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Journal articles on the topic 'Dialects of Kurdish'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Ghafoor, Karzan J., Karwan M. Hama Rawf, Ayub O. Abdulrahman, and Sarkhel H. Taher. "Kurdish Dialect Recognition using 1D CNN." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 9, no. 2 (2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10837.

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Dialect recognition is one of the most attentive topics in the speech analysis area. Machine learning algorithms have been widely used to identify dialects. In this paper, a model that based on three different 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures is developed for Kurdish dialect recognition. This model is evaluated, and CNN structures are compared to each other. The result shows that the proposed model has outperformed the state of the art. The model is evaluated on the experimental data that have been collected by the staff of department of computer science at the University of Ha

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2

Ali, Fatima, and Kamran Khalil. "AN EXAMINATION OF DIALECTICAL DEVIATION IN MALA KHALIL MSHAKHTI’S POEMS THROUGH GEOFFREY LEECH’S THEORY." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 13, no. 2 (2025): 349–59. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2025.13.2.1584.

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One of the basic characteristics of poetry, which makes difference between poetic language and daily spoken language, is deviation. Due to the fact that deviation plays a significant role in the language of a text, it has therefore been a subject of much debate among scholars and critics who have attempted to shed light on the importance of deviation on a text’s language and its types. Geoffrey Leech, a renowned linguist, has examined deviation thoroughly, unveiling its significance and types. According to Leech, a type of deviation is named as dialectical deviation in which the linguist often

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3

Shahsavari, Faramarz. "Lakī and Kurdish." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 1 (2010): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419189423.

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AbstractThis paper aims at verifying the traditional set of phonetic changes, defined by D. N. Mackenzie as the main distinctive feature of the Kurdish dialects, with regard to Lakī having yet no clear affiliation in the Iranian dialectology. It is usually considered to be a dialect of Kurdish, sometimes a transitional dialect between Kurdish and Luri, and even a separate idiom.

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Al-jaf, Shokhan Anwar Hassan, Khoshi Anwer Hasan Al-Jaf, and Mezin Hesen. "Digital Evolution: Exploring the Impact of Social Media on Local Dialects and Lexicon; An Examination of Central Kurdish Language." Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Research in Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2024): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icarss.v1i1.404.

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This study suggests a digital linguistic approach to multi-mediated communication (MMC), drawing on a case study of language variation on social media. In the early 21st century, social media (SM) has significantly impacted various aspects of human life, including language, as articulated within the theoretical framework of digital linguistics and language variation. This study explores the influence of SM on Kurdish local dialects in Iraqi Kurdistan, with a focus on vocabulary evolution and the ongoing challenge of dialect standardization. Given the high unemployment rates in Iraq, which have

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Mustafa, Mustafa Raza, and Aryan Sdiq Aziz. "Passive voice in Kurdish language, The Structure and phenomena (Comparative Research)." Halabja University Journal 6, no. 3 (2021): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10387.

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Investigation in linguistics particularly applied linguistics and dialectology require consideration and experience in other fields, like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. If we want to study the dialects, sub dialects and their characteristics, we must deal with the component of language carefully. So, in this paper to find out and illustrate the data of the sub dialects of central Kurmanji, northern Kurmanji, Hawrami Sub dialect, the data of these three dialects, sub dialects in term of morphology and syntax then Morphosyntax component have been demonstrated

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6

Ghafoor, Karzan J., Sarkhel H. Taher, Karwan M. Hama Rawf, and Ayub O. Abdulrahman. "The Improved Kurdish Dialect Classification Using Data Augmentation and ANOVA-Based Feature Selection." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 13, no. 1 (2025): 94–103. https://doi.org/10.14500/aro.11897.

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Analyzing dialects in the Kurdish language proves to be tough because of the tiny phonetic distinctions among the dialects. We applied advanced methods to enhance the precision of Kurdish dialect classification in this research. We examined the dataset’s stability and variation through the use of time-stretching and noise-augmenting methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) filter approach is applied to improve feature selection (FS) more efficiently and highlight the most relevant features for dialect classification. The ANOVA filter method ranks features based on the means from different dialect

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7

Eppler, Eva, and Josef Benedikt. "A perceptual dialectological approach to linguistic variation and spatial analysis of Kurdish varieties." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 2 (2017): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.6.

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This paper presents the results of the first investigation into Kurdish linguistic varieties and their spatial distribution. Kurdish dialects are used across five nation states in the Middle East and only one dialect, Sorani, has official status in one of these nation states. The study employs the “draw-a-map” task established in Perceptual Dialectology; the analysis is supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that, despite the geolinguistic and geopolitical situation, Kurdish respondents have good knowledge of the main varieties of their language (Kurmanji, Sorani

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8

Yüksel, Metin. "Tackling the Divide in the Kurdish Language." Kurdish Studies Journal 1, no. 1-2 (2023): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29502292-00101005.

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Abstract This article is an autoethnographic account that traces the widening divide between Kurdish dialects in the age of nation-states. It aspires to problematize and go beyond the widespread gap characterizing the Kurdish language along two dialects and alphabets. From its emergence as a non-state language in the 1920s onward, Kurdish actors sought to revive Kurmanji Kurdish in Damascus, Beirut and Yerevan; and Sorani Kurdish in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad. While the Kurmanji side of the story and its actors have been studied to a certain degree, how Kurdish developed in Sulaimaniya and Baghda

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9

Esmael, Faris Ali, and Atif Abdullh Farhad. "The impact of physical geography factors on the division of Kurdish language – taking the dialect of Surchi tribe as example." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, no. 2 (2024): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.2.10.

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The title of our research is about (The impact of physical geography factors on the division of Kurdish language – taking the dialect of Surchi tribe as example). In this study, we will try to highlight the physical geography factors which can divide a language into several dialects, there are similar factors that divided the Kurdish language into four main dialects, each of which is divided into several sub-dialects, we will also try to focus on a physical geography factor which is the Great Zab River in the territory of the Surchi tribe, which has made the population belonging to the tribe

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10

Mohammed, Khalid Mahmood, Qadir Hama Rash Ali, Amin Qadir Hama Rash Mohammed, Khalid Mahmood Saeed, and Güler Hüseyin. "Kurdish and Persian: Dialects or Separate Languages?" International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 06, no. 04 (2023): 2216–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7828190.

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Although it is not quietly supported nowadays, some linguistics and orientalists believed/proposed that due to the large resemblance between the two and somehow mutual ineligibility, Kurdish is a dialect of Persian. The objective of this paper was to answer this hypothesis from a lexical point of view. Lexical Similarity measures the similarity and/or difference between a set of words from any given two languages. Despite the abundance of lexical similarity coefficients between various world languages in the literature, there are no available data on Kurdish and Persian, even though many Kurdi

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Hasan, Aveen Mohammed, and Rebeen Abdulrahman Rasheed. "Glide Insertion And Dialectal Variation In Kurdish." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 14 (2016): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n14p289.

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One of the strategies used as a hiatus resolution is glide insertion. Previous Kurdish phonological works involve only a description of glide insertion in one dialect neglecting the segmental context. This study provides an analysis of glide insertion in word-medial vowel clusters in Kurdish and it is the first attempt to analyse the effects of dialect and segmental context. The speech material includes a set of words consisting of a stem plus a suffix with different vowel sequences at their boundaries. It is produced by four native speakers from four Kurdish speaking areas. The data analysis

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Hashim, Zino Bikhtiyar, and Atif Abdullah Farhadi. "Applying Morphological Theory to Dialects of Kurdish Language." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, no. 1 (2024): 174–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.1.8.

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Dialects and languages in the world are categorized according to various theories and typologies, and morphological theory is one of them. In this study, the development phases of this theory are illustrated, from its founder to the linguists that developed it. This study is a practical effort in which the dialects of Kurdish Language are applied in the shade of the morphological theory with elaborated examples in accordance with both holistic and partial approaches, as the two approaches of the mentioned theory. In addition, this study shows the enrichment of the dialects of Kurdish Language

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13

Rasul Ahmad, Brwa, and Mustafa Hama Abdalrahman. "The Sources of Kurdish Term Production Versus Foreign Terms." Journal of University of Raparin 12, no. 2 (2025): 530–49. https://doi.org/10.26750/vol(12).no(2).paper24.

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This study, titled "The Sources of Kurdish Term Production versus Foreign Terms," falls within the field of sociolinguistics and aims to explore the latent potential of the Kurdish language in generating terms from its own linguistic resources. These indigenous terms align more naturally with Kurdish linguistic preferences. The research seeks to inspire a greater appreciation among Kurdish speakers for the richness of their language, emphasizing its extensive vocabulary and structural capabilities that enable the creation of new terms with distinct meanings. Another key aspect of this study is

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14

Yaseen, Rasty, and Hossein Hassani. "Kurdish Optical Character Recognition." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 1 (2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n1y2018.pp18-27.

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Currently, no offline tool is available for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in Kurdish. Kurdish is spoken in different dialects and uses several scripts for writing. The Persian/Arabic script is widely used among these dialects. The Persian/Arabic script is written from Right to Left (RTL), it is cursive, and it uses unique diacritics. These features, particularly the last two, affect the segmentation stage in developing a Kurdish OCR. In this article, we introduce an enhanced character segmentation based method which addresses the mentioned characteristics. We applied the method to text-o

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15

Yusupova, Zare A. "Kurdish poets: from the history of Kurdish literary studies." Письменные памятники Востока 18, no. 1 (2021): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/wmo63137.

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The article presents an account of the history of Kurdish literary studies (based on sources available to the author). The literature, discussed in this work, covers the period from the late Middle ages to the middle of the 20th c. The article gives an extent survey of the researches on Kurdish literature which exists in various dialects. It also defines the tasks for the studies of the Kurdish literature.

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Vertyaev, Kirill V. "THE ROLE OF ENGLAND IN THE FORMATION OF THE PROTO-STATEHOOD OF THE IRAQI KURDS AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1918–1920) IN THE MANDATE TERRITORIES FORM." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-179-191.

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The article develops the stadial formation thesis of the proto-statehood among the Iraqi Kurds. The concept of national identity of the Iraqi Kurds remains the subject of a complex and long-lasting discussion. The main obstacle for the emergence of the Kurdish integral nationalism is still the fact that the Kurds speak different dialects of Kurdish language, and still maintain political and inter-clan conflicts over the distribution of power (not to mention the futility of any attempts to define political boundaries of Iraqi Kurdistan). Ironically, Great Britain faced practically the same cont

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17

Hamad, Darya. "The Contact Between Dialects of Mid - Kirmanji Accent in Koya City." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 8, no. 4 (2020): 528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.4.644.

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The title of this research is (the contact between dialects of mid - Kirmanji accent in Koya City). The reason behind selecting this research is that this subject and the title are new; there are few researches on this topic. In this research, we want to explain this linguistic phenomenon; the purpose is to explain these contacts that takes place between the dialect of Koya City and other mid - Kirmanji dialects. This linguistic phenomenon is apparent in Koya due to the geographical location of the city. Our research method is analytical and descriptive. The martials of our research are words,

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Al-Talabani, Abdulbasit, Zrar Abdul, and Azad Ameen. "Kurdish Dialects and Neighbor Languages Automatic Recognition." ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University 5, no. 1 (2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10167.

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19

Azzat, Media, Karwan Jacksi, and Ismael Ali. "A Hybrid Approach to Ontology Construction for the Badini Kurdish Language." Information 15, no. 9 (2024): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15090578.

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Semantic ontologies have been widely utilized as crucial tools within natural language processing, underpinning applications such as knowledge extraction, question answering, machine translation, text comprehension, information retrieval, and text summarization. While the Kurdish language, a low-resource language, has been the subject of some ontological research in other dialects, a semantic web ontology for the Badini dialect remains conspicuously absent. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a methodology for constructing and utilizing a semantic web ontology for the Badini dialect of

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20

Tahir, Dr Azad. "Affixation in English with Reference to Dialects in Kurdish." گۆڤاری ئەکادیمیای کوردی 3, no. 61 (2024): E53—E64. https://doi.org/10.56422/ka.3.61.598.

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Derivational morphology form new words either by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached, or by changing the word classes .The present study aims at investigating affixation in English language versus in Kurdish language as a significant comparative analysis. According to a genetic factor (i.e. genetic similarities), both languages are descended from Indo – European Language Family. Section one deals with the introduction that sheds light on the derivational morphology. The purpose of the study to create new words, the limitation of the study, the method of research is a co

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Karim, Sarkhel H. Taher, Karzan J. Ghafoor, Ayub O. Abdulrahman, and Karwan M. Hama Rawf. "A Multi-Feature Fusion Approach for Dialect Identification using 1D CNN." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 8, no. 3 (2024): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.62527/joiv.8.3.2146.

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The phonological variety of Kurdish, a language with several dialects, poses a distinct problem in automatically identifying dialects. This study examines and evaluates several sound criteria for identifying Kurdish dialects: Badini, Hawrami, and Sorani. We deployed a dataset including 6,000 samples and utilized a mix of 1D convolutional neural networks (CNN) and fully connected layers to conduct the identification job. Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of different sound characteristics in accurately identifying dialects. We employed the Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and oth

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Mohammed, Khalid Haji, and Sajidah Abdulla Farhadi. "Grammatical Case in Pshdar Sub-Dialect." Journal of University of Raparin 10, no. 1 (2023): 487–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(10).no(1).paper22.

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This research is entitled (Grammatical case in Pishdar Sub-Dialect). Grammatical case is one of the important syntactic features in Pishdar Sub-Dialect, case is a property of noun phrases, expressed as a result of their relationship to other parts of the sentence, which in some languages is represented by a morpheme and appears at the end of a noun phrase, indicating the role played by the noun phrase in the sentence and is known as morphological case, but in some languages the morphological sign does not appear and is known as the abstract case. The concept of the abstract case is an import

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Shakir, Assist Prof Widad Sabir. "Errors Made by Kurdish Speaking Community in Erbil City." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 226, no. 1 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v226i1.167.

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Obviously all speakers make errors while speaking and thus producing utterances that are different from what one intended to produce. In this paper, the researcher tries to detect some of the speech errors and their kinds. These errors are made by the Kurdish speaking community living in Erbil city and speaking different Sorani dialects. The researcher also tries to show the importance of such errors in understanding the structure of the Kurdish language and the mental lexicon and the way this knowledge is stored in the mind of the Kurdish language speaker.

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Shakir, Assist Prof Widad Sabir. "Errors Made by Kurdish Speaking Community in Erbil City." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, no. 226(1) (September 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v0i226(1).167.

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Obviously all speakers make errors while speaking and thus producing utterances that are different from what one intended to produce. In this paper, the researcher tries to detect some of the speech errors and their kinds. These errors are made by the Kurdish speaking community living in Erbil city and speaking different Sorani dialects. The researcher also tries to show the importance of such errors in understanding the structure of the Kurdish language and the mental lexicon and the way this knowledge is stored in the mind of the Kurdish language speaker.

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Zolfaqari, Ardashir. "The Avromani-speaking Area in Iran." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190304.

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AbstractOne of the difficult tasks of linguistic geography is the clear delimitation of dialectal borders in a multi-dialectal and multi-lingual environment. Western Iran is exactly such a region, hosting a number of Iranian and non-Iranian dialects: Kurdish, Avromani, Gurani, Laki, Kalhori, Luri, Azari Turkish, etc. The demographic situation is rather complicated here as well: along with the localities that are inhabited by a single ethnic group, there are many townships and rural settlements having mixed populations of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. In addition, the indiscrimin

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Sulaiman, Shiyar. "Review of the book "Teşeyên Nezmê"." Kurdiname, no. 10 (April 28, 2024): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55106/kurdiname.1437718.

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The article is a review of the book Teşeyên Nezmê by Professor Dr. Abdul Rahman Adak, published by Nûbihar Publishing House. The book consists of 638 pages. The book explains how Kurdish poets write their poems. He talks extensively about every type of poetry and shows many interesting poems by ancient poets of all Kurdish dialects. It can be said that the subject of the book is not limited only to the forms of poetry composition, but rather it is a selection and description of ancient Kurdish poets, because the book contains interesting information and examples about each of the poets. The bo

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Al-Zebari, Aziz Emmanuel Eliya. "The Morphology of Adjectives in the Neo-Aramaic Dialects of ʿAqra". Aramaic Studies 19, № 2 (2021): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10020.

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Abstract The present article presents a synchronic description of the morphology of adjectives in the highly endangered Neo-Aramaic dialects of ʿAqra in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. It discusses the morphology of adjectives in these dialects as used in the sixties of the last century. In particular, the article highlights adjectival patterns, inflectional features, and the adaptation of loanwords from Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkish. The article contributes to the description of the grammar of some 150 North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects in the Kurdistan region that are gradually falling i

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Haig, Geoffrey, and Ergin Öpengin. "Introduction to Special Issue - Kurdish: A critical research overview." Kurdish Studies 2, no. 2 (2014): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.397.

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Investigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial cla

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Jügel, Thomas. "Gorani: A Review of Recent Works." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 4 (2019): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190411.

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This article discusses the publications of two documentation projects of the Gorani varieties of Gawraǰū and Zarda. It offers a number of alternative interpretations, corrections and additions to the grammatical description of two understudied and highly endangered West Iranic varieties, which are under strong influence of neighbouring Kurdish dialects.

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Azzat, Media, Karwan Jacksi, and Ismael Ali. "The Kurdish Language Corpus: State of the Art." Science Journal of University of Zakho 11, no. 1 (2023): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2023.11.1.1123.

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The notable growth of the digital communities and different online news streams led to the growing availability of online natural language content. However not all natural languages have the enough attention of being made readable and comprehendible to machines. Among these less resourced and paid attention languages is the Kurdish language. Creating the machine-readable text is the first step toward applications of text mining and semantic web, such as translation, information retrieval and recommendation systems. With the de facto challenges in the Kurdish language, such as the scarcity of l

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Jameel Jabrael, Salah. "An Exploration of Dialect Recognition by researchers through examining non-linguists reactions to Spoken language: Kurdish dialects as an illustration." Twejer 2, no. 3 (2019): 1063–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.1923.28.

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Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Mazen Ismaeel Ghareb, and Shaahin Karimi. "Towards a Serious Game for Kurdish Language Learning." Journal of University of Human Development 1, no. 3 (2015): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v1n3y2015.pp376-384.

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Language learning is a set of techniques and methods used together to teach fundamentals of a language, including writing, reading, listening and comprehension. Usually begins by teaching letters. The purpose of this research was to initiate a scientific approach using serious games in order to discover a proper way to learn Kurdish language by writing approach. We studied related fields i.e. level of using technology with elementary school students, the method of teaching Kurdish language in the Kurdistan educational system and the students' enthusiasm for gaming. The outcome of the field-stu

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Kolcak, Hakan. "A New Constitution for a Stable Nation: A Constitutional Study on the Long-Running Kurdish Question in Turkey." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/21.

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The absence of a stable nation resulted in a national problem in Turkey, the Kurdish question. Although the country has been attempting to construct a stable nation for more than a decade, it has become apparent that the construction process cannot be completed in the existence of the current Turkish Constitution. Creating a new constitution has therefore become central to the State’s agenda. By employing the methods of comparative constitutional law, this article gives some suggestions for a potential new Turkish constitution that would eventually come up with a formula to form the stable nat

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Rashid, Salam Raheem, Khoshnaw Azeez Hama Ameen, and Sozan Kareem Muhamed. "Code-switching in Kurdish communication "Khanaqin Dialect as an Example "." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, no. 5 (2024): 178–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.5.10.

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In linguistics, especially in communication, code-switching, or skipping from one linguistic code (dialect or a language) to another, as a reference to the use of several languages or several dialects together, usually occurs in multilingualism groups that the speaker uses the elements of multiple diverse languages. This process is related to a number of factors, principles and specific circumstances. Khanaqin City is one of these areas where this phenomenon is witnessed and worth studying, this by taking its geographical location and political situation into consideration, and their influence

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Öpengin, Ergin, and Geoffrey Haig. "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects." Kurdish Studies 1, no. 1 (2014): 143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.399.

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Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possiInvestigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations int

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Rashed Qadr, Sabah. "The spread of dialects and languages between branching and fading in the light of botany." Journal of University of Raparin 10, no. 4 (2023): 842–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(10).no(4).paper37.

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The languages that spoken on the earth are between growth and decay, for this it has many factors. The type of destruction dependent on historical circumstances. (Baker, 2003) assumes that, as a historical result of the confrontation of two nations in two very specific circumstances in combining elements of the two languages and creating a new language, The Morphological differences play a role in the resistance of languages to extinction, When they neighbor each other while they have different morphological classes (for example, Kurdish and Arabic). Therefore, for the above reason

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Idrees, Saman, and Hossein Hassani. "Exploiting Script Similarities to Compensate for the Large Amount of Data in Training Tesseract LSTM: Towards Kurdish OCR." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (2021): 9752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209752.

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Applications based on Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) require large amounts of data for their training. Tesseract LSTM is a popular Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engine that has been trained and used in various languages. However, its training becomes obstructed when the target language is not resourceful. This research suggests a remedy for the problem of scant data in training Tesseract LSTM for a new language by exploiting a training dataset for a language with a similar script. The target of the experiment is Kurdish. It is a multi-dialect language and is considered less-resourced. We

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Malmîsanîj, Mehmet T., and Abdulwahab X. Mosa. "PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND INFIXESES IN KURMANJI (ZAZAKI) (Comparative descriptive study)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (2017): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/2017.5.2.401.

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This research "Prefixes, Suffixes, and Infixeses in Kurmanjki (Zazaki) is prepared on the basis of comparison to other dialects. The materials are taken from oral and written Kurmanjki resources. One of the aims of this research is to compare prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses of two Kurdish dialects, Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, their mutual and diffident sides to be shown. In the recent times, in Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, new terms and words are inflected. To inflect new words and terms, we should have knowledge about prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses. Another aim of this research is to know the cha

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Malmîsanîj, Mehmet T., and Abdulwahab X. Mosa. "PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND INFIXESES IN KURMANJI (ZAZAKI) (Comparative descriptive study)." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, no. 2 (2017): 508–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2017.5.2.362.

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This research "Prefixes, Suffixes, and Infixeses in Kurmanjki (Zazaki) is prepared on the basis of comparison to other dialects. The materials are taken from oral and written Kurmanjki resources. One of the aims of this research is to compare prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses of two Kurdish dialects, Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, their mutual and diffident sides to be shown. In the recent times, in Kurmanjki and Kurmanji, new terms and words are inflected. To inflect new words and terms, we should have knowledge about prefixes, suffixes, and infixeses. Another aim of this research is to know the cha

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Hussein, Hunar M. "The role of media convergence in Kurdish Dialects Rudaw Network Media as a samples." International Journal of Kurdish Studies 2, no. 3 (2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.278420.

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Noorlander, Paul M. "Diversity in convergence: Kurdish and Aramaic variation entangled." Kurdish Studies 1, no. 1 (2014): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.401.

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This article is about diverse types of convergence as well a few examples of how diversity within Kurdish affects the modern Aramaic dialectal landscape in Kurdistan. Kurdish-Aramaic bilingualism has had a major impact on Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages. There are numerous challenges to a comprehensive study of contact between the two speech communities, whose far-reaching history is intriguing yet highly complicated. In so doing, the functional-communicative approach mainly developed by Yaron Matras will be helpful, which presupposes that bilingual discourse is the primary locus of contact-indu

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BABAYİĞİT, Mehmet Veysi. "INVESTIGATING SEVERAL SIMILAR QUESTIONS TYPES IN TURKISH, KURDISH, ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND GERMAN." Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (JASS) 8, no. 2 (2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46662/jass.v8i2.175.

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Language is used as a tool of communication in all over the world, and each society or country may adopt a different language leading various dialects or language usages. In order to interrogate different aspects, multiple question types are utilized in a language. Also, questions are globally used to get information about a topic / issue, ask for confirmation, request something or clarify some controversial aspects almost in all languages. In addition, some questions are directed to speakers via question words such as what, where or how; on the other hand, some questions are conducted via hel

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Khan, Geoffrey. "Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects." Aramaic Studies 16, no. 2 (2018): 234–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-01602010.

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Abstract This paper examines some aspects of the morphology and syntax of the copula in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. The first part proposes a possible pathway for the diachronic development of the morphology of the copula, with particular attention to the innovative inflection of the 3rd person. It is argued that this originated in deictic constructions that were reanalysed as deictic copulas. The second part offers a functional explanation for the position of the copula before or after the predicate. It is argued that many constructions that place the copula before the pred

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Mohammed Al-Mufti, Zainab, and Alya’ Mohammed Hussein Ahmed Al-Rubai’I. "Translation Difficulties Encounteted by Translation Students at University Level." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, no. 1 (2024): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1871.

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This paper seeks to identify various difficulties that translation students face during the translation process. The data for this descriptive qualitative and quantitative study came from students’ verbalizing their translation loudly. The participants in the study were five fourth-year students from the Department of Translation, University of Duhok who voluntarily participated to translate two texts (literary and non-literary) from English into Kurdish. Any use of resources was permitted, and think-aloud protocols, as a research tool was used to collect the data. The experiment recordings, a

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Fakhir Omar Mohammed. "Maximized and Minimized Off-Record Politeness Strategies in Hacani’s Short Stories." Journal of Educational and Human Resource Development (JEHRD) 7 (December 30, 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.61569/1rsd4d45.

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The current paper tried to answer the question: How are Hacani’s short stories texts maximized and minimized to save face? It is imperative to study the maximized (i.e. hyperbole) and minimized (i.e. understatement) off-record strategies among Northern Kurmanji EFL university students. Therefore, the current study tackled the use and availability of these strategies as manifested in written discourse. The researcher followed the methodological procedures of Content Analysis (CA) by Berelson and Krippendorff, as well as Brown and Levinson’s Model of Politeness. Tackling maximized (hyperbole) an

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Aziz, Salm Hassan. "A lexicon without an initial attempt towards an academic lexicon." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 7, no. 4 (2023): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.7.4.8.

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Research Summary: This research is entitled (Khal Dictionary, a preliminary attempt towards an academic dictionary), in which I shed light on the foundations and characteristics of the Khal Dictionary, show the positive and negative aspects of the dictionary, and take into account the foundations of the academic dictionary in it. consists of the first research researchers dealing with the beginning of the attempt to place the dictionary and the deficiencies of the dictionary of the Kurdish language, and the second with the dictionary’s characteristics, types and classification. The research fo

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Kim, Sooyong, and Orit Bashkin. "Revisiting Multilingualism in the Ottoman Empire." Review of Middle East Studies 55, no. 1 (2021): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.43.

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Evliya Çelebi (d. after 1685), in his Seyahatname, Book of Travels, completed circa 1683, records a host of languages and dialects spoken within the Ottoman Empire at the time and provides practical word lists in transcription, especially for those less familiar to his Turkophone audience, such as Hungarian in the western borderlands and varieties of Kurdish in the eastern regions. Evliya also remarks of places where he met bilingual speakers. For instance, about the city of Ohrid in the central province of Rumelia, he informs us that, though its people mainly speak Greek or Bulgarian, they co

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Aydogan, Îbrahîm S. "Celadet Bedirxan, Çavkaniyên Hawarê û Kurdaniya bîrewer." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 1, no. 1 (2013): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2013.1.1.89.

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In Kurdish land and because of language planning were increased 1980 till 2000. The most notable planning of the language that educators, researchers and linguists gained the support of the government for it, were because of the efforts of Vatey Group. For the efforts of these groups in Europe, the Kurmanji and Zazaki dialects reached the language standards of today and presented literary products.  The immigrant and Diaspora communities, for the linguist's researcher in the field of language, the loss and assimilation of the language that appeared among the immigrants, gave them t

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Unger, Christoph. "Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da: procedural semantics and language variation." Kurdish Studies 1, no. 1 (2014): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.400.

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In this paper I review a semantic analysis of the Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da (Unger, 2012). This analysis claims that the modal particles are procedural indicators in the sense of Blakemore (2002) triggering cognitive inferential procedures relating to assessing the speaker's commitment to the veracity of the communicated content and to the speaker's reliability for making true claims about the eventualities described. Since audiences interpret utterances for optimal relevance following a path of least effort (Sperber and Wilson 1995), these minimal clues for constraining the pra

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Sahakyan, Lusine. "The Turkification of Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey." Armenian Folia Anglistika 6, no. 1-2 (7) (2010): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2010.6.1-2.149.

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The present article examines the methods and stages of the policy of Turkification of the non-Muslim toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Being stable linguistic facts, toponyms supply valuable material for topography and studies of dialects, ethnography, history and geography. They also contain important linguistic facts which can confirm the national belonging of a given settlement. Hence, realizing the strategic value of toponyms, the Turkish authorities have changed, distorted and have tried to get hold of the Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Laz toponyms through translatio

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