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Journal articles on the topic 'Diagnostics of timber structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kuklík, Petr, Lukáš Velebil, Anna Gregorová, and Petr Svora. "MONITORING AND PROTECTION OF TIMBER-CONCRETE BRIDGES." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (July 25, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0057.

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The majority of timber bridges for ordinary road traffic are often made as timber-concrete composite structures. Concrete slab is something like as umbrella for timber. The reason for problems in timber-concrete bridges is nearly always poor detailing for durability and neglected maintenance. Mainly all aspects of timber protection and maintenance should therefore be considered even during the planning phase of bridge. Paper deals with evaluation of timber properties, system of opto-fiber sensors for monitoring and diagnostics of mechanical stress of timber-concrete bridges, and degradation of timber due to UV radiation, atmospheric conditions and biological agents after application of photocatalytic materials on surface.

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2

Macchioni, Nicola, Massimo Mannucci, Roberto Olmi, Sabrina Palanti, and Cristiano Riminesi. "Microwave Reflectometric Tool for Non-Destructive Assessment of Decay on Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.281.

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Timber structures can be degraded during their life both by structural problems and, mainly, by biological degradation factors like fungi, and insects (Coleoptera and termites). The occurrence of these biodegradation agents leads, in the absence of appropriate maintenance interventions, to the loss of their structural integrity. Furthermore, if these biological agents decay old buildings, the loss of mechanical resistance of timber structures can be added to loss of cultural heritages. Just in these contexts an early evaluation of decay is crucial to design remedial treatments and a less invasive restoration intervention. This work presents a new microwave diagnostic system for the in situ evaluation of timber structures based on microwave reflectometry, i.e on the measurement of the microwave reflection coefficient as a function of frequency. The continuous-wave (CW) microwave signal is launched by a double-ridged antenna, which also measures the wave reflected by the material under investigation. The measurement system allows diagnosing the effects of biodegradation during a first quick survey in a non-destructive and non-invasive manner. Measurements on laboratory models demonstrated the feasibility of the method. Results obtained on timber beam sections, compared with the findings of traditional investigation methodologies, demonstrate the potentiality of microwave reflectometry, suggesting its usefulness for decay detection and as a support to invasive diagnostic tools.

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3

Feci, Elisabetta, Massimo Mannucci, and Sabrina Palanti. "Diagnostic Evaluation of Insect Attack on Existing Timber Structures: A Review of some Case Studies." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1020.

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The problem of wood-boring insect attacks is gaining greater interest in Italy today. Wood-boring insects (Coleoptera, termites) often cause both structural and aesthetic damage on wooden structures which can sometimes give rise to human health concerns. Possible causes of current insect infestations include the use of timber originating from plantations, as well as bad post-felling practices such as late harvesting and stocking in unsuitable places before final processing. In the past, these insects were not thought to pose an economic threat to timber in service in Italy, but, in recent years, they have become a problem. The aim of this paper is to report on case studies concerning the occurrence of these unusual wood-boring insects on timber in service and, on the basis of the Authors experience, to formulate an in situ inspection protocol. The species we are dealing with in the case studies are: Bostrichus capucinus, family Bostrichidae, associated with Lyctus spp. (Fam. Lyctidae) and Lymexylon navale, family Lymexylonidae, belonging to the group of the so-called ambrosia beetles or pinhole borers. All these species were found on hardwoods, where they had bored into the sapwood except for L. navale which was also able to bore into heartwood, causing major concerns about its potential danger to timber in service. A technical integrated approach in evaluating insect attacks on on-site timber elements is also described here. The assessment is based on different methods, i.e. visual inspection and acoustic detection. This procedure is proposed as a basis for the development of an intervention protocol in the early stages of infestation.

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4

Jasieńko, Jerzy, Tomasz Nowak, and Katarzyna Hamrol. "Selected Methods of Diagnosis of Historic Timber Structures – Principles and Possibilities of Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.225.

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The paper presents a survey of state-of-the-art nondestructive and semi-destructive diagnostic techniques of testing timber structures and examples of their application. Nondestructive testing is a field of study which covers: identifying the mechanical and physical properties of materials and structural components, detecting material defects and discontinuities, and measuring the geometric dimensions of objects without affecting their performance. The nondestructive and semi-destructive methods are described in a systematic manner and the relevant equipment, technology and applications are discussed. The paper focuses on acoustic methods, resistance drilling techniques and radiography, which are suitable for detecting internal defects, decay and cracks, determining the location and dimensions of degraded areas and assessing the mechanical properties of structural timber members. Much attention is devoted to the techniques that are used in practice and have shown significant promise for future development. The results of several drilling resistance tests carried out on historic timber structures are presented.

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5

Daňková, Jana, Tereza Murínová, and Pavel Mec. "The Existing Timber Structures – Possibilities and Limits of Diagnostic Methods in Assessment Process." Advanced Materials Research 923 (April 2014): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.923.17.

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The wood is traditionally been applied as the building material in building and bridge construction. The number of applications of wood in building structures increases in recent years. According with this trend, the emphasis is on the development of diagnostic and monitoring methods for existing wood structures. In the paper, published results of a survey of existing wood structures in relation to the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the investigated structures. There are finally discussed the possibility to reproduce the results of non-destructive measurement relative to evaluate the strength characteristics of wood.

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6

Drdácký, Miloš, and Michal Kloiber. "In Situ Compression Stress-Deformation Measurements along the Timber Depth Profile." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.209.

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The paper presents a novel concept and a prototype of a diagnostic tool for in-situ assessment of timber in existing structures and buildings. The device enables direct determination of conventional compressive strength and modulus of deformation in arbitrary depth along timber profile. The measurement of the stress-deformation relationship is performed in a prepared hole of a very small diameter by means of a special small size symmetrical loading jack. Testing and verification of the new device behaviour during loading of wood along the fibres has been carried out on fir which is the most frequent wood species in European buildings. The comparison of stress-strain diagrams acquired by means of the new device with those measured in compliance with the European standard for testing of wood shows a very good correlation including the determination of the compressive strength values. This semi-destructive method causes a very gentle damage and can be also used for the assessment of historic timber structures.

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7

Diodato, Maria, Nicola Macchioni, Michele Brunetti, Benedetto Pizzo, Michela Nocetti, Paolo Burato, Lorena Sozzi, Elisa Pecoraro, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, and Camilla Mileto. "A Peculiar Spanish Timber Floor, the "Revoltón": A Diagnostic Example at the "Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló"." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1064.

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The paper deals with the application of the Italian method for assessing on-site and diagnosing timber elements to a distinctive Spanish type of horizontal structure called “revoltón” i.e. jack arch floor. As in Spain does not exist a specific regulation for the on-site diagnosis of timber elements, this analysis was performed according to the Italian standard UNI 11119. Due to the peculiar features of the jack arch floor some modifications were applied to the method.During spring 2012 the authors had the opportunity to carry out a pilot project by making a diagnostic analysis on a whole three stories building. The building, “Palacio del Marqués de Benicarló”, located in Spain in the town of Benicarló, between Barcelona and Valencia, was erected during the second half of the XVIII century. It maintains the original internal distribution and structure, and it is characterized by precious ceramic decorations on walls and floors. All the horizontal structures studied inside the palace were jack arch floor except the roof structure that was also made of timber.The results of the project described in the paper clarify the specific problems of the horizontal structures and the roof surveyed during the fieldwork. These results are accompanied by several plans that represent the information recovered on-site and lead to a complete assessment of the structures. The plans include the grading based on wood defects, the local moisture content of wood, the superficial and inner decay due to insects and rot and the deformation of the joists. In this way it was possible to locate the areas of the palace where more problems were concentrated, and better understand the causes and origin of the damages.

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8

Podestà, Stefano, Federica Pompejano, and Gerolamo Stagno. "The Wooden Roof of Banesa e Skendulate in Gjirokastra, Albania: The Role of the Diagnostic Test Campaign in the Structural Safety Evaluation." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.911.

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Banesa e Skendulate is part of the historical center of the museum-city of Gjirokastra (Albanian UNESCO World Heritage), an unique and well-preserved example of Albanian urban vernacular architecture influenced by the ottoman architectural style, situated in a strategic position in the valley of the Drino. Banesa e Skendulate represents not only the typical compositional characteristics of this architecture but also a culture and a lifestyle deeply rooted in its own traditions. As its known, historic roofings are load-bearing structures made of timber according to an empirical and intuitive design, without structural engineering theory support, and Banesa e Skendulates roof is a clear example of the posts and beams system and shows the ability of the local craftsmen to deal with the support of heavy stone roofing. In the following paragraphs, will be presented the non-destructive diagnostic testing performed on the wooden structure of the roofing together with a detailed geometric and technological survey in order to recognize the structural system, its behavior and pathology and then process the analytical 3D model. Furthermore, the paper deals with the problem arose as consequence of the interpretation of the results obtained by the diagnostic tests, concerning the determination of the classes of resistance attached to ancient structural wooden elements that, for obvious reasons, cannot be classified according to the strength classes defined by the regulations for new timber constructions. Applying the reference strength values classified for the new timber elements to the historic ones, can cause a heavy penalty in terms of structural safety verification of the roof; that is why the role of the diagnostic test campaign should guide the reinforcement project applying reference values determined on the real conditions of the wooden elements.

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9

De Ponti, Riccardo D., Lorenzo Cantini, and Laura Bolondi. "Evaluation of the masonry and timber structures of San Francisco Church in Santiago de Cuba through nondestructive diagnostic methods." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 24, no. 11 (February 21, 2017): e2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.2001.

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10

Bajno, Dariusz, Agnieszka Grzybowska, and Łukasz Bednarz. "Old and Modern Wooden Buildings in the Context of Sustainable Development." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 5975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185975.

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Construction is a powerful industry that is not indifferent to the environment. Neither the maintenance of buildings in a proper technical condition nor their eventual demolition is indifferent to the environment. The main threats to the environment are still the inefficient use of construction materials and energy needed for their production and installation, as well as the emission of harmful substances to the environment at the stage of operation of buildings and their demolition. This article discusses the importance of wood as a renewable material in terms of its physical and mechanical properties. The restoration of forest areas is of great importance to the global ecosystem and the sustainable development system, reducing the threat of global warming and the greenhouse effect by reducing CO2 levels. In addition, demolition wood can be reused in construction, can be safely recycled as it quickly decomposes, or can be used as a source of renewable energy. The preservation of existing timber-framed buildings in good condition contributes to a lower consumption of this raw material for repair, which already significantly reduces the energy required for their manufacture, transport, and assembly. This also reduces the amount of waste that would have to be disposed of in various ways. Both at the stage of design, execution, and then exploitation, one forgets about the physical processes taking place inside the partitions and about the external climatic influences of the environment (precipitation, water vapor, and temperature) on which the type, intensity, and extent of chemical and biological corrosion depend to a very high degree. This paper presents examples of the influence of such impacts on the operational safety of three selected objects: a feed storehouse and an officer casino building from the second half of the nineteenth century and an 18th century rural homestead building. The research carried out on wooden structures of the above-mentioned objects “in situ” was verified by means of simulation models, which presented their initial and current technical conditions in relation to the type and amount of impact they should safely absorb. Moreover, within the framework of this paper, artificial intelligence methods have been implemented to predict the biological corrosion of the structures studied. The aim of the paper was to draw attention to the timber already built into buildings, which may constitute waste even after several years of operation, requiring disposal and at the same time the production of a substitute. The purpose of the research carried out by the authors of the article was to examine the older and newer buildings in use, the structures of which, in whole or in part, were made of wood. On a global scale, there will be considerable demand for the energy required to thermally dispose of this waste or to deposit it in landfills with very limited capacity until its complete biological decomposition. These energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions can be prevented by effective diagnostics of such structures and the predictability of their behaviour over time, with respect to the conditions under which they are operated. The authors of the article, during each assessment of the technical condition of a building containing wooden elements, analysed the condition of their protection each time and predicted the period of their safe life without the need for additional reinforcements or replacement by others. As the later reality shows, it is a very effective method of saving money and energy.

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11

Cameron, Stephen L., and Michael F. Whiting. "Mitochondrial genomic comparisons of the subterranean termites from the Genus Reticulitermes (Insecta: Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)." Genome 50, no. 2 (February 2007): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-148.

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Termites of the genus Reticulitermes are some of the most significant pests of structural timber and tree farming in the northern hemisphere, causing losses in the billions of dollars annually because of direct damage and termite control costs. This group has been frequently targeted for population genetic, phylogenetic, and species limit studies, most of which use mitochondrial (mt) genes; however, only a small fraction of the genome has been sequenced. The entire mt genome was sequenced for the eastern North American members of Reticulitermes: R. flavipes, R. santonensis, R. virginicus, and R. hageni. The mt genome has the same gene content and organization as that found in most insect species; however, the nucleotide composition and skew are highly biased (AT% low, strong A- and C-skew). Both the protein-coding and transfer RNA genes show high absolute levels of nucleotide substitution, suggesting that the high rates of mutation within Reticulitermes inferred from analyses of single mt genes are a general characteristic of the entire mt genome. The AT-rich or control region has a remarkable structure not previously observed in insect mt genomes. The majority of the control region is made up of 2 sets of repeat units, typically with 2 full and 1 partial copies of both the A (or small; 186 bp) and B (or large; 552 bp) repeats. The partial repeat units overlap by 36 bp. The size, location, and degree of overlap for the partial repeat units correspond to highly conserved stem/loop structures within the repeat units, suggesting that these structures are involved in the replication-mediated processes that govern repeat-unit evolution within mt genomes. Finally, molecular variation within the mt gene regions was compared with previous regions used in molecular diagnostics or phylogenetics of Reticulitermes. High numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in each of the mt genes, and some of the highest variability was found in gene regions that have not previously been investigated in this group. The whole mt genome sequence can thus be used to predict useful regions for future investigation.

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12

Edlund, Bo. "Timber Structures." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612439.

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13

McDougall, Reece. "Conserving Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2006.11464741.

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14

Kuda, D., and M. Petříčková. "Modular timber structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 800 (May 19, 2020): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/800/1/012033.

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15

Žagar, Zvonimir. "Smart Timber Structures." IABSE Symposium Report 85, no. 11 (January 1, 2001): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137801796348313.

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16

Ceraldi, C., C. D’Ambra, M. Lippiello, and A. Prota. "Restoring of timber structures: connections with timber pegs." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 75, no. 6 (April 1, 2017): 957–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1179-6.

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17

YASUMURA, MOTOI. "Large-Scale Timber Structures." Wood Preservation 23, no. 4 (1997): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.23.199.

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18

Ceccotti, Ario. "Composite concrete-timber structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 4, no. 3 (2002): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.126.

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19

Vavrušová, Kristýna, and Antonín Lokaj. "Timber Structures Fire Resistance." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10160-010-0025-0.

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Timber Structures Fire Resistance The topic of this contribution is an outline of the timber structures design and assessment issues related to effects of fire according to standard and alternative (fully probabilistic) methods.

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20

Köhler, Jochen, and Staffan Svensson. "Special Issue — Timber Structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.026.

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21

Kurz, Jochen H. "Monitoring of timber structures." Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 5, no. 2 (April 9, 2014): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13349-014-0075-6.

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22

Radford, D. W., D. Van Goethem, R. M. Gutkowski, and M. L. Peterson. "Composite repair of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 16, no. 7 (October 2002): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(02)00044-2.

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23

Köhler, Jochen, John Dalsgaard Sørensen, and Michael Havbro Faber. "Probabilistic modeling of timber structures." Structural Safety 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2006.07.007.

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24

Kirkegaard, P. H., J. D. Sørensen, and F. Hald. "Robustness Analyses of Timber Structures." Computational Technology Reviews 8 (September 3, 2013): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ctr.8.5.

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25

Wheeler, A. S., and A. R. Hutchinson. "Resin repairs to timber structures." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 18, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7496(97)00060-2.

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26

Leicester, R. H., C. H. Wang, M. N. Nguyen, and C. E. MacKenzie. "Design of Exposed Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 2009): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2009.11465024.

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27

Leicester, R. H. "Buckling Strength of Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 2009): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2009.11465027.

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28

Dowrick, D. J. "Hysteresis loops for timber structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.2.143-152.

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This paper reviews experimentally determined hysteresis loops for timber structures, including moment-resisting joints with (i) steel and (ii) plywood side plates, (iii) shear walls clad with various materials, and (iv) push-pull tests on various connection details. The paper compares bending and push-pull hysteresis loops for nailed steel side-plate joints. An attempt is made to classify the above hysteretic behaviour for analytical purposes, and the available computer models are reviewed for applicability to these hysteresis shapes.

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29

Kovarova, Barbora. "Spatial Prefabrication in Timber Structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 23, 2019): 032053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/3/032053.

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30

Malo, K. A., J. Siem, and P. Ellingsbø. "Quantifying ductility in timber structures." Engineering Structures 33, no. 11 (November 2011): 2998–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.03.002.

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31

Schober, Kay-Uwe, Annette M. Harte, Robert Kliger, Robert Jockwer, Qingfeng Xu, and Jian-Fei Chen. "FRP reinforcement of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 97 (October 2015): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.020.

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32

Schober, Kay-Uwe, and Thomas Tannert. "Hybrid connections for timber structures." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 74, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1024-3.

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33

Pokrovskaya, Elena. "Longevity enhancement of wooden civil structures." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126301023.

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A method of longevity enhancement of wooden civil structures by absorption-chemical modification of timber surfaces is described herein. The modifiers were phosphoric acid ethers. The properties of the superficial layer were studied by IR-spectroscopy and elementary analysis by Energy Dispersion X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for build-up detection of covalent bonds of the modifier with the timber surface. During mycological studies, quantities of vital spores on surfaces of wooden structures were measured. As a result, the modified surface of the timber features durable a high degree of biological and fire protection enhancing the longevity of timber structures. The obtained results were practically introduced for longevity enhancement of the timber structures in Ryazan Kremlin, Anglican Church in Archangel’sk City, Nikol’skaya Church (Lyavlya Village, Archangel’sk Region), in Yaroslavl’ Wooden Architecture Museum, Holy Trinity Sergius’ Lavra, in construction of individual housings in Moscow Region.

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34

Fajman, Petr, and Jiri Maca. "Historical Timber Structures with Selected Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 769 (June 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.769.25.

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Repairs of historical timber structures lead to connecting existing and new beams. The requirements for beam authenticity make use of older ways of connecting. The first type is the splice of beams in bending with the scarf joint, rafters and tie-beams are joined with the dovetail and, finally, the connection of the main joist with the strut is by the mortise carve.

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35

Harris, Richard. "Design of timber gridded shell structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 164, no. 2 (April 2011): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.9.00088.

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36

Steer, P. J. "EN1995Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 144, no. 6 (November 2001): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2001.144.6.39.

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37

Jirka, Ondrej, and Karel Mikes. "Semi-rigid joints of timber structures." Pollack Periodica 5, no. 2 (August 2010): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.5.2010.2.2.

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38

Duszyk, Iwona, and Wojciech Gilewski. "An Introduction to Timber Textile Structures." Procedia Engineering 91 (2014): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.049.

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39

Margetts, L. "The Conservation of Large Timber Structures." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2008.11464767.

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40

D'Ayala, Dina, and Hui Wang. "Conservation Practice of Chinese Timber Structures." Journal of Architectural Conservation 12, no. 2 (January 2006): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2006.10784966.

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41

Natterer, Julius K. "New technologies for engineered timber structures." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 4, no. 3 (July 2002): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.119.

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42

van de Kuilen, J. W. G. "Service life modelling of timber structures." Materials and Structures 40, no. 1 (October 18, 2006): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9158-0.

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43

Branco, Jorge M., and Ivan Giongo. "Special issue on “existing timber structures”." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1453327.

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44

D'Aveni, Antonino, and Giuseppe D'Agata. "Post-tensioned timber structures: New perspectives." Construction and Building Materials 153 (October 2017): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.031.

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45

Colella, Micaela. "Structures, Algorithms and Stone/Timber Prototypes." Nexus Network Journal 19, no. 1 (July 25, 2016): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-016-0310-z.

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46

Gilbert, Benoit P., Steven B. Hancock, Henri Bailleres, and Mohammed Hjiaj. "Thin-walled timber structures: An investigation." Construction and Building Materials 73 (December 2014): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.070.

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47

Harte, Annette M., and Keith Crews. "Special issue: Reinforcement of timber structures." Construction and Building Materials 97 (October 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.144.

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48

Bell, T. J. "Extended use of timber frame structures." Construction and Building Materials 6, no. 3 (January 1992): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(92)90009-n.

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Chan, Nicholas, Ashkan Hashemi, Pouyan Zarnani, and Pierre Quenneville. "Pinching-Free Connector for Timber Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 147, no. 5 (May 2021): 04021036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002982.

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Salatov, E. K., A. S. Bagay, and S. V. Belkina. "REINFORCING TIMBER STRUCTURES WITH COMPOSITE MATERIALS." Вестник Московского информационно-технологического университета - Московского архитектурно-строительного института, no. 1 (2021): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52470/2619046x_2020_1_21.

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