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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diagnostika nádoru'
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1
Kříž, Martin. "Nové diagnostické metody v dermatologii: neinvazivní diagnostika nemelanomových nádorů kůže." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322633.
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Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the light-skinned population. New less- or non-invasive treatments are increasingly used for NMSC patients, making the development of non-invasive diagnostic technologies highly relevant. The scope of this work is to present data on the current state-of-art in diagnostic methods for NMSC and actinic keratosis. Different key words were searched through scientific search-engines. Results of the two of our studies are presented. Encouraging results from the reviewed diagnostic trials have suggested a high diagnostic accuracy for many of the new technologies. New imaging technologies have the capability of providing new or additional data or enough information in vivo to understand of NMSC development and to help the clinical diagnostics. Some of the new technologies, especially the high frequency ultrasonography described in the paper have the potential to be used in the daily praxis of NMSC diagnostic. The fluorescence diagnostic brings in our point of view a great merit in second line diagnostics of advanced and not clear cases.
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Halaška, Michael. "Možnosti diagnostiky lymfedému po operaci zhoubného nádoru prsu." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-268826.
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Lymphoedema is a severe postoperative complication after treatment of many malignancies. It is a pathological accumulation of extracellular water (ECW). Early diagnostic tool is needed. Multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MFBIA) is a method for detection of changes in ECW. We would like to establish the methodology for detection of lymphoedema of limb in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. We measured a control group of 60 women, 5 women with pronounced lymphoedema and a group of 37 patients undergoing a breast cancer surgery during 9 month after the surgery by MFBIA and circumferency. Characteristics of the patients were recorded. Different linear extrapolations from 1, 5, 50, 100, 200 kHz were determined to find resistance at 0 Hz for each women; ratio of R0 nondominant/ dominant and non-operated/operated limb was evaluated; Pearson correlation coefficient was used to compare correlation of the results and characteristics of the patient. Extrapolation with the lowest standard deviation was found to be 5, 50, 100 kHz. On the group of women with pronounced lymphoedema higher sensitivity was found by MFBIA compared to circumferency measurements. Stronger correlation between the volumes calculated from circumferences with weight and BMI compared to MFBIA was found. We found statistically significant...
3
Čapková, Linda. "Histopatologická a molekulární diagnostika nádorů plic a pleury." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-336180.
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The aim of the presented thesis is to introduce modern molecular methods that may contribute to deepening our knowledge of pulmonary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we would like to point out the significance of immunohistochemistry in differential diagnostics of the most common primary pulmonary and pleural neoplasms. Lung carcinoma of all histological subtypes is a result of stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes, including allelic losses (LOH), chromosomal instability and imbalance, oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations, epigenetic silencing by promotor hypermethylation or aberrant gene expression guidinig cell proliferation. In our study, certain genetic changes were detected in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lung, their precancerous lesions as well as in normal bronchial mucosa in a selected group of heavy smokers with limited ventilation. We investigated the relation between molecular changes of LOH type in chromosomal regions harbouring mismatch repair genes and cell cycle regulators and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA expression. We also evaluated the relation between these molecular changes and histologic pattern in bronchial mucosa in this patient group. hTERT mRNA expression analysis in correlation with LOH in bronchial mucosa of heavy...
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Semaneková, Viera. "Screening kandidátních genů u karcinomu prostaty a močového měchýře." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322124.
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Prostate carcinoma is considered to be one of the main medical problem in male population. Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men and the death rate has the second position within all diagnosed malignancies in Czech Republic (ÚZIS). There is only one reliable diagnostic tool: PSA (prostate specific antigen). Level of PSA is often elevated in men with prostate carcinoma. This diploma thesis is focused on study of changes in gene expression in prostate carcinoma. Three candidate genes were analyzed: VCL (vinculin), SHB (Src homology 2 binding protein) and OCT3 (organic cation transporter 3). According to recent publications, these genes are related to tumor progression and they could have prognostic significance. In this thesis the following methodological approaches were used: 82 prostatic specimens were collected from patients and mRNA was isolated from these specimens; then RT-PCR was used to obtain cDNA, fragments were detected by electrophoresis. At the end statistical methods were used for evaluation. Relative expression of the genes in prostate carcinoma tissue was compared to relative expression of the genes in BPH (benign prostatic neoplasia) tissue. Results showed higher expression of genes SHB and OCT3 in prostate carcinoma tissue in compariscon to BPH...
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Mukenšnabl, Petr. "Diferenciální diagnostika vybraných vzácnějších benigních nádorů plic a pleury." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-278231.
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Selected rare benign tumors of the lung and pleura were studied with special reference to immunohistochemical findings and their differential diagnosis. The major objective is to better characterize unusual rare pulmonary tumors, which are unknown to most pathologists not specialized in pulmonary pathology. Moreover the clinicians, in particular, radiologists, pneumologists, surgeons, and oncologists are not familiar with these rare tumors as well. Therefore, these rare entities may cause a considerable problems in differential diagnostics and therapeutic management of the patients. The study of rare benign pulmonary and pleural tumors includes the following entities: papillary adenoma, alveolar adenoma, mucous gland adenoma of the bronchus, granular cell tumor, lymphangioleiomyomatosis of the lungs, desmoid fibromatosis of the pleura, sclerosing hemangioma associated with carcinoid tumorlet tumor, sclerosing hemangioma with with regional lymph node metastases. A special emphasis is given to previously unrecognized rare entities we have characterized in the world literature, such as multiple recurrent glomangioma of the lung, epithelial plasma cell granuloma-like tumor of the lungs, glandular papilloma of bronchus arising in sclerosing hemangioma and chondroid hamartoma of the lung associated with...
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Parýzková, Barbora. "Radioaktivně značené receptorově-specifické peptidy pro diagnostiku a terapii nádorů." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380771.
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Charles University Fakulty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Bc. Barbora Parýzková Supervisor: Mgr. Pavel Bárta, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Radiolabelled receptor-specific peptides for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The presented diploma thesis is based on literature review and it deals with receptor- specific radioactive labeled peptides and their usage in the cancer diagnostic and treatment. It focuses on general knowledge about radiopharmaceuticals, further on the descriptions of either diagnostic or therapeutic radionuclides as well as on currently used chelating agents. The particular attention is paid to peptides like somatostatin and cholecystokinin and their usability in Nuclear Medicine for the imaging and treatment of certain malignancies. The other stated peptides in this diploma thesis are bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone. Keywords: receptor-specific peptides, radiolabelling, radionuclides for diagnosis and therapy, radiotherapy, radiodiagnostics, octreotide.
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Drastíková, Monika. "Molekulárně biologická vyšetření somatostatinových receptorů v diagnostice hypofyzárních nádorů." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350968.
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Molecular biology investigation of somatostatin receptors in diagnostics of pituitary tumors The overwhelming majority of pituitary tumors are benign, with 25-30% of them representing clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFA). The treatment of choice for NFA is transsphenoidal neurosurgery. However, the procedure is often not completely successful and frequently tumor remnants remain, resulting in regrow over the long-term follow-up period. This fact has led to the development of new therapy strategies using pharmacological treatment: somatostatin analogs (SA) and estrogen receptor modulators. SA are effectively used in the treatment of acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors and Cushing's disease. In contrast, pharmacological treatment of NFA has for the most part been unsuccessful. Low SA effectiveness could be associated with the variable expression of target receptors on the adenomas. The aim of the study was to determine the somatostatin (SSTR subtypes 1-5) and estrogen receptor 1 (ER1) expression profile. To obtain more complex receptor profile expression in the pituitary, we also investigated dopamin receptor 2 (D2R). Methods The group of patients was made up of 105 men and 101 women (20-87 years old; median 61). 144 samples were NFA, 44 growth hormone secreting (GHomas), 9 corticotrophin...
8
Michal, Michael. "Korelace imunohistochemických a molekulárně biologických metod v diagnostice nádorů." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-450743.
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This thesis is a collection of commentaries on altogether 13 first-authored and 20 co- authored publications where morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular genetic methods were used to provide novel clues for arriving at an accurate diagnosis of tumors, as well as to propose novel approaches and refinement of classification of certain tumors. The presented manuscripts are the result of the postgraduate studies of MUDr. Michael Michal at the Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen in the period between 2015-2018. The author focused the main part of his research, particularly his first-authored manuscripts, on soft tissue tumors but also largely participated in research activities focusing on other body systems. Over the course of his studies, four main areas of interests within the topic of soft tissue pathology emerged. The first is oriented on soft tissue tumors of presumed (but unconfirmed) fibroblastic lineage. First two publications regard two related low-grade sarcomas called Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) and Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT). In the first manuscript, a high-grade variant of the former is described. The latter publication is focused on the morphological and IHC similarities between both MIFS and PHAT. The third and...
9
Šafanda, Martin. "Využití nových biomarkerů pro zefektivnění diagnostiky a optimalizace léčby nádorů trávicího traktu." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-366027.
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Utilisation of New Biomarkers for the Optimalization of Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction: Tumor markers are standard diagnostic tools. They are mainly used to monitor the course of the disease and to check the efficacy of the treatment. It is important to observe dynamics. Changing the level of the biomarker can prevent clinical manifestation and lead to early diagnosis of relapse, which in turn means improving the quality of life, including prolonging survival. Recently, we have encountered a number of diagnostic algorithms that suggest algorithms for estimating the risk of tumor presence or the risk of progression of cancer, using statistical methods. Objectives: The aim of this work is to verify new biomarkers for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and to develop an optimal algorithm for their use. Further, to evaluate the importance of cytokeratin markers - Tissue Polypeptide Antigen (TPA) and Tissue Polypeptide Specific Antigen (TPS) for the diagnosis of metastatic colorectal carcinoma in the liver. To carry out a pilot study of FGF23 levels in people with colorectal carcinoma and other gastrointestinal tumors. Methods and patients: Patient samples were analyzed using immunoradiometric, chemiluminescence and fluorescence assays. For each solved problem,...
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Horáková, Markéta. "Korelace imunohistochemických a molekulárně biologických metod v diagnostice nádorů slinných žláz." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-398498.
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This doctoral thesis is dealing with the correlation of morphological, immunohistochemical and genetical findings in malignant tumors of salivary glands. The first half of the thesis comprises the summary of current knowledge about salivary malignancies. The second half is presenting the research itself. The research results are divided into three parts. The first part is presenting the method of "2-step diagnostic test" of malignant tumors. This screening test aims to find new, so far not described gene aberrations with a focus on malignant tumors of salivary glands. This method takes place in two consecutive steps. In the first step the material is examined by an immunohistochemical mixture of antibodies, which non-specifically detects aberration in the genes NTRK1-3, ALK and ROS1. In the second step all positive cases are subjected to highly sensitive and specific molecular-genetic examination by the method of next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Archer kit. In the second part of the work there has been designed the approach to the cytological diagnosis of salivary secretory carcinoma by the fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This part is describing to the details the cytomorphology of secretory carcinoma in both, Pap smears and cell blocks, from which additional immunocytochemical and genetic...
11
Šatanková, Jana. "Využití optických endoskopických metod v diagnostice slizničních nádorů hlavy a krku." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-447285.
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Diagnosis of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is often in advanced stages of cancer, resulting in elimination of the possibility of treatment with the least mutilating effect for the patient. The huge progamination. ress in diagnostic process of mucosal tumors of the head and neck has been started with the development of new optical endoscopic imaging methods that are able to visualize initiating discrete mucosal changes with pathological vascularization easier and more accurately. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the benefit of Narrow Band Imaging (NBI), especially in the differentation of benign, precancerous and malignant changes in three groups of patients, it means in preoperative diagnostics in outpatient department (group I), during the endoscopic surgery (group II) and also in follow-up of patients after curative radiotherapy (group III). The vascular changes within the observed lesion or in close contact with the laryngeal/hypopharyngeal lesion were classified according to two classifications (Ni and Arens) and subsequently correlated with the histopathological results. The dissertation confirmed that NBI plays a key role in early detection of precancerous and malignant changes, in discrimination between benign and malignant vascular patterns with statistical significance. We...
12
Hauer, Lukáš. "Molekulárně genetické znaky nádorů slinných žláz v diferenciální diagnostice a predikci prognózy." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-349676.
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Molecular genetic characteristics of salivary gland tumors in differential diagnosis and prognosis prediction Abstract: In the presented manuscript the author summarizes the current knowledge on molecular biomarkers of salivary gland cancer, focusing on tumor-type specific fusion oncogenes and their use as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers. In detail, the author deals with adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), the second most common salivary gland cancer. New facts of its biological behavior as well as new fusion oncogenes probably responsible for its carcinogenesis were described in the last few years. A retrospective case series evaluating 27 patients suffering from AdCC, who were treated at the University Hospital in Pilsen in the last 30 years (1986- 2016), is presented in this study. The following characteristics were observed: age, gender, tumor location, clinical stage at diagnosis, presence of regional and distant metastases, tumor grade, duration of follow-up, treatment and outcomes. Detection of the 1p36 deletion and the t(6;9)(q22-23;p23-24) chromosomal translocation resulting in the MYB-NFIB gene fusion were performed. The incidence of AdCC in minor salivary glands, submandibular gland, parotid gland and sublingual gland was 41 %, 26 %, 22 % and 11% respectively. The following staging...
13
Laco, Jan. "Využití galektinu-3, cytokeratinu 19, neural cell adhesion molecule a E-cadherinu v diagnostice a diferenciální diagnostice nádorů štítné žlázy." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-268663.
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Kaprová, Jana. "Patogeneze vzniku germinálních nádorů: Využití současných poznatků ve včasné diagnostice u pacientů s poruchou pohlavního vývoje." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321448.
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Patients with disorders of sex development with an increased risk for development of gonadal germ cell tumors mostly undergo prophylactic gonadectomy, that always leads to a need for hormonal substitution, and moreover, in some cases prevents fertility. The aim of the thesis was to better determine the risk for tumor development in relation to the functional and phenotypical characteristics in patients with complete form of androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and patients with 45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (GD). Hematoxiline and eosine staining and immunohistochemical detection of OCT3/4, TSPY and KITLG were used to assess 37 and 36 gonadal tissue samples of 19 CAIS patients, respectively, and 84 samples from 47 patients with 45,X/46,XY GD. The results were correlated with gonadal position and expected level of androgen receptor activity in the first group. The gained data were compared with level of virilization of external gentalia in the second group. Due to an unequal distribution in relation to the age in patients with CAIS, it was not possible to independently assess the influence of gonadal position (inguinal versus abdominal) on the histological gonadal changes. Expected residual androgen receptor activity has a positive effect on survival of general germ cell population but not on the...
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Košľabová, Eva. "Klinické aspekty infekce lidskými papillomaviry v diagnostice a léčbě u pacientů se spinocelulárním karcinomem dutiny ústní a orofaryngu." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372363.
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A studies carries for the last twenty years accumulated data that show two different etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors located in the oral cavity are often independent of the viral infection and is associated with tobacco and alcohol use. Approximately 26 % of all HNC and more than 50 % of tonsillar cancers are associated with the presence of high risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV). The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in HPV DNA prevalence in oral rinses and/ or HPV - specific antibody levels in sera of patients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC) have prognostic significance. Patients with HNC were enrolled (N=142). The presence of HPV DNA was assayed in tumor tissue and oral rinses, and HPV-specific antibodies were assessed in sera. Sera were drawn one month and one year after the end of treatment. One year after treatment, oral rinses were collected. Altogether, 59.2 % tumors were HPV positive. Initially, the presence of HPV DNA in the tumors strongly correlated with HPV DNA positivity in oral rinses as well as with the presence of HPV- specific antibodies in sera. Out of 66 patients with HPV positive oral rinses at enrollment, 84.8 % became negative at one-year follow up. The mean titres of HPV 16 E6 and E7 antibodies at follow- up were lower in...