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Journal articles on the topic 'Diagnostic meningit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Islam, M. M. Z., and A. K. M. K. Islam. "Recurrent Meningitis: A Diagnostic Challenge." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 8, no. 2 (2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.8216.15.

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Margaret Dumebi Okpor, Godwin Osakwe, Sanctus Okpala Emekume, Okpomo Eterigho Okpu, Chris Obaro Obruche, and David Ovie Okpor. "Enhancing meningitis diagnosis accuracy through the integration of fuzzy logic and random forest: A conceptual framework." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 15, no. 1 (2025): 222–32. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.1.0893.

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Meningitis, an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord, presents a significant challenge in clinical diagnosis due to its diverse etiology and varied symptom presentation. It remains a significant health concern globally, particularly in Africa, where it claims the lives of hundreds of thousands annually. This paper proposes a hybrid approach to enhance diagnostic accuracy by integrating a fuzzy classifier with the Random Forest algorithm. Fuzzy logic is well-suited for handling uncertainty and imprecision inherent in medical data, while random forest offers robustne

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3

Kesavan, T. M. Ananda. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination in Meningitis: Diagnostic Dilemmas." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 10, no. 2 (2018): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.10218.4.

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Paudel, Raju`, Ram Chandra Subedi, Manali Bhatta, et al. "Neurotuberculosis: Different facets of a single disease." Grande Medical Journal 5, no. 1 (2025): 56–74. https://doi.org/10.3126/gmj.v5i1.82031.

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Tuberculosis (TB) can affect the meninges, brain or spinal cord, individually or in various combinations leading to neurotuberculosis. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe manifestation of central nervous system tuberculosis, with extremely high mortality (20-50%) and severe neurological morbidity among survivors. In spite of spectacular progress in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches, TBM represents a serious global health burden, especially in tuberculosis-endemic areas and in immunocompromised groups. This review combines the existing evidence on TBM epidemiology, pa

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Barani, Mahmood, Mahwash Mukhtar, Abbas Rahdar, Ghasem Sargazi, Anna Thysiadou, and George Z. Kyzas. "Progress in the Application of Nanoparticles and Graphene as Drug Carriers and on the Diagnosis of Brain Infections." Molecules 26, no. 1 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010186.

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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the protective sheath around the brain that protects the sensitive microenvironments of the brain. However, certain pathogens, viruses, and bacteria disrupt the endothelial barrier and cause infection and hence inflammation in meninges. Macromolecular therapeutics are unable to cross the tight junctions, thereby limiting their bioavailability in the brain. Recently, nanotechnology has brought a revolution in the field of drug delivery in brain infections. The nanostructures have high targeting accuracy and specificity to the receptors in the case of active targ

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Abdel-Har, Ali Hussein. "Microbial Diagnosis in Neonatal Meningitis." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (2020): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201818.

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Regner-Nelke, Liesa, Tobias Ruck, and Sven G. Meuth. "Meningitis in der Notaufnahme." AINS - Anästhesiologie · Intensivmedizin · Notfallmedizin · Schmerztherapie 58, no. 05 (2023): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-2077-6971.

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AbstractMeningitis describes an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, which, depending on the etiology, can be a serious disease with high lethality. The suspicion of meningitis therefore requires rapid and adept action. In this paper, we explain the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to suspected meningitis in the emergency department.

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Marchenko, Natalia V., Vladislav B. Voitenkov, Natalia V. Skripchenko, et al. "Bacterial meningitis imaging in children." Journal of Clinical Practice 12, no. 1 (2021): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract64008.

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In this review, we provide the data on the modern use of different MRI modalities and computer tomography (CT) as diagnostic and prognostic tools for meningitis of various etiology, first of all, bacterial purulent meningitis. Each of these techniques has its own field of application depending on the stage of the disease and the patients condition (necessity of intensive care procedures, ventilation support). The opinions on the diagnostic value of CT and structural MRI data differ and depend on the etiology and phase of the inflammatory process. In the recent years, the techniques of multipar

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T, Santhiya, Harivarshaan G, Mohamed Akram Ali S, and Rajamohamed H. "A Case Report on Bacterial Meningitis and its Management." Journal of Advances in Pharmacy Practices 6, no. 1 (2024): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/japp.2024.v06i01.003.

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An elderly female patient was admitted to a critical care unit due to headache and vomiting. She was eventually found to have bacterial meningitis. An inflammation of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord is called bacterial meningitis. Covering the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, the study underlines the criticality of diagnosing and treating bacterial meningitis as soon as possible because of its potentially lethal nature. A life-threatening inflammation of the meninges can result from various pathogens, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being a predominant cause. The first s

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Abd El-Wahab, Ekram W., Talaat Farrag, and Mohammed Metwally. "A clinical rule for the prediction of meningitis in HIV patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 4 (2019): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz107.

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Abstract Background The diagnosis of meningitis in HIV patients is challenging due to altered immune responses. Diagnostic scoring systems were recently proposed for use in research settings to help prompt and easy differential diagnosis. The objective of this study was to create a clinical prediction rule (CPR) for meningitis in HIV-infected patients and to address the enigma of differentiating bacterial (BM), TB (TBM) and cryptococcal (CCM) meningitis based on clinical features alone, which may be enhanced by easy-to-obtain laboratory testing. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 352 HIV pati

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Agrawal, Nimesh, Sarfaraz Shaikh, and Madan Manmohan. "Understanding Pyogenic Meningitis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Challenges." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 6 (2024): 1594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24624124508.

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Jolobe, Oscar M. P. "Molecular diagnostics, a strategy which does not address the diagnostic deficit in syphilitic meningitis." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 38, no. 3 (2020): 682–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158407.

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Bughio, Rabia, Khalida Depar, Amber Ghani, Fida Depar, Etizaz Ahmed, and Atif Depar. "Investigating the Diagnostic Significance of Neutrophil Percentage to Albumin Ratio (NPAR) in Patients with Infectious Meningitis." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 2 (2024): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.969.

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Background: Meningitis, characterized by inflammation of the meninges, typically presents with fever, headache, and neck rigidity. Despite the availability of numerous diagnostic techniques, determining the etiology of infectious meningitis remains challenging, often leading to diagnostic delays and increased mortality. The neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) is a novel biomarker for systemic infection and inflammation. Objective: To assess the neutrophil-to-albumin ratio in cases of infectious meningitis. Methods: Following REC approval (05/01/REC-206-2020), this cross-sectional stu

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International, Journal of Medical Science and Advanced Clinical Research (IJMACR). "CNS Tuberculosis in India: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Medical Science and Advanced Clinical Research (IJMACR) 8, no. 1 (2025): 169–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15234439.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB), a severe manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, remains one of the most challenging public health problems in India. Despite significant advances in diagnostic modalities and treatment protocols, CNS TB continues to result in high morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations in resource-limited settings. This systematic review synthesizes the epidemiological trends, clinical presentations, diagnostic barriers, treatment strategies, and outcomes of CNS TB in India. Emphasis is placed on

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Warihan Unok, Ratna Devi, Fanindya Hadamu, M. Sabir Mangawing, and Ary Anggara. "Antibiotic Resistance in Cases of Bacterial Meningitis: Literature Review." Promotif : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 14, no. 2 (2024): 32–39. https://doi.org/10.56338/promotif.v14i2.6476.

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Introduction: Meningitis is an infectious disease that attacks the cerebral membrane or swallows. Meningite is among the ten most dangerous diseases in the world. The disease can affect both children and adults. The cause of this disease can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or aseptic. Most cases of viral meningitis usually heal themselves and are not fatal, but in severe cases, such as bacterial, biased, life-threatening. Methods: Articles related to bacterial meningitis taken from databases like Google Scholar, Pubmed and Portal Garuda over the last 5 years (2020- 2024). Use keywords: "Bacterial

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Facchin, P., G. Fabris, B. Zanotti, E. Biasizzo, A. Lavaroni, and C. Cecotto. "Cisti spinali sacrali." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 7, no. 5 (1994): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099400700514.

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Gli Autori descrivono due casi di cisti spinali a localizzazione sacrale, caratterizzate da manifestazioni radicolari e sottoposte ad intervento chirurgico. Viene rivista la letteratura sull'argomento con particolare riguardo ai problemi della nomenclatura ed alle questioni connesse alla patogenesi, agli aspetti clinici, alla diagnostica ed alla terapia. Nell'ambito delle cisti spinali sacrali vengono descritte: le cisti perineurali (cisti di Tarlov, cisti di Rexed, diverticolo radicolare, cisti sacrale); la dilatazione del manicotto radicolare (diverticolo meningeo, dilatazione cistica della

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Sharma, Anmol, and Jitender Sharma. "CNS tuberculosis meningitis-Short review." IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences 10, no. 3 (2024): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijn.2024.028.

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Central Nervous System (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) meningitis, a severe extrapulmonary manifestation of TB, poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV. The pathogenesis involves hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primary infection site, often the lungs, leading to invasion of the central nervous system. This process triggers a robust immune response characterized by neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, and vasculitis, ultimately causing neurologi

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18

Davis, Angharad G., and Robert J. Wilkinson. "Diagnostic tests for tuberculous meningitis." Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 3 (2020): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30718-2.

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19

Seth, Rachna, and Usha Sharma. "Diagnostic criteria for Tuberculous Meningitis." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 69, no. 4 (2002): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02723213.

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Baldwin, Kelly J., and Jose David Avila. "Diagnostic Approach to Chronic Meningitis." Neurologic Clinics 36, no. 4 (2018): 831–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2018.06.004.

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21

Otta, S., S. Jain, B. Swain, and S. Sahoo. "Listerial meningitis: A diagnostic dilemma." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 65, no. 1 (2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_431_18.

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22

Wenner, W. J. "Diagnostic delays with bacterial meningitis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 8 (1995): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.8.621.

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Wenner, William J. "Diagnostic Delays With Bacterial Meningitis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 8 (1995): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520320029034.

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Coman, Delia, Monica Grama, Cristina Oana Marginean, Maria Oana Sasaran, Adrian Vlad Pop, and Cristina Roxana Mares. "Atypical infantile meningococcal meningitis: diagnostic pitfalls and successful management." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 20, no. 2 (2025): 179–85. https://doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2025.2.12.

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Introduction. Meningococcal meningitis is an acute bacterial infection of the meninges caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It remains a significant global health concern due to its rapid progression, high fatality rate, and potential for outbreaks, particularly in infants, children, and adolescents. Case report. We describe the case of a 9-month-old male infant with atypical onset of symptoms initially managed as a urinary tract infection, ruled out after further investigation. Diagnosis was confirmed via lumbar puncture and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of cerebrospinal fluid, reveali

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Jitender, Sharma, and Sharma Anmol. "Application of BioFire Meningitis Panel for Pathogen Identification and its Impact on Antimicrobial Therapy in Meningitis Cases at a Tertiary Care Centre in India." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 12 (2024): 515–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14593432.

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<strong>Background and Aim:</strong> Meningitis remains a significant public health issue in India to date for particular groups of people, including children, older adults and immunocompromised. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance, clinical usefulness and cost-effectiveness of a panel of 500 patients in the Indian setting. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This prospective, observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in India for one year after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sensitivity and specificity of BioFire

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Rosin, H. "Mikrobiologische diagnostik bei meningitis." Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 260, no. 1 (1985): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-6724(85)80103-6.

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27

Täuber, M. G. "Diagnostik der bakteriellen Meningitis." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 111, no. 19 (2008): 745–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068525.

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Umar Ajaz, Aliya Ahmed, Asim Nawaz Niazi, Fasih Hashmi, Samina Akhtar, and Basit Mukhtar. "Comparison of Cranial Ultrasound and Computed Tomographic Scan Finding in Infants with Post Meningitis Complications." Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University 19, no. 2 (2023): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.48036/apims.v19i2.685.

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Objective: To compare the findings of cranial ultrasound and computed tomographic (CT) scans in infants with post-meningitis complications. Methodology: A prospective analysis of 124 consecutive term infants was conducted in the department of radiology at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from August 2021 to April 2022. Transfontanelle ultrasonography was performed with a two-dimensional Sonoace 1500 ultrasound scanner (Medison Inc, South Korea 1995) equipped with a 6.5 megahertz (MHz) curvilinear small head probe. Sagittal and coronal sections were scanned using standard t

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Haiga, Yuri. "Pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM): a mini-review." Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science 16, no. 1 (2022): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ijbs.v16i1.379.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and killed nearly 1.5 million people in 2018. TB mostly manifests as a pulmonary disease but can also affect other parts of the body, causing extrapulmonary TB. Approximately 5% of all cases of extrapulmonary TB are tuberculous meningitis (TBM), which is caused by the spread of M. tuberculosis to the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Result: TBM is the most devastating form of TB and causes high rates of morbidity and mortality, with an estimated 50% of patients dying o

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ENACHE-LEONTE, Georgiana, Carla-Maria PREDA, Alin CIOBICA, et al. "Epidemiological and Clinical/Bioevolutive Aspects on Viral Meningitis – the Possible Relevance of the Oxidative Stress Status ?" Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Biological Sciences 12, no. 2 (2023): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscibio.2023.2.102.

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Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges associated with an abnormal number of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is a disease caused by an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid or brain. Identification of the pathogen requires rapid diagnostic methods for rapid treatment, in order to minimize hospitalization, mortality and associated complications. The aim of this study was to update and future identify the etiology of viral meningitis in adult and pediatric patients, and to create new management strategies for the diagnosed cases. Even more, we are lately increasingly interested in th

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Swain, Srabani, and Shristi Kedia. "Missed Window, Lost Life: The Deadly Course of TB Meningitis in a Pregnant Woman." ESRF Research Journal for Undergraduate Medical Students 2, no. 2 (2025): 42–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15192130.

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Tuberculosis meningitis is the most severe form of extrapulmonary TB. TB meningitis has an insidi-ous onset and atypical clinical manifestation. Thus, it is usually in its advanced stage when it is diag-nosed resulting in poor therapeutic efficacy and often causing severe extrapulmonary tuberculosis with high mortality. Despite the presence of different diagnostic and treatment modalities, mortality remains unacceptably high. A pregnant female patient was referred to our hospital’s emergency with suspected meningitis with a history of fever and recurrent vomiting. She was being managed c

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Ibrar Saleem, Muhammad, Imran Ahmed, Jalil Khan, et al. "Comparison of CSF Lactate and Serum Procalcitonin in Diagnosing Pyogenic Meningitis." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 3, no. 2 (2023): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.191.

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Background: Meningitis, a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, poses diagnostic challenges, particularly in differentiating bacterial meningitis (BM) from other forms. The identification of effective biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels and serum procalcitonin (PCT) in distinguishing BM from tuberculous and viral meningitis. Methods: Conducted at the Neurology Department of Pak Emirates Military Hospital from February to May 2023, this observat

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Mugabi, Timothy, Suzan Namombwe, Biyue Dai, et al. "Etiology and Outcomes of Meningitis among Adults in Three Ugandan Referral Hospitals, 2018–2023: A Prospective Cohort Study in a High-HIV Endemic Setting." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 112, no. 6 (2025): 1273–79. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.24-0373.

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ABSTRACT. Studies describing the global burden of meningitis often exclude HIV- or tuberculosis (TB)-related etiologies, thereby presenting a limited view of meningitis etiology in low- and middle-income countries. This study provides an updated evaluation of the etiology of meningitis and treatment outcomes in Uganda given advancements in molecular and TB diagnostics. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study from December 2018 to October 2023, for which adults with suspected meningitis were recruited from three referral hospitals in Uganda. We used a comprehensive diagnostic algo

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Narkhede, Nilima, Rajaram Weling, and Sanjay Prajapati. "Scrub typhus Meningoencephalitis : Diagnostic dilemma." Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 20, no. 3 (2023): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njn.v20i3.53306.

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Background: Neurological involvement in the form of meningitis or meningoencephalitis, although well documented in scrub typhus, has not been extensively studied in the pediatric population. It is seldom considered in the differential diagnosis of meningitis in the Indian subcontinent. Case Presentation: We report a case of Scrub typhus meningitis in 13year old male child. The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis, raised proteins and a normal glucose level. Conclusion : Early diagnosis and prompt institution of doxycycline therapy may lead to early cure of scrub typhus ev

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35

Khushnudbekov, Abdulbokiy, and Khonzodabegim Bakhtiyarova. "Tuberculous Meningitis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2025): 776–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14924765.

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Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, leading to high mortality and neurological complications. It results from the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the meninges, causing inflammation, vasculitis, and hydrocephalus. This article explores the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment of TBM. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and neuroimaging play key roles in early diagnosis. Prompt initiation of anti-tuberculous therapy, along with corticosteroids and symptomatic m

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Schossler, João Guilherme Stadler, Sandra Trevisan Beck, Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos, and Lourdes Boufleur Farinha. "Incidência de meningite por Haemophilus influenzae no RS 1999-2010: impacto da cobertura vacinal." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 18, no. 5 (2013): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232013000500030.

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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e verificar a situação epidemiológica das meningites causadas pelo agente Haemophilus influenzae tipo b nos últimos 10 anos no Rio Grande do Sul. Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, utilizando o sistema de dados de notificação de meningites, e cobertura vacinal, armazenados em base on line Tabnet - Tabulação de dados Epidemiológicos - CEVS/SES/RS, abrangendo o período de 1999 a 2010. Foram utilizados casos notificados e confirmados, tendo como critério de seleção o ano de inicio dos sintomas, idade, diagnostico e evolução. Foi analisado o Estado do Rio Grande d

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Maurya, Pradeep Kumar, Saumya Shukla, Ashutosh Tiwari, Dinkar Kul Shreshtha, and Ajai Kumar Singh. "Intractable Headache in a Patient with Carcinoma Breast: Infiltrative or Infective - A Diagnostic Challenge." Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (2019): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njn.v16i3.27365.

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Chronic meningitis is the inflammation of meanings having varied clinical manifestations and diverse etiologies. Among them tuberculosis continues to be an important cause of chronic meningitis. To achieve the etiological diagnosis, examination of cerebrospinal fluid is mandatory. Carcinomatous meningitis, another rare cause of chronic meningitis is caused by infiltration of leptomeninges by malignant cells. Diagnostics old standard of carcinomatous meningitis is to demonstrate malignant cells in the cerebrospinaluid. In cerebrospinal fluid negative cases with high degree of suspicion, various

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Wei, Ting-Ting, Zhi-De Hu, Bao-Dong Qin, et al. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis Versus Nonbacterial Meningitis." Medicine 95, no. 11 (2016): e3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000003079.

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Moolla, Y., and L. Naidoo. "Diagnostic challenges with acellular bacterial meningitis." South African Medical Journal 106, no. 10 (2016): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2016.v106i10.10670.

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L S, Patil, Gudage Nitin, and Balganur S G. "RICKETTSIAL MENINGITIS : FUNDOSCOPY AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, no. 64 (2015): 11244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/1619.

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Kumar, R., S. N. Singh, and N. Kohli. "A diagnostic rule for tuberculous meningitis." Archives of Disease in Childhood 81, no. 3 (1999): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.81.3.221.

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Chin, J. H. "Tuberculous meningitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges." Neurology: Clinical Practice 4, no. 3 (2014): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000023.

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Kumar, Rashmi, S. N. Singh, and P. K. Misra. "A diagnostic rule for tuberculous meningitis." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50 (January 1997): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(97)87211-3.

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Kumar, Rashmi, S. N. Singh, and P. K. Misra. "A diagnostic rule for tuberculous meningitis." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49 (January 1996): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)89188-8.

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Hildebrand, J., and M. Aoun. "Chronic meningitis: still a diagnostic challenge." Journal of Neurology 250, no. 6 (2003): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-1101-5.

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Kallio, Markku J. T. "Diagnostic Delays With Bacterial Meningitis-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 8 (1995): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520320029035.

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de A. Silva, Camila, Livio Dias, Rita S. B. Cardona, et al. "Anaerobic neonatal meningitis: A diagnostic challenge." Anaerobe 61 (February 2020): 102134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102134.

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Leu, Sheng, Neary Pirrone, and Wen Mueller. "Acute Bacterial Meningitis: A Systemic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 1, no. 4 (2017): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/024.

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Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common and most aggressive pathogens of meningitis. Emerging antibiotic resistance is an upcoming challenge. Clinical and experimental studies have established a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms resulting in brain damage, sequelae and neuropsychological deficits. We summarize the current pathophysiological concept of acute bacterial meningitis and present current treatment strategies.

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Leu, Sheng. "Acute Bacterial Meningitis: A Systemic Review of Diagnosis and Treatment." Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery 1, no. 4 (2017): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/017.

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Erbguth, Frank. "Bewusstseinsstörungen und Koma." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 13 (2019): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0730-0227.

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AbstractCerebral diseases such as epileptic seizures, cerebral hemorrhages or meningoencephalitis are the primary cause of approximately 50 % of non-traumatic acute disorders of consciousness. For the differential diagnosis, history and other symptoms are important such as hemiplegia, signs of brain stem dysfunction, meningism or headache. Metabolic, endocrinologic, toxicologic or electrolytic causes of coma usually can be diagnosed by laboratory examinations. Anamnestic informations, body inspection, clinical neurological examination as well as laboratory and imaging findings have to be added

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