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Weekes, Brendan. "A Test of Episodic Visual Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3_suppl (December 1993): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1091.
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This study investigated the relationship between episodic visual memory and word recognition using a novel test of episodic visual memory. 40 subjects learned a set of pseudo-orthographic stimuli which were processed in terms of visual form and structure information during study. Subsequent recognition was better for more frequently and elaboratively processed stimuli, indicating performance was dependent on episodic visual memory. Recognition-test performance was also associated with visual lexical decision but not auditory lexical decision. It was concluded that recognition-test performance was associated with operation of episodic visual memory but independent of lexical access and thereby provides a useful diagnostic tool for the neuropsychological investigation of surface dyslexia.
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Mamatha, Nerale Maraiah, and Asha Yathiraj. "Comparison of Diagnostic Auditory Processing Test Scores Measured in Clinical and School Settings." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, no. 4 (October 2, 2020): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_lshss-20-00020.
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Purpose The study aimed to compare auditory processing and cognitive test scores measured in a clinical setting with that measured in a school setting using a repeated-measures design. This was done on typically developing children and children with auditory processing disorder (APD). Method Thirty-two children (16 typically developing and 16 with APD), aged 7 years, were evaluated using three diagnostic auditory processing tests and a cognitive test. The tests included the Speech Perception in Noise Test in Kannada, the Gap Detection Threshold Test, the Dichotic Consonant–Vowel Test, and the Auditory Memory and Sequencing Test in Kannada. All the children were evaluated in an audiological diagnostic setting, as well as in their school. Results No significant difference in scores was obtained in the two settings for all the four tests that were administered. This was seen in the typically developing children and the children with APD. Additionally, the pass/fail decision for each test did not alter in the two settings. Moderate to almost perfect agreement was seen between the tests carried out in the two settings in both groups, on a Kappa test of agreement. In both settings, the children with APD performed significantly poorer than the typically developing children on the four diagnostic tests. Conclusions The findings of the study indicate that the diagnostic auditory processing tests and the cognitive test can be carried out in school settings as effectively as tests carried out in an audiological diagnostic clinical setting. This will enable carrying out diagnostic tests on children in schools soon after they are referred on screening auditory processing tools, administered in the educational setting. This will prevent missing diagnosis of children who fail to report to a diagnostic audiological center for detailed auditory processing evaluation.
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Maerlender, Arthur. "Short-term memory and auditory processing disorders: Concurrent validity and clinical diagnostic markers." Psychology in the Schools 47, no. 10 (September 29, 2010): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.20518.
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Martins, Isabel. "Specific speech and language impairments in children: assessments, diagnostics, classification and outcome." PSICOLOGIA 16, no. 1 (February 10, 2014): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v16i1.467.
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Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is an heterogeneous disorder characterized by an inadequate development that cannot be explained by an auditory sensory defect, a motor-neurological defect, a general cognitive impairment nor an unwillingness to communicate. There are many subtypes of SLI, both in severity and type that may be associated with a different outcome. Although many of these children recover clinically, the majority will maintain minor language impairments leading to a poor school achievement and learning difficulties. A proportion of cases remain severely impaired causing social isolation and an occupations/professional handicap. The origin of these syndromes is probably genetic. Although the are assumed to reflect a dysfunctional of the neuronal networks subserving the comprehension,, elaboration and production of language, they are not due to evident focal brain lesions, but are associated with atypical patterns of cerebral dominance and specialization for language. A variety of language processing impairments have been described in these children, namely a difficulty in analyzing rapidly changing speech sounds, acquiring language morphology and grammar and a poor phonological memory. Therapeutic intervention in these children must be individualized and interdisciplinary (speech therapy, alternative forms of communication, psychological support and special education). This is essential to prevent social isolation, low self-esteem, emotional and behavioral symptoms and educational problems. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v16i1.467
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Vaidyanath, Ramya, and Asha Yathiraj. "Relation Between the Screening Checklist for Auditory Processing in Adults and Diagnostic Auditory Processing Test Performance." American Journal of Audiology 30, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 688–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-20-00203.
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Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the Screening Checklist for Auditory Processing in Adults and the performance of older adults on a battery of diagnostic tests for auditory processing. This was done for two versions of the checklist, one answered by older individuals at risk for auditory processing disorder (APD) and the other by the family of the older adults. Method Forty-nine older adults and 34 of their family members were initially tested with the screening checklist, each being tested with the version developed for them. Approximately half of the older adults had normal pure-tone thresholds, while the others had mild–moderate hearing loss above 2 kHz. The older adults were administered tests of auditory separation/closure, auditory integration, temporal resolution, temporal patterning, and auditory memory and sequencing. Results Most of the older adults and their family members reported of the presence of auditory processing difficulties on the screening checklist. On the diagnostic test battery, many of the older adults, irrespective of their high-frequency hearing sensitivity, failed the tests measuring temporal resolution and auditory integration. The sensitivity and specificity of the checklist answered by the older individuals were 69.05% and 71.43%, respectively. On the other hand, for the checklist answered by the family members, it was 77.78% and 33.33%, respectively. The test–retest reliability of the two versions of the checklist was found to be good. Conclusions As the specificity of the checklist answered by the family members was considerably lower than that answered by the older adults, the use of the version for the latter group is recommended. However, the checklist answered by the caregivers could be used to complement information obtained from the older adults at risk for APD when the older adults are unable to give valid responses.
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Emanuel, Diana C. "The Auditory Processing Battery: Survey of Common Practices." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 02 (February 2002): 093–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715952.
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A survey of auditory processing (AP) diagnostic practices was mailed to all licensed audiologists in the State of Maryland and sent as an electronic mail attachment to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Educational Audiology Association Internet forums. Common AP protocols (25 from the Internet, 28 from audiologists in Maryland) included requiring basic audiologic testing, using questionnaires, and administering dichotic listening, monaural low-redundancy speech, temporal processing, and electrophysiologic tests. Some audiologists also administer binaural interaction, attention, memory, and speech-language/psychological/educational tests and incorporate a classroom observation. The various AP batteries presently administered appear to be based on the availability of AP tests with well-documented normative data. Resources for obtaining AP tests are listed.
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Loring, David W., Stephen C. Bowden, Ekaterina Staikova, James A. Bishop, Daniel L. Drane, and Felicia C. Goldstein. "NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test for Assessing Clinical Memory Function: Diagnostic Relationship to the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy028.
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Heubrock, Dietmar. "Error Analysis in Neuropsychological Assessment of Verbal Memory and Learning." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.1.21.
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Performance on a German version of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) was investigated for 64 juvenile patients who were subdivided in 6 clinical groups. In addition to standard evaluation of AVLT protocols which is usually confined to items recalled correctly, an error analysis was performed. Differentiating between total errors (TE), repetition errors (RE), and misnamings (ME), substantial differences between clinical groups could be demonstrated. It is argued that error analysis of verbal memory and learning enriches the understanding of neuropsychological syndromes, and provides additional information for diagnostic and clinical use. Thus, it is possible to gain a more accurate picture so that patients can be appropriately retrained, and research into the functional causes of memory and learning disorders can be intensified.
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Heine, Chyrisse, and Michelle Slone. "Case studies of adults with central auditory processing disorder: Shifting the spotlight!" SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 2050313X1882346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x18823461.
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Vast literature exists detailing the identification and management of central auditory processing disorder in children: however, less information is available regarding central auditory processing disorder in the adult population. This study aimed to document the diagnostic and management procedure for adults presenting at a multidisciplinary clinic due to concerns regarding their listening and central auditory processing skills. This retrospective study was a case file audit of two adults (a male, aged 37 years and a female, aged 44 years) who presented at a multidisciplinary (audiology and speech pathology) clinic for a hearing and central auditory processing evaluation. Both participants completed a case history questionnaire and were then interviewed with results being documented in their file. Participants were evaluated by a dually qualified audiologist-speech pathologist on a battery of peripheral hearing tests (including pure-tone threshold audiometry, immittance measures and speech tests), central auditory processing assessments (including monaural low redundancy, dichotic listening and temporal processing tests) and evaluation of short-term auditory memory skills. Participants were self-referred, never having been assessed previously for central auditory processing disorder, yet had perceived heightened difficulty with processing information; having conversations (particularly in noisy work or social environments) and remembering information, resulting in a range of psychosocial responses. Following diagnosis of central auditory processing disorder, participants undertook an individualized short-term aural rehabilitation program as dictated by their needs and preferences. Post-program participants perceived better ability to listen and process information even in adverse listening conditions. They reported that their newly learned skills improved their work abilities and social participation leading to positive outcomes. Medical and other allied health professionals should consider the possibility of presentation of central auditory processing disorder in adulthood and make appropriate referrals for central auditory processing testing to facilitate diagnosis and appropriate intervention. Aural rehabilitation should be considered for adults newly diagnosed with central auditory processing disorder.
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Musiek, Frank E., Teri James Bellis, and Gail D. Chermak. "Nonmodularity of the Central Auditory Nervous System." American Journal of Audiology 14, no. 2 (December 2005): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2005/014).
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This response to A. T. Cacace and D. J. McFarland (2005) identifies points of agreement and disagreement regarding the concept of modularity in the diagnosis of (central) auditory processing disorder [(C)APD]. We concur that the evaluation of (C)APD must take into consideration the influence of higher order global or pansensory issues on performance on tests of central auditory function. To accomplish this goal, multidisciplinary (e.g., multimodal) testing is an integral part of differential diagnosis of (C)APD. We also agree that the efficiency of diagnostic tests of (C)APD should not be evaluated by imprecise criteria [e.g., "presumed" or "suspected" (C)APD], which do not provide accurate measures of the true sensitivity and specificity of these tests. Our conceptualization and recommendations for clinical practice in this area diverge, however, from that of Cacace and McFarland in a number of pivotal ways. Based on the current limitations of multimodal assessment relative to issues related to scope of practice and test efficiency, as well as the accumulated basic science and clinical literature that demonstrates the nonmodularity and interactive organization of the brain, we recommend use of the sensitized test battery of the central auditory nervous system (CANS) in combination with multidisciplinary testing to differentially diagnose (C)APD and to guide treatment of the disorder. We assert that sensitivity and specificity measures derived from individuals with well-circumscribed lesions of the CANS provide an important guide to establishing the validity of central auditory diagnostic tests. We note that researchers in the area of auditory science and (C)APD must acknowledge the challenges of the clinical arena, and we encourage their continued help to develop diagnostic tools that are both efficient and practical for the differential diagnosis of (C)APD. We conclude that our approach, which combines multidisciplinary evaluation and specific tests of central auditory function that have demonstrated sensitivity and specificity for disorders of the CANS, allows us to identify (and thus rehabilitate) the auditory deficits present in individuals with (C)APD in its "purest" form. It also permits the identification and rehabilitation of auditory deficits in individuals who exhibit auditory perceptual problems that coexist with other processing problems, while ruling out those who perform poorly on auditory tests because of a global, supramodal problem involving cognition, attention, language, memory, or related skills.
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TAYLOR, MICHAEL J., and ROBERT K. HEATON. "Sensitivity and specificity of WAIS–III/WMS–III demographically corrected factor scores in neuropsychological assessment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, no. 7 (November 2001): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701777107.
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This study explored the neurodiagnostic utility of 6 factor scores identified by recent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the WAIS–III and WMS–III: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed, Working Memory, Auditory Memory and Visual Memory. Factor scores were corrected for age, education, sex and ethnicity to minimize their influences on diagnostic accuracy. Cut-offs at 1, 1.5 and 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the standardization sample mean were applied to data from the overlapping test normative samples (N = 1073) and 6 clinical samples described in the WAIS–III/WMS–III Technical Manual (N = 126). The analyses suggest that a 1 SD cut-off yields the most balanced levels of sensitivity and specificity; more strict (1.5 or 2 SD) cut-offs generally result in trading modest gains in specificity for larger losses in sensitivity. Finally, using combinations of WAIS–III/WMS–III factors together as test batteries, we explored the sensitivity and specificity implications of varying diagnostic decision rules (e.g., 1 vs. 2 impaired factors = “impairment”). For most of the disorders considered here, even a small (e.g., 3 factor) WAIS–III/WMS–III battery provides quite good overall diagnostic accuracy. (JINS, 2001, 7, 867–874.)
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Hirsch, Joseph A., George M. Cuesta, Pasquale Fonzetti, Joseph Comaty, Barry D. Jordan, Rosanna Cirio, Leanne Levin, Alex Abrahams, and Kathleen M. Fry. "Expanded Exploration of the Auditory Naming Test in Patients with Dementia." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 1763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210322.
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Background: Auditory naming tests are superior to visual confrontation naming tests in revealing word-finding difficulties in many neuropathological conditions. Objective: To delineate characteristics of auditory naming most likely to reveal anomia in patients with dementia, and possibly improve diagnostic utility, we evaluated a large sample of patients referred with memory impairment complaints. Methods: Patients with dementia (N = 733) or other cognitive impairments and normal individuals (N = 69) were evaluated for frequency of impairment on variables of the Auditory Naming Test (ANT) of Hamberger & Seidel versus the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results: Naming impairment occurred more frequently using the ANT total score (φ= 0.41) or ANT tip-of-the tongue score (TOT; φ= 0.19) but not ANT mean response time compared to the BNT in patients with dementia (p < 0.001). Significantly more patients were impaired on ANT variables than on the BNT in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), mixed AD/VaD, and multiple domain mild cognitive impairment (mMCI) but not in other dementias or amnestic MCI (aMCI). This differential performance of patients on auditory versus visual naming tasks was most pronounced in older, well-educated, male patients with the least cognitive impairment. Impaired verbal comprehension was not contributory. Inclusion of an ANT index score increased sensitivity in the dementia sample (92%). Poor specificity (41%) may be secondary to the inherent limitation of using the BNT as a control variable. Conclusion: The ANT index score adds diagnostic utility to the assessment of naming difficulties in patients with suspected dementia.
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Smith, Eleanor S., and Trevor J. Crawford. "Memory-Guided Saccades in Psychosis: Effects of Medication and Stimulus Location." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081071.
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The memory-guided saccade task requires the remembrance of a peripheral target location, whilst inhibiting the urge to make a saccade ahead of an auditory cue. The literature has explored the endophenotypic deficits associated with differences in target laterality, but less is known about target amplitude. The data presented came from Crawford et al. (1995), employing a memory-guided saccade task among neuroleptically medicated and non-medicated patients with schizophrenia (n = 31, n = 12), neuroleptically medicated and non-medicated bipolar affective disorder (n = 12, n = 17), and neurotypical controls (n = 30). The current analyses explore the relationships between memory-guided saccades toward targets with different eccentricities (7.5° and 15°), the discernible behaviour exhibited amongst diagnostic groups, and cohorts distinguished based on psychotic symptomatology. Saccade gain control and final eye position were reduced among medicated-schizophrenia patients. These metrics were reduced further among targets with greater amplitudes (15°), indicating greater deficit. The medicated cohort exhibited reduced gain control and final eye positions in both amplitudes compared to the non-medicated cohort, with deficits markedly observed for the furthest targets. No group differences in symptomatology (positive and negative) were reported, however, a greater deficit was observed toward the larger amplitude. This suggests that within the memory-guided saccade paradigm, diagnostic classification is more prominent in characterising disparities in saccade performance than symptomatology.
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Stepanenko, N., E. Fedorov, S. Salugina, and S. Feoktistova. "FRI0632-HPR PSYCHOLOGICAL PARTICULIARITIES OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM MONOGENIC AUTO-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 920.1–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4182.
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Background:Monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases (mAID) are a group of severe chronic multisystemic diseases with recurring episodes of fever and other manifestations that significantly affect the patients’ life quality. Moreover, the hyper expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, etc.) observed in these patients may have a negative effect on the central nervous system.Objectives:to study the state of the cognitive and emotional spheres in children suffering from monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases.Methods:there were examined 22 children at the age of 7 to 17 years old diagnosed with CAPS-9, TRAPS-8, FMF-5. Among them there were 12 boys and 10 girls. The diagnosis in all the patients was confirmed through detection of pathogenic mutations in the NLRP3, TNFRSF1A and MEFV genes. The following methods were used: a clinical conversation; memory diagnostics (learning by heart of 10 words, a pictogram using cues taking into account the patients’ age); attention diagnostics (Schulte tables); thinking diagnostics (establishing a sequence of events, “four is a crwod”, simple analogies, interpretation of proverbs); emotional and communicative fields (the Eight-Color Luscher Test; CMAS (adaptation by A. Prikhozhan); STAI test, a drawing called “an animal that does not exist” and “a house-a tree-a man”).Results:The memory study revealed in all patients with TRAPS and FMF high and medium values of short-term and long-term memory, in patients with CAPS - a low level of short-term auditory-speech memory, information storage and indirect memorization in 1/3 of patients. In 100% of the examined patients with TRAPS, a significant decrease in all processes of attention and distribution of attention. In 1/3 of patients with CAPS, an increased exhaustion of attention was registered and in 11% - a decrease in its stability. In patients with FMF, attention disorders were not detected. In 44% of patients with CAPS, a decrease in the level of generalization and difficulties in establishing causal relationships were registered. In 25% of patients with TRAPS a decrease in the level of generalization, in 12.5%- difficulties in establishing cause-effect relationships, inertia of thinking in 37.5%. In 60% of patients with FMF: a decrease in the level of generalization, in 80%: difficulties in establishing cause-effect relationships, inertia of thinking in 20%. In the emotional sphere, patients with CAPS, TRAPS, and FMF demonstrated signs of aggression (11.1%, 20% and 20% of patients, respectively), communicative disorders (77.8% -80% - 80%), and reduced social adaptation (55.5% - 80% - 80%), a tendency to form neurotic fears (22% - 40% - 40%). A high level of personal anxiety was noted in 1/3 of patients with CAPS and 40% of patients with FMF.Conclusion:various psychological disorders in the cognitive and emotional fields were noted in the majority of the examined patients with monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases. In patients with TRAPS, attention processes are most significantly affected; in patients with CAPS, memory is more often affected. In patients with FMF, disorders in thinking processes are revealed more often. In the emotional sphere, most patients with all the three forms of AID note communicative disorders and social adaptation.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Bature, Fidelia, Dong Pang, Anthea Robinson, Norma Polson, Yannis Pappas, and Barbara Guinn. "Identifying Patterns in Signs and Symptoms Preceding the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Retrospective Medical Record Review Study and a Nested Case-control Design." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 8 (June 11, 2018): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180404155358.
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Objective: Evidence suggests that individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are often diagnosed in the later stages of their disease with a poor prognosis. This study is aimed to identify patterns in signs and symptoms preceding the clinical diagnosis of AD to suggest a predictive model for earlier diagnosis of the disease in the primary care. Design: A retrospective medical record review; nested case control design. Participants: Participants included one hundred and nine patients from three general practice (GP) surgeries in Milton Keynes and Luton Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG) (37 cases with AD and 72 controls without AD). Main outcome measure: A retrospective analysis using the logistic regression of the presence of signs and symptoms before the diagnosis of AD was attained. Identification of the timing and sequence of appearance of these presentations as first reported before the clinical diagnosis was measured. Result: Episodic memory with an odds ratio of 1.85 was the most frequent presentation, documented in 1.38% of the controls and 75.6% in cases. Auditory disturbance with an odds ratio of 3.03, which has not previously been noted except in the form of auditory hallucination, could have a diagnostic value. Conclusion: Auditory disturbance, which occurred mostly in the Caucasian females, could discriminate individuals with AD from those without the disease. The symptom, which presented up to 14.5 (mean time) years prior to clinical diagnosis, was identified in Caucasians and mixed race individuals only. Strengths: The study demonstrates that auditory disturbance could allow an earlier diagnosis of AD in Caucasian females. Episodic memory was confirmed as being frequently noted in AD patients prior to a clinical diagnosis as per previous publications. This study supports the development of a scoring system for the earlier diagnosis of AD. The data used was free from the confounding effects of misinformation, as this was written at the point of collection, thereby benefitting from the use of GP data that is diversified, reliable and valid. Limitations: Limited sample size that will not allow for generalization of less frequent observations due to their low prevalence in case notes. Randomisation was not achieved; however, the best available nonrandomisation which is consecutive sampling was used. Patterns identified were in LOAD, the baseline could vary with other geographical areas.
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Adler, G., M. Bektas, and P. Hoffmann. "The Memory and Attention Test (MAT), an Adaptive, Computer-based Performance Test: Evaluation in Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Control Subjects." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70712-6.
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The Memory and Attention Test (MAT), a newly developed, adaptive, computer-based performance test was evaluated in a mixed group of patients with Alzheimer's dementia, subjects with mild cognitive impairment and control subjects at ages from 60 to 89 years.By means of the MAT, working memory and short-term memory are assessed in the verbal, figural and episodic domains by means of six independent tests individually adjusted to the subjects level of performance on the basis of intermediate results. Sustained attention is also assessed.For evaluation purposes, well established tests for the respective memory domains were applied. They were the Auditory Verbal and Learning Test (AVLT), the Benton Test, the delayed reproduction of the Taylor Figure, the subtests working memory and logical memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and the Alterskonzentrationstest (AKT), a test analogous to the d2 test, especially suited and standardized for older subjects. Acceptance of the MAT was assessed by means of a questionnaire developed for this purpose.Computerized testing was commonly well accepted by the subjects. There were highly significant positive correlations between performance in the MAT domains and performance in the respective reference assessments. Thus, the MAT may be a useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of dementia patients. It may be applied for early diagnosis, assessment of progression of disease and demonstration of treatment effects, particularly for disease-modifying treatments in Alzheimer's disease. Standardization relating to age and and education as well as the provision of versions in various languages are under way.
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Moore, Michelle W., Julie A. Fiez, and Connie A. Tompkins. "Consonant Age-of-Acquisition Effects in Nonword Repetition Are Not Articulatory in Nature." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 11 (November 9, 2017): 3198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0359.
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Purpose Most research examining long-term-memory effects on nonword repetition (NWR) has focused on lexical-level variables. Phoneme-level variables have received little attention, although there are reasons to expect significant sublexical effects in NWR. To further understand the underlying processes of NWR, this study examined effects of sublexical long-term phonological knowledge by testing whether performance differs when the stimuli comprise consonants acquired later versus earlier in speech development. Method Thirty (Experiment 1) and 20 (Experiment 2) college students completed tasks that investigated whether an experimental phoneme-level variable (consonant age of acquisition) similarly affects NWR and lexical-access tasks designed to vary in articulatory, auditory-perceptual, and phonological short-term-memory demands. The lexical-access tasks were performed in silence or with concurrent articulation to explore whether consonant age-of-acquisition effects arise before or after articulatory planning. Results NWR accuracy decreased on items comprising later- versus earlier-acquired phonemes. Similar consonant age-of-acquisition effects were observed in accuracy measures of nonword reading and lexical decision performed in silence or with concurrent articulation. Conclusion Results indicate that NWR performance is sensitive to phoneme-level phonological knowledge in long-term memory. NWR, accordingly, should not be regarded as a diagnostic tool for pure impairment of phonological short-term memory. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5435137
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Brenneman, Lauren, Elizabeth Cash, Gail D. Chermak, Linda Guenette, Gay Masters, Frank E. Musiek, Mallory Brown, et al. "The Relationship between Central Auditory Processing, Language, and Cognition in Children Being Evaluated for Central Auditory Processing Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 28, no. 08 (September 2017): 758–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16119.
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AbstractPediatric central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is frequently comorbid with other childhood disorders. However, few studies have examined the relationship between commonly used CAPD, language, and cognition tests within the same sample.The present study examined the relationship between diagnostic CAPD tests and “gold standard” measures of language and cognitive ability, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).A retrospective study.Twenty-seven patients referred for CAPD testing who scored average or better on the CELF and low average or better on the WISC were initially included. Seven children who scored below the CELF and/or WISC inclusion criteria were then added to the dataset for a second analysis, yielding a sample size of 34.Participants were administered a CAPD battery that included at least the following three CAPD tests: Frequency Patterns (FP), Dichotic Digits (DD), and Competing Sentences (CS). In addition, they were administered the CELF and WISC. Relationships between scores on CAPD, language (CELF), and cognition (WISC) tests were examined using correlation analysis.DD and FP showed significant correlations with Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, and the DD left ear and the DD interaural difference measures both showed significant correlations with working memory. However, ∼80% or more of the variance in these CAPD tests was unexplained by language and cognition measures. Language and cognition measures were more strongly correlated with each other than were the CAPD tests with any CELF or WISC scale. Additional correlations with the CAPD tests were revealed when patients who scored in the mild–moderate deficit range on the CELF and/or in the borderline low intellectual functioning range on the WISC were included in the analysis.While both the DD and FP tests showed significant correlations with one or more cognition measures, the majority of the variance in these CAPD measures went unexplained by cognition. Unlike DD and FP, the CS test was not correlated with cognition. Additionally, language measures were not significantly correlated with any of the CAPD tests. Our findings emphasize that the outcomes and interpretation of results vary as a function of the subject inclusion criteria that are applied for the CELF and WISC. Including participants with poorer cognition and/or language scores increased the number of significant correlations observed. For this reason, it is important that studies investigating the relationship between CAPD and other domains or disorders report the specific inclusion criteria used for all tests.
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Abramson, Maria Kulick, and Peter J. Lloyd. "Development of a Pitch Discrimination Screening Test for Preschool Children." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 27, no. 04 (April 2016): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.14052.
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Background: There is a critical need for tests of auditory discrimination for young children as this skill plays a fundamental role in the development of speaking, prereading, reading, language, and more complex auditory processes. Frequency discrimination is important with regard to basic sensory processing affecting phonological processing, dyslexia, measurements of intelligence, auditory memory, Asperger syndrome, and specific language impairment. Purpose: This study was performed to determine the clinical feasibility of the Pitch Discrimination Test (PDT) to screen the preschool child’s ability to discriminate some of the acoustic demands of speech perception, primarily pitch discrimination, without linguistic content. The PDT used brief speech frequency tones to gather normative data from preschool children aged 3 to 5 yrs. Research Design: A cross-sectional study was used to gather data regarding the pitch discrimination abilities of a sample of typically developing preschool children, between 3 and 5 yrs of age. The PDT consists of ten trials using two pure tones of 100-msec duration each, and was administered in an AA or AB forced-choice response format. Study Sample: Data from 90 typically developing preschool children between the ages of 3 and 5 yrs were used to provide normative data. Data Analysis: Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-testing was used to examine the effects of age as a continuous variable on pitch discrimination. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine the significance of age on performance on the PDT. Spearman rank was used to determine the correlation of age and performance on the PDT. Results: Pitch discrimination of brief tones improved significantly from age 3 yrs to age 4 yrs, as well as from age 3 yrs to the age 4- and 5-yrs group. Results indicated that between ages 3 and 4 yrs, children’s auditory discrimination of pitch improved on the PDT. The data showed that children can be screened for auditory discrimination of pitch beginning with age 4 yrs. Conclusions: The PDT proved to be a time efficient, feasible tool for a simple form of frequency discrimination screening in the preschool population before the age where other diagnostic tests of auditory processing disorders can be used.
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Russo, María Julieta, Gabriela Cohen, Jorge Campos, Maria Eugenia Martin, María Florencia Clarens, Liliana Sabe, Ernesto Barcelo, and Ricardo F. Allegri. "Usefulness of Discriminability and Response Bias Indices for the Evaluation of Recognition Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 43, no. 1-2 (November 26, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452255.
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Background: Most studies examining episodic memory in Alzheimer disease (AD) have focused on patients' impaired ability to remember information. This approach provides only a partial picture of memory deficits since other factors involved are not considered. Objective: To evaluate the recognition memory performance by using a yes/no procedure to examine the effect of discriminability and response bias measures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI), AD dementia, and normal-aging subjects. Methods: We included 43 controls and 45 a-MCI and 51 mild AD dementia patients. Based on the proportions of correct responses (hits) and false alarms from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), discriminability (d′) and response bias (C) indices from signal detection theory (SDT) were calculated. Results: Results showed significant group differences for d′ (F (2) = 83.26, p < 0.001), and C (F (2) = 6.05, p = 0.00). The best predictors of group membership were delayed recall and d′ scores. The d′ measure correctly classified subjects with 82.98% sensitivity and 91.11% specificity. Conclusions: a-MCI and AD dementia subjects exhibit less discrimination accuracy and more liberal response bias than controls. Furthermore, combined indices of delayed recall and discriminability from the RAVLT are effective in defining early AD. SDT may help enhance diagnostic specificity.
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Mulhern, R. K., E. Kovnar, J. Langston, M. Carter, D. Fairclough, L. Leigh, and L. E. Kun. "Long-term survivors of leukemia treated in infancy: factors associated with neuropsychologic status." Journal of Clinical Oncology 10, no. 7 (July 1992): 1095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1992.10.7.1095.
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PURPOSE Because of concerns about late toxicities of treatment among infants diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and especially the effects of cranial radiation therapy (CRT), we compared the functional and neuropsychologic status of 26 long-term survivors of ALL who were diagnosed in the first 24 months of life versus 26 children who were treated previously for Wilms' tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of the children with ALL, CNS prophylaxis included no CRT in six, 18 Gy CRT in five, 20 Gy CRT in seven, and 24 Gy CRT in five. Three additional children experienced CNS relapse and received total CRT doses of 24, 40, and 44 Gy. All children received neuropsychologic testing; children with ALL also participated in diagnostic imaging studies. RESULTS As a group, the children who were treated for ALL did not differ significantly from those who were treated for Wilms' tumor on objective measures of global functional status. However, children treated for ALL had a significantly lower mean intelligence quotient (IQ) (87 v 96), poorer performance on four of six measures of visual and auditory memory, lower achievement with regard to arithmetic skills, and a greater frequency of special educational intervention than those who were treated for Wilms' tumor. IQ and auditory memory performance in the ALL group was correlated inversely with time since the completion of therapy and total CRT dose. CONCLUSIONS These results reinforce the contemporary trend of prophylactic CRT omission in very young children except for those who are at risk for CNS relapse. For infants and very young children who require CRT, evidence is presented that supports the approach for the delay of CRT until the child is older.
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Bature, Fidelia, Dong Pang, Yannis Pappas, and Barbara Guinn. "Identifying signs and symptoms preceding the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: a retrospective medical record review." British Journal of General Practice 68, suppl 1 (June 2018): bjgp18X696881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x696881.
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BackgroundEarly diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is beneficial as interventions work well at this stage.AimThe study sought to identify patterns in signs and symptoms as reported by patients, 10 years preceding the clinical diagnosis of AD and suggest a predictive model for the early detection of the disease.MethodA retrospective medical record review and nested case-control design were carried out on the charts of 109 individuals (37 cases and 72 in the control group) in three GP surgeries in Milton Keynes and Luton, diagnosed between the year 2006–2016. Data extracted included the demographic and clinical data (signs and symptoms preceding the diagnosis of the disease). Logistic regression and correlation coefficient was used for analysis of variables to identify patterns.ResultsAuditory disturbances (tinnitus), a symptom that has not been reported in AD, could have a diagnostic value with 3.03 increased odds for associating with AD and a P-value of ≤0.05; the symptom was presented with a mean age of 14.5 years before the clinical diagnosis of the disease. There was a positive correlation between auditory disturbance and AD; episodic memory and AD; the female gender and AD all at 1% level (2tailed).ConclusionAuditory disturbance in the form of tinnitus has not been fully investigated in AD apart from auditory hallucinations and, as this symptom has been associated with other conditions. While further research is advocated in a large scale due to the insufficiency of the sample to initiate subgroup analysis, the result suggests that auditory disturbance could be a confounding factor to support future plans to improve the early diagnosis of AD.
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Washnik, Nilesh J., Javad Anjum, Kristine Lundgren, and Susan Phillips. "A Review of the Role of Auditory Evoked Potentials in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Assessment." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651984009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519840094.
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Around 75% to 90% of people who experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are classified as having a mild TBI (mTBI). The term mTBI is synonymous with concussion or mild head injury (MHI) and is characterized by symptoms of headache, nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision. Problems in cognitive abilities such as deficits in memory, processing speed, executive functioning, and attention are also considered symptoms of mTBI. Since these symptoms are subtle in nature and may not appear immediately following the injury, mTBI is often undetected on conventional neuropsychological tests. Current neuroimaging techniques may not be sensitive enough in identifying the array of microscopic neuroanatomical and subtle neurophysiological changes following mTBI. To this end, electrophysiological tests, such as auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), can be used as sensitive tools in tracking physiological changes underlying physical and cognitive symptoms associated with mTBI. The purpose of this review article is to examine the body of literature describing the application of AEPs in the assessment of mTBI and to explore various parameters of AEPs which may hold diagnostic value in predicting positive rehabilitative outcomes for people with mTBI.
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Gooren, Tina, Peter Schlattmann, and Peter Neu. "A comparison of cognitive functioning in acute schizophrenia and depression." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 25, no. 6 (May 29, 2013): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2013.21.
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ObjectiveEven though cognitive deficits are well recognised in schizophrenia and depression, direct comparisons between the disorders are scarce in literature. This study aims to assess specificity and degree of cognitive deficits in inpatients with acute schizophrenia and unipolar major depression.MethodsA neuropsychological test battery was administered to 76 schizophrenic patients, 102 patients with unipolar major depression and 85 healthy controls (HCs), assessing verbal learning [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)], processing speed (Trail Making Test), verbal fluency and visual memory (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised test).ResultsBoth patient groups were significantly impaired compared with HCs with regard to all test outcomes. The schizophrenia group (SG) performed significantly worse in the Wechsler Memory Scale and verbal fluency than the depression group (DG). The DG reached significantly lower scores than the SG in the RAVLT delayed recall subtest. No significant group difference between SG and DG was found for the Trail Making Test and the RAVLT direct recall trails.ConclusionOur results indicate that cognitive impairment is present in both disorders. Schizophrenic patients performed worse than patients with unipolar depression in only two of the administered tests. Differences in cognitive performance between the groups are not as general as often assumed. Therefore, during the acute phase of illness, a diagnostic classification on the grounds of the patients’ neurocognitive performance has to be done with caution.
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Mealings, Kiri, and Sharon Cameron. "Investigating Auditory Spectral and Temporal Resolution Deficits in Children with Reading Difficulties." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 30, no. 06 (June 2019): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.17142.
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AbstractThe types of reading difficulties experienced by children are highly heterogeneous in nature, which makes diagnosis and intervention difficult. Over the past 30 years, there has been much debate over the cause of dyslexia. The two most popular theories for phonological deficits in dyslexia are the rate-processing constraint hypothesis, which relates to short timescale processing, and the temporal sampling framework hypothesis, which relates to longer timescale processing.To investigate the relationship between sublexical (i.e., nonword) reading skills and auditory spectral and temporal resolution patterns in children with reading difficulties using the Phoneme Identification Test (PIT) and the Parsing Syllable Envelopes Test (ParSE). These tests were developed to assess the rate-processing constraint and the temporal sampling framework hypotheses, respectively. We hypothesized that a proportion of children who have sublexical reading difficulties may have an underlying auditory-resolution deficit which may impact their ability to form letter–sound correspondences. We predicted that children’s sublexical reading difficulties may not be explained by one theory, but instead that both theories may describe different types of reading difficulties found in different children. We also hypothesized that children with lexical (i.e., irregular word) reading difficulties but intact sublexical reading skills would not show atypical results on PIT or ParSE.Behavioral experimental clinical study with children who have reading difficulties.Sixteen children with nonword, irregular word, or mixed reading difficulties diagnosed by the Castles and Coltheart Test 2.Children completed a test battery consisting of a hearing screen and tests of reading, auditory resolution, phonological awareness, attention, spatial auditory processing, auditory memory, and intelligence. Categorization and correlational analyses were conducted.All four children with a pure sublexical reading deficit also had an auditory-resolution deficit. Four of seven children with a mixed reading deficit had an auditory-resolution deficit. Only one of five children with a lexical reading deficit had an auditory-resolution deficit. Individual children’s specific deficits were related to either rate processing (n = 5) or temporal sampling (n = 4), but never both. Children’s nonword reading scores were strongly correlated with their performance on the PIT in noise, but not with the PIT in quiet or the ParSE. Children’s irregular word scores were not significantly correlated with their performance on the PIT in quiet or in noise, or the ParSE, as hypothesized. Strong correlations were also found between children’s nonword scores and their phonological awareness scores.The results of this study suggest that neither the rate-processing hypothesis nor the temporal sampling framework is the single cause of reading difficulties in children. Instead, both of these hypotheses are likely to account for different types of reading deficits found in children. This is an important finding as the specific mechanisms driving different reading impairments must be identified to create tools to better diagnose and treat different types of reading difficulties. Further investigation of the PIT and ParSE as potential diagnostic tools for specific auditory-resolution–based reading difficulties in a larger group of children is currently underway.
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McClintock, Shawn M., C. Munro Cullum, Mustafa M. Husain, A. John Rush, Rebedca G. Knapp, Martina Mueller, Georgios Petrides, Shirlene Sampson, and Charles H. Kellner. "Evaluation of the Effects of Severe Depression on Global Cognitive Function and Memory." CNS Spectrums 15, no. 5 (May 2010): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290002753x.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to negatively impact cognitive function; however, the relationship has not been well explored.Objective: This study examined the association between depression severity and global cognitive function and memory in subjects with severe, treatment-resistant MDD.Methods: We enrolled 66 subjects with Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnosed unipolar MDD in a multicenter trial to assess the efficacy and neurocognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We measured depression severity with the 24 item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD24). Neuropsychologic measures included the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the Complex Figure Test (CFT). Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between depression severity and cognitive function.Results: The mean age of the subjects was 53.6 years (SD=15.8), 65% were female, and mean HRSD24 was 33.9 (SD=6.7). Mean demographic-corrected T-scores for each neurocognitive measure were in the average to borderline range, and HRSD24 values were unrelated to performance on the MMSE, RAVLT immediate and delayed recall, and CFT immediate and delayed recall.Conclusion: In this sample of severely depressed subjects referred for ECT, depression severity was unrelated to global cognitive function or memory. Future research should examine the interactions between other depressive characteristics and neurocognitive function.
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Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth. "Inference from academic texts in children with autism." Pragmatics and Cognition 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.18011.eng.
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Abstract Children and adults with autism do worse on tests of inferences than controls. This fact has been attributed to poor language skills, a tendency to focus on detail, and poor social understanding. This study examines whether children with autism with age-appropriate language and cognitive skills have difficulties drawing inferences from academic, expository texts. Sixteen children with autism and a control group of twenty-four children were matched on language skills, nonverbal cognitive ability, and auditory and nonverbal working memory and compared on their responses to questions that require inferences. The children with autism scored significantly lower on inference questions than the controls. Although language skills explain much of the variance in inference scores, diagnostic background also made a contribution. The results are discussed in the light of theories of suppression of irrelevant information and recognition of text writers’ communicative intention.
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Hlebová, Bibiána. "Stimulation Programme for Development of Cognitive Functions of Pupils From Marginalized Romany Communities in Slovakia." Asian Education Studies 3, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/aes.v3i2.360.
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Subject of the study is the issue of effectiveness improvement within the education of socially disadvantaged pupils originating from marginalized Romany communities in younger school age in Slovakia through the stimulation of deficit cognitive functions, in the process of development of their communicative and reading competence. Main objective of the paper is presentation of stimulation programme proposal for development of cognitive functions (sorting, sequential auditory memory, short-term visual memory, addition of sequential patterns, perspective taking, and verbal planning) based on the methodology of dynamic testing of cognitive functions according to diagnostic measure ACFS (Application of Cognitive Functions Scale, Czech version, Lidz, Jepsen, Krejčová, 2014), for work with the adaption of Romany literary text (folk-tale) Children of the Sun from D. Hivešová-Šilanová. Children protagonist from socially disadvantaged backgrounds – Roma boy Lavutaris very sensitively perceives social differences in the intentions of own, minority society, as well as in their co-existence with the major society, and thus the implementation of cognitive stimulation programme takes on significance not only in the process of communicative and reading competence of socially disadvantaged pupils in younger school age, but within the multicultural and emotional education of all the pupils in terms of school inclusion in Slovakia as well.
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Turovskaya, N. G. "Sensitive periods and developmental pathology of psychological functions among children with paroxysms." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 11, no. 2 (2018): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2018110205.
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The paper describes the results of a psychological research of specificities of psychological functions development among children with paroxysms depending on their age and the duration of a disease. Fifty-four children aged 6—8 years old and their parents participated in the study. Clinical biography and experimental-psychological methods were used in the study (methods of neuropsychological research of higher psychic functions among children, Tsvetkova, 2002)), a diagnostic complex (“Prognostic and prevention of learning difficulties in school; Yasukova, 2002). The results showed that an early development of paroxysms is coupled with difficulties in auditory perception, short term memory, visual linear thinking and motor functions difficulties. The prolongation of paroxysms in preschool year-old children is coupled with a developmental pathology of kinesthetic praxis, as well as language and thinking, linked to language. It is hypothesized that developmental difficulties in children with paroxysms are related to the specificities of their impairments, as well as the sensitive periods of psychological functions.
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Wiedl, Karl H., Henning Schöttke, and M. Dolores Calero Garcia. "Dynamic Assessment of Cognitive Rehabilitation Potential in Schizophrenic Persons and in Elderly Persons With and Without Dementia." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.2.112.
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Summary: Dynamic assessment is a diagnostic approach in which specific interventions are integrated into assessment procedures to estimate cognitive modifiability. The study investigates the utility of this approach in persons with compelling rehabilitational needs. Samples of schizophrenic patients and of elderly with and without dementia were assessed with dynamic versions of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Both tests were administered by applying specific procedures of verbal mediation designed to increase performance. Results demonstrated superior predictive validity with regard to proficiency in a clinical training in schizophrenic subjects and better discrimination of nondemented and demented elderly with the help of dynamic measures compared to static test scores. Subsequent correlational analyses indicated that, for both tests, performance change following intervention is related to the processing of verbal context information. Results are discussed with respect to the concept of verbal working memory as one component of the patients' rehabilitation potential.
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Hirsch, Oliver, and Hanna Christiansen. "Faking ADHD? Symptom Validity Testing and Its Relation to Self-Reported, Observer-Reported Symptoms, and Neuropsychological Measures of Attention in Adults With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715596577.
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Objective: To compare ADHD patients who failed a symptom validity test with those who passed the test to explore whether there are signs of negative response bias on group level. Method: In our outpatient department, 196 adults were diagnosed with ADHD using a comprehensive diagnostic strategy featuring a detailed clinical history, clinical interview, observer rating, several self-rating scales, and neuropsychological attention tests. The Amsterdam Short Term Memory Test (AKGT) was applied as a symptom validity measure. Results: Sixty-three patients (32.1%) scored below the AKGT cutoff level. The two groups did not significantly differ regarding self-report and observer ratings. Those who failed the AKGT had higher reaction time variabilities in selective, auditory and visual divided attention, and higher omission errors in sustained attention. Conclusion: We found no strong indicators for negative response bias in ADHD patients who failed a symptom validity test. New measures and approaches to detect feigned ADHD should be developed.
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Seider, T., A. Gooding, M. J. Marquine, P. Suarez, M. Rivera Mindt, R. K. Heaton, L. Artiola i Fortuny, and M. Cherner. "Normative Data for Two Working Memory Tasks in Spanish-Speaking US-Dwelling Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.42.
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Abstract Objective Working memory assessment is an important component of a neuropsychological evaluation. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition Letter Number Sequencing subtest (LNS) are two commonly used measures of working memory. Demographic variables (age, education, ethnicity, and country of origin) can impact performance on these measures, underscoring the need for demographically adjusted norms when utilizing these tests. We aimed to develop normative data for the PASAT and LNS for Spanish-speaking adults living in the US. Participants and Method The PASAT and LNS were administered to Spanish-speaking adults living in the US-Mexico border regions of California and Arizona as part of a larger normative effort in this population. Two hundred and forty-nine participants completed the PASAT and a subset (n = 202) also completed LNS. Ages ranged from 19-60 and education from 0-20 years. Results Older age was associated with lower scores on LNS (p < .01), but not the PASAT. Lower education was associated with lower scores on both tests (ps < .001). Females obtained lower raw scores than males on the PASAT (ps < .003), and there were no significant main effects of gender on LNS raw scores. Raw-to-scaled score conversions were calculated for the PASAT-50 item, PASAT-200 item, and LNS, and fractional polynomial equations were developed to calculate demographically-adjusted T-scores accounting for age, education, and gender. Published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites drastically overestimated rates of impairment (defined as T-score < 40) on both the PASAT and LNS. Conclusions The use of the population-specific normative data may improve detection of working memory dysfunction in Spanish-speaking adults living in the US and contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in this population.
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Tomblin, J. Bruce, Paula R. Freese, and Nancy L. Records. "Diagnosing Specific Language Impairment in Adults for the Purpose of Pedigree Analysis." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 4 (August 1992): 832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3504.832.
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Two sets of diagnostic measures were administered to a group of 35 adults with welldocumented histories of specific language impairment and to a control group of 35 normal language users. These measures involved the comprehension and production of words and sentences in formal and spontaneous speaking activities as well as measures of verbal memory and auditory temporal perceptual ability. One set of tasks was administered in a standard face-to-face setting and the other set was given over the telephone. Multivariate and univariate tests indicated that the adults with a history of specific language impairment performed more poorly on all tasks administered. A discriminant analysis of the two sets of measures indicated that four measures in each set identified language-impaired individuals with 97 & #x25; accuracy for the face-to-face battery and 95 & #x25; accuracy for the telephone battery. These results suggest that it should be possible to diagnose specific language impairment in the adult family members of children with specific language impairment and therefore permit accurate construction of pedigrees for specific language impairment.
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Martínez-Florez, Juan F., Juan D. Osorio, Judith C. Cediel, Juan C. Rivas, Ana M. Granados-Sánchez, Jéssica López-Peláez, Tania Jaramillo, and Juan F. Cardona. "Short-Term Memory Binding Distinguishing Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment from Healthy Aging: A Machine Learning Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201447.
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Background: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is the most common preclinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A strategy to reduce the impact of AD is the early aMCI diagnosis and clinical intervention. Neuroimaging, neurobiological, and genetic markers have proved to be sensitive and specific for the early diagnosis of AD. However, the high cost of these procedures is prohibitive in low-income and middle-income countries (LIMCs). The neuropsychological assessments currently aim to identify cognitive markers that could contribute to the early diagnosis of dementia. Objective: Compare machine learning (ML) architectures classifying and predicting aMCI and asset the contribution of cognitive measures including binding function in distinction and prediction of aMCI. Methods: We conducted a two-year follow-up assessment of a sample of 154 subjects with a comprehensive multidomain neuropsychological battery. Statistical analysis was proposed using complete ML architectures to compare subjects’ performance to classify and predict aMCI. Additionally, permutation importance and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) routines were implemented for feature importance selection. Results: AdaBoost, gradient boosting, and XGBoost had the highest performance with over 80%success classifying aMCI, and decision tree and random forest had the highest performance with over 70%success predictive routines. Feature importance points, the auditory verbal learning test, short-term memory binding tasks, and verbal and category fluency tasks were used as variables with the first grade of importance to distinguish healthy cognition and aMCI. Conclusion: Although neuropsychological measures do not replace biomarkers’ utility, it is a relatively sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for aMCI. Further studies with ML must identify cognitive performance that differentiates conversion from average MCI to the pathological MCI observed in AD.
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Khalil, M. A., A. A. Saleh, N. M. El-Fayoumy, and S. M. Gohar. "Social and nonsocial cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia: A comparative neuropsychological and neurophysiological study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1589.
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BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia suffer from cognitive deficits in seven domains in addition to social cognition. P300 latency and amplitude have been linked in these patients to the basic cognitive deficits.ObjectivesComparing patients suffering from schizophrenia with matched healthy subjects as regards auditory event related potential tests as measured by P300.Subjects and methodsFifty-two subjects were divided into 2 groups: group (A): 27 patients with schizophrenia according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-text revised (DSM-IV TR). Those with current substance use, psychiatric disorders or organic disorders were excluded. Group (B): 25 healthy control subjects with negative history of substance and psychiatric disorders. Patients were assessed using Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) for severity of psychotic symptoms, Addenbrook's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) for basic cognitive, reading the mind in the eye test for social cognition, P300 and electro-encephalography (EEG)ResultsThe two groups were different significantly in ACE total and its subtests measuring attention-orientation, memory, language, visuospatial and reading the mind in the eye test for social cognition scores with patients showing lower scores (P = 0.000, 0.012, 0.000, 0.038, 0.041 and 0.001 respectively). Control group had higher amplitude of P300 and shorter latency than patients (P = 0.003 and 0.005 respectively). P300 amplitude correlated positively with visuospatial memory (P = 0.015). PANSS general pathology scale correlated positively with duration of untreated psychosis (P = 0.029) and with fluency (P = 0.047).ConclusionPatients with schizophrenia differ from controls in P300.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Egger, J., L. Van Dongen, C. Stumpel, E. Wingbermuehle, and T. Kleefstra. "Kbg Syndrome and the Establishment of its Neuropsychological Phenotype." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S157—S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2026.
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ObjectiveKBG syndrome is caused by a mutation in the ANKRD11 gene, characterized by short stature and specific dental, craniofacial and skeletal anomalies. Scarce literature on the phenotypical presentation mention delayed speech and motor development as well as mild to moderate intellectual disabilities. As to psychopathology, often, autism and ADHD are mentioned but not yet substantiated in terms of neurocognitive variables.AimAim of the current study was to investigate neurocognitive aspects of KBG syndrome.Participants and Methods Seventeen patients (aged 6–66 years; ten females) with a proven ANKRD11 mutation were compared with two different groups of patients with a genetic disorder and similar developmental ages (n = 14 and n = 10). Neuropsychological assessment was performed focusing on the level of intellectual functioning and on attention, memory, executive functioning, and social cognition.ResultsIn KBG patients, mild to moderate intellectual disabilities (WAIS IV Total IQ = 63.5 ± 10.7, range: 45–84) were established with a mental age that was lower than mean chronological age (6.4 ± 2.6 years versus 11 ± 5.7 years, respectively). When compared to both control groups, results indicated a relatively strong processing speed and social cognitive functioning of patients with KBG while direct recall of auditory memory was relatively poor most probably due to attentional dysfunction.ConclusionsThe cognitive profile of this group of 17 patients with KBG is characterized by mild intellectual disability and diminished sustained attention in verbal tasks. Implications for diagnostic procedures and clinical management of the syndrome are discussed, also with regard to the question how this relates to classificatory diagnosis of ADHD.
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Tomic, Gordana, Jelena Nikolic, Silvana Punisic, Misko Subotic, and Jasna Zidverc-Trajkovic. "Neurorehabilitation of alexia without agraphia - a case report." Medical review 71, no. 9-10 (2018): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1810311t.
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Introduction. Alexia without agraphia is an impairment of reading ability. Speech, auditory comprehension, repetition and writing are relatively intact. Due to a damage of the splenium of corpus callosum, alexia without agraphia is considered to be an interhemispheric disconnection syndrome. Case Report. We presented a 71-year-old male, with chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion in the left medial temporal region, including the equilateral thalamus, posterior cingulate gyrus, splenium of corpus callosum, lingual occipital gyrus, and the tail of the hippocampus. Lacunar ischemia was found on the right side of cerebellum. The neuro-linguistic diagnostic protocol included the Mini Mental State Examination, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Boston Naming Test and phonemic and category fluency tests. We have also designed a clinical protocol for color recognition assessment. The results showed a mild cognitive impairment related to the time and space orientation, delayed memory and reading. On the speech and language levels, a severe acquired alexia without agraphia was registered which was not associated with other language modalities. Conclusion. The neuro-linguistic tests and clinical techniques provide a rather reliable diagnostic criteria, which is the basis for neuro-rehabilitation. The rehabilitation protocol refers to training techniques: tactile-kinesthetic recognition of graphemes and application of various reading techniques, such as letter-by-letter reading, Multiple Oral Re-reading, melodic intonation therapy and oral reading technique in order to facilitate rehabilitation of reading.
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McHale, Cathy, Jennifer Sharkey, Tara Coughlan, Desmond O’Neill, Joshi Dookhy, Lisa Sheridan, and Seán Kennelly. "288 Hearing Loss as a Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor in People with Mild Cognitive Symptoms Attending a Specialist Memory Service." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_3 (September 2019): iii17—iii65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz103.182.
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Abstract Background People with mild hearing loss at age 50 are twice as likely to develop dementia increasing to a five times greater risk for those with severe hearing loss. The prevalence of dementia and hearing impairment increase with age. Intact hearing enables cognition, facilitates social interaction and enhances communication. Hearing loss, social isolation and dementia are commonly interwoven. We recently commenced routine audiology screening in our memory service. Methods Consecutive patients with mild cognitive impairment attending a tertiary memory assessment and support service were referred for full audiology screening. People were routinely referred on basis of cognitive diagnosis, and not on the basis of perceived hearing loss. Assessment included ENT history, otoscopy, tympanometry, pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry to determine the presence, type and amount of any hearing loss present. This included speech discrimination testing – a functional test to determine processing of 10 phonetically balanced words with 100% being an optimal response. Results 20 people (12 women), mean age 72.3 (range 57-87) were assessed. The majority had amnestic MCI 18/20 (90%). 9/20 (45%) patients subjectively complained of hearing loss. 7/20 (35%) had history of occupational noise exposure. 12/20 (60%) had occlusion due to ear wax. Hearing loss identified: Mild 8/20 (40%); Moderate to severe 7/20 (35%); with Normal hearing in 5/20 (25%). High frequency hearing loss was noted in 19/20 (95%). Speech discrimination score was impaired in those with hearing loss: mean 89.4% (range 66-100). 6/20 (30%) received referral for hearing aids. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of incorporating an assessment of auditory acuity as part of memory assessment and post-diagnostic care-pathway for people with mild cognitive complaints given the established impact hearing loss has on the future risk for cognitive decline. Hearing loss is frequently unidentified and is a clear modifiable risk factor to promote brain health.
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Loganovsky, Konstantin N., and Nataliya A. Zdanevich. "Cerebral basis of posttraumatic stress disorder following the Chernobyl disaster." CNS Spectrums 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285291200096x.
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BackgroundWhether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following radiation emergency has psychopathological, neurocognitive, and neurophysiological peculiarities is at issue.ObjectiveThe goal was to explore the features and cerebral basis of “radiation” PTSD in the survivors of the Chernobyl accident.Subjects and MethodsThe cross-sectional study included 241 people, 219 of whom have been diagnosed with PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria, among them 115 clean-up workers of the Chernobyl accident (34 with acute radiation sickness), 76 evacuees from the Chernobyl exclusion zone, 28 veterans of the war in Afghanistan, and 22 healthy unexposed individuals. Psychometric examinations, neurocognitive assessments, computerized electroencephalography, and cerebral vascular Doppler were used.Results“Radiation” PTSD includes “flashforward” phenomena and anticipating stress (projection of fear and danger to the future); somatoform disorders (depression, trait and state anxiety); and neurocognitive deficit (impaired memory and attention, auditory-verbal memory and learning, proactive and retroactive interference, cerebellar and stem symptoms, intellectual changes). The intima-media component, thickness of common carotid arteries, and common and left internal carotid arteries stenosis rates are increased in the liquidators. Changes of bioelectrical brain activity as a decrease of beta- and theta-power, together with an increase of alpha-power, were found in the Chernobyl accident survivors with PTSD.ConclusionsPTSD following radiation emergency is characterized by comorbidity of psychopathology, neurocognitive deficit, and cerebrovascular pathology with increased risk of cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke. The cerebral basis of this PTSD is proposed to be an abnormal communication between the pyramidal cells of the neocortex and the hippocampus, and deep brain structures. It is recommended that a system of emergency and long-term psychological and psychiatric care be organized for the survivors in Fukushima Daichi, Japan
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Ebert, Kerry Danahy, and Giang Pham. "Including Nonlinguistic Processing Tasks in the Identification of Developmental Language Disorder." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 932–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-idll-18-0208.
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Purpose Accurate identification of developmental language disorder (DLD) remains challenging, particularly for children who speak different dialects, languages, or more than 1 language. Children with DLD, on average, have shown subtle deficits on nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks, and performance on such tasks may be minimally influenced by language experience. This study explores whether nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks can contribute to the identification of DLD in children from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Method Study 1 combined data from 4 U.S.-based investigations to yield a sample of 395 children, ages 6–10 years, who spoke only English or both Spanish and English. Study 2 consisted of an international sample of 55 kindergarten children living in Vietnam. Each study included children with DLD and children with typical development. Participants completed nonlinguistic cognitive tasks of processing speed, auditory working memory, and attentional control. Data analysis compared typically developing to DLD groups by age and language background. Then, we empirically derived cut-points to report diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios). Results For all 3 tasks, adequate sensitivity or specificity (but not both in most cases) was achieved in nearly all age groups. Likelihood ratios reached moderately to very informative levels in several instances. Diagnostic results were maintained when monolingual and bilingual samples were combined into a single group. Conclusions Nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks may contribute to accurate identification of DLD in combination with other measures. Further research is needed to refine tasks, confirm cut-points established here, and extend findings to children from additional language backgrounds.
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Talamonti, Deborah, Rebecca Koscik, Sterling Johnson, and Davide Bruno. "Predicting Early Mild Cognitive Impairment With Free Recall: The Primacy of Primacy." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz013.
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Abstract Objectives Serial position effects have been found to discriminate between normal and pathological aging, and to predict conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Different scoring methods have been used to estimate the accuracy of these predictions. In the current study, we investigated delayed primacy as predictor of progression to early MCI over established diagnostic memory methods. We also compared three serial position methods (regional, standard and delayed scores) to determine which measure is the most sensitive in differentiating between individuals who develop early MCI from a baseline of cognitively intact older adults. Method Data were analyzed with binary logistic regression and with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). Baseline serial position scores were collected using the Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test and used to predict conversion to early MCI. The diagnosis of early MCI was obtained through statistical algorithm and consequent consensus conference. One hundred and ninety-one participants were included in the analyses. All participants were aged 60 or above and cognitively intact at baseline. Results The binary logistic regression showed that delayed primacy was the only predictor of conversion to early MCI, when compared to total and delayed recall. ROC curves showed that delayed primacy was still the most sensitive predictor of progression to early MCI when compared to other serial position measures. Conclusions These findings are consistent with previous studies and support the hypothesis that delayed primacy may be a useful cognitive marker of early detection of neurodegeneration.
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Regala, Joana, and Francisco Moniz-Pereira. "457 - VERY LATE-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA-LIKE PSYCHOSIS… A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA…" International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (October 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220003099.
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Background:The nosology and etiological underpinnings of very late -onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (VLOSLP) have remained controversial. This case report highlights its diagnostic complexity.Case report:A 64-year-old woman, with a previous history of hypertension, diabetes, mild cognitive decline, right grade-4 hemiparesis as sequelae of an ischemic-stroke (three years before), started persecutory and partition delusions. After six months, the delusions were accompanied by complex visual hallucinations (scenic, lilliputian and holocampine), elementary auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations, causing a profound daily life impact, consequently she was hospitalized. Neither negative symptoms nor formal thought disorders were present. Electroencephalography and laboratorial evaluations were unremarkable (including thyroid function, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, infectious serologies and anti-gliadin/transglutaminase antibodies). Neuroimaging displayed subcortical microvascular lesions in the left centrum semiovale, bilateral thalamic and basal ganglia lacunes. Neuropsychological examination revealed mild/moderate impairment in working-memory, sustained-attention, executive functions, abstract thinking, and visuospatial abilities. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scored 20/30. Clozapine was started. As psychotic symptoms ameliorated cognitive deficits also improved (MMSE score: 25/30). She was discharged with residual symptoms.Discussion:Late-life psychosis implies a thorough investigation, bringing about challenges in diagnosis. Several medical causes, including neuroinflammatory/immunologic, were ruled out. This two-stage progression, with partition delusions and multimodal hallucinations, in the absence of formal thought disorder and negative symptoms is typical of VLOSP. It is arguable to ascribe our patient’s psychosis to a previous vascular dementia or to VLOSLP. Almost half of VLOSLP patients may develop dementia. It is still debatable whether this propensity is a true characteristic of VLOPSL or reflects an initial misdiagnosis. Some neuropathological studies suggest a restricted limbic tauopathy underlying VLOSP. Notwithstanding, cognitive impairment is common in VLOSLP, including in those patients who do not develop dementia. Neuroimaging studies evidence that lacunar infarction in the basal ganglia alongside chronic white matter small vessels ischemic disease, may underlie the pathophysiology of psychosis via a disruption in the frontal-subcortical pathways. Nevertheless, cases of post-stroke psychosis usually resolve in few months. In conclusion, the neurobiological underpinnings of VLOSLP are complex and multifaceted. More systematized studies using biomarkers and neuroimaging are needed so clinicians can perform a more accurate diagnosis of VLOSLP.
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Boyer, Robert W., and Dodds E. Charleston. "Auditory Memory-Search." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.927.
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A methodology for an auditory analogue to the visual memory-search task first reported by Sternberg in 1966 was developed to test the effects of processing load with high levels of practice using auditory stimuli and to examine the generality of hypotheses of processing mode based on visual memory search. Simultaneously presented pure tones discriminable by frequency and location were used in a single-presentation, search task. The number of tones in the memory and test sets, the presence or absence of a match, and categorical differences between targets and distractors were varied in a fixed-set procedure using consistent mapping of stimuli to responses such that tones used in the memory set were never used as distractors. Results demonstrated that subjects were able to perform the search tasks even when as many as four pure tones were presented simultaneously. Under conditions in which target and distractor ensembles were composed of a mixture of high and low tones, accuracy and mean reaction time continued to show load effects after extensive practice. Under conditions in which targets were categorically different from distractors, low tones versus high tones, load effects were nonsignificant even at the beginning of practice. Implications for search-task paradigms and for a theory of automaticity are discussed. Parameters that relate automatic and controlled processing to an underlying quantitative continuum ate emphasized.
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Mills, Rónán, Christopher G. McCusker, Chris Tennyson, and Donncha Hanna. "Neuropsychological outcomes in CHD beyond childhood: a meta-analysis." Cardiology in the Young 28, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104795111700230x.
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AbstractBackgroundRisk for neurodevelopmental delay in infants and children with CHD is well established, but longer-term outcomes are equivocal. A meta-analysis was conducted to establish whether cognitive deficits remain beyond childhood – into teenage and young adult years.Methods and resultsA total of 18 unique samples, involving adolescents, teenagers, and adults with CHD significant enough to require invasive intervention, and sourced through searches of Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, and PsychInfo, met the inclusion criteria. These included the use of standardised neuropsychology tests across 10 domains of cognitive functioning and the reporting of effect size differences with controls. Reports of patients with chromosomal or genetic abnormalities were excluded. Pooled effect sizes suggested no significant differences between CHD samples and controls in terms of general intellectual ability and verbal reasoning. However, small–medium effects sizes were noted (0.33–0.44) and were statistically significant within the domains of non-verbal reasoning, processing speed, attention, auditory–verbal memory, psychomotor abilities, numeracy, and literacy with executive functioning also emerging as significant when one study outlier was excluded. We also included quality assurance statistics including Cochran’s Q, T, and I2 statistics, leave-one-out analyses, and assessment of publication bias. These often suggested study variability, possibly related to the heterogeneity of diagnostic groups included, and different tests used to measure the same construct.ConclusionsHeterogeneity indicated that moderators affect cognitive outcomes in CHD. Nevertheless, deficits across cognitive domains were discerned, which are likely to have functional impact and which should inform practice with this clinical population.
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Vukovic, V., S. Nikolić Lalić, T. Voskresenski, and S. Jokić. "Kraepelin's ghost: Late onset schizophrenia, dementia (non)praecox, or paraphrenia? (case report)." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1982.
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IntroductionIt is difficult to establish whether a patient has late onset schizophrenia or frontotemporal dementia. The object of the following case report is to point out the difficulty of making a differential diagnosis between these two entities.Case summaryA 49-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital after presenting with auditory and visual hallucinations, formal thought disorder, persecutory delusions, ideas of reference, insomnia. Memory, executive function and attentional tasks were severely compromised. Computerized tomography showed incipient frontal lobe atrophy. There were no significant abnormalities found in blood and urine samples or physical and neurological examinations. After showing no response to olanzapine, and extrapyramidal side effects to fluphenazine, risperidone was initiated which subsequently led to complete withdrawal of positive symptoms.DiscussionPatients presenting with psychotic symptoms after the age of 40 presented a diagnostic quandary, as they were less likely to present with negative symptoms, formal thought disorder or affective blunting, and more likely to have systematised delusions and visual hallucinations. Frontotemporal dementia is a disorder that can present itself with cognitive decline and a large range of psychiatric symptoms. The risk of late onset schizophrenia is greater in women, possibly implicating a causative role of female sex hormones. Atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine seem to be an adequate treatment.ConclusionSchizophrenia is a heterogeneous disease with a large variety of clinical manifestations. Special care should be given to patients with age over 40, including neurocognitive assessment, laboratory and hormone tests, and a long-term follow-up.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Moalla, M., R. Sellami, I. Feki, S. Hentati, and J. Masmoudi. "Ganser's syndrome: A nosographic approach." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.513.
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IntroductionGanser described a peculiar hysterical state, called Ganser's syndrome. This syndrome raises many etiological and psychopathological unresolved issues.ObjectivesThis article proposes to present the place of the Ganser's syndrome in the current nosographic framework throw the analyse of a clinical case and a literature review.ObservationA 28-year-old man was admitted for fugue and memory loss. This symptomatology evolves since three days after an emotional conflict.He complained from headache. He showed incoherent speech with approximate responses, lability, anxiety, auditory hallucinations, unstructured mild delusional ideation, cognitive difficulties, altered sleep-wake rhythm and anorexia.Memory gaps were observed with difficulties in abstract thinking.Symptoms totally regressed after one week under anxiolytic treatment.CommentsGanser's syndrome was evoked in the presence of suggestive symptoms: presence of a stressor factor, cardinal symptoms (approximate answers), associated symptoms (hallucinations + confusion + somatoform symptoms) and rapid restitution. Ganser considered this syndrome as a special case of crepuscular state, belonging to hysteria. Ganser's syndrome was included in DSM-III but located in factitious disorders against Ganser's position. In DSM-IV, it was positioned in unspecified dissociative disorders. In DSM-5, its place was reduced to a few words in the end of the introduction of dissociative disorders, and was no longer used as dissociative disorder.ConclusionAlthough Ganser's syndrome is not part of current diagnostic criteria for dissociative disorders, clinical descriptions of Ganser remain of clinical of interest by nosographic questions they have raised, in particular the link between simulation, psychiatric disorder and non psychiatric disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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McKeown, Denis, and David Wellsted. "Auditory memory for timbre." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 35, no. 3 (2009): 855–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013708.
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Zimmermann, Jacqueline F., Morris Moscovitch, and Claude Alain. "Attending to auditory memory." Brain Research 1640 (June 2016): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.032.
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Fredrick, A., D. Manjarres, D. Jain, Z. Bell, and J. Fink. "Neuropsychological Considerations of the Cultural and Linguistic Challenges of Working with a Bilingual/Bicultural Patient with Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): A Case Report." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.54.
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Abstract Objective This case highlights the importance of understanding bilingualism, English as a second language (ESL), immigration as an older adult, and acculturation, in light of neuropsychological test results of an individual with MSA. Case Description Mrs. X is a right-handed, 73-year-old, South African woman. Her first language is Afrikaans while her second language is English. She has a history of MSA (2015). She reported a significant decline in her previously mastered English fluency. Challenges with language (i.e., reading comprehension, conversation), focus, balance, and activities of daily living, bilateral arm jerks, and difficulties with ambulation, Pisa Syndrome (left), loss of appetite, incontinence, fluctuating temperature, depression, personality changes, and suspected auditory hallucinations were also expressed. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes The neurocognitive findings indicated global impairment. Aside from an average score in her reading recognition, and low-average in a test of mental flexibility, Mrs. X had impairment in attention, learning, immediate and delayed memory, executive functioning, receptive and expressive language, confrontation naming, and visuospatial abilities. Mrs. X’s motoric difficulties and parkinsonism made it difficult for her to participate in testing comfortably. Language barriers were prominent: Mrs. X occasionally required English-Afrikaans translation and multiple repetitions of prompts. Summary and impressions of test results acknowledged the cultural and linguistic limitations of the evaluation. She was diagnosed with Major Neurocognitive Disorder secondary to MSA. Discussion In patients with diffuse impairment, it is essential to understand the role of dual language processes, ESL, and cultural limitations of assessments in order to accurately differentiate between neurodegenerative processes (i.e., Alzheimer’s Disease vs. other disorders), as well as to determine the impact of MSA on the linguistic abilities of bilingual individuals.
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Bauernfeind, Günther, Sabine Haumann, and Thomas Lenarz. "fNIRS for future use in auditory diagnostics." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0051.
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AbstractFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technique for the assessment of functional activity of the cerebral cortex. Recently fNIRS was also envisaged as a novel neuroimaging approach for measuring the auditory cortex (AC) activity in cochlear implant (CI) users. In the present study we report on initial measurements of AC activation due to spatial sound presentation with a first target to generate data for comparison with CI user and the future use in auditory diagnostics.