicine. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine therapy planning without previous radiological examination. Great advances in the field of computer technology have been accompanied by development of radiological techniques, and today they include not only morphological and anatomical, but also dynamic, functional and molecular imaging. This paper is an overview of new and improved radiological techniques and their implementation.
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Peatman, W. B., and K. Holldack. "Diagnostic front end for BESSY II." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017068.
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For BESSY II, synchrotron radiation beam diagnostics will be incorporated in both the insertion-device front ends and the dipole-beamline front ends. In order to gain a complete picture of the source characteristics, a diagnostic front end has been designed and tested for dipole radiation. This consists of (i) a pinhole array imaging system, (ii) a double-blade system for the determination of the vertical center of gravity of the synchrotron radiation fan, and (iii) a Bragg–Fresnel multilayer system for the most precise image information about the source size and shape.
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Demirci, Oguz, and Vince D. Calhoun. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Implications for Detection of Schizophrenia." European Neurological Review 4, no. 2 (2009): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2009.04.02.103.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an invaluable non-invasive instrument that has been used to investigate physiological disturbances that lead to manifest psychiatric illnesses. It is hoped that efficient application of fMRI can be utilised to characterise and diagnose mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Although there are various fMRI research studies presenting very promising diagnosis results for schizophrenia, we believe that there is much to be done to develop effective diagnostic tools for clinical purposes. We present specific examples based mostly on our past and recent work together with various examples from the recent literature. We discuss where we currently stand in the efforts of fMRI being used for diagnosis of schizophrenia, examine common possible biases and offer some solutions with the hope that fMRI can be more efficiently used in diagnostic research.
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de Koster, Elizabeth J., Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei, Olaf M. Dekkers, Ilse van Engen-van Grunsven, Jaap Hamming, Eleonora P. M. Corssmit, Hans Morreau, et al. "Diagnostic Utility of Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers in Cytological Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules." Endocrine Reviews 39, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 154–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00133.
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Abstract Indeterminate thyroid cytology (Bethesda III and IV) corresponds to follicular-patterned benign and malignant lesions, which are particularly difficult to differentiate on cytology alone. As ~25% of these nodules harbor malignancy, diagnostic hemithyroidectomy is still custom. However, advanced preoperative diagnostics are rapidly evolving. This review provides an overview of additional molecular and imaging diagnostics for indeterminate thyroid nodules in a preoperative clinical setting, including considerations regarding cost-effectiveness, availability, and feasibility of combining techniques. Addressed diagnostics include gene mutation analysis, microRNA, immunocytochemistry, ultrasonography, elastosonography, computed tomography, sestamibi scintigraphy, [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The best rule-out tests for malignancy were the Afirma® gene expression classifier and FDG-PET. The most accurate rule-in test was sole BRAF mutation analysis. No diagnostic had both near-perfect sensitivity and specificity, and estimated cost-effectiveness. Molecular techniques are rapidly advancing. However, given the currently available techniques, a multimodality stepwise approach likely offers the most accurate diagnosis, sequentially applying one sensitive rule-out test and one specific rule-in test. Geographical variations in cytology (e.g., Hürthle cell neoplasms) and tumor genetics strongly influence local test performance and clinical utility. Multidisciplinary collaboration and implementation studies can aid the local decision for one or more eligible diagnostics.
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Rovira, Àlex, and Cristina Auger. "Role of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis." European Neurological Review 7, no. 3 (2012): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2012.07.03.181.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic tool in different central nervous system (CNS) disorders including brain cancer and cerebrovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. The most commonly used MRI contrast agents are gadolinium-based compounds that have been successfully employed in combination with T1-weighted sequences to detect and monitor focal disease-related abnormalities. These gadolinium-based contrast agents facilitate the visualisation of areas of blood brain barrier disruption, show good performance in diagnostic procedures and present a favourable safety profile. In multiple sclerosis (MS), conventional MRI, including T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, is pivotal to diagnose and to monitor disease activity and progression. Advanced magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and new contrast agents are currently being developed to improve the ability to identify CNS structural and functional abnormalities in MS, which may better correlate with and predict the clinical course of the disease.
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Lulé, Dorothée. "Neuroimaging Advances in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." European Neurological Review 5, no. 2 (2010): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2010.05.02.54.
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The development of non-invasive functional imaging techniques has allowed neuroscientists to investigate the physiological parameters of the clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a severe neurological disease. Modern neuroimaging techniques enable anatomy and function to be connectedin vivowith an acceptable balance between low patient load and high information capacity, making them ideal for clinical research in patients with physical restrictions, such as those with ALS. Structural imaging techniques in ALS include T1/T2-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry. Functional neuroimaging enables the acquisition of dynamic cortical function either in a passive (or resting) state or via active paradigms. The main technique used is functional magnetic resonance imaging. Structural and functional neuroimaging has provided evidence of alterations in motor and non-motor cortical pathways in ALS. In the future, neuroimaging may provide early diagnostic criteria to support the clinical diagnosis of ALS, help us to understand the aetiological background of the disease and pave the way for a new viewpoint on the functional capacities of these patients, which may have a major impact on our way of thinking about end-of-life decisions.
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Hegerl, Ulrich, and Hans-Jürgen Möller. "Electroencephalography as a Diagnostic Instrument in Alzheimer's Disease: Reviews and Perspectives." International Psychogeriatrics 9, S1 (December 1997): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297004948.
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Electroencephalography is the only diagnostic instrument directly reflecting cortical neuronal functioning, and it remains an important clinical tool in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although a normal EEG is found in many patients with mild AD, a pathological EEG is an important finding, because such a result is not in line with differential diagnoses such as depression or pseudodementia within a dissociative disorder. The vast majority of patients with moderate to servere AD have a pathological EEG. A normal EEG in this patient group is more in line with subcortical dementia or frontal lobe degeneration than with AD. Compared to SPECT or routine structural brain imaging (cCT, MRT), EEG has a comparable diagnosis sensitivity and a higher specificity. For monitoring changes of brain function by serial recordings (e.g., during therapy with antidementia drugs), EEG is the best available method.
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Bisenius, S., J. Neumann, and M. L. Schroeter. "Validating new diagnostic imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia via anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analyses." European Journal of Neurology 23, no. 4 (February 22, 2016): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12902.
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Lobbezoo, F. "Chewing on bruxism. Diagnosis, imaging, epidemiology and aetiology." Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde 124, no. 06 (June 9, 2017): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5177/ntvt.2017.06.16194.
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Giraudo, Chiara. "Special Issue “COVID-19: Diagnostic Imaging and Beyond”." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092721.
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Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) outbreak in China at the end of 2019, clinicians relied on diagnostic imaging to characterize the disease’s extension and severity [...]
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Kerasnoudis, Antonios. "The Role of Neuromuscular Ultrasound in the Diagnostic of the Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy." European Neurological Review 8, no. 1 (2012): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2013.08.01.62.
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is the most common acquired immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The diagnosis is based in classic cases, on the distribution pattern of the neurological semiology and pathological changes of nerve conduction studies (NCS). However, in cases with subtle clinical presentation, an extended diagnostic workup may be needed (cerebrospinal fluid examination, laboratory tests, nerve biopsy). NCS remain fundamental for the diagnosis, follow-up and measurement of response to immunetreatment in CIDP. However, new challenges arose on how best to acquire a static and dynamic imaging of the peripheral nerves, with the aim of providing a holistic approach to the nerve impairment. According to the literature, neuromuscular ultrasound is able to detect in cases of CIDP thickened or swollen roots, peripheral nerves or brachial plexus, findings that are consistent with ongoing inflammation. This review provides a timely update on the nerve ultrasound findings of CIDP and future possibilities of neuromuscular ultrasound are also discussed.
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Macerollo, A., R. Perry, M. Stamelou, A. Batla, A. A. Mazumder, M. E. Adams, and K. P. Bhatia. "Susceptibility-weighted imaging changes suggesting brain iron accumulation in Huntington's disease: an epiphenomenon which causes diagnostic difficulty." European Journal of Neurology 21, no. 2 (January 13, 2014): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12298.
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Zhong, J., H. Shi, H. Ma, and L. Sheng. "Comment on ‘Validating new diagnostic imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia via anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analyses’." European Journal of Neurology 23, no. 7 (June 7, 2016): e38-e38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13022.
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Fargeot, G., K. Viala, M. Theaudin, M. ‐A Labeyrie, R. Costa, J. M. Léger, D. Adams, C. Vandendries, and C. Labeyrie. "Diagnostic usefulness of plexus magnetic resonance imaging in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy without electrodiagnostic criteria of demyelination." European Journal of Neurology 26, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13868.
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Dubrova, S. E., S. M. Lunina, and P. A. Korosteleva. "Difficulties of multidisciplinary diagnostics of indeterminate colitis." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 3 (May 22, 2021): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-207-213.
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Aim of the study: Using the example of a clinical case, to show the importance of dynamic observation by means of various diagnostic methods of intestinal imaging, in combination with a pathomorphological confirmation method for setting the correct clinical diagnosis. Materials and methods: The studies were performed on multislice computed tomographs Brilliance CT and ICT (Philips Medical Systems) and magnetic resonance imaging machines (GE), with intravenous contrast enhancement. We used special methods of contrasting the lumen of the intestine with gradual and retrograde filling it with water. The surgical material fixed in 10% neutral formuline for 10-24 hours. Tissue fragments were processed in a Leica TP1020 histoprocessor (Leica BioSystems, Germany) according to a standard protocol, after which it was embedded in paraffin blocks. Histological sections with a thickness of 3-5 μm were made by a Leica RM2245 microtome (Leica BioSystems, Germany). The prepared histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin in a Leica Autosteiner XL histostiner (Leica BioSystems, Germany). Results: From 2013 to 2020 patient K. underwent 4 colonoscopies, 5 esophagogastroduodenoscopies, 1 Х-ray examination with small bowel series, 3 MRI studies and 5 CT studies, including those with intravenous contrast enhancement, with a total radiation exposure of 187 mSv. The diagnosis was revised from ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease to NC. The final diagnosis was made by the pathologist’s analysis of materials. Conclusion: The clinical case presented by us clearly demonstrates the importance of dynamic observation by computed and magnetic resonance imaging, in combination with a pathomorphological confirmation method.
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Chatzikonstantinou, Anastasios, and Michael G. Hennerici. "Is There an Optimal Management Regimen for Transient Ischaemic Attack Patients to Best Prevent Stroke?" European Neurological Review 5, no. 2 (2010): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2010.05.02.62.
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Transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) are associated with a high risk of subsequent stroke and often pose a diagnostic and treatment challenge. It is important to separate TIAs from stroke as well as from TIA mimics to estimate individual stroke risk early and properly. New definitions and standards of clinical investigations are supportive: clinical parameters as symptom fluctuations, clinical scores (like the ABCD2 score) and advanced magnetic resonance brain imaging in particular. Management should take place in a stroke-specialised centre and consist of rapid assessment and identification of those patients at highest risk for subsequent strokes, including extensive brain and vascular imaging as well as cardiological assessement. Based on these work-up results, best suitable prevention should start immediately, usually consisting of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulation, statins, antihypertensive and/or antidiabetic drugs and lifestyle modifications, including cessation of smoking. Studies have demonstrated that such an optimal management can reduce the risk of stroke following TIA by up to 80%.
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Mahal, Ajay, Anil Varshney, and Srinivas Taman. "Diffusion of diagnostic medical devices and policy implications for India." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 22, no. 2 (March 28, 2006): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462306051002.
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Objectives:This study describes the diffusion of advanced diagnostic devices in India and assess implications for efficiency in resource use and equity.Methods:Commodity-level import statistics, household survey data, and interviews with medical device sellers are used to assess the spread of diagnostic devices. Published qualitative evidence, case studies of diagnostic service providers, and cross-country analyses are used to identify the reasons underlying the spread of medical devices in India. Case studies of public and private providers and data from 150 hospitals in one Indian state are used to assess efficiency in resource use and the distributive impacts of diagnostic devices.Results:High-end medical device inflows rose during the 1990s, with both supply- and demand-side factors influencing this trend. Although our results suggest that the overall quantity of advanced diagnostics in India is not excessive, there is some evidence of inefficiency in public facilities and possibly unethical practices in private diagnostic facilities. The unequal geographical distribution of magnetic resonance imaging facilities, coupled with inefficient use of medical devices in public facilities suggests inequality in access.Conclusions:The study points to major regulatory gaps and health system inefficiencies and suggests ways in which these gaps can be addressed.
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Al Othman, Zeid A., Mohammad Mezbaul Alam, Mu Naushad, Inamuddin, and Mohd Farhan Khan. "Inorganic Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials Based on Titanium (Ti): Applications in Medicine." Materials Science Forum 754 (April 2013): 21–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.754.21.
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Nanomedicine is a relatively new field of science and technology. By interacting with biomolecules, therefore at nanoscale, nanotechnology opens up a vast field of research and application. Current and potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine range from research involving diagnostic devices, drug delivery vehicles to enhanced gene therapy and tissue engineering procedures. Its advantage over conventional medicine lies on its size. Operating at nanoscale allows to exploit physical properties different from those observed at microscale such as the volume/surface ratio. This allows drugs of nanosize be used in lower concentration and has an earlier onset of therapeutic action. It also provides materials for controlled drug delivery by directing carriers to a specific location. Inorganic nanomedicine is likely to remain one of the most prolific fields of nanomedicine, which refers to the use of inorganic or hybrid (inorganic-inorganic or inorganic-organic) nanomaterials (INMs) and nanoparticles (INPs) to achieve innovative medical advances for body parts implantation, drug and gene discovery and delivery, discovery of biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics. Among the most promising INMs being developed are metal, silica, dendrimers, organic-inorganic hybrids, ceramics (e.g. ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, etc.) and bioinorganic hybrids. Metal NP contrast agents enhance magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound results in biomedical applications of in vivo imaging. Hollow and porous INMs have been exploited for drug and gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, and photothermal therapy. Biomolecular inorganic nanohybrids and nanostructured biomaterials have been exploited for targeted imaging and therapy, drug and gene delivery, and regenerative medicine. Potential uses for fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) include cell labeling, biosensing, in vivo imaging, bimodal magnetic-luminescent imaging, and diagnostics. Biocompatible QD conjugates have been used successfully for sentinel lymph node mapping, tumor targeting, tumor angiogenesis imaging, and metastasis cell tracking. This article outlines present developments and future prospects for the use of Ti-based NPs and NMs in experimental in vivo and in vitro studies and in engineering nanodevices and biosensors for clinical and investigative use in diagnosis and therapy in diverse fields of medical sciences, such as oncology, infection control, orthopedics, dentistry, dermatology, genetics, cardiology, ophthalmology, etc. Toxicological considerations of these INPs and INMs are also discussed.
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Riva, Marco, Giuseppe Casacel i, Antonel la Castellano, Enrica Fava, Andrea Falini, and Lorenzo Bello. "Beautiful Eyes Guiding Powerful Hands - The Role of Intraoperative Imaging Techniques in the Surgical Management of Gliomas." European Neurological Review 6, no. 3 (2011): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2011.06.03.208.
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The aims of the surgical management of cerebral gliomas are to achieve the widest feasible resection and preserve the patient’s functional integrity. This results in an improved survival rate and a favourable quality of life. When treating this disease, current neuroradiological techniques are important for preoperative depiction and planning, and intraoperative image-guided resection, especially when the tumour involves eloquent cortical and subcortical structures. Knowledge of these techniques and their limitations, and appropriate expertise are therefore necessary to gain the complete benefit of their diagnostic and therapeutic power.
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Essig, Marco, and Lawrence Tanenbaum. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in the Evaluation of Stroke and Neurovascular Disease." European Neurological Review 8, no. 1 (2012): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2013.08.01.14.
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Early intervention remains vital in the management of acute stroke. The goals of imaging techniques are to establish a diagnosis as early as possible and to obtain accurate information about the intracranial vasculature and brain perfusion to guide therapeutic decisionmaking. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) are valuable techniques in the evaluation of acute stroke and can provide diagnostic information on the underlying pathophysiological changes. Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) facilitate the diagnosis of ischaemic stroke by accentuating abnormal flow kinetics and the diagnosis of nonischaemic stroke by assisting in the detection and characterisation of intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Contrast agents may also be employed in the characterisation of vascular atherosclerotic plaque. Gadobutrol (Gadovist®, Gadavist®) is a high relaxivity contrast agent which combines an excellent safety profile and proven high efficacy. As the only high concentration contrast media it allows to inject at a small and compact bolus, which has a direct impact on the performance of MRA or perfusion MRI procedure.
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Fu, Shuai, Yuzhe Tang, Shi Tan, Yuqing Zhao, and Ligang Cui. "Diagnostic Value of Transrectal Shear Wave Elastography for Prostate Cancer Detection in Peripheral Zone: Comparison with Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Endourology 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2019.0902.
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Stone, W. Zachary, David C. Wymer, and Benjamin K. Canales. "Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron-Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging for Adrenal Masses in Patients with Lung Cancer: Review and Diagnostic Algorithm." Journal of Endourology 28, no. 1 (January 2014): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2013.0380.
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Tripathi, Manjari, Kirandeep Kaur, Bhargavi Ramanujam, Vibhin Viswanathan, Kamal Bharti, Gaurav Singh, Vivek Singh, et al. "Diagnostic added value of interictal magnetic source imaging in presurgical evaluation of persons with epilepsy: A prospective blinded study." European Journal of Neurology 28, no. 9 (July 10, 2021): 2940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.14935.
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Deniz, Fatih Ersay, Erol Öksüz, Bas‚ar Sarikaya, Semiha Kurt, Ünal Erkorkmaz, Hasan Ulusoy, and Șule Arslan. "Comparison of the Diagnostic Utility of Electromyography, Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Determined by Clinical Findings." Neurosurgery 70, no. 3 (September 12, 2011): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318233868f.
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Abstract Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common nerve entrapment syndrome. It is sometimes difficult to diagnose, and a late diagnosis may result in permanent nerve damage. Electromyography (EMG), ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) may be performed for the diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of these tests is well documented, but most of these studies accept EMG as the gold standard. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of EMG, MRI, CT, and US for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome with the use of clinical findings as the gold standard. Methods: Patients suspected to have CTS on presentation to the outpatient clinic were evaluated. The tests were performed after a detailed physical examination. Both wrists of the 69 patients in the study were investigated. Results: The diagnostic accuracies of all the tests were found to be sufficient. Although EMG seemed to have the highest sensitivity and specificity, there was no statistically significant difference between the tests. Conclusion: EMG or US could be used as the first-step test in most cases. If they are both available, EMG should be the first choice. They may be performed together when diagnosis is challenging. CT may especially be preferred for bone-related pathological conditions, whereas MRI may be preferred for soft tissue-related pathological conditions. Even though imaging studies have been proven to be powerful diagnostic tools for CTS, no conclusive information currently exists to support replacing EMG with imaging studies.
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Wolf, Marcel, Mike Wattjes, and Marc-André Weber. "Imaging Patterns of Muscle Atrophy." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 22, no. 03 (May 23, 2018): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641574.
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AbstractThe role of muscle imaging in the diagnosis of inherited and acquired muscle diseases has gained clinical relevance. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for diagnostic purposes, especially with its capability of whole-body musculature assessment. The assessment and quantification of muscle involvement in muscle diseases can be of diagnostic value by identifying a certain involvement pattern and thus narrowing the differential diagnosis and supporting the clinical diagnosis. In addition, more recently the role of imaging has gone beyond diagnostic purposes and includes disease as well as treatment monitoring. Conventional and quantitative muscle MRI techniques allow for the detection of subclinical disease progression (e.g., in muscular dystrophies) and is a powerful surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials. We present and discuss recent data on the role of conventional and quantitative MRI in the diagnosis and monitoring of inherited dystrophic muscle diseases as well as muscle denervation.
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LI, LIN Z., HE N. XU, MAHSA RANJI, SHOKO NIOKA, and BRITTON CHANCE. "MITOCHONDRIAL REDOX IMAGING FOR CANCER DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 02, no. 04 (October 2009): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545809000735.
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Mitochondrial redox states provide important information about energy-linked biological processes and signaling events in tissues for various disease phenotypes including cancer. The redox scanning method developed at the Chance laboratory about 30 years ago has allowed 3D high-resolution (~50 × 50 × 10 μm3) imaging of mitochondrial redox state in tissue on the basis of the fluorescence of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and Fp (oxidized flavoproteins including flavin adenine dinucleotide, i.e., FAD). In this review, we illustrate its basic principles, recent technical developments, and biomedical applications to cancer diagnostic and therapeutic studies in small animal models. Recently developed calibration procedures for the redox imaging using reference standards allow quantification of nominal NADH and Fp concentrations, and the concentration-based redox ratios, e.g., Fp/(Fp+NADH) and NADH/(Fp+NADH) in tissues. This calibration facilitates the comparison of redox imaging results acquired for different metabolic states at different times and/or with different instrumental settings. A redox imager using a CCD detector has been developed to acquire 3D images faster and with a higher in-plane resolution down to 10 μm. Ex vivo imaging and in vivo imaging of tissue mitochondrial redox status have been demonstrated with the CCD imager. Applications of tissue redox imaging in small animal cancer models include metabolic imaging of glioma and myc-induced mouse mammary tumors, predicting the metastatic potentials of human melanoma and breast cancer mouse xenografts, differentiating precancerous and normal tissues, and monitoring the tumor treatment response to photodynamic therapy. Possible future directions for the development of redox imaging are also discussed.
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Kann, Benjamin H., Daniel F. Hicks, Sam Payabvash, Amit Mahajan, Justin Du, Vishal Gupta, Henry S. Park, et al. "Multi-Institutional Validation of Deep Learning for Pretreatment Identification of Extranodal Extension in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 12 (April 20, 2020): 1304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.02031.
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PURPOSE Extranodal extension (ENE) is a well-established poor prognosticator and an indication for adjuvant treatment escalation in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Identification of ENE on pretreatment imaging represents a diagnostic challenge that limits its clinical utility. We previously developed a deep learning algorithm that identifies ENE on pretreatment computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients with HNSCC. We sought to validate our algorithm performance for patients from a diverse set of institutions and compare its diagnostic ability to that of expert diagnosticians. METHODS We obtained preoperative, contrast-enhanced CT scans and corresponding pathology results from two external data sets of patients with HNSCC: an external institution and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC imaging data. Lymph nodes were segmented and annotated as ENE-positive or ENE-negative on the basis of pathologic confirmation. Deep learning algorithm performance was evaluated and compared directly to two board-certified neuroradiologists. RESULTS A total of 200 lymph nodes were examined in the external validation data sets. For lymph nodes from the external institution, the algorithm achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.84 (83.1% accuracy), outperforming radiologists’ AUCs of 0.70 and 0.71 ( P = .02 and P = .01). Similarly, for lymph nodes from the TCGA, the algorithm achieved an AUC of 0.90 (88.6% accuracy), outperforming radiologist AUCs of 0.60 and 0.82 ( P < .0001 and P = .16). Radiologist diagnostic accuracy improved when receiving deep learning assistance. CONCLUSION Deep learning successfully identified ENE on pretreatment imaging across multiple institutions, exceeding the diagnostic ability of radiologists with specialized head and neck experience. Our findings suggest that deep learning has utility in the identification of ENE in patients with HNSCC and has the potential to be integrated into clinical decision making.
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Vetrugno, Luigi, Daniele Orso, Cristian Deana, Flavio Bassi, and Tiziana Bove. "COVID-19 Diagnostic Imaging: Caution Need Before the End of the Game." Academic Radiology 27, no. 9 (September 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.06.009.
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Busse, Madleen, Mark Müller, Melanie A. Kimm, Simone Ferstl, Sebastian Allner, Klaus Achterhold, Julia Herzen, and Franz Pfeiffer. "Three-dimensional virtual histology enabled through cytoplasm-specific X-ray stain for microscopic and nanoscopic computed tomography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 10 (February 20, 2018): 2293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720862115.
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Many histological methods require staining of the cytoplasm, which provides instrumental details for diagnosis. One major limitation is the production of 2D images obtained by destructive preparation of 3D tissue samples. X-ray absorption micro- and nanocomputed tomography (microCT and nanoCT) allows for a nondestructive investigation of a 3D tissue sample, and thus aids to determine regions of interest for further histological examinations. However, application of microCT and nanoCT to biological samples (e.g., biopsies) is limited by the missing contrast within soft tissue, which is important to visualize morphological details. We describe an eosin-based preparation overcoming the challenges of contrast enhancement and selectivity for certain tissues. The eosin-based staining protocol is suitable for whole-organ staining, which then enables high-resolution microCT imaging of whole organs and nanoCT imaging of smaller tissue pieces retrieved from the original sample. Our results demonstrate suitability of the eosin-based staining method for diagnostic screening of 3D tissue samples without impeding further diagnostics through histological methods.
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Bisenius, S., J. Neumann, and M. L. Schroeter. "Response to the letter on ‘Validating new diagnostic imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia via anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analyses’." European Journal of Neurology 23, no. 8 (July 19, 2016): e52-e53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13046.
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Heidt, Timo, Simon Reiss, Thomas Lottner, Ali C. Özen, Christoph Bode, Michael Bock, and Constantin von zur Mühlen. "Magnetic resonance imaging for pathobiological assessment and interventional treatment of the coronary arteries." European Heart Journal Supplements 22, Supplement_C (April 1, 2020): C46—C56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suaa009.
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Abstract X-ray-based fluoroscopy is the standard tool for diagnostics and intervention in coronary artery disease. In recent years, computed tomography has emerged as a non-invasive alternative to coronary angiography offering detection of coronary calcification and imaging of the vessel lumen by the use of iodinated contrast agents. Even though currently available invasive or non-invasive techniques can show the degree of vessel stenosis, they are unable to provide information about biofunctional plaque properties, e.g. plaque inflammation. Furthermore, the use of radiation and the necessity of iodinated contrast agents remain unfavourable prerequisites. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a radiation-free alternative to X-ray which offers anatomical and functional imaging contrasts fostering the idea of non-invasive biofunctional assessment of the coronary vessel wall. In combination with molecular contrast agents that target-specific epitopes of the vessel wall, MRI might reveal unique plaque properties rendering it, for example, ‘vulnerable and prone to rupture’. Early detection of these lesions may allow for early or prophylactic treatment even before an adverse coronary event occurs. Besides diagnostic imaging, advances in real-time image acquisition and motion compensation now provide grounds for MRI-guided coronary interventions. In this article, we summarize our research on MRI-based molecular imaging in cardiovascular disease and feature our advances towards real-time MRI-based coronary interventions in a porcine model.
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Atkins, Naomi K., Jasraj Marjara, Jussuf T. Kaifi, Jeffrey R. Kunin, Sachin S. Saboo, Ryan M. Davis, and Ambarish P. Bhat. "Role of Computed Tomography-guided Biopsies in the Era of Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy: A Retrospective Study of Factors Predicting Diagnostic Yield in Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy and Computed Tomography Biopsies." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 10 (June 6, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jcis_53_2020.
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Objectives: Over 25% of the high-risk population screened for lung cancer have an abnormal computed tomography (CT) scan. Conventionally, these lesions have been biopsied with CT guidance with a high diagnostic yield. Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) with transbronchial biopsy has emerged as a technology that improves the diagnostic sensitivity of conventional bronchoscopic biopsy. It has been used to biopsy lung lesions, due to the low risk of pneumothorax. It is, however, a new technology that is expensive and its role in the diagnosis of the solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of CT-guided biopsy (CTB) following non-diagnostic ENB biopsy and identify characteristics of the lesion that predicts a low diagnostic yield with ENB, to ensure appropriate use of ENB in the evaluation of SPN. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-five lung lesions were biopsied with ENB from January 2017 to August 2019. Biopsies were considered diagnostic if pathology confirmed malignancy or inflammation in the appropriate clinical and imaging setting. We evaluated lesions for several characteristics including size, lobe, and central/peripheral distribution. The diagnostic yield of CTB in patients who failed ENB biopsies was also evaluated. Logistic regression was used to identify factors likely to predict a non-diagnostic ENB biopsy. Result: Overall, ENB biopsies were performed in 135 patients with solitary lung lesions. ENB biopsies were diagnostic in 52% (70/135) of the patients. In 23 patients with solitary lung lesions, CTBs were performed following a non-diagnostic ENB biopsy. The CTBs were diagnostic in 87% of the patients (20/23). ENB biopsies of lesions <21.5 mm were non-diagnostic in 71% of cases (42/59); 14 of these patients with non-diagnostic ENB biopsies had CTBs, and 86% of them were diagnostic (12/14). ENB biopsies of lesions in the lower lobes were non- diagnostic in 59% of cases (35/59); 12 of these patients with non-diagnostic ENB biopsies had CTBs, and 83% were diagnostic (10/12). ENB biopsies of lesions in the outer 2/3 were non-diagnostic in 57% of cases (50/87); 21 of these patients with non-diagnostic ENB biopsies had CTBs, and 86% were diagnostic (18/21). Conclusion: CTBs have a high diagnostic yield even following non-diagnostic ENB biopsies. Lesions <21.5 mm, in the outer 2/3 of the lung, and in the lower lung have the lowest likelihood of a diagnostic yield with ENB biopsies. Although CTBs have a slightly higher pneumothorax rate, these lesions would be more successfully diagnosed with CTB as opposed to ENB biopsy, in the process expediting the diagnosis and saving valuable medical resources.
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Kim, Bong Soo, Kyung Ryeol Lee, and Myeng Ju Goh. "New Imaging Strategies Using a Motion-Resistant Liver Sequence in Uncooperative Patients." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/142658.
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MR imaging has unique benefits for evaluating the liver because of its high-resolution capability and ability to permit detailed assessment of anatomic lesions. In uncooperative patients, motion artifacts can impair the image quality and lead to the loss of diagnostic information. In this setting, the recent advances in motion-resistant liver MR techniques, including faster imaging protocols (e.g., dual-echo magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE), view-sharing technique), the data under-sampling (e.g., gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA), single-shot echo-train spin-echo (SS-ETSE)), and motion-artifact minimization method (e.g., radial GRE with/without k-space-weighted image contrast (KWIC)), can provide consistent, artifact-free images with adequate image quality and can lead to promising diagnostic performance. Understanding of the different motion-resistant options allows radiologists to adopt the most appropriate technique for their clinical practice and thereby significantly improve patient care.
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Geng, Che, Xiao, and Liu. "Extracting Retinal Anatomy and Pathological Structure Using Multiscale Segmentation." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183669.
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Fundus image segmentation technology has always been an important tool in the medical imaging field. Recent studies have validated that deep learning techniques can effectively segment retinal anatomy and determine pathological structure in retinal fundus photographs. However, several groups of image segmentation methods used in medical imaging only provide a single retinopathic feature (e.g., roth spots and exudates). In this paper, we propose a more accurate and clinically oriented framework for the segmentation of fundus images from end-to-end input. We design a four-path multiscale input network structure that learns network features and finds overall characteristics via our network. Our network’s structure is not limited by segmentation of single retinopathic features. Our method is suitable for exudates, roth spots, blood vessels, and optic discs segmentation. The structure has general applicability to many fundus models; therefore, we use our own dataset for training. In cooperation with hospitals and board-certified ophthalmologists, the proposed framework is validated on retinal images from large databases and can improve diagnostic performance compared to state-of-the-art methods that use smaller databases for training. The proposed framework detects blood vessels with an accuracy of 0.927, which is comparable to exudate accuracy (0.939) and roth spot accuracy (0.904), providing ophthalmologists with a practical diagnostic and a robust analytical tool.
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Bukowski, Mark, Robert Farkas, Oya Beyan, Lorna Moll, Horst Hahn, Fabian Kiessling, and Thomas Schmitz-Rode. "Implementation of eHealth and AI integrated diagnostics with multidisciplinary digitized data: are we ready from an international perspective?" European Radiology 30, no. 10 (May 6, 2020): 5510–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06874-x.
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Abstract Digitization of medicine requires systematic handling of the increasing amount of health data to improve medical diagnosis. In this context, the integration of the versatile diagnostic information, e.g., from anamnesis, imaging, histopathology, and clinical chemistry, and its comprehensive analysis by artificial intelligence (AI)–based tools is expected to improve diagnostic precision and the therapeutic conduct. However, the complex medical environment poses a major obstacle to the translation of integrated diagnostics into clinical research and routine. There is a high need to address aspects like data privacy, data integration, interoperability standards, appropriate IT infrastructure, and education of staff. Besides this, a plethora of technical, political, and ethical challenges exists. This is complicated by the high diversity of approaches across Europe. Thus, we here provide insights into current international activities on the way to digital comprehensive diagnostics. This includes a technical view on challenges and solutions for comprehensive diagnostics in terms of data integration and analysis. Current data communications standards and common IT solutions that are in place in hospitals are reported. Furthermore, the international hospital digitalization scoring and the European funding situation were analyzed. In addition, the regional activities in radiomics and the related publication trends are discussed. Our findings show that prerequisites for comprehensive diagnostics have not yet been sufficiently established throughout Europe. The manifold activities are characterized by a heterogeneous digitization progress and they are driven by national efforts. This emphasizes the importance of clear governance, concerted investments, and cooperation at various levels in the health systems. Key Points • Europe is characterized by heterogeneity in its digitization progress with predominantly national efforts. Infrastructural prerequisites for comprehensive diagnostics are not given and not sufficiently funded throughout Europe, which is particularly true for data integration. • The clinical establishment of comprehensive diagnostics demands for a clear governance, significant investments, and cooperation at various levels in the healthcare systems. • While comprehensive diagnostics is on its way, concerted efforts should be taken in Europe to get consensus concerning interoperability and standards, security, and privacy as well as ethical and legal concerns.
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Bârzu, Mariana. "Diagnostic Methods in Piriformis Syndrome." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 6, no. 11 (December 1, 2013): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2013-0012.
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Abstract An uncomon cause of sciatica is piriformis syndrome, that involves deep buttock pain reffered to the leg. Piriformis syndrome is usually discribed as a neuromuscular disorder caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle. There are a lot of means to diagnose Piriformis syndrome, and to distinguish it from other pain inducing conditions. Unfortunatelly not every practitioner has the opportunity to use special means, and not every patient has the financial support to beneficiate of the same special means, represented by Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Electromyography (EMG) and Neurography. For this reason, the present paper gathered the most popular functional tests used in the practice to diagnose the piriformis syndrome
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Bini, Fabiano, Andrada Pica, Laura Azzimonti, Alessandro Giusti, Lorenzo Ruinelli, Franco Marinozzi, and Pierpaolo Trimboli. "Artificial Intelligence in Thyroid Field—A Comprehensive Review." Cancers 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 4740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194740.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) uses mathematical algorithms to perform tasks that require human cognitive abilities. AI-based methodologies, e.g., machine learning and deep learning, as well as the recently developed research field of radiomics have noticeable potential to transform medical diagnostics. AI-based techniques applied to medical imaging allow to detect biological abnormalities, to diagnostic neoplasms or to predict the response to treatment. Nonetheless, the diagnostic accuracy of these methods is still a matter of debate. In this article, we first illustrate the key concepts and workflow characteristics of machine learning, deep learning and radiomics. We outline considerations regarding data input requirements, differences among these methodologies and their limitations. Subsequently, a concise overview is presented regarding the application of AI methods to the evaluation of thyroid images. We developed a critical discussion concerning limits and open challenges that should be addressed before the translation of AI techniques to the broad clinical use. Clarification of the pitfalls of AI-based techniques results crucial in order to ensure the optimal application for each patient.
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Nezzar, Adlen. "Hybrid imaging in nuclear medicine (SPECT/CT)." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmsra.2014.1205.
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Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computerized Tomography (SPECT-CT) is a new hybrid technique that offers new diagnostic capabilities in daily nuclear medicine practice due to the possible attenuation and/or scatters correction of the SPECT functional images and the availability of helpful anatomic information and that can be used as SPECT alone or as isolated CT. This technique not only allows acquiring fusioned anatomic and functional images at the same time but also, it greatly increases the sensitivity and accuracy of SPECT for particular clinical indications. Until now, SPECT-CT data have been mainly used in oncology and Cardiology, but now, many authors spread its use to many scan studies. SPECT-CT seems to increase diagnostic performances and to modify management of many patients. SPECT-CT the development will probably modify nuclear medicine practice and many studies have to be conducted to highlight consensual procedure guidelines. Daily practice shows indisputably the important contribution of this new nuclear adopted by physicians as by clinicians imaging technique.
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Garikapati, Kartheek, Daniel Goh, Shaun Khanna, and Krishna Echampati. "Uraemic Cardiomyopathy: A Review of Current Literature." Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology 15 (January 2021): 117954682199834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179546821998347.
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Uraemic Cardiomyopathy (UC) is recognised as an intricate and multifactorial disease which portends a significant burden in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with UC is significant and can be associated with the development of arrythmias, cardiac failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD). The pathophysiology of UC involves a complex interplay of traditional implicative factors such as haemodynamic overload and circulating uraemic toxins as well as our evolving understanding of the Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease pathway. There is an instrumental role for multi-modality imaging in the diagnostic process; including transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in identifying the hallmarks of left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis that characterise UC. The appropriate utilisation of the aforementioned diagnostics in the ESRD population may help guide therapeutic approaches, such as pharmacotherapy including beta-blockers and aldosterone-antagonists as well as haemodialysis and renal transplantation. Despite this, there remains limitations in effective therapeutic interventions for UC and ongoing research on a cellular level is vital in establishing further therapies.
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Juliusson, Gunnar, and Gunnar Gudmundsson. "Diagnostic imaging in adult non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis." Breathe 15, no. 3 (September 2019): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0009-2019.
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Radiology plays a key role in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, defined as permanent dilatation of the bronchial lumen. Volumetric thin-section multidetector computed tomography is an excellent noninvasive modality to evaluate bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis is categorised by morphological appearance. Cylindrical bronchiectasis has a smooth tubular configuration and is the most common form. Varicose bronchiectasis has irregular contours with alternating dilating and contracting lumen. Cystic bronchiectasis is the most severe form and exhibits saccular dilatation of bronchi. Bronchial dilatation is the hallmark of bronchiectasis and is evaluated in relation to the accompanying pulmonary artery. A broncho–arterial ratio exceeding 1:1 should be considered abnormal. Normal bronchi are narrower in diameter the further they are from the lung hila. Lack of normal bronchial tapering over 2 cm in length, distal from an airway bifurcation, is the most sensitive sign of bronchiectasis. Findings commonly associated with bronchiectasis include bronchial wall thickening, mucus plugging and tree-in-bud opacities. Bronchiectasis results from a myriad of conditions, with post-infectious bronchiectasis being the most common. Imaging can sometimes discern the cause of bronchiectasis. However, in most cases it is nonspecific or only suggestive of aetiology. While morphological types are nonspecific, the distribution of abnormality offers clues to aetiology.Key pointsBronchiectasis is a chronic progressive condition with significant disease burden and frequent exacerbations, for which the diagnosis relies on cross-sectional imaging.The major imaging findings include bronchial dilatation, bronchial contour abnormalities and visualisation of the normally invisible peripheral airways.Bronchiectasis is the end result of various conditions, including immunodeficiencies, mucociliary disorders and infections. Imaging is often nonspecific with regard to aetiology but can be suggestive.Distribution of abnormality in the lung offers helpful clues for establishing aetiology.Educational aimsTo review the cross-sectional imaging appearance of bronchiectasis and the common associated findings.To get a sense of how radiology can aid in establishing the aetiology of bronchiectasis.
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Belovolova, E. V., V. P. Terentev, O. B. Kucherenko, S. V. Sobin, N. Yu Kudryavtseva, and Ja K. Dzhemakulov. "Diagnostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging for myocardial damage of various genesis." Medical Herald of the South of Russia 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2018-9-3-65-69.
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Purpose:to evaluate the diagnostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of ischemic heart damage and non-coronary myocardial diseases.Materials and methods:a retrospective analysis of medical documentation of 60 patients of cardiac departments of the Rostov Regional Clinical Hospital was conducted. Held a comparative analysis of the informativeness of the application of instrumental researchmethods (ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography with leftventriculography and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart) among the patients with myocardial damage of different origins.Results:in patients with IHD, postinfarction cardiosclerosis, in most cases, the results of instrumental studies were diagnosed as having a diagnostic relationship. Conducted MRI of the heart was of decisive importance in the evaluation of the state of the myocardium after systemic thrombolysis or questionable ECG and EchoCG data and was also significant in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and focal myocarditis. The results of MRI played an important role in determining the etiology of myocardial hypertrophy, in particular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and also helped in the case of differential diagnosis in the syndrome of cardiomegaly.Сonclusions:shown a high diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging with the use of contrast agents in the differential diagnosis of ischemic and noncoronary myocardial diseases.
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Mitropoulos, Alexandros, Woo-Jung Song, Fatma Almaghlouth, Samuel Kemp, Michael Polkey, and James H. Hull. "Detection and diagnosis of large airway collapse: a systematic review." ERJ Open Research 7, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 00055–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00055-2021.
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Large airway collapse (LAC) is a frequently encountered clinical problem, caused by tracheobronchomalacia +/− excessive dynamic airway collapse, yet there are currently no universally accepted diagnostic criteria. We systematically reviewed studies reporting a diagnostic approach to LAC in healthy adults and patients, to compare diagnostic modalities and criteria used. Electronic databases were searched for relevant studies between 1989 and 2019. Studies that reported a diagnostic approach using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging or flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy were included. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to estimate the prevalence of LAC in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive airway diseases. We included 41 studies, describing 10 071 subjects (47% female) with a mean±sd age of 59±9 years. Most studies (n=35) reported CT findings, and only three studies reported bronchoscopic findings. The most reported diagnostic criterion was a ≥50% reduction in tracheal or main bronchi calibre at end-expiration on dynamic expiratory CT. Meta-analyses of relevant studies found that 17% (95% CI: 0–61%) of healthy subjects and 27% (95% CI: 11–46%) of patients with chronic airways disease were classified as having LAC, using this threshold. The most reported approach to diagnose LAC utilises CT diagnostics, and at a threshold used by most clinicians (i.e., ≥50%) may classify a considerable proportion of healthy individuals as being abnormal and having LAC in a quarter of patients with chronic airways disease. Future work should focus on establishing more precise diagnostic criteria for LAC, relating this to relevant physiological and disease sequelae.
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Ates, Ihsan, B. Katipoglu, B. Copur, and N. Yilmaz. "A rare cause of hypophysitis: tuberculosis." Endocrine Regulations 51, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/enr-2017-0022.
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Abstract Objectives. Hypophysitis is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of pituitary gland. As it causes headache and visual defects, it mimics sellar tumors in clinical and radiological aspects. It may occur due to primary or secondary causes. Tuberculosis is one of the rare secondary causes of the hypophysitis. Subject and Results. A 30-year-old male patient presented with fatigue and headache. Panhypopituitarism was considered due to the results and the diagnostic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed sagittal section diamater of pituitary gland higher than normal. Biopsy of the pituitary gland was concordant with the granulomatous hypophysitis. Other possible diagnosis was excluded. Conclusion. The tubercular hypophysitis, as a result of performed tests, is discussed hereby, in the case report.
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Silit, E., E. Kizilkaya, H. Mutlu, Z. Pekkafali, C. C. Basekim, S. N. Haskok, and A. F. Karsli. "Diagnostic Value of Proton MR Spectroscopy in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 15, no. 6 (December 2002): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090201500605.
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This study investigated the diagnostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). 24 patients whose neurologic examinations revealed TLE were examined by EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRS and ten healthy volunteers by MRI and MRS. In the patient group, EEG abnormalities were seen in 15 cases, MRI abnormalities in 12 and MRS abnormalities in 17. In 14 patients, MRS lateralized the seizure focus. MRS is an effective modality for demonstrating temporal lobe abnormalities and contributes to lateralization of the epileptic focus.
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Serpi, Francesca, Domenico Albano, Santi Rapisarda, Vito Chianca, Luca Maria Sconfienza, and Carmelo Messina. "Shoulder ultrasound: current concepts and future perspectives." Journal of Ultrasonography 21, no. 85 (2021): e154-e161. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/jou.2021.0025.
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Ultrasonography is an established and effective imaging technique that can be used to evaluate articular and periarticular structures around the shoulder. It has been shown to be useful in a wide range of rotator cuff diseases (e.g. tendon tears, rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy and bursitis) as well as non-rotator cuff abnormalities (instability, synovial joint diseases and nerve entrapment syndrome). A scanning protocol is highly recommended to reduce the rate of operators’ errors by following a standardized scheme including a list of main structures. Shoulder ultrasound has several advantages: it is a relatively cheap and widely available technique, free from ionizing radiation, that can reach excellent diagnostic accuracy even compared to magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, it is the only imaging technique that allows dynamic evaluation of musculoskeletal structures, which is important for the evaluation of impingement. Also, due to the shoulder’s superficial anatomical position, ultrasound can also be helpful in guiding interventional percutaneous procedures, both for diagnostic (e.g. magnetic resonance arthrography) and therapeutic purposes (e.g. percutaneous treatment of calcific tendonitis). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and speckle tracking offer complimentary evaluations of shoulder anatomy and biomechanics. Moreover, the advent of ultra-high-frequency US, with probes up to 70 MHz allowing for a resolution as low as 30 μm, is a promising tool for further evaluation of the shoulder anatomy, and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Ferreira, Daniel, Vesna Jelic, Lena Cavallin, Anne-Rita Oeksengaard, Jon Snaedal, Peter Høgh, Birgitte Bo Andersen, et al. "Electroencephalography Is a Good Complement to Currently Established Dementia Biomarkers." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 1-2 (2016): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448394.
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Background/Aims: Dementia biomarkers that are accessible and easily applicable in nonspecialized clinical settings are urgently needed. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is a good candidate, and the statistical pattern recognition (SPR) method has recently provided promising results. We tested the diagnostic value of qEEG-SPR in comparison to cognition, structural imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Methods: A total of 511 individuals were recruited from the multicenter NORD EEG study [141 healthy controls, 64 subjective cognitive decline, 124 mild cognitive impairment, 135 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 15 dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease with dementia (DLB/PDD), 32 other dementias]. The EEG data were recorded in a standardized way. Structural imaging data were visually rated using scales of atrophy in the medial temporal, frontal, and posterior cortex. Results: qEEG-SPR outperformed structural imaging, cognition, and CSF biomarkers in DLB/PDD diagnosis, outperformed structural imaging in AD diagnosis, and improved the differential diagnosis of AD. In addition, qEEG-SPR allowed differentiation of two clinically different AD subtypes. Conclusion: Adding qEEG to the diagnostic workup substantially increases the detection of AD pathology even in pre-dementia stages and improves differential diagnosis. EEG could serve as a good complement to currently established dementia biomarkers since it is cheap, noninvasive, and extensively applied outside academic centers.
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De Reuck, Jacques L. "Post-mortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging as an Additional Tool of the Neuropathological Examination of Neurodegenerative and Cerebrovascular Diseases." European Neurological Review 11, no. 1 (2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2016.11.01.22.
Full textAbstract:
Neuropathological examination of post-mortem brains of patients with dementia due to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular changes remains important, as the family wants to be sure about the clinical diagnosis and the risk of a hereditary disease. 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be applied as an additional tool to examine post-mortem brains of patients with neurodegenerative and cerebrovasular diseases. It allows examination of serial coronal sections of a cerebral hemisphere and horizontal sections of brainstem and cerebellum and comparison with the neuropathological lesions. Post-mortem MRI can show the degree and the distribution of the cerebral atrophy. Additional small cerebrovascular lesions can be quantified. The degree of iron load, not due to microbleeds, can be evaluated in different basal ganglia and brainstem structures. Three to six serial sections of a cerebral hemisphere and one section of brainstem and cerebellum allow the evaluation of the most important brain changes and to select the small samples to be used for histological diagnostic purposes. These correlation studies are extremely important for the future, when more 7.0-tesla MRI machines will be available forin vivoclinical-radiological diagnosis. This article is a review of post-mortem MRI data in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative and vascular dementias.