Journal articles on the topic 'Diagnostic trouble code'

Mobile applications today serve as versatile tools across diverse sectors, enhancing human productivity through specialized software on electronic devices. Implementation of the mobile application can also be applied to vehicles, with inspection and checking functions assisted by the Onboard Diagnostic-II (OBD-II) scanner. The research aimed to develop an integrated mobile application that utilized the OBD-II scanner and Data Acquisition System (DAS) to monitor vehicle health and provide timely service reminders. Vehicle information was taken by the DAS process into a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) from the vehicle itself. The method applied the waterfall model, which consisted of communication, planning, modeling, construction, and evaluation. The problem analysis and requirements gathering for developing the application involves the interview method and Google Forms-generated questionnaires with 101 responses. Then, the research used OBD-II series ELM327 and ELM 327 IC devices for testing. The research results in an application developed for vehicle diagnostics using a recommendation system through notifications that provide vehicle health information and service time reminders to users. This application consists of eight modules, with the main module being able to provide recommendations for vehicle owners. These recommendations are helpful for users to maintain the health of their vehicles regularly. Further research is recommended to enhance the development of the application, aiming to create a more comprehensive user interface.

With the increasing degree of automotive electronics, automotive electronic control systems continue to increase and a large amount of these complex systems using electronic chips to perform their own function, making them very difficult to repair. For ease of maintenance, automotive electronic control systems are generally designed with self-diagnostic function, which is usually referred to OBD diagnostic feature that can automatically diagnose faults of systems, store the Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) in memory and can be read through the communication port. This article mainly focuses on fault diagnostic method for ECU in electric vehicle based on CAN bus, for electric vehicles are developed very fast in order to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution. This diagnostic system described in the article has designed a host computer and a lower machine. The development of software in host computer is based on LabVIEW virtual instrument technology and NEC micro-processing chip is used to develop the lower machine, achieving the automatic and controlled ECU test.

Learning outcomes On completion of this case study, students will be able assess new venture opportunities by properly allocating expansion fund in growing the business; analyzing various scaling-up options; applying the Ansoff matrix for growth and expansion; designing a framework for scaling up; and using the business model canvas. Case overview/synopsis Mr Sreeram established Eruvaka Technologies in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh (India), in 2015 to provide products and services related to aquaculture. The company was founded with the goal of assisting prawn farmers who had trouble keeping up with the demands of the industry. Eruvaka Technologies created risk-reducing and productivity-boosting on-farm diagnostic devices for aquaculture growers. The company developed low-cost monitoring and automation solutions for aquaculture by merging sensors, mobile connection and decision tools. Eruvaka’s primary objective was to offer reasonably priced, technologically advanced goods and services to farmers. Eruvaka matured into a promising startup over time, attracting $5m in funding. Sreeram and his team had to detail their plan to their investors about how they intended to use the money from each funding rounds toward growing the business, how the company planned to achieve sustainable and competitive advantage while providing value to its consumers and how they would address critical issues including product acquisition cost, supply chain problem and customer anxiety. Complexity academic level This case study can be taught as part of undergraduate- and postgraduate-level courses and Master of Business Administration courses. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Aftermarket conversions of gasoline engines to also run on LPG are a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The correct setup of the LPG system is necessary for optimal engine performance. If it is not set up correctly, the engine will not run properly, fuel consumption will increase, and the appearance of diagnostic trouble codes may activate the engine warning light. With European On-Board Diagnostics (EOBD), information from engine sensors throughout the car can be monitored and stored. Engine diagnostic trouble codes can also be read and cleared. This paper shows the usage of EODB for the optimal setup of aftermarket LPG systems. The analysis of the results obtained was made, and the LPG map was modified accordingly.

Introduction L'objectif de cette revue systématique était d'évaluer la validité des algorithmes des bases de données administratives utilisés pour repérer les cas de trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA), de trouble du déficit de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDAH) et de trouble du spectre de l'alcoolisation fœtale (TSAF). Méthodologie L'équipe de recherche a interrogé les systèmes MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health et PsycInfo afin de trouver des études, publiées en anglais ou en français entre 1995 et 2021, qui valident des algorithmes servant à recenser les cas de TSA, de TDAH et de TSAF dans les bases de données administratives. L'équipe de recherche a également consulté la littérature grise et les listes de références des études incluses. Deux évaluatrices ont procédé, de manière indépendante, à la sélection de la littérature, à l'extraction de l'information pertinente, à l'évaluation de la qualité des rapports, au risque de biais et à l'applicabilité et elles ont réalisé une synthèse qualitative des données probantes. PROSPERO CRD42019146941. Résultats Parmi les 48 articles évalués en texte intégral, 14 ont été inclus dans la revue. Aucune étude n'a été trouvée pour le TSAF. Malgré les sources de biais possibles et la grande hétérogénéité des études, les résultats donnent à penser que l'augmentation du nombre de codes de diagnostic de TSA que requiert une seule source de données augmente la spécificité et la valeur prédictive positive au détriment de la sensibilité. Les algorithmes les plus performants pour l'identification des cas de TSA reposent sur une combinaison de sources de données, la base de données sur les demandes de remboursement des médecins étant la meilleure source. Une étude a révélé que les données sur l'éducation pourraient améliorer l'identification des cas de TSA (sensibilité accrue) chez les enfants d'âge scolaire lorsqu'elles sont combinées aux données sur les demandes de remboursement des médecins; toutefois, d'autres études incluant des sujets sans TSA sont nécessaires pour évaluer pleinement l'exactitude diagnostique de ces algorithmes. Pour ce qui est du TDAH, il n'y a pas eu suffisamment d'information pour évaluer l'incidence du nombre de codes de diagnostic ou d'autres sources de données sur l'exactitude des algorithmes. Conclusion Selon certaines données probantes, il est possible de repérer les cas de TSA et de TDAH à l'aide de données administratives; toutefois, il existe peu d'études qui évaluent la capacité des algorithmes à établir une distinction fiable entre les sujets qui présentent le trouble étudié et les sujets qui ne le présentent pas. Il n'y a aucune donnée probante sur le TSAF. Des études de qualité méthodologique supérieure sont nécessaires pour comprendre tout le potentiel de l'utilisation des données administratives pour l'identification de ces troubles.

The article discusses modern technologies for diagnosing the technical condition of agricultural automotive equipment on the example of a John Deere tractor. A description of the John Deere tractor and electronic systems is given. Modern tractors are equipped with microprocessor-based control systems with diagnostic capabilities. This makes it possible to timely inform the operator about possible malfunctions of the working systems of the tractor, for example, the engine or brake system. The system of digital communication and control of the electric devices of the vehicle — the CAN interface — allows you to collect data from all devices, exchange information between them, manage them.

The On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) system, driven by a wide range of embedded sensors, has revolutionized the automotive industry by enabling real-time monitoring of key vehicle parameters such as engine load, vehicle speed, throttle position, and diagnostic trouble codes. Concurrently, recent advancements in machine learning (ML) have further expanded the capabilities of OBD-II applications, unlocking advanced, intelligent, and data-centric functionalities that significantly surpass those of conventional methodologies. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into ML-based applications that leverage OBD-II sensor data, aiming to enhance sustainability, operational efficiency, safety, and security in modern vehicular systems. To this end, a diverse set of ML approaches is examined, encompassing supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement learning (RL), deep learning (DL), and hybrid models intended to support advanced driving analytics tasks such as fuel optimization, emission control, driver behavior analysis, anomaly detection, cybersecurity, road perception, and driving support. Furthermore, this paper synthesizes recent research contributions and practical implementations, identifies prevailing challenges, and outlines prospective research directions.

Production Vehicle Evaluation (PVE) test mainly verifies the functionality of OBD system. PVE J2 test needs to verify the diagnostic mechanism for all the diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC). While the design of fault simulation method is one of the technical difficulties of the whole PVE test. Due to the late start of PVE in China, test methods and technical skills are inadequate. This paper elaborates the failure monitoring principle and diagnosis mechanism of OBD system in detail,systematically introduces the PVE methods and J1, J2, J3 test procedures, studies and analyses the types of OBD malfunction and various fault simulation methods,finally forms a set of PVE test specifications.

The objective of this paper is to create a low cost commercial off the shelf data analyzer for improving automotive safety and design a user interface infotainment system by using Raspberry Pi. In this paper we propose Raspberry pi based application that monitor the vehicle ECUs through an OBD-II(On Board Diagnostics) interface, perform Diagnostics with DTCs (Diagnostics trouble codes). Infotainment system having functions such as audio and video playback, games, internet connectivity through either USB Wi-Fi dongles or USB Modems and dashboard camera operation. Raspberry Pi will transmit the data over Wi-Fi in real-time in xml format over Wi-Fi on a DHCP connected network.

This paper provides a comprehensive and cost-effective solution for automotive health maintenance and diagnostics. The software performs checks and analyses of key vehicle parameters through the use of the OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostics-II) port on the car. The port has to be physically connected to an interface called the ELM327 Bluetooth or Wi-Fi module that connects to the Android device running the software through Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. On a successful connection, the user can use the software to check the status of electronic control units (ECUs) throughout the vehicle to point out malfunctioning components and change the configurations of some of these electronic control units. The vehicle reports back a log with Diagnostics Trouble Codes (DTCs) that indicates the number of problems that have been found, if there are any.

The technical condition of the vehicle directly affects the safety of people. With the increase in the number of cars, this problem becomes even more relevant. Today, checking the condition of the vehicle mostly takes place in the physical presence of a mechanic who reads data from the car's sensors with the help of scanners. The possibility of automating this process and providing the ability of remote access to data would significantly reduce the cost and speed up the detection of malfunctions. This paper shows a concept of approach to the remote real time vehicle diagnostics. Data collection is possible using OBD2 protocol that allows performing a real time communication with vehicle ECUs. Even though a vehicle diagnostic system already has diagnostic trouble codes (DTCc) on its own they don’t necessarily catch all the edge cases when malfunctions occur. For this purpose we suggest using all available vehicle signals to then analyze and find potential anomalies using different methods for anomaly detection. Reconstruction-based anomaly detection includes training a model using a known normal (healthy) data to then recreate input data. Group based anomaly detection implies analyzing a group of different signals instead of analyzing them separately. Detected anomalies are then saved to a database on a remote server where users can always check them using a web page or a mobile application. The proposed concept provides a modern approach to detect vehicle malfunctions. Even though car vendors don’t always follow the same standards, the future of vehicle diagnostics is looking bright. Most of the modern cars especially in the luxury segment are equipped with a sim card. This opens a window of other approaches to remote vehicle diagnostics where the scanner is not needed anymore. Vendors can have a custom OEM backend that receives all vehicle signals directly from a car.

Il est nécessaire de surveiller la prévalence de l’autisme afin de planifier l’aide à l’éducation et les services de santé à offrir aux enfants qui en sont atteints. C’est pourquoi nous avons réalisé cette étude qui vise à évaluer l’exactitude des bases de données administratives sur la santé en ce qui concerne les diagnostics d’autisme. Pour ce faire, nous avons repéré les diagnostics de troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) dans trois bases de données administratives sur la santé de la province de la Nouvelle-Écosse, soit la base de données sur les congés d’hôpital, la base de données sur la facturation des médecins au régime d’assurance-santé et la base de données du Système d’information sur les patients en clinique externe de santé mentale. Nous avons construit sept algorithmes en variant le nombre requis de déclarations de TSA (une ou plusieurs) et le nombre de bases de données administratives (une à trois) dans lesquelles ces déclarations doivent se retrouver. Nous avons ensuite comparé, avec chaque algorithme, les diagnostics posés par l’équipe attitrée à l’autisme du Centre de santé Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) à l’aide des barèmes de diagnostic de l’autisme les plus perfectionnés, puis nous avons calculé la sensibilité, la spécificité et la statistique C (une mesure de la capacité discriminante du modèle). L’algorithme présentant les meilleures caractéristiques d’essai était celui qui exigeait un code de TSA présent dans n’importe laquelle des trois bases de données (sensibilité = 69,3 %). La sensibilité de l’algorithme fondé sur la présence d’au moins un code de TSA soit dans la base de données sur les congés d’hôpital soit dans la base de données sur la facturation des médecins, était de 62,5 %. Les bases de données administratives sur la santé pourraient représenter une source économique pour la surveillance de l’autisme, surtout par comparaison aux méthodes nécessitant la collecte de nouvelles données. Cependant, il faudrait des sources de données additionnelles pour améliorer la sensibilité et l’exactitude des méthodes de recensement des cas d’autisme au Canada.

Le syndrome de la douleur myofasciale (SDM) se traduit par des douleurs régionales souvent accompagnées de troubles sensitifs ou autonomiques, associées à la présence de « zones gâchettes » (zones tendues au sein d’un muscle dont la pression reproduit les douleurs spontanées). Le diagnostic différentiel se pose avec des douleurs facettaires ou articulaires. Apparaissant le plus souvent à la suite d’une surutilisation aiguë ou prolongée d’un muscle, initialement lié à un dysfonctionnement intramusculaire, le SDM peut se chroniciser et, comme c’est le cas dans toute douleur chronique, être alors entretenu par des circuits médullaires ou cérébraux autonomes par rapport à la cause initiale. Le SDM constitue une problématique fréquente en expertise, en particulier dans les suites de whiplash ou chez les patients lombalgiques. Il est essentiel de le détecter aussi précocement que possible car sa prise en charge spécifique est alors plus aisée. Si la relation causale avec un accident est assez facile à déterminer durant le premier mois, l’influence potentielle de facteurs post-traumatiques, éventuellement sans rapport avec l’accident, devra être discutée lorsque le SDM se chronicise.

Background: The knowledge of the spectrum of skin diseases is typically the foundation for appropriate health planning, policy making, and the allocation of limited resources. The aim of this study therefore, was to determine the spectrum and pattern of dermatologic diseases at our center using the ICD -10 code and to determine the trend of diagnosis. Methods: This retrospective study of 3354 patients who attended clinic for the first time between January 2017 and December 2022 was conducted at the outpatient skin clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital following ethical approval (LREC/10/06/1209). Diagnoses were coded using the ICD-10 code and data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Among the three thousand, three - hundred and fifty-four patients attended to, 57.7% of them were female. Non-infectious diseases accounted for 84% of the diagnoses and infectious diseases for 16%. The commonest group of diseases were the eczemas (26.4%) followed equally by disorders of skin appendages and, tumors and malignant skin lesions (13.6%). Squamous cell carcinoma (12.5%) was commoner than basal cell carcinoma (7.5%). The ten (10) most common diseases diagnosed in the clinic are acne vulgaris (7.5%), seborrheic dermatitis (7.0%), atopic dermatitis (6.8%), vitiligo (2.9%), lichen planus (2.9%), and psoriasis (2.7%). Non-infectious diseases remained the most common diagnoses made. Conclusion: There is an increasing and improving access to dermatological care. Non-infectious diseases remain the main reasons for clinic attendance. Acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis make up the bulk of diseases diagnosed at the clinic. French title: Modèle et tendance des consultations dermatologiques dans un hôpital universitaire de Lagos, au NigériaContexte de étude: La connaissance du spectre des maladies cutanées constitue généralement la base d'une planification sanitaire appropriée, de l'élaboration de politiques et de l'allocation de ressources limitées. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de déterminer le spectre et le profil des maladies dermatologiques dans notre centre en utilisant le code CIM-10 et de déterminer la tendance du diagnostic. Methode de l'étude : Cette étude rétrospective de 3354 patients qui se sont rendus pour la première fois à la clinique entre janvier 2017 et décembre 2022 a été menée à la clinique dermatologique ambulatoire de l'hôpital universitaire de l'État de Lagos après approbation éthique (LREC/10/06/1209). Les diagnostics ont été codés à l'aide du code CIM-10 et les données ont été analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 25. Résultats de l'étude : Français Parmi les trois mille trois cent cinquante-quatre patients pris en charge, 57,7 % étaient des femmes. Les maladies non infectieuses représentaient 84 % des diagnostics et les maladies infectieuses 16 %. Le groupe de maladies le plus courant était l'eczéma (26,4 %), suivi à égalité par les troubles des phanères et les tumeurs et lésions cutanées malignes (13,6 %). Le carcinome épidermoïde (12,5 %) était plus fréquent que le carcinome basocellulaire (7,5 %). Les dix (10) maladies les plus fréquemment diagnostiquées à la clinique sont l'acné vulgaire (7,5 %), la dermatite séborrhéique (7,0 %), la dermatite atopique (6,8 %), le vitiligo (2,9 %), le lichen plan (2,9 %) et le psoriasis (2,7 %). Les maladies non infectieuses restaient les diagnostics les plus fréquents. Conclusion: L'accès aux soins dermatologiques est en augmentation et s'améliore. Les maladies non infectieuses restent les principales raisons de la consultation. L'acné vulgaire, la dermatite séborrhéique et la dermatite atopique constituent la majeure partie des maladies diagnostiquées à la clinique

<em>A system has been developed to communicate with the On-Board Diagnostics system of a car using the Controller Area Network communication protocol. The system requests the stored trouble codes that might have been detected by the diagnostics system and sends them to a server. The information is accessed through a web interface. The web interface allows the user to find the solutions in the database together with the detected faults. The database also contains information about trouble codes, such as their symptoms, causes and how to fix them. Monitoring the communications while testing the prototype showed that the system works as intended and can communicate with cars from different manufacturers and extract the data. The prototype system was compared with a commercial scan tool and testing showed that they both produced the same results. The second module of the project deals with the design and implementation of an expert system for car faults diagnosis. The project is motivated by the need to guide car owners and learners&#39; motor mechanics in the maintenance and troubleshooting of motor problems without having to resort to presumptions and conjectures. Particularly, it is expected that the proposed design would ensure that car owners have proper assistance in times of crisis and what&rsquo;s more, will save them from the clutches of exploitative roadside mechanics. For this purpose, a rule-based artificial intelligence (AI) technique was utilized to obtain theoretical and practical expert system parameters, and then a conceptual expert system was designed. The expert system functioning is based on the database of car faults, symptoms and their correction, which make up its knowledge base. The new system was developed using PHP and MySQL database. This language was chosen because of its easy syntax and features for developing web-based applications.</em>

ContexteLa littérature internationale indique des prévalences de troubles psychotiques comprises entre 0,5 et 2 % en population générale. En l’absence de données précises en France, deux indicateurs nationaux sont présentés ici : la prévalence annuelle d’habitants pris en charge pour schizophrénie et autres troubles psychotiques par les établissements de santé ayant une activité psychiatrique (EP) et la prévalence de personnes en affection de longue durée (ALD) pour ces mêmes troubles.MéthodesPour le 1er indicateur : l’analyse porte sur les données issues du RIM-P : prises en charge à temps complet ou partiel et activité ambulatoire. Le 2e indicateur réunit les données d’ALD23 des principaux régimes d’assurance maladie (CnamTS, RSI et MSA). Les codes CIM : F20 à F29 de schizophrénie et autres troubles psychotiques ont été sélectionnés pour ces deux indicateurs (diagnostics principaux et associés en EP).RésultatsEn 2012 en France métropolitaine, 235 000 patients, soit 3,7 pour 1000 habitants, ont été pris en charge pour troubles psychotiques en EP, dont 62 % pour schizophrénie et 294 000 personnes (4,6 pour 1000) étaient en ALD pour troubles psychotiques, parmi lesquelles 45 % pour schizophrénie. Les prévalences sont globalement plus élevées chez les hommes que chez les femmes : 1,5 fois pour tous TP et 2 fois plus pour la schizophrénie. Ces prévalences étaient maximales entre 30 et 45 ans chez les hommes (taux de suivi en EP : 8,8 pour 1000 ; ALD : 10 pour 1000), et entre 40 et 60 ans chez les femmes (taux de suivi en EP : 5,1 pour 1000 ; ALD : 6,6 pour 1000). Les taux diminuent ensuite lentement avec l’âge chez les femmes, et de façon plus marquée chez les hommes, après 60 ans, les taux féminins sont supérieurs aux taux masculins.ConclusionCes deux sources de données permettent de préciser la prévalence annuelle en France de personnes suivies pour schizophrénie et autres troubles psychotiques dans le système de soins. Elles ne couvrent néanmoins pas les patients suivis en libéral, qui ne seraient pas déclarés en ALD au titre de leur psychose, ni les malades en rupture totale de soins.

The authors have researched on the communication protocols and the diagnostic modes used by the second generation of On-Board-Diagnosis (OBD-II) system and put forward a project scheme of automotive fault real-time alarming system based on OBD-II system. The Total Control Unit (TCU) of the alarming system, the signal conversion module between TCU and OBD-II system, the preliminary expert system of automotive fault diagnosis, LCD display system and phonic broadcast system have been developed. Test results on sample machines prove that the alarming system can successfully acquires data stream &amp; trouble codes from automotive electronic control unit, so the expert system can comprehensively analyze potential fault causes and provide the driver with solutions. The fault causes and solutions can be displayed on LCD and converted into voice by text-to-speech module. The wide spread of the alarming system would effectively reduce the costs of vehicle operation and maintenance and greatly improve the vehicle road safety.

Objectif Déterminer si des caractéristiques de la mère ou des complications obstétricales sont associées à un risque accru de troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) chez l’enfant. Méthodologie Selon les dossiers d’accouchements de la province, 218 890 naissances vivantes uniques ont été recensées en Alberta (Canada) entre le 1er janvier 1998 et le 31 décembre 2004. En nous basant sur les codes de diagnostic de la CIM9 établis par les médecins au moment de la facturation, nous avons suivi ces sujets jusqu’au 31 mars 2008 afin de déterminer s’ils étaient atteints d’un TSA. Les facteurs de risque maternels et obstétricaux ont également été extraits du PDR (Physicians Desk Reference). Résultats Les données relatives à la prévalence et à l’incidence des TSA en Alberta concordent avec celles qui ont été enregistrées ailleurs et semblent indiquer une hausse récente des taux de diagnostic ou d’incidence. La prévalence des TSA était cinq fois plus élevée chez les garçons que chez les filles. L’âge auquel le diagnostic était le plus souvent posé était de 3 ans. La modélisation du risque relatif a indiqué que le risque de TSA était élevé chez les enfants nés d’une mère plus âgée ou lorsqu’il y a eu des complications pendant la grossesse ou l’accouchement. Conclusion Certaines caractéristiques de la mère et complications obstétricales sont associées à un risque accru de TSA chez l’enfant. Dans le cas des enfants nés d’une mère autochtone, nous avons constaté que les taux de TSA étaient plus faibles et que le diagnostic était posé à un âge plus tardif, des conclusions qui devront faire l’objet de recherches approfondies.

The goal of the On Board Diagnostics is to alert the driver to the presence of a malfunction of the emission control system, and to identify the location of the problem in order to assist mechanics in properly performing repairs. In addition, the On Board Diagnostics ( OBD-II) system should illuminate the malfunction indicator light ( MIL) and store the trouble code in the computer memory for all malfunction that will contribute to increased HC emissions.&nbsp; &nbsp; Therefore, the power train is controlled by the power train control module (PCM) computer to deliver the required torque to the vehicle requested by the driver and to limit the vehicle emissions to the required minimum to meet Environment Protection Agency, USA regulations. &nbsp; &nbsp;On Board Diagnostics regulations in the USA, special reference to Light and Medium duty I.C. Engine vehicles and California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board ( MVOCB), the following OBD-II requirements are in force, i.e. &nbsp; &nbsp;# All vehicles emission systems and components that can affect emissions must be monitored. Malfunctions must be detected before emissions exceed 1.5 times the standard specified by EPA. &nbsp; &nbsp;# Malfunction must be detected within 2 driving cycle. If a Malfunction defected a Malfunction Indicator Light illuminated.&nbsp; &nbsp; Increasing temperature inside the cylinder, HC and CO may reduce, but does not reduce the NOx. Therefore, NOx can reduce by the application of Exhaust gas Re-Circulation (EGR). NOx control system that recycles a small part of the inert exhaust gas back through the manifold to lower the combustion temperature and this system is called Exhaust Gas Re-Circulation system

Résumé En prenant l’exemple de l’évolution sur une vingtaine d’années des traitements de maladies spécifiquement féminines, majoritairement diagnostiquées MST (maladies sexuellement transmises), chez les Gouro de Côte-d’Ivoire, nous avons analysé, avec les outils de l’anthropologie du médicament, les remaniements apportés par l’introduction de nouveaux recours thérapeutiques et l’apparition d’une nouvelle maladie (le sida), tant au niveau de la pharmacocénose que de la pathocénose locales. Dans le système de soins de santé actuel de la Côte-d’Ivoire coexistent des remèdes traditionnels, des médicaments, licites ou non, et les kits de produits génériques délivrés par les dispensaires de santé publique (pour le traitement des MST). L’introduction de ces nouveaux recours s’est produit dans le contexte de bouleversements économiques et sociaux qui, allégeant les contraintes pesant sur certains rôles de la femme dans la société gouro, ont affaibli l’étiologie sociale des maladies étudiées. Les remèdes se trouvent alors mis en concurrence avec les thérapeutiques exogènes proposées et évalués à l’aune de leur efficacité empirique du point de vue des utilisateurs (les kits MST valant comme traitement des troubles de la fécondité). Dès lors, les populations ayant reconnu la pertinence du recours aux dispensaires pour le traitement de ces troubles, se pose la question du diagnostic par des personnels de santé sourds aux codes sémiologiques de leurs patients, et de l’accès au médicament, dans les conditions d’efficacité requises, par ces derniers.

ObjectivesTo explore people’s experiences of cognitive decline and receiving a diagnosis of dementia.Design61 semistructured interviews within 2 weeks of diagnosis. Audio recordings were transcribed, line-by-line coded using NVIVO V.11 and analysed using thematic analysis.Setting9 memory clinics (UK).ParticipantsPeople with mild/moderate dementia.ResultsMost participants were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (56% female, mean age 81 years). 104 codes were grouped into 22 categories, feeding into 9 subthemes and 4 overarching themes: (1) dissonance, threat to identity and visibility of dementia: dementia was associated with a progressive loss of competence, culminating in being an idiot, crazy and losing the plot. The stigma of dementia led people to hide their diagnosis from others, even close family members. However, decreasing competence in everyday tasks was becoming increasingly visible in family and wider social networks. (2) Vulnerability and being in limbo: people were frustrated by the impact of dementia on their lives and felt vulnerable. Moreover, people were disturbed by not knowing how much and when they would deteriorate further. (3) Loss of control and agency: loneliness, increasing dependence and becoming a burden foreshadowed increasing diminished personal agency. (4) Maintaining agency and self-worth: some people focused on what they could do and the benefits of diagnosis. This involved accepting the diagnosis, adapting to changes by using coping strategies and accepting support from others. This helped people to maintain personal agency and self-worth.ConclusionWhile personal acceptance of dementia is challenging, people are additionally troubled about disclosing their diagnosis to others. Limited time in diagnostic appointments and limited postdiagnostic support leave few opportunities to address the emotional impact of a dementia diagnosis. There may be opportunities for healthcare professionals to discuss with patients the benefits of staying positive, implementing coping strategies and accepting support to live well with dementia.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is revising its diagnostic manual, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). At the time of writing, and based on recommendations from its ICD Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health, WHO is proposing a new ICD chapter titled Conditions Related to Sexual Health, and that the gender incongruence diagnoses (replacements for the gender identity disorder diagnoses used in ICD-10) should be placed in that chapter. WHO is proposing that there should be a Gender incongruence of childhood (GIC) diagnosis for children below the age of puberty. This last proposal has come under fire. Trans community groups, as well as many healthcare professionals and others working for transgender health and wellbeing, have criticised the proposal on the grounds that the pathologisation of gender diversity at such a young age is inappropriate, unnecessary, harmful and inconsistent with WHO’s approach in regard to other aspects of development in childhood and youth. Counter proposals have been offered that do not pathologise gender diversity and instead make use of Z codes to frame and document any contacts that young gender diverse children may have with health services. The author draws on his involvement in the ICD revision process, both as a member of the aforementioned WHO Working Group and as one of its critics, to put the case against the GIC proposal, and to recommend an alternative approach for ICD in addressing the needs of gender diverse children.

The main purpose of the study was to determine the proficiency skills needed by teachers for optimal performances in motor vehicle mechanics work in technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. The study which adopted descriptive survey research design was conducted in Adamawa and Taraba States. The population of the study was 123 respondents comprising 81 MVMW teachers and 42 instructors from all the 21 BEST Centres and Government Science and Technical colleges in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. There was no sampling as the entire population was used because it was manageable. A structured questionnaire tagged: Proficiency Skills Needs of Motor Vehicle Mechanics Works Teachers Questionnaire (PSNMVMWTQ) was validated by three experts. The Instrument was trial tested in Gombe State and the Cronbach Alpha reliability method was used to test the reliability of the instrument and a 0.84 reliability coefficient was obtained. Data collected for the study was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Mean statistics was used to answer the two research questions while a t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that 35 technical skills were considered needed by MVMW teachers. Similarly, 25 ICT skills were considered as ‘needed’. Importantly, there were no significant differences between instructors and MVMW teachers regarding the perceived importance of these skills. It is recommended that to address the technical skills gaps identified, particularly in the use of diagnostic tools and performing necessary repairs, it is recommended that the Technical College Management Board should organize workshops and practical training sessions. These initiatives should emphasize hands-on experience with diagnostic equipment, connecting tools appropriately, and interpreting trouble codes.

Introduction L’objectif de cette analyse est de décrire les caractéristiques démographiques du patient, le contexte, les caractéristiques et les conséquences de l’intoxication liée à la consommation de substances ainsi que les troubles de santé mentale consignés chez les personnes ayant un logement et chez celles en situation d’itinérance. Méthodologie Les données sur l’hospitalisation au Canada (à l’exclusion du Québec) du 1er avril 2019 au 31 mars 2020 ont été extraites de la Base de données sur les congés des patients de l’Institut canadien d’information sur la santé (ICIS) à l’aide des codes de la CIM-10-CA pour jusqu’à 25 diagnostics d’intoxication liée à la consommation de substances, l’itinérance et d’autres caractéristiques ayant trait à l’hospitalisation du patient. À l’aide du test du khi carré, de tests t et de la méthode exacte de Fisher, nous avons comparé les caractéristiques des personnes en situation d’itinérance à celles des personnes ayant un logement ainsi que les caractéristiques de leur hospitalisation pour intoxication liée à la consommation de substances. Résultats La proportion d’hommes, de jeunes et de personnes ayant des troubles de santé mentale consignés était plus forte chez les personnes en situation d’itinérance hospitalisées pour une intoxication liée à la consommation de substances que chez leurs homologues ayant un logement. Les intoxications liées à la consommation de substances chez les personnes en situation d’itinérance étaient plus susceptibles d’être accidentelles, d’être causées par des opioïdes et des stimulants (le plus souvent le fentanyl et ses analogues ainsi que l’héroïne), d’entraîner une hospitalisation plus longue et de se conclure par un départ de l’hôpital contre l’avis du médecin. Conclusion Ces résultats sont utilisables pour renforcer les stratégies et les interventions visant à réduire les méfaits liés à la consommation de substances dans les populations prioritaires, en particulier les personnes en situation d’itinérance.

Electronic Control Units (ECUs), providing a wide range of functions from basic control functions to safety-critical functions, play a critical role in modern vehicles. Fuzzing has emerged as an effective approach to ensure the functional safety and automotive security of ECU firmware. However, existing fuzzing approaches focus on the inputs from other ECUs through external buses (e.g., CAN), but neglect the inputs from internal peripherals through on-board buses (e.g., SPI). Due to the restricted input space exploration, they fail to comprehensively fuzz ECU firmware. Moreover, existing fuzzing approaches often lack visibility into ECU firmware’ internal states but rely on limited feedback (e.g., message timeouts or hardware indicators), hindering their effectiveness. To address these limitations, we propose a structure-aware, diagnosis-guided framework, EcuFuzz, to comprehensively and effectively fuzz ECU firmware. Specifically, EcuFuzzsimultaneously considers external buses (i.e., CAN) and on-board buses (i.e., SPI). It leverages the structure of CAN and SPI to effectively mutate CAN messages and SPI sequences, and incorporates a dual-core microcontroller-based peripheral emulator to handle real-time SPI communication. In addition, EcuFuzzimplements a new feedback mechanism to guide the fuzzing process. It leverages automotive diagnostic protocols to collect ECUs’ internal states, i.e., error-related variables, trouble codes, and exception contexts. Our compatibility evaluation on ten ECUs from three major Tier 1 automotive suppliers has indicated that our framework is compatible with nine ECUs. Our effectiveness evaluation on three representative ECUs has demonstrated that our framework detects nine previously unknown safety-critical faults, which have been patched by technicians from the suppliers.

Introduction: A descriptive retrospective study in the Psychiatry service of the Analankininina University Hospital Center of Toamasina Madagascar was conducted from January 1st to December 31st, 2018 to know the epidemiological, clinical and ethnological particularities of puerperal psychosis affecting women hospitalized in this service. Methodology and results: Women presenting mental disorders corresponding to the diagnostic of puerperal psychosis coded F.53 from the Tenth version of the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO were included. Then, among the 451 patients hospitalized at the Toamasina Psychiatry Service, 27 women presented puerperal psychosis. The average age was 25 years with extreme ages of 18 and 34 years. The age between 20 to 24 years was the most affected. According to the level of education, 55.55% of patients attended secondary school and 29.62% had a school break in primary level. They were housewives in 51.85% of cases, married in 59.25%. Obstetrically, 59.25% of patients are primiparous, delivered vaginally in 92.59% and by caesarean surgery in 7.40 % of cases. They had full-term births in 92.59% of cases and premature births in 7.40%. Psychiatrically, no family past of mental troubles was reported in 88.88% of the patients while 7.40 % have had it with first-degree relatives. Furthermore, no personal history of psychosis was found in 74.07% of the patients, while 22.22% had a history of psychosis and 3.70% a history of bipolar disorders. A traumatic experience of childbirth was reported in 22.22% of patients, while 18.51% reported traumatic previous pregnancies and/or deliveries. Marital conflicts (14.81%) and financial difficulties (11, 11%) were the most present stressors. Clinically, puerperal psychosis appeared on average within 8 to 14 days postpartum in 37% of cases. The most presented clinical signs were insomnia (81.48%), delusional state (59.25%), behavioral dissociation (51.85%), anorexia and weight loss (44. 44%) and psychomotor agitation (37.03%). Polymorphic thema of delusions were the most observed in 44.44% of cases. Brief delusional psychoses were the most reported (51.85%), followed by depressive states (25.92%) and schizophrenic troubles (14.81%). Conclusion: Psychological preparation and support for women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum are importants. It is suggested that the population would be concious of the existence of appropriate psychiatric care and specific place in Toamasina to treat puerperal psychosis.

В статье представлен анализ экспертных интервью (N=13), опирающийся на идеи семиотической диагностики. Интервью проводились с российскими специалистами в области генетики человека, медицинской генетики и геномной медицины. Уместность такой диагностики обусловлена не только спецификой перечисленных областей, вызвавших возникновение новых представлений о роли генома как кода и процедурах его редактирования, но и сущностью социально-гуманитарной экспертизы инноваций, выраженной в установлении различий в образах настоящего и будущего, которые используют все акторы сферы новых технологий. Цель исследования – выяснить, как эксперты смотрят на рост популярности генетики, как они описывают ожидания и запросы со стороны государства и общества, с какими, на их взгляд, проблемами сталкивается развитие научного знания в России. В ходе анализа полученных данных были выделены следующие основные темы: неопределенность; государственная поддержка и государственное регулирование; проблемы профессионального сообщества; этические ограничения и ответственность перед пациентами; ожидания, страхи и предубеждения людей. Проблема неопределенности – одна из ключевых для современного этапа развития знаний о геноме человека. Эксперты отмечают, что предусмотреть долгосрочные последствия использования генетических технологий невозможно, но это не означает, что необходимо приостановить исследовательскую деятельность. По словам экспертов, проблема неопределенности решается с помощью осторожности и продуманности действий специалистов, которые руководствуются ценностями научного познания и профессиональной этики. Интерес к результатам генетических исследований со стороны государства играет противоречивую роль. С одной стороны, совершенствуются меры государственной поддержки (финансовой, административной), с другой – возникает излишняя регламентация научной деятельности при том, что многие вопросы остаются нерешенными с точки зрения их правовой регуляции. Кроме того, эксперты описали проблемы, возникающие в научном и врачебном профессиональных сообществах. Появление в научно-организационном поле участников, монополизирующих ресурсы за счет сотрудничества с государством, рассматривается экспертами как процесс, который приведет к ограничениям свободного распространения научного знания. В научном сообществе также возникает проблема на уровне взаимодействия с врачами, которые не работают с генетическими данными и не всегда готовы принимать внедрение новых методик диагностики и лечения. Этические ограничения и ответственность перед пациентами специалисты называют главными принципами своей профессиональной деятельности. В высказываниях экспертов профессиональная этика является работающим саморегулирующим механизмом, предостерегающим от непродуманных действий. Наконец, эксперты отметили неготовность людей к внедрению генетических технологий в их повседневную жизнь. Отчасти это связано с потребительским отношением к новым услугам в области медицинской генетики, поскольку люди ожидают от нее быстрых и понятных решений и результатов, отчасти – с необоснованными страхами и мифами, визуализируемыми в современной культуре, об опасности всего, что связано с генетикой. Таким образом, научное знание о генах сталкивается с различными коллективными представлениями, интересами, страхами, политическими и идеологическими установками, что в итоге влияет и на деятельность самих ученых. The article presents an analysis of expert interviews (N=13) based on the ideas of semiotic diagnostics. The interviews were conducted with Russian specialists in the fields of human genetics, medical genetics, and genomic medicine. The relevance of such diagnostics is due not only to the specificity of the above mentioned fields, which caused the emergence of new ideas about the role of the genome as a code and about the procedures of its editing, but also to the essence of social and humanitarian assessment of innovation, expressed in the finding of differences in the images of the present and the future, which all actors of the sphere of new technologies use. The aim of the study is to find out how experts look at the growth of the popularity of genetics, how they describe the expectations and requests from the government and society, what problems, in their opinion, they face in the development of scientific knowledge in Russia. In analyzing the data, the following main topics were highlighted: uncertainty; government support and regulation; the professional community problems; ethical limitations and responsibility to patients; expectations, fears and prejudices of people. The problem of uncertainty is one of the key issues for the current stage of knowledge about human genome. Experts note that it is impossible to foresee the long-term consequences of the use of genetic technologies, but this does not mean that research activities should be suspended. According to experts, the problem of uncertainty is solved through cautious and thoughtful actions of specialists, who are guided by the values of scientific knowledge and professional ethics. The government’s interest in the results of genetic research plays a controversial role. On the one hand, government support measures (such as financial, administrative) are being improved; on the other hand, excessive regulation of scientific activities appears, while many issues remain unresolved in terms of their legal regulation. In addition, experts have described problems that arise in the scientific and medical communities. Experts see the emergence in the scientific and organizational field of participants who monopolize resources through cooperation with the government as a process that will lead to restrictions on the free dissemination of scientific knowledge. There is also a problem in the academic community at the level of interaction with doctors who do not work with genetic data and are not ready to accept new diagnostic and treatment methods. Experts call ethical limitations and responsibility to patients the main principles of their work. In the experts’ statements, professional ethics is a working self-regulatory mechanism that warns against ill-considered actions. Finally, experts note that people are not ready to introduce genetic technologies into their everyday lives. This is partly due to the consumer attitude toward new services in the field of medical genetics, as far as people expect quick and clear answers and results from it; partly due to unfounded fears and myths, visualized in contemporary culture, about the danger of everything related to genetics. Thus, scientific knowledge about genes collides with different collective ideas, interests, fears, political and ideological attitudes, which ultimately affects scientists themselves.

<strong>Introduction:&nbsp;</strong>A descriptive retrospective study in the Psychiatry service of the Analankininina University Hospital Center of Toamasina Madagascar was conducted from January 1st to December 31st, 2018 to know the epidemiological, clinical and ethnological particularities of puerperal psychosis affecting women hospitalized in this service. <strong>Methodology and results:</strong>&nbsp;Women presenting mental disorders corresponding to the diagnostic of puerperal psychosis coded F.53 from the Tenth version of the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO were included. Then, among the 451 patients hospitalized at the Toamasina Psychiatry Service, 27 women presented puerperal psychosis. The average age was 25 years with extreme ages of 18 and 34 years. The age between 20 to 24 years was the most affected. According to the level of education, 55.55% of patients attended secondary school and 29.62% had a school break in primary level. They were housewives in 51.85% of cases, married in 59.25%. Obstetrically, 59.25% of patients are primiparous, delivered vaginally in 92.59% and by caesarean surgery in 7.40 % of cases. They had full-term births in 92.59% of cases and premature births in 7.40%. Psychiatrically, no family past of mental troubles was reported in 88.88% of the patients while 7.40 % have had it with first-degree relatives. Furthermore, no personal history of psychosis was found in 74.07% of the patients, while 22.22% had a history of psychosis and 3.70% a history of bipolar disorders. A traumatic experience of childbirth was reported in 22.22% of patients, while 18.51% reported traumatic previous pregnancies and/or deliveries. Marital conflicts (14.81%) and financial difficulties (11, 11%) were the most present stressors. Clinically, puerperal psychosis appeared on average within 8 to 14 days postpartum in 37% of cases. The most presented clinical signs were insomnia (81.48%), delusional state (59.25%), behavioral dissociation (51.85%), anorexia and weight loss (44. 44%) and psychomotor agitation (37.03%). Polymorphic thema of delusions were the most observed in 44.44% of cases. Brief delusional psychoses were the most reported (51.85%), followed by depressive states (25.92%) and schizophrenic troubles (14.81%). <strong>Conclusion:&nbsp;</strong>Psychological preparation and support for women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum are importants. It is suggested that the population would be concious of the existence of appropriate psychiatric care and specific place in Toamasina to treat puerperal psychosis.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the altitude at which construction equipment operates affects or contributes to increased engine wear. Design/methodology/approach The study includes the evaluation of two John Deere PowerTech Plus 6,068 Tier 3 diesel engines, the utilization of OSA3 oil analysis laboratory equipment to analyze oil samples, the employment of standard sampling scope and methods, and the analysis of key Engine Control Unit (ECU) data points (machine utilization, Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) and engine sensor data). Findings At 250 h of engine oil use, the engine operating at 3,657 meters above sea level (MASL) had considerably more wear than the engine operating at 416 MASL. The leading and earliest indicator of engine wear was a high level of iron particles in the engine oil, reaching abnormal levels at 218 h. The following engine oil contaminants were more prevalent in the engine operating at the higher altitude: potassium, glycol, water and soot. Furthermore, the engine operating at higher altitude also presented abnormal and critical levels of oil viscosity, Total Base Number and oxidation. When comparing the oil sample analysis with the engine ECU data, it was determined that engine idling is a contributor for soot accumulation in the engine operating at the higher altitude. The most prevalent DTCs were water in fuel, extreme low coolant levels and extreme high exhaust manifold temperature. The ECU operating data demonstrated that the higher altitude environment caused the engine to miss-fire and rail pressure was irregular. Practical implications Many of the mining operations and construction projects are accomplished at mid to high altitudes. This research provides a comparison of how construction equipment engines are affected by this type of environment (i.e. higher altitudes, cooler temperatures and lower atmospheric pressure). Consequently, service engineers can implement maintenance strategies to minimize internal engine wear for equipment operating at higher altitudes. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper will help construction equipment end-users, maintenance engineers and manufacturers to implement mitigation strategies to improve engine durability for countries with operating conditions similar to those described in this research.

Smart OBDII Interface Development is to create all the information about the vehicle's performance and diagnostic trouble code (DTC) easily available to drivers or technician and mechanism by using an output device such as mobile or any display device in the vehicles. This work solves many problems by providing many useful information for driver like reading the battery voltage in real time. The main objectives are shown below depends on the time given as to complete the project planning and the limitation faced in the process used to implement the system. The project planning objectives produce create a development device can integrate with ELM327 interface module to communicate by data link connector in the vehicles to provide reading the real data from the engine control unit and detect the diagnostic trouble code. To implement support for reading the battery voltage which gives for driver and inspector the very important information needed to avoid the trouble in the car. To protect and help when the vehicle battery breakdown and the vehicle does not run so, can use it as a jump starter and as computer memory savers.

This paper presents a remote on-line diagnostic system for vehicles via the use of On-Board Diagnostic (OBD), GPS, and 3G techniques. The main parts of the proposed system are on-board computer, vehicle monitor server, and vehicle status browser. First, the on-board computer can obtain the location of deriver and vehicle status from GPS receiver and OBD interface, respectively. Then on-board computer will connect with the vehicle monitor server through 3G network to transmit the real time vehicle system status. Finally, vehicle status browser could show the remote vehicle status including vehicle speed, engine rpm, battery voltage, engine coolant temperature, and diagnostic trouble codes. According to the experimental results, the proposed system can help fleet managers and car knockers to understand the remote vehicle status. Therefore this system can decrease the time of fleet management and vehicle repair due to the fleet managers and car knockers who find the diagnostic trouble messages in time.

A large number of people meet with an accident everyday around the world. One of the leading causes of death is traffic accidents. The reasons behind India&#39;s rising number of road accidents contribute to bad driving behavior, poor road design and infrastructure, lack of enforcement of traffic laws. The post accidental investigation report is very important to know the actual reason of collision for the concerned parties and the insurance company and the police. The proposed work effectively extracts interpretable features describing complex driving patterns. It will provide analytical report of the accidents to various parties involved in process. This work analyzes the type and cause of accident. The experiment has been simulated using on board diagnostic II (OBD II) and smart phone accelerometer for post accidental analysis of collision. As the electronic control unit (ECU) does not provide accelerometer sensor, so the smart phone accelerometer has been utilized in conjunction with another parameter of OBD II device. The gravitational force (G-force) values observed from accelerometer sensor along the different axes and speed, acceleration, fuel consumption rate, and are retrieved from OBD II device. The result shows that the parameters recorded are very helpful in finding the actual accidental status of the vehicle.

With the advancement of telematics and intelligent transportation systems, the need for real-time monitoring of vehicle performance and location has become increasingly critical, particularly for large fleet operations. This paper presents the design and implementation of a real-time fleet tracking and diagnostic system that integrates Controller Area Network (CAN) bus communication with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The proposed system acquires essential vehicular parameters—including engine speed (RPM), coolant temperature, vehicle speed, fuel level, and diagnostic trouble codes—directly from the vehicle’s electronic control units via the CAN protocol. Concurrently, GPS data provides continuous location updates. All information is transmitted to a centralized server using wireless communication (e.g., GSM/4G) for real-time visualization and analysis via a web-based dashboard.

Abstract Data from the MPRu high-resolution neutron spectrometer has been used to estimate two fusion plasma quantities, the plasma rotation and the thermonuclear neutron emission. This paper presents a framework for this method and the current results for a selection of plasma discharges from the JET DTE3 campaign. Data collection during DTE3 was preceded by a hardware upgrade in the form of new digitizers, and an update to the data reduction software. The method involves simulations with the TRANSP code, the DRESS code, and a detector response function. The plasma rotation and thermonuclear neutron emission are estimated through a fit of the simulated detector response to the MPRu measurement data. In this exploratory analysis the 10 highest peak neutron rate DTE3 discharges after discharge 104540, with one addition in 104522, were studied. It was found that the rotation was typically in the range 1.5E5-2.5E5 rad/s and that neutrons from thermonuclear reactions constitute about 10-30 percent of the total neutron emission. Due to the MPRu line of sight and the nature of neutron emission, these quantities are estimated in the plasma core. This method has the potential to provide complementary data points to diagnostics which have trouble penetrating into the core.

The article is focused on the measurement of emissions in real traffic, where the concrete examples shows the impact of technical condition of vehicles on NOx, namely NO emissions production. The choice of vehicles was limited to vehicles with spark ignition engines. One vehicle had unsuitable condition of the engine. The other vehicle had insufficient efficiency of exhaust gas treatment components. The measurement results of both vehicles were compared with the reference vehicle, which was demonstrably in good condition. The condition of the vehicles was assessed on the basis of diagnostic trouble codes stored in the engine control unit and analysis of the engine oil sample by mass spectrometry or information from the vehicle owner. Emissions were measured using a mobile measuring device, where NO is determined by the electrochemical method. The experiment showed that the defective vehicles showed by one or two orders of magnitude higher emission factors. A vehicle with demonstrable defects in sphere of the preparation of fuel mixture and cylinders filling, produced approximately 18 - 167 times more nitric oxide in each type of operation than the selected car in good technical condition. A vehicle with a presumably inoperative catalytic converter emitted nitric oxide approximately 55 - 134 times more.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; We present a case study of anomaly detection using commercial vehicle data (from a single vehicle collected over a six-month interval) and propose a failure-event analysis. Our analysis allows performance comparison of anomaly detection models in the absence of sufficient anomalies to compute the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve.&#x0D; Several heuristically-guided data-driven models were considered to capture the relationship among three main engine signals (oil pressure, temperature, and speed). These models include regression-based approaches and distance-based approaches; the former use the residual’s z-score as the detection metric, while the latter use a Mahalanobis distance or similar measure as the metric. The selected regression-based models (Boosted Regression Trees, Feed-Forward Neural Networks, and Gridded Regression tables) outperformed the selected distance-based approaches (Gaussian Mixtures and Replicator Neural Networks). Both groups of models were superior to existing Diagnostic Trouble Codes. The Gridded Regression tables and Boosted Regression Trees exhibited the best overall metric performance.&#x0D; We report a surprising behavior of one of the models: locally- optimal Gaussian Mixture Models often had zero detection performance, with such models occurring in at least 25% of the iterations with seven or more Gaussians in the mixture. To overcome the problem, we propose a regularization method that employs a heuristic filter for rejecting Gaussian Mixtures with non-discriminative components.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Background: Many people experience early signs and symptoms before the onset of psychotic disorder, suggesting that there may be help-seeking prior to first diagnosis. The family physician has been found to play a key role in pathways to care. This study examined patterns of primary care use preceding a first diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Methods: We used health administrative data from Ontario (Canada) to construct a population-based retrospective cohort. We investigated patterns of primary care use, including frequency and timing of contacts, in the 6 years prior to a first diagnosis of psychosis, relative to a general population comparison group matched on age, sex, geographic area, and index date. We used latent class growth modeling to identify distinct trajectories of primary care service use, and associated factors, preceding the first diagnosis. Results: People with early psychosis contacted primary care over twice as frequently in the 6 years preceding first diagnosis (RR = 2.22; 95% CI, = 2.19 to 2.25), relative to the general population, with a sharp increase in contacts 10 months prior to diagnosis. They had higher contact frequency across nearly all diagnostic codes, including mental health, physical health, and preventative health. We identified 3 distinct service use trajectories: low-, medium-, and high-increasing usage. Discussion: We found elevated patterns of primary care service use prior to first diagnosis of psychotic disorder, suggesting that initiatives to support family physicians in their role on the pathway to care are warranted. Earlier intervention has implications for improved social, educational, and professional development in young people with first-episode psychosis.

Abstract Background Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are at risk of having adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), especially those with child protection and/or justice system involvement. The complex relationship between FASD and psychosocial vulnerabilities in the affected individual is an important clinical risk factor for comorbidity. This study (1) explored the ACEs and associated stressors in individuals with FASD; (2) investigated the association between ACEs and negative outcomes, i.e., justice/child protection system involvement; and (3) examined the relationship between ACEs and comorbid conditions such as mood and neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods Data were collected retrospectively via file review from diagnostic clinics in Western Australia. Life adversity was coded using a standardised ACEs questionnaire. A total of 211 participants (72% males) with FASD with a mean age of 11 years (range = 2–21) were included in the final sample. 70% of the total sample had been involved with the child protection system and 40% had trouble with the law. Results Exposure to drinking/substance misuse at home (70%) and domestic violence (52%) were the two most common ACEs across the total sample. In the entire cohort, 39% had four or more ACEs, indicating higher risks of poor health outcomes. Additional stressors recorded were disengagement from school (43%), transiency (19%), victims of bullying (12%), traumatic brain injury (9%) and homelessness (5%). ACEs such as drinking/substance misuse at home, emotional neglect and physical neglect were positively associated with child protection system involvement. Additionally, exposure to domestic violence was positively correlated with justice system involvement. Higher rates of life adversity in this clinical population were associated with an increased number of comorbidities. Specifically, those with FASD who had comorbidities such as attachment disorder, substance use disorder, and PTSD also reported higher ACEs scores. Conclusion ACEs were common in this clinical population. Increased ACEs in this sample were associated with increased comorbidities and involvement with the child protection and/or justice system. This highlights that prevention, intervention and early diagnosis of FASD are important for at risk children to reduce the negative effects of ACEs.

The rise of expertise in the lives of women is a complex and prolonged process that began when the old networks through which women had learned from each other were being discredited or destroyed (Ehrenreich and English). Enclosed spaces of expert power formed separately from political control, market logistics and the pressures exerted by their subjects (Rose and Miller). This, however, was not a question of imposing expertise on women and forcing them to adhere to expert proclamations: “the experts could not have triumphed had not so many women welcomed them, sought them out, and … organised to promote their influence” (Ehrenreich and English 28). Women’s continuing enthusiasm for self-help books – and it is mainly women who buy them (Wood) – attests to the fact that they are still welcoming expertise into their lives. This paper argues that a major factor in the popularity of self-help is the reversal of the conventional ‘priestly’ relationship and ethic of confession, in a process of conversion that relies on the enthusiasm and active participation of the reader.Miller and Rose outline four ways in which human behaviour can be transformed: regulation (enmeshing people in a code of standards); captivation (seducing people with charm or charisma); education (training, convincing or persuading people); and conversion (transforming personhood, and ways of experiencing the world so that people understand themselves in fundamentally new ways). Of these four ways of acting upon others, it is conversion that is the most potent, because it changes people at the level of their own subjectivity – “personhood itself is remade” (Miller and Rose 35). While theories of conversion cannot be adequately discussed here, one aspect held in common by theories of religious conversion as well as those from psychological studies of ‘brainwashing’ is enthusiasm. Rambo’s analysis of the stages of religious conversion, for example, includes ‘questing’ in an active and engaged way, and a probable encounter with a passionately enthusiastic believer. Melia and Ryder, in their study of ‘brainwashing,’ state that two of the end stages of conversion are euphoria and proselytising – a point to which I will return in the conclusion. In order for a conversion to occur, then, the reader must be not only intellectually convinced of the truth, but must feel it is an important or vital truth, a truth she needs – in short, the reader must be enthused. The popularity of self-help books coincides with the rise of psy expertise more generally (Rose, "Identity"; Inventing), but self-help putatively offers escape from the experts, whilst simultaneously immersing its readers in expertise. Readers of self-help view themselves as reading sceptically (Simonds), interpretively (Rosenblatt) and resistingly (Fetterly, Rowe). They choose to read books as an educational activity (Dolby), rather than attending counselling or psychotherapy sessions in which they might be subject to manipulation, domination and control by a therapist (Simonds). I have discussed the nature of the advice in relationship manuals elsewhere (Hazleden, "Relationship"; "Pathology"), but the intention of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the authors attempt to enthuse and convert the reader.Best-Selling ExpertiseIn common with other best-selling genres, popular relationship manuals begin trying to enthuse the reader on the covers, which are intended to attract the reader, to establish the professional – or ‘priestly’ – credentials of the author and to assert the merit of the book, presenting the authors as experienced professionally-qualified experts, and advertising their bestseller status. These factors form part of the marketing ‘buzz’ or collective enthusiasm about a particular author or book.As part of the process of establishing themselves in the priestly role, the authors emphasise their professional qualifications and experience. Most authors use the title ‘Dr’ on the cover (Hendrix, McGraw, Forward, Gray, Cowan and Kinder, Schlessinger) or ‘PhD’ after their names (Vedral, DeAngelis, Spezzano). Further claims on the covers include assertions of the prominence of the authors in their field. Typical are DeAngelis’s claim to being “America’s foremost relationships expert,” and Hendrix’s claim to being “the world’s leading marital therapist.” Clinical and professional experience is mentioned, such as Spezzano’s “twenty-three years of counseling experience” (1) and Forward’s experience as “a consultant in many southern California Medical and psychiatric facilities” (iii). The cover of Spezzano’s book claims that he is a “therapist, seminar leader, author, lecturer and visionary leader.” McGraw emphasises his formal qualifications throughout his book, saying, “I had more degrees than a thermometer” (McGraw 6), and he refers to himself throughout as “Dr. Phil,” much like “Dr Laura” (Schlessinger). Facts and SecretsThe authors claim their ideas are based on clinical practice, research, and evidence. One author claims, “In this book, there is a wealth of tried and accurate information, which has worked for thousands of people in my therapeutic practice and seminars over the last two decades” (Spezzano 1). Another claims that he “worked with hundreds of couples in private practice and thousands more in workshops and seminars” and subsequently based his ideas on “research and clinical observations” (Hendrix xviii). Dowling refers to “four years of research … interviewing professionals who work with and study women.” She went to all this trouble because, she assures us, “I wanted facts” (Dowling, dust-jacket, 30).All this is in order to assure the reader of the relevance and build her enthusiasm about the importance of the book. McGraw (226) says he “reviewed case histories of literally thousands and thousands of couples” in order “to choose the right topics” for his book. Spezzano (7) claims that his psychological exercises come from clinical experience, but “more importantly, I have tested them all personally. Now I offer them to you.” This notion of being in possession of important new knowledge of which the reader is unaware is common, and expressed most succinctly by McGraw (15): “I have learned what you know and, more important, what you don't know.” This knowledge may be referred to as ‘secret’ (e.g. DeAngelis), or ‘hidden’ (e.g. Dowling) or as a recent discovery. Readers seem to accept this – they often assume that self-help books spring ‘naturally’ from clinical investigation as new information is ‘discovered’ about the human psyche (Lichterman 432).The Altruistic AuthorOn the assumption that readers will be familiar with other self-help books, some authors find it necessary to explain why they felt motivated to write one themselves. Usually these take the form of a kind of altruistic enthusiasm to share their great discoveries. Cowan and Kinder (xiv) claim that “one of the wonderful, intrinsic rewards of working with someone in individual psychotherapy is the rich and intense relationship that is established, [but] one of the frustrations of individual work is that in a whole lifetime it is impossible to touch more than a few people.” Morgan (26) assures us that “the results of applying certain principles to my marriage were so revolutionary that I had to pass them on in the four lesson Total Woman course, and now in this book.”The authors justify their own addition to an overcrowded genre by delineating what is distinctive about their own book, or what other “books, articles and surveys missed” (Dowling 30) or misinterpreted. Beattie (98-102) devotes several pages to a discussion of Dowling to assert that Dowling’s ‘Cinderella Complex’ is more accurately known as ‘codependency.’ The authors of another book admit that their ideas are not new, but claim to make a unique contribution because they are “writing from a much-needed male point of view” (Cowan and Kinder, back cover). Similarly, Gray suggests “many books are one-sided and unfortunately reinforce mistrust and resentment toward the opposite sex.” This meant that “a definitive guide was needed for understanding how healthy men and women are different,” and he promises “This book provides that vision” (Gray 4,7).Some authors are vehement in attacking other experts’ books as “gripe sessions,” “gobbledegook” (Schlessinger 51, 87), or “ridiculous” (Vedral 282). McGraw (9) writes “it is amazing to me how this country is overflowing with marital therapists, psychiatrists and psychologists, counselors, healers, advice columnists, and self-help authors – and their approach to relationships is usually so embarrassing that I want to turn my head in shame.” His own book, by contrast, will be quite different from anything the reader has heard before, because “it differs from what relationship ‘experts’ tell you” (McGraw 45).Confessions of an Author Because the authors are writing about intimate relationships, they are also keen to establish their credentials on a more personal level. “Loving, losing, learning the lessons, and reloving have been my path” (Carter-Scott 247-248), says one, and another asserts that, “It’s taken me a long time to understand men. It’s been a difficult and often painful journey and I’ve made a lot of mistakes along the way in my own relationships” (DeAngelis xvi). The authors are even keen to admit the mistakes they made in their previous relationships. Gray says, “In my previous relationships, I had become indifferent and unloving at difficult times … As a result, my first marriage had been very painful and difficult” (Gray 2). Others describe the feelings of disappointment with their marriages: We gradually changed. I was amazed to realize that Charlie had stopped talking. He had become distant and preoccupied. … Each evening, when Charlie walked in the front door after work, a cloud of gloom and tension floated in with him. That cloud was almost tangible. … this tension cloud permeated our home atmosphere … there was a barrier between us. (Morgan 18)Doyle (14) tells a similar tale: “While my intentions were good, I was clearly on the road to marital hell. … I was becoming estranged from the man who had once made me so happy. Our marriage was in serious trouble and it had only been four years since we’d taken our vows.” The authors relate the bewilderment they felt in these failing relationships: “My confusion about the psychology of love relationships was compounded when I began to have problems with my own marriage. … we gave our marriage eight years of intensive examination, working with numerous therapists. Nothing seemed to help” (Hendrix xvii).Even the process of writing the relationship manual itself can be uncomfortable: This was the hardest and most painful chapter for me to write, because it hit so close to home … I sat down at my computer, typed out the title of this chapter, and burst into tears. … It was the pain of my own broken heart. (DeAngelis 74)The Worthlessness of ExpertiseThus, the authors present their confessional tales in which they have learned important lessons through their own suffering, through the experience of life itself, and not through the intervention of any form of external or professional expertise. Furthermore, they highlight the failure of their professional training. Susan Forward (4) draws a comparison between her professional life as a relationship counsellor and the “Susan who went home at night and twisted herself into a pretzel trying to keep her husband from yelling at her.” McGraw tells of a time when he was counselling a couple, and: Suddenly all I could hear myself saying was blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah, blah. As I sat there, I asked myself, ‘Has anybody noticed over the last fifty years that this crap doesn’t work? Has it occurred to anyone that the vast majority of these couples aren’t getting any better? (McGraw 6)The authors go to some lengths to demonstrate that their new-found knowledge is unlike anything else, and are even prepared to mention the apparent contradiction between the role the author already held as a relationship expert (before they made their important discoveries) and the failure of their own relationships (the implication being that these relationships failed because the authors themselves were not yet beneficiaries of the wisdom contained in their latest books). Gray, for example, talking about his “painful and difficult” first marriage (2), and DeAngelis, bemoaning her “mistakes” (xvi), allude to the failure of their marriage to each other, at a time when both were already well-known relationship experts. Hendrix (xvii) says: As I sat in the divorce court waiting to see the judge, I felt like a double failure, a failure as a husband and as a therapist. That very afternoon I was scheduled to teach a course on marriage and the family, and the next day, as usual, I had several couples to counsel. Despite my professional training, I felt just as confused and defeated as the other men and women who were sitting beside me.Thus the authors present the knowledge they have gained from their experiences as being unavailable through professional marital therapy, relationship counselling, and other self-help books. Rather, the advice they impart is presented as the hard-won outcome of a long and painful process of personal discovery.Peace and PassionOnce the uniqueness of the advice is established, the authors attempt to enthuse the reader by describing the effects of following it. Norwood (Women 4) says her programme led to “the most rewarding years of my life,” and Forward (10) says she “discovered enormous amounts of creativity and energy in myself that hadn't been available to me before.” Gray (268) asserts that, following his discoveries “I personally experienced this inner transformation,” and DeAngelis (126) claims “I am compassionate where I used to be critical; I am patient where I used to be judgmental.” Doyle (23) says, “practicing the principles described in this book has transformed my marriage into a passionate, romantic union.” Similarly, in discussing the effects of her ideas on her marriage, Morgan (26) speaks of “This brand new love between us” that “has given us a brand new life together.” Having established the success of their ideas and techniques on their own lives, the authors go on to relate stories about their successful application to the lives and relationships of their clients. One author writes that “When I began implementing my ideas … The divorce rate in my practice sharply declined, and the couples … reported a much deeper satisfaction in their marriages” (Hendrix xix). Another claims “Repeatedly I have heard people say that they have benefited more from this new understanding of relationships than from years of therapy” (Gray 7). Morgan, describing the effects of her ‘Total Woman’ classes, says: Attending one of the first classes in Miami were wives of the Miami Dolphin football players … it is interesting to note that their team won every game that next season and became the world champions! … Gals, I wouldn’t dream of taking credit for the Superbowl … (Morgan 188)In case we are still unconvinced, the authors include praise and thanks from their inspired clients: “My life has become exciting and wonderful. Thank you,” writes one (Vedral 308). Gray (6) talks of the “thousands of inspirational comments that people have shared” about his advice. Vedral (307) says “I have received thousands of letters from women … thanking me for shining a beam of light on their situations.” If these clients have transformed their lives, the authors claim, so can the reader. They promise that the future will be “exceptional” (Friedman 242) and “wonderful” (Norwood, Women 257). It will consist of “self fulfilment, love, and joy” (Norwood, Women 26), “peace and joy” (Hendrix xx), “freedom and a lifetime of healing, hope and happiness” (Beattie), “peace, relief, joy, and passion that you will never find any other way” (Doyle 62) – in short, “happiness for the rest of your life” (Spezzano 77).SummaryIn order to effect the conversion of their readers, the authors seek to create enthusiasm about their books. First, they appeal to the modern tradition of credentialism, making claims about their formal professional qualifications and experience. This establishes them as credible ‘priests.’ Then they make calculable, factual, evidence-based claims concerning the number of books they have sold, and appeal to the epistemological authority of the methodology involved in establishing the findings of their books. They provide evidence of the efficacy of their own unique methods by relating the success of their ideas when applied to their own lives and relationships, and those of their clients and their readers. The authors also go to some lengths to establish that they have personal experience of relationship problems, especially those the reader is currently presumed to be experiencing. This establishes the ‘empathy’ essential to Rogerian therapy (Rogers), and an informal claim to lay knowledge or insight. In telling their own personal stories, the authors establish an ethic of confession, in which the truth of oneself is sought, unearthed and revealed in “the infinite task of extracting from the depths of oneself, in between the words, a truth which the very form of the confession holds out like a shimmering mirage” (Foucault, History 59). At the same time, by claiming that their qualifications were not helpful in solving these personal difficulties, the authors assert that much of their professional training was useless or even harmful, suggesting that they are aware of a general scepticism towards experts (cf. Beck, Giddens), and share these doubts. By implying that it is other experts who are perhaps not to be trusted, they distinguish their own work from anything offered by other relationship experts, thereby circumventing “the paradox of self-help books’ existence” (Cheery) and proliferation. Thus, the authors present their motives as altruistic, whilst perhaps questioning the motives of others. Their own book, they promise, will be the one (finally) that brings a future of peace, passion and joy. Conversion, Enthusiasm and the Reversal of the Priestly RelationshipAlthough power relations between authors and readers are complex, self-help is evidence of power in one of its most efficacious forms – that of conversion. This is a relationship into which one enters voluntarily and enthusiastically, in the name of oneself, for the benefit of oneself. Such power enthuses, persuades, incites, invites, provokes and entices, and it is therefore a strongly subjectifying power, and most especially so because the relationship of the reader to the author is one of choice. Because the reader can choose between authors, and skip or skim sections, she can concentrate on the parts of the therapeutic diagnosis that she believes specifically apply to her. For example, Grodin (414) found it was common for a reader to attach excerpts from a book to a bathroom mirror or kitchen cabinet, and to re-read and underline sections of a book that seemed most relevant. In this way, through her enthusiastic participation, the reader becomes her own expert, her own therapist, in control of certain aspects of the encounter, which nonetheless must always take place on psy terms.In many conversion studies, the final stage involves the assimilation and embodiment of new practices (e.g. Paloutzian et al. 1072), whereby the convert employs or utilises her new truths. I argue that in self-help books, this stage occurs in the reversal of the ‘priestly’ relationship. The ‘priestly’ relationship between client and therapist, is one in which in which the therapist remains mysterious while the client confesses and is known (Rose, "Power"). In the self-help book, however, this relationship is reversed. The authors confess their own ‘sins’ and imperfections, by relating their own disastrous experiences in relationships and wrong-thinking. They are, of course, themselves enthusiastic converts, who are enmeshed within the power that they exercise (cf. Foucault History; Discipline), as these confessions illustrate. The reader is encouraged to go through this process of confession as well, but she is expected to do so privately, and to play the role of priest and confessor to herself. Thus, in a reversal of the priestly relationship, the person who ‘is knowledge’ within the book itself is the author. It is only if the reader takes up the invitation to perform for herself the priestly role that she will become an object of knowledge – and even then, only to herself, albeit through a psy diagnostic gaze provided for her. Of course, this instance of confession to the self still places the individual “in a network of relations of power with those who claim to be able to extract the truth of these confessions through their possession of the keys to interpretation” (Dreyfus and Rabinow 174), but the keys to interpretation are provided to the reader by the author, and left with her for her own safekeeping and future use. As mentioned in the introduction, conversion involves questing in an active and engaged way, and may involve joy and proselytising. Because the relationship must be one of active participation, the enthusiasm of the reader to apply these truths to her own self-understanding is critical. Indeed, the convert is, by her very nature, an enthusiast.ConclusionSelf-help books seek to bring about a transformation of subjectivity from powerlessness to active goal-setting, personal improvement and achievement. This is achieved by a process of conversion that produces particular choices and types of identity, new subjectivities remade through the production of new ethical truths. Self-help discourses endow individuals with new enthusiasms, aptitudes and qualities – and these can then be passed on to others. Indeed, the self-help reader is invited, by means of the author’s confessions, to become, in a limited way, the author’s own therapist – ie, she is invited to perform an examination of the author’s (past) mistakes, to diagnose the author’s (past) condition and to prescribe an appropriate (retrospective) cure for this condition. Through the process of diagnosing the author and the author’s clients, using the psy gaze provided by the author, the reader is rendered an expert in therapeutic wisdom and is converted to a new belief system in which she will become an enthusiastic participant in her own subjectification. ReferencesBeattie, M. 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I. First Brexit, then Trump: Has the past year or so ushered in a “wave” (Weisberg), a “barrage” (Desmond-Harris) or a “deluge” (Sidahmed) of that notoriously noxious affect, hate? It certainly feels that way to those of us identified with progressive social and political causes—those of us troubled, not just by Trump’s recent electoral victory, but by the far-right forces to which that victory has given voice. And yet the questions still hanging over efforts to quantify emotional or affective states leaves the claim that there has been a clear spike in hate moot (Ngai 26; Massumi 136-7; Ahmed, Promise 3-8). So let’s try asking a different question. Has this same period seen a rise, across liberal media platforms, in the rhetorical work of “hate-attribution”? Here, at least, an answer seems in readier reach. For no one given to scrolling distractedly through liberal Anglophone media outlets, from The New York Times, to The Guardian, to Slate, will be unfamiliar with a species of journalism that, in reporting the appalling activities associated with what has become known as the “alt-right” (Main; Wallace-Wells; Gourarie), articulates those activities in the rubric of a calculable uptick in hate itself.Before the U.S. Presidential election, this fledgling journalistic genre was already testing its wings, its first shudderings felt everywhere from Univision anchor Jorge Ramos’s widely publicized documentary, Hate Rising (2016), which explores the rise of white supremacist movements across the South-West U.S, to an edition of Slate’s Trumpcast entitled “The Alt-Right and a Deluge of Hate,” which broached the torment-by-Twitter of left-wing journalist David French. In the wake of the election, and the appalling acts of harassment and intimidation it seemed to authorize, the genre gained further momentum—leading to the New Yorker’s “Hate Is on the Rise After Trump’s Election,” to The Guardian’s “Trump’s Election led to Barrage of Hate,” and to Vox’s “The Wave of Post-Election Hate Reportedly Sweeping the Nation, Explained.” And it still has traction today, judging not just by James King’s recent year-in-review column, “The Year in Hate: From Donald Trump to the Rise of the Alt-Right,” but by Salon’s “A Short History of Hate” which tracks the alt-right’s meteoric 2016 rise to prominence, and the New York Times’ recently launched hate-speech aggregator, “This Week in Hate.”As should already be clear from these brisk, thumbnail accounts of the texts in question, the phenomena alluded to by the titular term “hate” are not instances of hate per se, but rather instances of “hate-speech.” The word “hate,” in other words, is being deployed here not literally, to refer to an emotional state, but metonymically, as a shorthand for “hate-speech”—a by-now widely conventionalized and legally codified parlance originating with the U.N. Declaration to describe “violent or violence-inciting speech or acts that “aim or intend to inflict injury, or incite prejudice or hatred, against persons of groups” because of their ethnic, religious, sexual or social affiliation. And there is no doubt that, beyond the headlines, these articles do incredibly important work, drawing connections between, and drawing attention to, a host of harmful activities associated with the so-called “alt-right”—from a pair of mangled, pretzel-shaped swastikas graffiti-ed in a children’s playground, to acts of harassment, intimidation and violence against women, African-Americans, Latinos, Muslims, Jews, and LGBTQ people, to Trump’s own racist, xenophobic and misogynistic tweets. Yet the fact that an emotion-term like hate is being mobilized across these texts as a metonym for the “alt-right” is no oratorical curio. Rather, it perpetuates a pervasive way of thinking about the relationship between the alt-right (a political phenomenon) and hate (an emotional phenomenon) that should give pause to those of us committed to mining that vein of cultural symptomatology now consigned, across the social sciences and critical humanities, to affect theory. Specifically, these headlines inscribe, in miniature, a kind of micro-assessment, a micro-geography and micro-theory of hate. First, they suggest that, even prior to its incarnation in specific, and dangerous, forms of speech or action, hate is in and of itself anathema, a phenomenon so unquestioningly dangerous that a putative “rise” or “spike” in its net presence provides ample pretext for a news headline. Second, they propose that hate may be localized to a particular social or political group—a group subsisting, unsurprisingly, on that peculiarly contested frontier between the ideological alt-right and the American Midwest. And third, they imply that hate is so indubitably the single most significant source of the xenophobic, racist and sexist activities they go on to describe that it may be casually used as these activities’ lexical proxy. What is crystallizing here, I suggest, is what scholars of rhetoric dub a rhetorical “constellation” (Campbell and Jamieson 332)—a constellation from which hate emerges as, a) inherently problematic, b) localizable to the “alt-right,” and, c) the primary engine of the various activities and expressions we associate with them. This constellation of conventions for thinking about hate and its relationship to the activities of right-wing extremist movement has coalesced into a “genre” we might dub the genre of “hate-attribution.” Yet while it’s far from clear that the genre is an effective one in a political landscape that’s fast becoming a political battleground, it hasn’t appeared by chance. Treating “hate,” then, less as a descriptive “grid of analysis” (Sedgwick 152), than as a rhetorical projectile, this essay opens by interrogating the “hate-attribution” genre’s logic and querying its efficacy. Having done so, it approaches the concept of “alternatives” by asking: how might calling time on the genre help us think differently about both hate itself and about the forces catalyzing, and catalyzed by, Trump’s presidential campaign? II.The rhetorical power of the genre of hate-attribution, of course, isn’t too difficult to pin down. An emotion so thoroughly discredited that its assignment is now in and of itself a term of abuse (see, for example, the O.E.D’s freshly-expanded definition of the noun “hater”), hate is an emotion the Judeo-Christian tradition deems not just responsible for but practically akin to murder (John 3:1). In part as a result of this tradition, hate has proven thoroughly resistant to efforts to elevate it from the status of an expression of a subject’s pestiferous inner life to the status of a polemical response to an object in the world. Indeed, while a great deal of the critical energy amassing under the rubric of “affect theory” has recently been put into recuperating the strategic or diagnostic value of emotions long scorned as irrelevant to oppositional struggle—from irritation and envy, to depression, anger and shame (Ngai; Cvetkovich; Gould; Love)—hate has notably not been among them. In fact, those rare scholarly accounts of affect that do address “hate,” notably Ahmed’s excellent work on right-wing extremist groups in the United Kingdom, display an understandable reluctance to rehabilitate it for progressive thought (Cultural Politics). It should come as no surprise, then, that the genre of “hate-attribution” has a rare rhetorical power. In identifying “hate” as the source of a particular position, gesture or speech-act, we effectively drain said position, gesture or speech-act of political agency or representational power—reducing it from an at-least-potentially polemical action in or response to the world, to the histrionic expression of a reprehensible personhood. Yet because hate’s near-taboo status holds across the ideological and political spectrum, what is less clear is why the genre of hate-attribution has achieved such cachet in the liberal media in particular. The answer, I would argue, lies in the fact that the work of hate-attribution dovetails all too neatly with liberal political theory’s longstanding tendency to laminate its social and civic ideals to affective ideals like “love,” “sympathy,” “compassion,” and, when in a less demonstrative humor, “tolerance”. As Martha Nussbaum’s Political Emotions has recently shown, this tradition has an impressive philosophical pedigree, running from Aristotle’s philia (16), John Locke’s “toleration” and David Hume’s “sympathy” (69-75), to the twentieth century’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with its promotion of “tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups.” And while the labour of what Lauren Berlant calls “liberal sentimentality” (“Poor Eliza”, 636) has never quite died away, it does seem to have found new strength with the emergence of the “intimate public sphere” (Berlant, Queen)—from its recent popular apotheosis in the Clinton campaign’s notorious “Love Trumps Hate” (a slogan in which “love,” unfortunately, came to look a lot like resigned technocratic quietism in the face of ongoing economic and environmental crisis [Zizek]), to its revival as a philosophical project among progressive scholars, many of them under the sway of the so-called “affective turn” (Nussbaum; Hardt; Sandoval; hooks). No surprise, then, that liberalism’s struggle to yoke itself to “love” should have as its eerie double a struggle to locate among its ideological and political enemies an increasingly reified “hate”. And while the examples of this project we’ve touched on so far have hailed from popular media, this set of protocols for thinking about hate and its relationship to the activities of right-wing extremist movements is not unique to media circles. It’s there in political discourse, as in ex-DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz’s announcement, on MSNBC, that “Americans will unite against [Trump’s] hatred.” And it’s there, too, in academic media studies, from FLOW journal’s November 2016 call for papers inviting respondents to comment, among other things, on “the violence and hatred epitomized by Trump and his supporters,” to the SCMS conference’s invitation to members to participate in a pop-up panel entitled “Responding to Hate, Disenfranchisement and the Loss of the Commons.” Yet while the labor of hate-attribution to which many progressive forces have become attached carries an indisputable rhetorical force, it also has some profound rhetorical flaws. The very same stigma, after all, that makes “hate” such a powerful explanatory grenade to throw also makes it an incredibly tough one to land. As Ahmed’s analysis of the online rhetoric of white supremacist organizations should remind us (Cultural Politics), most groups structured around inciting and promoting violence against women and minorities identify, perversely, not as hate groups, but as movements propelled by the love of race and nation. And while left-wing pundits pronounce “hate” the signature emotion of a racist, misogynist Trump-voting right, supporters of Trump ascribe it, just as routinely, to the so-called “liberal elite,” a group whose mythical avatars—from the so-called “Social Justice Warrior” or “SJW,” to the supercilious Washington politico—are said to brand “ordinary [white, male] Americans” indiscriminately as racist, misogynistic, homophobic buffoons. Thus, for example, The Washington Post’s uncanny, far-right journalistic alter-ego, The Washington Times, dubs the SPLC a “liberal hate group”; the Wikipedia mirror-site, Conservapedia, recasts liberal objections to gun violence as “liberal hate speech” driven by an “irrational aversion to weapons”; while one blood-curdling sub-genre of reportage on Steve Bannon’s crypto-fascist soapbox, Breitbart News, is devoted to denouncing what it calls “ ‘anti-White Racism.’” It’s easy enough, of course, to defend the hate-attribution genre’s liberal incarnations while dismissing its right-wing variants as cynical, opportunistic shams, as Ahmed does (Cultural Politics)—thereby re-establishing the wellspring of hate where we are most comfortable locating it: among our political others. Yet to do so seems, in some sense, to perpetuate a familiar volley of hate-attribution. And to the extent that, as many media scholars have shown (Philips; Reed; Tett; Turow), our digital, networked political landscape is in danger of being reduced to a silo-ed discursive battleground, the ritual exchange of terminological grenades that everyone seems eager to propel across ideological lines, but that no one, understandably, seems willing to pick up, seems counter-productive to say the least.Even beyond the genre’s ultimate ineffectiveness, what should strike anyone used to reflecting on affect is how little justice it does to the ubiquity and intricacy of “hate” as an affective phenomenon. Hate is not and cannot be the exclusive property or preserve of one side of the political spectrum. One doesn’t have to stretch one’s critical faculties too far to see the extent to which the genre of hate-attribution participates in the emotional ballistics it condemns or seeks to redress. While trafficking in a relatively simple hate-paradigm (as a subjective emotional state that may be isolated to a particular person or group), the genre itself incarnates a more complex, socially dynamic model of hate in which the emotion operates through logics of projection perhaps best outlined by Freud. In the “hate-attribution” genre, that is, hate—like those equally abjected categories “sentimentality,” “worldliness” or “knowingness” broached by Sedgwick in her bravura analyses of “scapegoating attribution” (150-158)—finds its clearest expression in and through the labor of its own adscription. And it should come as no surprise that an emotion so widely devalued, where it is not openly prohibited, might also find expression in less overt form.Yet to say as much is by no means to discredit the genre. As legal scholar Jeremy Waldron has recently pointed out, there’s no particular reason why “the passions and emotions that lie behind a particular speech act” (34)—even up to and including hate—should devalue the speech acts they rouse. On the contrary, to pin the despicable and damaging activities of the so-called “alt right” on “hate” is, if anything, to do an injustice to a rich and complex emotion that can be as generative as it can be destructive. As Freud suggests in “Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,” for example, hate may be the very seed of love, since the forms of “social feeling” (121) celebrated under the liberal rubric of “tolerance,” “love,” and “compassion,” are grounded in “the reversal of what was first a hostile feeling into a positively-toned tie in the nature of an identification” (121; italics mine). Indeed, Freud projects this same argument across a larger, historical canvas in Civilization and its Discontents, which contends that it is in our very struggle to combat our “aggressive instincts” that human communities have developed “methods intended to incite people into identifications and aim-inhibited relationships of love” (31). For Freud, that is, the practice of love is a function of ongoing efforts to see hate harnessed, commuted and transformed. III.What might it mean, then, to call time on this round of hate-attribution? What sort of “alternatives” might emerge when we abandon the assumption that political engagement entails a “struggle over who has the right to declare themselves as acting out of love” (Ahmed, Cultural Politics 131), and thus, by that same token, a struggle over the exact location and source of hate? One boon, I suggest, is the license it gives those of us on the progressive left to simply own our own hate. There’s little doubt that reframing the dangerous and destructive forms of speech fomented by Trump’s campaign, not as eruptions of hate, or even as “hate-speech,” but as speech we hate would be more consistent with what once seemed affect theory’s first commandment: to take our own affective temperature before launching headlong into critical analysis. After all, when Lauren Berlant (“Trump”) takes a stab at economist Paul Krugman’s cautions against “the Danger of Political Emotions” with the timely reminder that “all the messages are emotional,” the “messages” she’s pointing to aren’t just those of our political others, they’re ours; and the “emotions” she’s pointing to aren’t just the evacuated, insouciant versions of love championed by the Clinton campaign, they’re of the messier, or as Ngai might put it, “uglier” (2) variety—from shame, depression and anger, to, yes, I want to insist, hate.By way of jump-starting this program of hate-avowal, then, let me just say it: this essay was animated, in part, by a certain kind of hate. The social critic in me hates the breathtaking simplification of the complex social, economic and emotional forces animating Trump voters that seem to actuate some liberal commentary; the psychologist in me hates the self-mystification palpable in the left’s insistence on projecting and thus disowning its own (often very well justified) aggressions; and the human being in me, hating the kind of toxic speech to which Trump’s campaign has given rise, wishes to be able to openly declare that hatred. Among its other effects, hate is characterized by hypervigilance for lapses or failings in an object it deems problematic, a hypervigilance that—sometimes—animates analysis (Zeki and Romoya). In this sense, “hate” seems entitled to a comfortable place in the ranks of what Nick Salvato has recently dubbed criticism’s creative “obstructions”—phenomena that, while “routinely identified as detriments” to critical inquiry, may also “form the basis for … critical thinking” (1).Yet while one boon associated with this disclosure might be a welcome intellectual honesty, a more significant boon, I’d argue, is what getting this disclosure out of the way might leave room for. Opting out of the game of hurling “hate” back and forth across a super-charged political arena, that is, we might devote our column inches and Facebook posts to the less sensational but more productive task of systematically challenging the specious claims, and documenting the damaging effects, of a species of utterance (Butler; Matsuda; Waldron) we’ve grown used to simply descrying as pure, distilled “hate”. And we also might do something else. Relieved of the confident conviction that we can track “Trumpism” to a spontaneous outbreak of a single, localizable emotion, we might be able to offer a fuller account of the economic, social, political and affective forces that energize it. Certainly, hate plays a part here—although the process by which, as Isabelle Stengers puts it, affect “make[s] present, vivid and mattering … a worldly world” (371) demands that we scrutinize that hate as a syndrome, rather than simply moralize it as a sin, addressing its mainsprings in a moment marked by the nerve-fraying and life-fraying effects of what has become known across the social sciences and critical humanities as conditions of social and economic “precarity” (Muehlebach; Neil and Rossiter; Stewart).But perhaps hate’s not the only emotion tucked away under the hood. Here’s something affect theory knows today: affect moves not, as more traditional theorists of political emotion have it, “unambiguously and predictably from one’s cognitive processing,” but in ways that are messy, muddled and indirect (Gould 24). That form of speech is speech we hate. But it may not be “hate speech.” That crime is a crime we hate. But it may not be a “hate-crime.” One of the critical tactics we might crib from Berlant’s work in Cruel Optimism is that of decoding and decrypting, in even the most hateful acts, an instance of what Berlant, herself optimistically, calls “optimism.” For Berlant, after all, optimism is very often cruel, attaching itself, as it seems to have done in 2016, to scenes, objects and people that, while ultimately destined to “imped[e] the aim that brought [it to them] initially,” nevertheless came to seem, to a good portion of the electorate, the only available exponent of that classic good-life genre, “the change that’s gonna come” (“Trump” 1-2) at a moment when the Democratic party’s primary campaign promise was more of the free-market same. 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