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Books on the topic 'Diagnostic parameters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Fogarty, G. W. A. Determination of parameters related to the output of diagnostic x-ray sets by calculations based on the results ofdirect measurement of the special output. [S.l: The Author], 1993.

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2

Vas, Peter. Parameter estimation, condition monitoring, and diagnosis of electrical machines. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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3

Jassim, Amna Nsyif. Serological parameters of human schistosomiasis in relation to diagnosis and immunity status. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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4

Wiesen, Christopher. Learn to Use Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation in Stata With the Cardiac Catheterization Diagnostic Dataset (2018). 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526498939.

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5

Lehmann, Harold P. Practice parameter: The treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma in children : technical report. Elk Grove Village, IL: The Academy, 1994.

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6

Pohorecki, Władysław. Diagnostyka wybranych parametrów w modelu płaszcza reaktora termojądrowego =: Diagnostics of some parameters of a fusion reactor blanket model. Kraków: Międzynarodowy Instytut Fizyki i Techniki Jądrowej AGH, 1989.

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7

Duyar, Ahmet. A failure diagnosis system based on a neural network classifier for the space shuttle main engine. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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8

Baryshnikov, Nikolay, and Denis Samygin. A strategic model for the sustainability of agrarian business: the options, risks, solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25264.

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The monograph substantiates the parameters of the formation of the concept of sustainability of the agricultural economy, summarizes the tools of financial management of the agricultural sector. The analysis of liquidity and diagnostics of efficiency of agricultural business is carried out on the example of commodity producers in the region.the models of agricultural policy for managing financial resources and sources of their formation are based on them. The investment attractiveness is assessed and the financial and economic risks of agricultural business are measured. Financial solutions have been developed to optimize sustainability in the context of recommendations for improving liquidity and stabilizing the efficiency of the agricultural business. The publication is intended for managers and specialists of agribusiness management, researchers and teachers of higher educational institutions.

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9

Lehrasab, Nadeem. A generic fault detection and isolation approach for single-throw mechanical equipment. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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10

Sack, Ingolf, and Tobias Schaeffter. Quantification of Biophysical Parameters in Medical Imaging. Springer, 2018.

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11

Sack, Ingolf, and Tobias Schaeffter. Quantification of Biophysical Parameters in Medical Imaging. Springer, 2019.

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12

(Editor), B. M. Moores, F. E. Stieve (Editor), H. Eriskat (Editor), and H. Schibilla (Editor), eds. Technical and Physical Parameters for Quality Assurance in Medical Diagnostic Radiology (British Institute of Radiology (BIR) Report). Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, 1989.

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13

M, Moores B., ed. Technical and physical parameters for quality assurance in medical diagnostic radiology: Tolerances, limiting values, and appropriate measuring methods. London: British Institute of Radiology, 1989.

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14

Amin, Annie, and Thomas W. Cutter. Anesthesia for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiologic Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses the use of anesthetics in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic radiologic procedures. Diagnostic procedures are anatomic or functional, minimally or noninvasive, and seldom require anesthesia support; anesthesia is typically only requested for these procedures because of a patient’s physiological or psychological needs. Recognizing and addressing a patient’s comorbidities and other concerns are similar to care given in the surgical setting. The imaging environment and procedures pose additional requirements and constraints, which are unique and require specific solutions; there is frequently no single best anesthetic technique for a given procedure. Radiologists serve the critical function of deciding whether to consult the anesthesiologist or perform a procedure alone. If the decision is to proceed with moderate sedation (administered by a nonanesthesia professional), the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring cannot be understated. In all cases, the patient deserves care that is consistent with the parameters, guidelines, and standards established by the various accrediting agencies and professional societies

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15

Bass, Cristina, Barbara Bauce, and Gaetano Thiene. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0360.

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Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease clinically characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and pathologically by an acquired and progressive dystrophy of the ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty replacement. The clinical manifestations of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy vary according to the ‘phenotypic’ stage of the underlying disease process. Since there is no ‘gold standard’ to reach the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, multiple categories of diagnostic information have been combined. Different diagnostic categories include right ventricular morphofunctional abnormalities (by echocardiography and/or angiography and/or cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging), histopathological features on endomyocardial biopsy, electrocardiogram, arrhythmias, and family history, including genetics. The diagnostic criteria were revised in 2010 to improve diagnostic sensitivity, but with the important prerequisite of maintaining diagnostic specificity. Quantitative parameters have been put forward and abnormalities are defined based on the comparison with normal subject data. A definite diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is achieved when two major, or one major and two minor, or four minor criteria from different categories are met. The main differential diagnoses are idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, myocarditis, sarcoidosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, right ventricular infarction, congenital heart diseases with right ventricular overload, and athlete’s heart. Among diagnostic tools, contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance is playing a major role in detecting subepicardial-midmural left ventricular free wall involvement, even preceding morphofunctional abnormalities. Moreover, electroanatomical mapping is an invasive tool able to detect early right ventricular free wall involvement in terms of low-voltage areas. Both techniques are increasingly used in the diagnostic work-up although are not yet part of diagnostic criteria.

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16

Zaiwalla, Zenobia, and Roo Killick. Polysomnography and other investigations for sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0016.

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This chapter describes the key investigations used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders. The recording and value of polysomnography (PSG), with and without electroencephalography is discussed, including the specific parameters essential for the various sleep related breathing disorders. The technical aspects of the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test are followed by interpretation of findings, recognizing their limitations, especially in adults with co-morbid disorders, and the effect of medication and also shift work. Finally, the value of wrist actigraphy as a diagnostic tool in circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders is discussed. The chapter emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate tests based on clinical information and the importance of units providing diagnostic studies for sleep disorders, constantly reviewing their study protocols and auditing inter-rater reliability of PSG sleep staging in children and adults of various ages and sleep disorders.

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17

Haugaa, Kristina H., Francesco Faletra, and João L. Cavalcante. Cardiac rhythm disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0063.

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Cardiac rhythm disorders require diagnostic, prognostic, and guidance of therapeutic procedures by echocardiography. The most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation (AF) leading to an increased risk for mortality, heart failure, and thromboembolic events. Echocardiography is performed to assess the aetiology of AF which most commonly is associated with diseases leading to enlarged atria. Furthermore, echocardiography is crucial to evaluate thromboembolic risk by assessing the morphology and function of the left atrial appendage among other parameters. Non-invasive imaging modalities including two-dimensional transthoracic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with three-dimensional imaging are often indicated. Finally, TOE can help in the preprocedural planning and providing guidance for interventions such as pulmonary vein ablation and percutaneous left atrial appendage closure. In patients with ventricular arrhythmias, TTE is the first-line diagnostic tool for assessing the aetiology of ventricular arrhythmias. Ischaemic heart disease, either acute or chronic fibrosis, is the most common causes of ventricular tachycardias. Left ventricular ejection fraction remains the most important parameter for indication of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention therapy, although newer strain echocardiographic measures may add incremental prognostic information.

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18

Bloom, Chloe, and Seamus Donnelly. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199657742.003.0019.

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This case of a young female with suspected pulmonary sarcoidosis demonstrates the difficulties in confirming the diagnosis and subsequently identifying the appropriate treatment. Current guidelines were developed in the 1990s, and there has been little change in the diagnostic pathway since then. However, there are new clinical tools to help differentiate from the common differential diagnosis of tuberculosis. The patient’s management can be complex, with a host of clinical parameters that can be potentially used to assess each patient’s disease activity, severity, and prognosis, and the decision to start immunosuppressive treatment is often difficult. The mainstay of treatment remains glucocorticoids, with a wide choice of possible steroid-sparing agents. However, the evidence for their use is limited. This case is particularly interesting, as the patient is a female with a young daughter who is planning imminently on continuing her family and has legitimate concerns about treatment side effects.

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19

Rigo, Fausto, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, and Bruno Pinamonti. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0043.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by a globally dilated and dysfunctioning left ventricle (LV). Therefore, echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for DCM are a LV end-diastolic diameter greater than 117% predicted value corrected for age and body surface area and a LV ejection fraction less than 45% (and/or fractional shortening less than 25%). Usually, the LV is also characterized by a normal or mildly increased wall thickness with eccentric hypertrophy and increased mass, a spherical geometry (the so-called LV remodelling), a dyssynchronous contraction (typically with left bundle branch block), and diastolic dysfunction with elevated LV filling pressure. Other typical echocardiographic features of DCM include functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular dysfunction, atrial dilatation, and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Several echocardiographic parameters, measured both at baseline and at follow-up, are valuable for prognostic stratification of DCM patients. Furthermore, re-evaluation of echocardiographic parameters during the disease course under optimal medical therapy is valuable for tailoring medical treatment and confirming indications for invasive treatments at follow-up. The stress echo can play a pivotal role in the different phases of DCM helping us in stratifying the prognosis of these patients. Finally, familial screening is an important tool for early diagnosis of DCM in asymptomatic patients.

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20

Auciello, Orlando. Plasma Diagnostics: Discharge Parameters and Chemistry (Plasma Materails Interactions). Academic Pr, 1989.

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21

Auciello, Orlando. Plasma Diagnostics: Discharge Parameters and Chemistry (Plasma Materails Interactions). Academic Pr, 1989.

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22

F, Handschuh Robert, Zakrajsek James J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An enhancement to the NA4 gear vibration diagnostic parameter. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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23

J, Zakrajsek James, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Minimizing load effects on NA4 gear vibration diagnostic parameter. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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24

L, Spector Sheldon, Nicklas Richard A, American Academy of Allergy and Immunology., and American College of Allergy and Immunology., eds. Practice parameters for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. [Arlington Heights, IL: The Academy, 1993.

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25

C, Merrill Walter, Duyar Ahmet, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A distributed fault-detection and diagnosis system using on-line parameter estimation. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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26

A distributed fault-detection and diagnosis system using on-line parameter estimation. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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27

San, Yang Sing, ed. From cardiac catheterization data to hemodynamic parameters. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Davis, 1988.

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28

Kallmeyer, Andrea, José Luis Zamorano, G. Locorotondo, Madalina Garbi, José Juan Gómez de Diego, and Miguel Ángel García Fernández. Non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0005.

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The diagnostic power of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography resides not only in its capability of providing anatomical information and of studying myocardial contractile function, but also in the possibility of performing a non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Such non-invasive haemodynamic assessment is the subject of this chapter.2D echocardiography, colour flow imaging, and Doppler modality make this haemodynamic assessment possible, by studying the following parameters: ◆ Blood flow velocities. ◆ Transvalvular pressure gradients. ◆ Valvular areas. ◆ Stroke volume, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. ◆ Cardiac function.The application of these concepts in clinical practice will be explained through this chapter. They can be summarized in the following points: ◆ The study of valvular insufficiencies. ◆ The study of the valvular stenosis. ◆ The study of intracardiac shunts. ◆ The study of myocardial systolic and diastolic function. ◆ The estimation of intracardiac pressures.Finally, non-invasive haemodynamic study represents an alternative to invasive procedures in some clinical circumstances and it is very important in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Therefore, it is necessary for the cardiologist to understand how this echocardiographic study is performed, as well as its advantages and limitations.

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29

Goldberg, Harry, Sing San Yang, Lamberto G. Bentivoglio, and Vladir Maranhao. From Cardiac Catheterization to Hymodynamic Parameters. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 1988.

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30

Bonomi, L. Glaucoma: Concepts in Evolution- Morphometric and functional parameters in the diagnosis. Kugler Pubns B V (Medical), 1991.

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31

Noutsias, Michel, and Bernhard Maisch. Myocarditis and pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0058.

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Transition of acute myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in approximately 20% of patients within a follow-up period of 33 months. Recent research has revealed the adverse prognostic impact of several clinical parameters for this scenario. Acute myocarditis and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy are often caused by viral infections. Histological evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies is critical for the diagnosis of the cardiomyopathy entity and for the clinical management of around 20% of the patients. Additionally, contemporary diagnostic procedures of endomyocardial biopsies are indispensable for the selection of inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who will likely benefit from immunosuppression or antiviral (interferon) treatment. Immunoadsorption, with subsequent immunoglobulin substitution, is a further promising immunomodulatory treatment option for dilated cardiomyopathy patients, targeting primarily the anticardiac autoantibodies. Cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as a valuable diagnostic approach for myocarditis and pericarditis. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement has been associated with adverse outcome and sudden cardiac death. Bridging of the first 3–6 months with a wearable cardioverter–defibrillator, until a definitive decision on the implantation of an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, is a growingly recognized cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with acute myocarditis with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of <40% and new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Acute pericarditis is labelled idiopathic or suspected viral without adequate proof of the respective aetiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine are proven and safe therapeutic mainstays for pericarditis, including the first attack. Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving treatment of cardiac tamponade. Pericardioscopy and epicardial biopsies can contribute to the aetiological differentiation of pericardial effusions.

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32

Noutsias, Michel, and Bernhard Maisch. Myocarditis and pericarditis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0058_update_001.

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Transition of acute myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in approximately 20% of patients within a follow-up period of 33 months. Recent research has revealed the adverse prognostic impact of several clinical parameters for this scenario. Acute myocarditis and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy are often caused by viral infections. Histological evaluation of endomyocardial biopsies is critical for the diagnosis of the cardiomyopathy entity and for the clinical management of around 20% of the patients. Additionally, contemporary diagnostic procedures of endomyocardial biopsies are indispensable for the selection of inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who will likely benefit from immunosuppression or antiviral (interferon) treatment. Immunoadsorption, with subsequent immunoglobulin substitution, is a further promising immunomodulatory treatment option for dilated cardiomyopathy patients, targeting primarily the anticardiac autoantibodies. Cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as a valuable diagnostic approach for myocarditis and pericarditis. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement has been associated with adverse outcome and sudden cardiac death. Bridging of the first 3 months with a wearable cardioverter–defibrillator, until a definitive decision on the implantation of an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, is a growingly recognized cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with acute myocarditis with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction of <40% and new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Acute pericarditis is labelled idiopathic or suspected viral without adequate proof of the respective aetiology. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine are proven and safe therapeutic mainstays for pericarditis, including the first attack. Pericardiocentesis is a lifesaving treatment of cardiac tamponade. Pericardioscopy and epicardial biopsies can contribute to the aetiological differentiation of pericardial effusions.

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33

Nickel, Thomas. Estimation of physical parameters in mechanical systems for predictive monitoring and diagnosis. 1999.

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34

Rosenhek, Raphael, Robert Feneck, and Fabio Guarracino. Aortic valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0014.

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Echocardiography is the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic valve (AoV) disease. It allows a detailed morphological assessment of the AoV and thereby makes determination of the aetiology possible. In general, the quantification of aortic stenosis is based on the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and the calculation of AoV area, thus combining a flow-dependent and a flow-independent variable. In the setting of low-flow low-gradient AS, dobutamine echocardiography is of particular diagnostic and prognostic importance. The quantification of aortic regurgitation is based on qualitative and quantitative parameters. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental. Haemodynamic consequences of AoV disease on left ventricular size, hypertrophy, and function as well as potentially coexisting valve lesions can be assessed simultaneously. In patients with AoV disease, predictors of outcome and indications for surgery are substantially defined by echocardiography.

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35

Hoorn, Ewout J., and Robert Zietse. Approach to the patient with hyponatraemia. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0028.

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Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients and is primarily a water balance disorder. Therefore, hyponatraemia is due to a relative excess of water in comparison with sodium in the extracellular fluid volume. Hyponatraemia is usually due to the release of vasopressin despite hypo-osmolality; this secretion is either ‘appropriate’ (i.e. due to a low intravascular volume) or ‘inappropriate’. The diagnostic approach to hyponatraemia relies on the assessment of the time of development, symptoms, and volume status, along with laboratory parameters such as urine sodium and urine osmolality. Complications are mainly neurological and usually depend on the rate of development and correction. If hyponatraemia develops acutely, treatment should be directed towards counteracting the water shift to or brain cells. Conversely, in more chronic cases of hyponatraemia, treatment should be directed at the underlying cause, while avoiding over-correction.

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36

C, Merrill Walter, Duyar Ahmet, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A distributed fault-detection and diagnosis system using on-line parameter estimation. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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37

Pirani, Tasneem, and Tony Rahman. Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0177.

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Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a medical emergency that may present with haematemesis and/or melena. An exhaustive history and careful examination aids in identifying the cause of bleeding and directing appropriate management. Validated scoring systems exist to guide the urgency of endoscopic therapy, although these should not be used in isolation, but in conjunction with complete patient assessment. The initial priority should be to resuscitate and stabilize the patient using the airway, breathing, circulation, and disability framework. Resuscitation should be guided by clinical and physiological parameters. Patients should be managed in an environment where vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, conscious level, and urine output are monitored at least hourly. Attempts should be made to correct coagulopathy. Specialist advice should be sought from haematologists for guidance on the most appropriate use of packed red cells and blood products. Over-transfusion should be avoided. Initiation of pre-endoscopy proton pump inhibitor therapy, in particular to avoid definitive endoscopic therapy, is not recommended. Diagnostic endoscopy and therapy should be conducted within 24 hours of presentation. Numerous endoscopic therapies exist—when epinephrine is used for local tamponade and vasoconstriction, application of dual modality treatment is recommended. In cases where endoscopic therapy fails or is not possible, radiological diagnosis, and embolization may become necessary. Occasionally, surgery is required for definitive treatment—close liaison with surgeons is therefore necessary, especially where initial endoscopy is considered suboptimal or re-bleeding occurs.

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38

Foley, William. Polysynthesis in New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.20.

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The New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.

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39

Park, Dae-hyun. Detection and diagnosis of parameters change in linear system using time-frequency transformation. 1991.

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40

Sidhu, Kulraj S., Mfonobong Essiet, and Maxime Cannesson. Cardiac and vascular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses key components of cardiovascular physiology applicable to clinical practice in the field of anaesthesiology. From theory development to ground-breaking innovations, the history of cardiac and vascular anatomy, as well as physiology, is presented. Utilizing knowledge of structure and function, parameters created have allowed adequate patient clinical assessment and guided interventions. A review of concepts reveals the impact of multiple physiological variables on a patient’s haemodynamic state and the need for more accurate and efficient measurements. In particular, it is noted that a more reliable index of ventricular contractility is the end-systolic elastance rather than the ejection fraction. Constant direct preload assessment has not yet been achieved but continues to be determined through surrogate variables, and continuous cardiac output monitoring for oxygen delivery, although advancing, has limitations. Considering the effect of compound factors perioperatively, especially heart failure, modifies the goals and interventions of anaesthetists to achieve improved outcomes. Therefore, medical management prior to surgery and complete assessment through history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are a priority. This chapter also details the expectations following volume expansion to augment haemodynamics during surgery, the concept of functional haemodynamic monitoring, and limitations to the parameters applied in assessing fluid responsiveness. Challenging the accuracy of conventional indices to predict volume status led to the use of goal-directed therapy, reducing morbidity and minimizing length of hospital stay. The mainstay of this chapter is to reinforce the relevance of advances in haemodynamic monitoring and homeostasis optimization by anaesthetists during surgery, using fundamental concepts of cardiovascular physiology.

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41

Zietse, Robert, and Ewout Hoorn. Approach to the patient with hypernatraemia. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0029_update_001.

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Hypernatraemia is much less common than hyponatraemia, and its prevalence is higher in certain populations, including children, the elderly, and critically ill patients. A common feature is that patients affected have been unable to drink water to correct the disorder. Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia are both primarily disorders of water balance. Hypernatraemia is caused by a relative deficit of total body water in comparison to total body sodium. Both disorders are often associated with disturbances in the hormone governing water balance, arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). Hypernatraemia may be due to an inability to secrete vasopressin or a resistance to its actions in the kidney. The diagnostic approach relies on the assessment of the time of development, symptoms, and volume status, along with laboratory parameters such as urine sodium and urine osmolality. If hypernatraemia develop acutely, treatment should be directed towards counteracting the water shift to or from brain cells. In more chronic cases, treatment should be directed to the underlying cause while avoiding overcorrection.

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42

Karatasakis, G., and G. D. Athanassopoulos. Cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0019.

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Echocardiography is a key diagnostic method in the management of patients with cardiomyopathies.The main echocardiographic findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are asymmetric hypertrophy of the septum, increased echogenicity of the myocardium, systolic anterior motion, turbulent left ventricular (LV) outflow tract blood flow, intracavitary gradient of dynamic nature, mid-systolic closure of the aortic valve and mitral regurgitation. The degree of hypertrophy and the magnitude of the obstruction have prognostic meaning. Echocardiography plays a fundamental role not only in diagnostic process, but also in management of patients, prognostic stratification, and evaluation of therapeutic intervention effects.In idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, echocardiography reveals dilation and impaired contraction of the LV or both ventricles. The biplane Simpson’s method incorporates much of the shape of the LV in calculation of volume; currently, three-dimensional echocardiography accurately evaluates LV volumes. Deformation parameters might be used for detection of early ventricular involvement. Stress echocardiography using dobutamine or dipyridamole may contribute to risk stratification, evaluating contractile reserve and left anterior descending flow reserve. LV dyssynchrony assessment is challenging and in patients with biventricular pacing already applied, optimization of atrio-interventricular delays should be done. Specific characteristics of right ventricular dysplasia and isolated LV non-compaction can be recognized, resulting in an increasing frequency of their prevalence. Rare forms of cardiomyopathy related with neuromuscular disorders can be studied at an earlier stage of ventricular involvement.Restrictive and infiltrative cardiomyopathies are characterized by an increase in ventricular stiffness with ensuing diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. A variety of entities may produce this pathological disturbance with amyloidosis being the most prevalent. Storage diseases (Fabry, Gaucher, Hurler) are currently treatable and early detection of ventricular involvement is of paramount importance for successful treatment. Traditional differentiation between constrictive pericarditis (surgically manageable) and the rare cases of restrictive cardiomyopathy should be properly performed.

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43

L, Bonomi, and Orzalesi N, eds. Glaucoma: Concepts in evolution :morphometric and functional parameters in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma : proceedings : of the symposium held in Verona, Italy, June 16, 1991. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications, 1991.

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44

Ranke, M. B. The Role of Igf Parameters in the Management of Growth Disorders And Acromegaly-diagnosis, Efficacy And Safety (Hormone Research). S Karger Pub, 2004.

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45

De Sutter, Johan, Piotr Lipiec, and Christine Henri. Heart failure: preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0028.

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Nearly half of all patients with heart failure present with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF). HFPEF is a pathophysiologically and clinically heterogeneous disease with an overall similar outcome to heart failure patients with a reduced ejection fraction. It is predominantly seen in elderly patients and comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, a sedentary lifestyle, and myocardial ischaemia play important roles in its development. In this chapter the conventional echocardiographic hallmarks of HFPEF including a preserved ejection fraction, left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilatation, diastolic dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension are presented. For the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, it is important to keep in mind that no single echocardiographic parameter is sufficiently accurate and reproducible to be used in isolation to make a diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction. The value of newer techniques including three-dimensional echocardiography and longitudinal strain assessment for the diagnosis and follow-up of HFPEF patients are promising but require further evaluation. As exercise-induced dyspnoea may be the first manifestation of HFPEF, the role of exercise echo (or diastolic stress testing) with evaluation of exercise-induced changes in left ventricular filling pressure and pulmonary artery systolic pressure is also presented. This chapter ends with a discussion on the echocardiographic parameters that can be used for risk stratification and follow-up of HFPEF patients.

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Mavi, Jagroop, Anne C. Boat, Senthilkumar Sadhasivam, and Catherine P. Seipel. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0050.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is an embryologic defect in diaphragm formation that allows abdominal contents to enter into the fetal pleural cavity, resulting in ipsilateral lung compression, pulmonary hypoplasia, and abnormal pulmonary vasculature. Though diagnosis is frequently made on prenatal imaging, the diagnosis should be considered in any newborn with respiratory distress. Prenatal predictors of defect severity include evaluation of observed-to-expected lung volumes on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and lung-to-head ratio on fetal ultrasound. Treatment focuses on medical stabilization, including optimization of oxygenation and ventilation, followed by surgical repair. Anesthetic considerations for these patients include management of coexisting cardiac disease and ventilatory parameters, in addition to standard neonatal anesthetic considerations.

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Colebourn, Claire, and Jim Newton. Field guide to critical care echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757160.003.0008.

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This chapter is intended as a summary or reference for clinician echocardiographers at the bedside. It gives step-by-step algorithms which address both commonly asked questions and clinical situations which require rapid decision-making using echocardiography in the critically ill. These algorithms cover fluid status and fluid responsiveness, cardiovascular parameters, assessment of the shocked and breathless patient including trauma, assessment of the patient with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and assessment of the unwell obstetric patient and patients who are weaning from mechanical ventilatory support.

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Wick, Wolfgang, Colin Watts, and Minesh P. Mehta. Oligodendroglial tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0004.

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Concepts of diagnosis and treatment of oligodendroglial tumours have changed through clinical and translational studies over recent years. Diagnosis is now based on histopathological and integrated molecular information. The latter includes mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase and the co-deletion of 1p/19q in the tumour tissue. In parallel, the long-term evaluation of large randomized trials performed in Europe and North America led to the current standard of a more aggressive chemoradiation regimen with procarbazine, CCNU (lomustine), and vincristine to optimize progression-free and overall survival. The future directions are delineated, which are aiming at further definition of prognostic and predictive subgroups, based on clinical, molecular, and imaging parameters, integrating immunotherapeutic concepts, as well as a closer look at patient-centred outcomes in upcoming trials.

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Pitt, Matthew. Results of the clinical application of SPACE in suspected disorders of the neuromuscular junction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0011.

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Findings in a large cohort of children with disorders of the neuromuscular junction are presented along with those in non-primary neuromuscular junction abnormalities. From these results it is possible to derive test parameters for stimulated potential analysis using concentric needle electrodes (SPACE) including sensitivity and specificity, along with positive and negative predictive values. The differences between performing stimulation techniques to determine jitter in children and adults are highlighted as are technical aspects and the effects of the differential diagnosis on interpretation of results. An investigative strategy is outlined to be used with SPACE. The chapter concludes with discussion of the occurrence of normal jitter measurements with SPACE in proven cases of myasthenia as well as the phenomenon of delayed diagnosis of myasthenia and its relationship to the availability of neurophysiological testing.

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Lutsenko, V. I., I. V. Lutsenko, D. O. Popov, and I. V. Popov. Remote sensing of the environment using the radiation of existing ground and space radio systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.429.345.

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Possibilities of using existing ground (TV centers, broadcasting stations) and space (global navigation satellite systems) radio systems for solving the problem of remote sensing and monitoring of the environment and objects in it are considered. The methods of diagnostics of the troposphere, description of the refractive index with the use of semi-Markov processes and atomic functions of Kravchenko-Rvacheva are proposed. The seasonal and altitudinal dependencies of radio-meteorological parameters and radio-climatic features of Ukraine were studied. Technologies for determining the effective gradient of the refractive index by damping factor of the VHF signals of television centers on the OTH routes in the zone of the near geometric shadow, on the angles of radioa "rise" and "sets" of the AES, detection of precipitation zones by the fluctuations of the pseudoranges and changes of the coordinates estimates, parameters of the surface of the earth by the fluctuations of the GNSS signals. Reviewers: Head of the Department of Radio waves propagation in the natural environments of the O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Kivva F.V., Professor of the Department of Designing Radioelectronic Devices of Aircraft of the National Aerospace University. M.E. Zhukovsky (KhAI), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Volosyuk V.K.

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