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Journal articles on the topic 'Diamagnetic materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cahaya, Adam Badra. "Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Infinite Quantum Well." Al-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/fiziya.v3i2.18119.

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Paramagnetism and diamagnetism of a material characterized by its magnetic susceptibility. When a material is exposed to an external magnetic field, magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of the induced magnetization and the magnetic field. A paramagnetic material has magnetic susceptibility with positive sign. On the other hand, a diamagnetic material has magnetic susceptibility with negative sign. Atomically, paramagnetic materials consist of atoms that has orbital with unpaired electrons. Theoretical study of paramagnetic susceptibility and diamagnetic susceptibility are well described by Pauli paramagnetism and Landau diamagnetism, respectively. Although paramagnetism and diamagnetism are among the simplest magnetic properties of material that are studied in basic physics, theoretical derivations of Pauli paramagnetic and Landau diamagnetic susceptibility require second quantization formalism of quantum mechanics. We aim to discuss the paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibilities for simple three-dimensional quantum well using first quantization formalism.

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2

Yamato, Masafumi, and Tsunehisa Kimura. "Magnetic Processing of Diamagnetic Materials." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071491.

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Currently, materials scientists and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopists have easy access to high magnetic fields of approximately 10 T supplied by superconducting magnets. Neodymium magnets that generate magnetic fields of approximately 1 T are readily available for laboratory use and are widely used in daily life applications, such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Such common access to magnetic fields—unexpected 30 years ago—has helped researchers discover new magnetic phenomena and use such phenomena to process diamagnetic materials. Although diamagnetism is well known, it is only during the last 30 years that researchers have applied magnetic processing to various classes of diamagnetic materials such as ceramics, biomaterials, and polymers. The magnetic effects that we report herein are largely attributable to the magnetic force, magnetic torque, and magnetic enthalpy that in turn, directly derive from the well-defined magnetic energy. An example of a more complex magnetic effect is orientation of crystalline polymers under an applied magnetic field; researchers do not yet fully understand the crystallization mechanism. Our review largely focuses on polymeric materials. Research topics such as magnetic effect on chiral recognition are interesting yet beyond our scope.

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3

Thompson, Frank. "Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials." Physics Education 46, no. 3 (May 2011): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/46/3/013.

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4

Ausserlechner, U., W. Steiner, and P. Kasperkovitz. "Field distribution in granular, diamagnetic materials." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 30, no. 2 (March 1994): 1072–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.312498.

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5

Reis, M. S. "Oscillating adiabatic temperature change of diamagnetic materials." Solid State Communications 152, no. 11 (June 2012): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2012.03.029.

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6

Safarik, I., J. Prochazkova, E. Baldikova, M. Timko, P. Kopcansky, M. Rajnak, N. Torma, and K. Pospiskova. "Modification of Diamagnetic Materials Using Magnetic Fluids." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.9.751.

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Magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) have found many important applications in various areas of biosciences, biotechnology, medicine, and environmental technology. In this review, we have summarized the relevant information dealing with a magnetic modification of diamagnetic materials using different types of ferrofluids. Special attention is focused on a magnetic modification of plant-derived biomaterials, microbial and microalgal cells, eukaryotic cells, biopolymers, inorganic materials, and organic polymers. Derivatization is usually caused by the presence of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles within the pores of treated materials, on the materials surface or within the polymer gels. The obtained smart materials exhibit several types of responses to an external magnetic field, especially the possibility of the selective magnetic separation from difficult-to-handle environments by means of a magnetic separator. The ferrofluid-modified materials have been especially used as adsorbents, carriers, composite nanozymes or whole-cell biocatalysts.

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7

Safarik, Ivo, Eva Baldikova, Kristyna Pospiskova, and Mirka Safarikova. "Magnetic modification of diamagnetic agglomerate forming powder materials." Particuology 29 (December 2016): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2016.05.002.

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8

Paixão, L. S., Z. Z. Alisultanov, and M. S. Reis. "Oscillating adiabatic temperature change of 2D diamagnetic materials." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 368 (November 2014): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.06.010.

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9

Korolev, A. F., S. S. Krotov, N. N. Sysoev, and P. V. Lebedev-Stepanov. "Interrelation between diamagnetic and thermodynamic properties of materials." Doklady Physics 46, no. 4 (April 2001): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1371037.

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10

Palagummi, Sri Vikram, and Fuh-Gwo Yuan. "An enhanced performance of a horizontal diamagnetic levitation mechanism–based vibration energy harvester for low frequency applications." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 578–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16651152.

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This article identifies and studies key parameters that characterize a horizontal diamagnetic levitation mechanism–based low frequency vibration energy harvester with the aim of enhancing performance metrics such as efficiency and volume figure of merit. The horizontal diamagnetic levitation mechanism comprises three permanent magnets and two diamagnetic plates. Two of the magnets, lifting magnets, are placed co-axially at a distance such that each attracts a centrally located magnet, floating magnet, to balance its weight. This floating magnet is flanked closely by two diamagnetic plates which stabilize the levitation in the axial direction. The influence of the geometry of the floating magnet, the lifting magnet, and the diamagnetic plate is parametrically studied to quantify their effects on the size, stability of the levitation mechanism, and the resonant frequency of the floating magnet. For vibration energy harvesting using the horizontal diamagnetic levitation mechanism, a coil geometry and eddy current damping are critically discussed. Based on the analysis, an efficient experimental system is setup which showed a softening frequency response with an average system efficiency of 25.8% and a volume figure of merit of 0.23% when excited at a root mean square acceleration of 0.0546 m/s2 and at a frequency of 1.9 Hz.

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11

Juetten, Mark J., Alexander T. Buck, and Arthur H. Winter. "A radical spin on viologen polymers: organic spin crossover materials in water." Chemical Communications 51, no. 25 (2015): 5516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07119k.

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A polymer containing viologen radical cation monomer units is shown to reversibly switch between paramagnetic and diamagnetic statesvianon-covalent host–guest interactions or temperature control in water.

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12

Thanh, Nguyen Van, and Nguyen Anh Tuan. "Towards Design of High Spin Metal-free Materials." Communications in Physics 23, no. 4 (February 19, 2014): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/23/4/3665.

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In this paper, in order to explore high-spin carbon-based magnetic materials with strong ferromagnetic coupling, geometric structure, electronic structure and magnetic properties of alternating stacks of \(\pi \)-radical-halogenated-hydrocarbons and diamagnetic molecules have been investigated based on density-functional theory with dispersion correction. These alternating stacks are predicted to avoid the typical antiferromagnetic spin-exchange of indentical face-to-face radicals via spin polarization of a diamagnetic molecule in between. Our results show that \(\pi\)-radical-halogenated-hydrocarbons like perchlorophenalenyl (C\(_{13}\)Cl\(_{9})\) is strong ferromagnetic coupling if alternatingly stacked with aromatics like fluorinated coronene (C\(_{24}\)F\(_{12})\) or coronene (C\(_{24}\)H\(_{12})\), while fluorinated perinaphthenyl (C\(_{13}\)F\(_{9})\) and perinaphthenyl (C\(_{13}\)H\(_{9})\) are not an equally good choice. The role of ligand configuration in determining exchange coupling in stacks is discussed. These results would give some hints for designing new high-spin carbon-based ferromagnetic materials.

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13

Korkina, M. A., E. A. Samodelkin, B. V. Farmakovsky, O. V. Vasilyeva, P. A. Kuznetsov, and E. Yu Gerashchenkovа. "Obtaining soft magnetic powder composites of the system ferromagnetic – diamagnetic." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 2(98) (August 11, 2019): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-98-2-44-49.

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A method has been developed for producing a powder material of the ferromagnetic – diamagnetic system, intended for the manufacture of composite radar absorbing materials and coatings in the ultra-high frequency range. Composite powder material with a polymer diamagnetic matrix reinforced with a ferromagnetic nanocrystalline hardener is obtained by the method of ultrafast mechanosynthesis. The proposed technology of superfast mechanosynthesis allows to obtain a powder composition where each particle is a single mechanically connected system, while reducing the degree of amorphousness (no more than 80%) by maintaining the proportion of nanocrystalline precipitates in the amorphous matrix and, accordingly, increasing the magnetic permeability (up to 90 or more). The composite powder of the ferromagnetic – diamagnetic system thus obtained can be used to obtain radar absorbing materials with high shielding efficiency and a large absorption coefficient (at least 25 dB) in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 40 GHz.

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14

Curran, Justin, and Cass Hussman. "Pioneering the application of diamagnetic materials for spacecraft attitude control." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 5 (May 2015): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7105662.

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15

Hamai, Miho, Iwao Mogi, Satoshi Awaji, Kazuo Watanabe, and Mitsuhiro Motokawa. "Alignment and Orientation of Diamagnetic Materials under Magnetic Levitation Condition." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 2, No. 12A (December 1, 2001): L1336—L1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.l1336.

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16

Levintovich, I. Ya, and A. S. Kotosonov. "Diamagnetic susceptibility of carbon materials with two-dimensional graphite structure." Soviet Physics Journal 32, no. 11 (November 1989): 933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00898968.

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17

Liu, R. S., W. C. Shi, Y. C. Cheng, and C. Y. Huang. "Crystal Structures and Peculiar Magnetic Properties of α- and γ-Al2O3 Powders." Modern Physics Letters B 11, no. 26n27 (November 20, 1997): 1169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984997001390.

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The crystal structure and magnetic properties of the α- Al2O 3 and γ- Al2O 3 samples were investigated. The α- Al2O 3 and γ- Al2O 3 powders have the trigonal and cubic symmetries, respectively. Moreover, the α- Al2O 3 powders have better crystallinity than γ- Al2O 3 material. A peculiar magnetic behavior in these two materials was found. The weak diamagnetic signal appeared at the temperature range between room temperature and 100 K. Moreover, both materials have antiferromagnetic-like transitions at the temperature range between 30 K and 100 K. The materials changed to paramagnetic-like behavior at the temperature lower than 30 K. Based on our studies, we did not find any superconducting diamagnetic signal at the temperature range from 300 K to 5 K.

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18

Wang, Qun, Wei Ping Zhang, Wen Yuan Chen, Feng Cui, Shi Peng Li, Wu Liu, and Xiao Sheng Wu. "A Micro Diamagnetic Actuator for Micro Beads Levitation and Manipulation." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.990.

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An efficient and convenient way to levitate and manipulate micro beads is reported, in which coils and soft magnetic materials are used to generate a magnetic field. The levitation is based on diamagnetic buoyancy, and the main structure of this device is made into spiral switch arrays so as to simplify the interconnection and magnetic field control. The design, modeling and fabrication of the device for manipulation of diamagnetic beads is given in detail. Theoretic analysis and experimental results of fabrication indicate the advantages and feasibility of the proposal illustrated here.

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19

Safarik, Ivo, Jitka Prochazkova, and Kristyna Pospiskova. "Rapid magnetic modification of diamagnetic particulate and high aspect ratio materials." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 518 (January 2021): 167430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.167430.

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20

Vainshtein, D. "Magnetic resonance of diamagnetic centers in oxide and fluoride laser materials." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 119-121, no. 2 (November 1991): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420159108220776.

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21

Tarn, Mark D., Noriyuki Hirota, Alexander Iles, and Nicole Pamme. "On-chip diamagnetic repulsion in continuous flow." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 014611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/014611.

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22

Nehrkorn, Joscha, Igor A. Valuev, Mikhail A. Kiskin, Artem S. Bogomyakov, Elizaveta A. Suturina, Alena M. Sheveleva, Victor I. Ovcharenko, et al. "Easy-plane to easy-axis anisotropy switching in a Co(ii) single-ion magnet triggered by the diamagnetic lattice." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 30 (2021): 9446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01105g.

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23

Ford, W. K., J. Anderson, G. V. Rubenacker, John E. Drumheller, C. T. Chen, M. Hong, J. Kwo, and S. H. Liou. "Physical processing effects on polycrystalline YBa2Cu3Ox." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 1 (February 1989): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0016.

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The effect of heating YBa2Cu3Ox in vacuum to 600 °C has been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy and diamagnetic susceptibility measurements. Evidence of two chemically distinct copper and barium species is found in single phase samples at room temperature cleaned by gentle heating at 450 °C. Such annealing also increases the volume diamagnetic susceptibility of the samples which suggests that the preferred stoichiometry of growth does not lead to an optimum superconducting phase. Samples cleaned by vacuum scraping or ion bombardment reveal more amorphous XPS structure and are less indicative of bulk properties.

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24

Koshino, Mikito, and Tsuneya Ando. "Diamagnetic response of graphene multilayers." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 40, no. 5 (March 2008): 1014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2007.08.036.

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25

Gong, Qi, Weiwei Zhang, Yufeng Su, and Kun Zhang. "A diamagnetic-airflow hybrid levitation structure." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 62, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-190081.

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26

Röseler, J., R. I. Shekhmametev, and J. Neugebauer. "Diamagnetic Shift of Bielectrons in BiI3." physica status solidi (b) 145, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221450223.

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27

Eerdekens, Maarten, Ismael López-Duarte, Gunther Hennrich, and Thierry Verbiest. "Thin Films of Tolane Aggregates for Faraday Rotation: Materials and Measurement." Coatings 9, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100669.

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We present organic, diamagnetic materials based on structurally simple (hetero-)tolane derivatives. They form crystalline thin-film aggregates that are suitable for Faraday rotation (FR) spectroscopy. The resulting new materials are characterized appropriately by common spectroscopic (NMR, UV-Vis), microscopy (POM), and XRD techniques. The spectroscopic studies give extremely high FR activities, thus making these materials promising candidates for future practical applications. Other than a proper explanation, we insist on the complexity of designing efficient FR materials starting from single molecules.

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28

Pigot, C., H. Chetouani, G. Poulin, and G. Reyne. "Diamagnetic Levitation of Solids at Microscale." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 4521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2003400.

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29

Zhu, Liu, Xia Deng, Yang Hu, Jian Liu, Hongbin Ma, Junli Zhang, Jiecai Fu, et al. "Atomic-scale imaging of the ferrimagnetic/diamagnetic interface in Au-Fe3O4 nanodimers and correlated exchange-bias origin." Nanoscale 10, no. 45 (2018): 21499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr07642a.

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30

Araki, H., Y. Arai, S. Tamaki, and S. Takeda. "Diamagnetic susceptibility of molten Ag(Cl1−I )." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 250-252 (August 1999): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(99)00280-x.

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31

Takeuchi, Tetsuya, Yasuo Nakaoka, Runa Emura, and Terumasa Higashi. "Diamagnetic Orientation of Bull Sperms and Related Materials in Static Magnetic Fields." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 71, no. 1 (January 2002): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.71.363.

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32

Takahashi, K., I. Mogi, S. Awaji, M. Motokawa, and K. Watanabe. "Containerless melting and crystallization of diamagnetic organic materials under magnetic levitation condition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 51 (November 1, 2006): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/51/1/103.

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33

Acquarone, M., and M. Paiusco. "Diamagnetic impurity effects on the Néel temperature in La2CuO4 and related materials." Physica C: Superconductivity 210, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(93)90980-5.

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34

Bhadrakumari, S., and P. Predeep. "High-Tcsuperconductor/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite materials for diamagnetic applications." Superconductor Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (July 3, 2006): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/19/8/020.

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35

Aselage, T. L., E. L. Venturini, J. A. Voigt, D. L. Lamppa, and S. B. Van Deusen. "Two-zone annealing of Tl0.5Pb0.5(Sr0.8Ba0.2)2Ca2Cu3Oy." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 10 (October 1994): 2470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2470.

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Stable conditions have been identified for two-zone processing of the superconducting thallium cuprate Tl0.5Pb0.5(Sr0.8Ba0.2)2Ca2Cu3Oy. With P(O2) of 0.8 atm, P(Tl2O) of 4.4 × 10−3 atm, and a sample temperature of 920 °C, single-phase Tl0.5Pb0.5(Sr0.8Ba0.2)2Ca2Cu3Oy, is produced with a Tc of 115 K, complete diamagnetic shielding, and Meissner fraction greater than 70%. Although a small amount of melting occurs under these conditions, a comparison of the low-field diamagnetic shielding for these samples with samples of Pb- and Sr-free TlBa2Ca2Cu3Oy and Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Oy, suggests that such melting is not necessary to produce the triple-CuO2-layer superconductors.

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36

Wilkinson, C., D. A. Keen, P. J. Brown, and J. B. Forsyth. "The neutron diamagnetic form factor of graphite." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 1, no. 24 (June 19, 1989): 3833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/24/006.

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37

Seisyan, R. P. "Diamagnetic excitons and exciton magnetopolaritons in semiconductors." Semiconductor Science and Technology 27, no. 5 (April 19, 2012): 053001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/27/5/053001.

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38

Gordon, A., N. Logoboy, and W. Joss. "Critical phenomena at diamagnetic phase transitions." Physica B: Condensed Matter 353, no. 3-4 (December 2004): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2004.10.010.

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39

Gordon, A., W. Joss, N. Logoboy, and I. D. Vagner. "Diamagnetic phase transition by helicon resonance." Physica B: Condensed Matter 337, no. 1-4 (September 2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(03)00420-4.

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40

Garrido, Leoncio. "Magnetic orientation of diamagnetic amorphous polymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 48, no. 10 (May 15, 2010): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.21989.

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41

Jo, Younghun, Myung-Hwa Jung, Myung-Chul Kyum, and Sung-Ik Lee. "Ferromagnetic Signal in Nanosized Ag Particles." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.062.

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A new technique using an inductively coupled plasma reactor equipped with a liquid-nitrogen cooling system was developed to prepare Ag nanoparticles. The magnetic signal from these Ag particles with diameters of 4 nm showed, surprisingly, a signal with combined ferromagnetic and diamagnetic components, in contrast to the signal with only one diamagnetic component from bulk Ag. The same technique was used to prepare the Ag/Cu nanoparticles, which are Ag nanoparticles coated with a Cu layer. Compared to the Ag nanoparticles, these showed a greatly enhanced superparamagnetic signal in addition to the same value of the ferromagnetism. The comparison between the Ag and the Ag/Cu nanoparticles indicated that the ferromagnetic components are a common feature of Ag nanoparticles while the greatly enhanced paramagnetic component of Ag/Cu, which dominates over the background diamagnetic component from the Ag core, is from the outer Cu shell.

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42

Niculescu, E. C., and A. Radu. "Laser-induced diamagnetic anisotropy of coaxial nanowires." Current Applied Physics 10, no. 5 (September 2010): 1354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2010.04.009.

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43

Dodoo, Jennifer, and Adam A. Stokes. "Shaping and transporting diamagnetic sessile drops." Biomicrofluidics 13, no. 6 (November 2019): 064110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5124805.

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44

Shamonina, E., and L. Solymar. "Diamagnetic properties of metamaterials: a magnetostatic analogy." European Physical Journal B 41, no. 3 (October 2004): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2004-00322-7.

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45

Jiang, Xiao-Feng, Ming-Guang Chen, Jia-Ping Tong, and Feng Shao. "A mononuclear dysprosium(iii) single-molecule magnet with a non-planar metallacrown." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 22 (2019): 8704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01662g.

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46

Świa̧tek-Tran, B., H. A. Kołodziej, and V. H. Tran. "Zn(C3H3N2)2: a novel diamagnetic insulator." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 177, no. 3 (March 2004): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.10.005.

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47

Komarov, Igor V., Mikhail Yu Kornilov, and Aleksandr V. Turov. "Diamagnetic lanthanide tris-β-diketonates as ‘dissolving’ reagents." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 32, no. 7 (July 1994): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1260320709.

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48

Su, Yufeng, Zhiming Xiao, Zhitong Ye, and Kenichi Takahata. "Micromachined Graphite Rotor Based on Diamagnetic Levitation." IEEE Electron Device Letters 36, no. 4 (April 2015): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2015.2399493.

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49

Khuzaima, Nur, Khairel Rafezi, Nur Hidayah Ahmad Zaidi, M. K. R. Hashim, and Sheikh Abdul Rezan. "Minerals Characterization of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Element from Black Sand Langkawi." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.440.

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Valuable minerals are defined as mineral which having good opportunities to economic and consireable important. The most commonly occurring sand mineral deposits are ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, cassiterite, monazite, tourmaline, zircon, kyanite, silimanite, and garnet. In Malaysia, mineral sand deposits is found in Langkawi which known as black sand Langkawi. Langkawi black sand having high amount of valuable minerals that is very crucial in the industrial and construction products. Characterizations of black sand acquire different techniques to concentrate and separate valuable minerals. These techniques utilize different in physical or chemical properties of the valuable and gangue (wastes) minerals. For magnetic is based on natural or induced differences in magnetic susceptibility or conductivity of the minerals.. They are used to distinguish and extract magnetic, slightly magnetic and non-magnetic components present in the heavy fraction (Rutile, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Garnets, Zircon and Monazite). All minerals will have one of three magnetic properties: ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic minerals (i.e. Magnetite and Ilmenite) are magnetic and easily attracted to the poles of magnet. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic minerals in the group magnetic, but if the mixture of paramagnetic and diamagnetic minerals are passed through a magnetic field, the paramagnetic minerals will be pulled into the field and diamagnetic minerals separated from the field. By varying the intensity of the magnetic field, it is also possible to separate different paramagnetic minerals from each other. In this study, techniques used to separate valuable minerals from black sand are magnetic separator.

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50

Bobrycheva, N. P., N. V. Chezhina, and P. Mouron. "Magnetic dilution of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4-? in K2NiF4-type diamagnetic LaSrAlO4." Journal of Materials Science Letters 12, no. 14 (1993): 1125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00420542.

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