To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Diaspididae.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diaspididae'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 37 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Diaspididae.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Waltman, Krystal Grace Williams Michael L. "The armored scale insects of Alabama (Hemiptera: diaspididae)." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Entomology_and_Plant_Pathology/Thesis/Waltman_Krystal_33.pdf.
Full text
2
Mohammed, Khalid Omairy. "Biological responses and control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)." Thesis, Mohammed, Khalid Omairy (2020) Biological responses and control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/56498/.
Full textAbstract:
In many citrus areas around the world and within citrus-producing regions of Australia, the California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is considered the most important pests of citrus. The main biological control agents of Ao. aurantii in this zone are the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). In order to improve the biological control of Ao. aurantii several biotic and abiotic factors were studied, that may affect the efficiency of A. melinus in the laboratory and the field.
More concretely, reproductive potential and age-specific fecundity schedules of Ao. aurantii were studied in the laboratory at constant temperatures (20, 23 and 27°C), while the biological parameters of its parasitoid A. melinus were conducted at 27°C. Results revealed that the net reproduction rate (Ro) was considerably higher for Ao. aurantii than A. melinus, which reached 28.14 at 27°C, indicating its high reproductive capacity. Moreover, the net reproduction rate obtained for A. melinus indicates a low substitution potential for each female having Ao. aurantii as a host under laboratory conditions. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of A. melinus (0.188 ♀/♀/day) was significantly greater than that of Ao. aurantii (0.080) at 27°C.
Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack, and these VOCs can be exploited by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. The VOCs from non-infested and Ao. aurantii-infested citrus fruit were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The data showed that more than 52 different compounds were identified, and different emissions associated attributed to herbivore activity were found for all fruit species (lemon, orange, mandarin and Tahitian lime). However, a single compound was exclusively produced by infested lemon fruit, while two compounds were significantly increased, and two compounds were only present in non-infested lemon. Five compounds were significantly increased in infested mandarins. For orange, five compounds were increased, and five compounds were exclusively presented in infested fruit. For lime fruit, eighteen of these compounds were increased, one was decreased, whereas five compounds were produced exclusively from infested lime fruit. Two putative herbivores-induced plant volatiles, d-limonene and β-ocimene, were significantly increased by Ao. aurantii infestation in all infested fruit, regardless of the citrus species.
Subsequently, the preferences of female parasitoid on infested or healthy fruit in olfactometer bioassays were evaluated. Then in order to understand the magnitude of volatile attractiveness, the innate attractiveness of VOCs to A. melinus females in varying densities were tested in the laboratory. The results of the olfactometer assays that tested the behaviour of A. melinus to the different compounds emitted from infested and non-infested citrus fruit showed no such preference when compared between non-infested and infested oranges, mandarins and lime fruit; whilst, there were significant preferences for lemon fruit infested with Ao. aurantii over non-infested ones. For assessment, the attraction of synthetic Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), four different concentrations (5,10, 15 and 20 μl/ml) of d-l-limonene and β-ocimene were investigated. However, mated A. melinus females preferred the reward-associated VOC more than hexane control in the case of d-limonene at the tested dosages of 15 and 20 μl/ml, β-ocimene at tested dosages of 10, 15 and 20 μl/ml.
Finally, this study evaluated the dispersal ability of released A. melinus adults and their effect on the parasitism percentage, using d-limonene and β-ocimene with yellow sticky traps and scoring percentage parasitism on infested fruit. Under field conditions, the natural enemies’ effectiveness in controlling pests is largely correlated with their capability to spread towards infested crops. In this study, d-limonene and β-ocimene were examined for their attractiveness to California red scale parasitoid A. melinus in the field after augmentative releases. Field experiments demonstrated that lures baited with isolates of d-limonene and\or β-ocimene, which significantly attracted some species of natural enemies but had no significant impact on others. The number of A. melinus captured during the whole trial was greater in the traps treated with volatiles than the control. Finally, the overall parasitism rates were not increased by synthetic HIPV lures, but there was evidence that lures may increase parasitism of California red scale when there is a decrease in the amount of volatile organic compounds due to lack of healthy and infested fruit. In conclusion, HIPVs can potentially play important roles in attracting and exploiting natural enemies to reduce pest infestations.
3
Liu, Tong-Xian. "Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71344.
Full textAbstract:
The scurfy scales in the genus Chionaspis comprise a unique taxon among the armored scale insect genera in North America. The taxonomic reviews of the species belonging to the genus by Cooley (1899) and Ferris (1937, 1942) are far outdated.
The present research is a comprehensive review of all the species in this genus in North America, with special emphasis on polymorphism associated with feeding sites which has been discovered in some species. Seventeen species have been redescribed and illustrated in detail, each with a discussion of their morphological affinities and relationships. Their host habits and zoogeography are summarized.
The five species having typical bark and leaf forms, as well as intermediate forms, are discussed in more detail. A separate chapter deals with polymorphism, including a historical literature review of the subject. A hypothesis is given on the modes of transfer from the bark form to the leaf form and vice versa, that results in different morphs in first or second generations. Two keys were prepared: one for the genera related to Chionaspis and another for the determination of the species of this genus in North America.
The three species that have been recently redescribed, C. americana and C. kosztarabi and C. nyssae are also discussed, and the most important morphological characters and the plates prepared by the original authors for each of these three species are given in order to better utilize the key to the species in North America.
As a direct result of this research, two new species have been discovered: Chionaspis gilli Liu and Kosztarab, and C. hamoni Liu and Kosztarab. In addition new morphs were found for C. platani and C. wistariae. This thesis also includes many new distribution and host records for several species.
The phylogenetic relationship of all the species in this study has been discussed, and as a result of the Ward's Minimum Variance Cluster Analysis (1985 version, SAS), a dendrogram has been provided based on 23 numerical characters.<br>Master of Science
4
Marcelino, Jose A. P. "Epizootiology and Phylogenetics of Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Fiorinia externa ferris(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Northeastern USA." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2007. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/148.
Full textAbstract:
The eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière] is one of the native dominant forest components of northeastern US. At present, these valuable stands face an alarming decline, in part due to the Fiorinia externa, elongate hemlock scale (EHS), (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). The armored shield of F. externa provides an excellent defense against insecticides, natural enemies and adverse conditions. Chemical and classical biocontrol methods have been unable to stop the spread of this pest. Recently, the occurrence of an epizootic within the F. externa population in the Mianus River Gorge Preserve in Bedford, NY revealed a promising opportunity for control of this scale. Entomopathogenic fungi represent a valuable, although under-utilized, group of organisms with unique capabilities for self-sustaining pest management. Given the significant impact of this epizootic on F. externa, we have conducted extensive research on the biology, genetics and biological control potential of this epizootic. We molecularly identified a complex of entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, and endophytic fungi associated with the epizootic in 36 localities within the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut and New Jersey. One fungus, Colletotrichum sp., was the most commonly isolated organism in populations of F. externa within areas of the epizootic. The host range of this Colletotrichum species comprised both insects and plants, although diverse life cycles occured in the different hosts. Endophytic growth was observed in 28 species of plants comprising 18 families (52% of the sampling), whereas in F. externa biotrophic and necotrophic growth was detected. Colletotrichum is a widely known phytopathogenic genus and reports of entomopathogenic activity are extremely rare. In order to understand the biological processes involved in the host-pathogen interactions we quantified the pathogenicity and virulence of this Colletotrichum sp. to four insect families and six plants families as well as the occurrence of sexual recombination in this Colletotrichum sp., both in vitro and in planta. We observed that this Colletotrichum sp. displays a propensy to induce rapid disease and mortality in F. externa hosts. Phylogenetic analysis comprising six of the most commonly studied nuclear genes in molecular phylogenetics (D1/D2 domain of the 28 rDNA gene, ITS region, β-Tubulin 2, GPDH gene, GS gene and HMG box at the MAT1-2 mating-type gene) and RAPDs showed this fungus is closely related to phytopathogenic strains of Colletotrichum acutatum and that it may represent a single population lineage of this species (i.e., Colletotrichum acutatum forma specialis fiorinia). Though a large body of information exists regarding the phytopathogenic genus Colletotrichum, ours is only the second reported entomopathogenic strain. It is not clear whether the colonization of an insect by this fungus is truly rare or a common but undetected event. Sexual recombination, observed in planta and in vitro, could be the means by which new genetic variants are generated leading to new biotypes with a selective advantage to colonize new hosts, which in this case is a novel host in a different kingdom.
5
Garcerá, Figueroa María de la Cruz. "Racionalización de las aplicaciones de productos fitosanitarios para el control de Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en cítiricos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/31666.
Full textAbstract:
El uso de pesticidas en la agricultura es todavía imprescindible para conseguir un control
adecuado de las plagas. Con el fin de disminuir y controlar los riesgos que conlleva su
aplicación existe una elevada presión social que promueve el desarrollo de acciones destinadas
a minimizar el impacto de los pesticidas sobre el medioambiente.
Una forma de conseguirlo es racionalizar la aplicación de los pesticidas, adecuando la cantidad
de producto empleada a las necesidades reales y las condiciones particulares de la aplicación a
realizar (plaga que se trata de controlar, maquinaria y productos empleados y vegetación
sobre la que se aplica). Sin embargo, en la actualidad se utiliza una gran cantidad de producto
con el objetivo de asegurar su resultado, sin tener en cuenta que a menudo se generan
excesos innecesarios que acaban contaminando el medio ambiente y reduce el beneficio
económico.
Para poder ajustar racionalmente la cantidad de producto que debe aplicarse en un
tratamiento, es necesario estudiar las relaciones existentes entre la cantidad de materia activa
depositada, la forma en que se deposita y cómo ésta afecta al control de la plaga, evaluando
las posibles diferencias de sensibilidad entre los estadios de desarrollo de la misma. Esta tesis
ha servido para desarrollar de manera científica estas relaciones, utilizando como ejemplo el
control del piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en sus
distintas fases de desarrollo, ya que es una plaga de gran importancia en el cultivo de los
cítricos. A lo largo de la misma se han utilizado los dos tipos de productos que más se emplean
contra esta plaga, producidos a base de organofosforados y de aceites minerales. Como
consecuencia de los modelos de respuesta que se han establecido en la tesis, se deducen los
depósitos mínimos que se deben alcanzar sobre el material vegetal para obtener la máxima
eficacia sobre cada estadio de desarrollo del insecto. Así, contra las fases jóvenes es necesario
un depósito mínimo de caldo de 1.01 µl/cm2
con insecticidas organofosforados y de 3.41-4.72
µl/cm2
en el caso de los aceites minerales, mientras que para fases adultas estos depósitos
aumentan hasta valores de alrededor de 4.72 µl/cm2
en todos los casos.
A continuación se han validado en condiciones de campo los modelos de respuesta de los
insecticidas. Para ello se han diseñado unos tratamientos en función del modelo de respuesta,
el tamaño de la copa y la densidad foliar de la vegetación, y se ha comparado su eficacia
respecto a tratamientos convencionales basados en volúmenes cercanos al punto de goteo. A
pesar de haber obtenido menores recubrimientos con los tratamientos diseñados (60-70%
frente al 90% con los tratamientos convencionales), no se han encontrado diferencias de
eficacia estadísticamente significativas y se ha ahorrado alrededor de un 40% de producto
fitosanitario.
La tesis también demuestra que, una vez alcanzado un determinado umbral (diferente para
cada estadio de la plaga), la generación de mayor recubrimiento no conduce a una mayor eficacia, poniendo de manifiesto que la cantidad de insecticida organofosforado o aceite
mineral empleada puede ser reducida mediante la optimización del volumen de aplicación,
basándose en el volumen de vegetación al que se dirige el tratamiento.
Por último, la tesis propone y valida un método para estimar la calidad de un tratamiento,
basado en los depósitos conseguidos sobre papel hidrosensible tras la aplicación. Para ello
utiliza los datos de recubrimiento observados y los relaciona con la eficacia esperada.<br>Garcerá Figueroa, MDLC. (2013). Racionalización de las aplicaciones de productos fitosanitarios para el control de Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en cítiricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31666<br>TESIS
6
Saconato, Willian Victor. "Amostragem seqüencial (presença-ausência) para o monitoramento da cochonilha-branca Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) na cultura da manga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-27102005-152000/.
Full textAbstract:
Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfia sobre a aplicação da amostragem seqüencial em manejos de pragas. A metodologia para o desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem seqüencial, foi baseada na teoria de Wald. Verificou-se que a distribuição binomial ajustou-se aos dados de presença-ausência da cochonilha-branca Aulacaspis tubercularis na cultura da manga, obtidos em duas propriedades localizadas na região de Jaboticabal, interior do estado de São Paulo. Seis planos de amostragem seqüencial foram elaborados para o monitoramento dessa praga, três com níveis de erros iguais a 0; 20 e outros três com níveis de erros iguais a 0; 10. Dentre esses, foram elaborados: dois planos para a amostragem em ramos durante o período vegetativo, dois para a amostragem em ramos durante o período de frutificação e outros dois planos para a amostragem em frutos. Nos planos de amostragem seqüencial para ramos no período vegetativo foram utilizados níveis de segurança iguais a 0; 35 e níveis de dano econômico iguais a 0; 50. Já no período de frutificação, houve um rigor maior quanto ao uso desses níveis, devido à presença de frutos. Foram utilizados níveis de segurança iguais a 0; 20 para ramos e 0; 05 para frutos, e níveis de dano econômico iguais a 0; 30 e 0; 15 para ramos e frutos, respectivamente. Foram construídas tabelas para o processo de amostragem em campo, facilitando assim, o trabalho do amostrador. Com o uso dessas tabelas o produtor poderá decidir rapidamente se há, ou não, a necessidade de se realizar o controle dessa praga.<br>A bibliographical revision on the application of the sequential sampling in management of pests was made. The methodology for the development of plans of sequential sampling, was based on the theory of Wald. It was verified that the binomial distribution adjusted to data of presence-absence of the mango scale Aulacaspis tubercularis on mango crop, gotten in two properties located at the region of Jaboticabal, interior of the state of São Paulo. Six plans of sequential sampling was elaborated for the monitoring of this pest, three with errors levels equal to 0; 20 and others three with errors levels equals to 0; 10. Amongst these, they was elaborated: two plans for the sampling in branches during the vegetative period, two for the sampling in branches during the period of fructification and others two plans for the sampling in fruits. In the plans of sequential sampling for branches in the vegetative period security level equal to 0; 35 and economic damage level equal to 0; 50 had been used. Already in longer period of fructification, had a bigger severity how much to the use of these levels, due to presence of fruits. Security levels equals to 0; 20 for branches and 0; 05 for fruits, and economic damage levels equals to 0; 30 and 0; 15 for branches and fruits, respectively, had been used. Tables for the sampling process in field, thus facilitating, the sampler's work was constructed. With the use of these tables the producer will be able to decide quickly has itself, or not, the necessity of if carrying through the control from this pest.
7
Zhao, Jing-wei. "The biology and ecology of California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae), and its natural enemy, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae)." Adelaide, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz63.pdf.
Full text
8
Alleoni, Bernardo. "Estudos da cochonilha escama farinha dos citros Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869) (Homoptera, diaspididae e seletividade de inseticidas a Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763)." Universidade de São Paulo, 1987. http://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-20181127-155005/.
Full textAbstract:
Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869) (Homoptera, Diaspididae) é uma praga importante em citros no Brasil. Entretanto as pesquisas a respeito desta praga são escassas, particularmente em nossas condições. Portanto, desenvolveu-se estudos sobre a biologia, predadores e controle químico desta cochonilha, e também os efeitos de inseticidas em Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763), predador freqüente nos pomares citricos. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no Departamento de Entomologia da Escola Superior de Agricultura"Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo Pinnaspis aspidistrae foi criada em hospedeiros do gênero Cucurbita em laboratório. Os inseticidas foram testados para o segundo e terceiro estádios ninfais de machos e fêmeas da cochonilha, para os quais utilizou-se colonias da praga em discos de folha de citros em placas de Petri e em aboboras. Os resultados foram os seguintes: Pinnaspis aspidistrae é uma espécie ovipara e apresenta uma reprodução anfigônica; os períodos de longevidade médios foram 59, 17 ± 0,92 dias na estação mais quente e 71,37 ± 1,40 dias na estação mais fria; O número médio de gerações anuais é 5,6; Os coccinelideos predadores da cochonilha foram Exoplectra sp., Scymnus sp. e Stethorus sp., além do crisopideo Chrysopa sp.; óleo mineral e carbofenotion apresentaram baixa toxicidade e abamectin foi seletivo quando aplicados sobre os adultos de Cycloneda sanguinea; óleo mineral, carbofenotion e abamectin foram seletivos e dimetoato medianamente tóxico aos predadores, quando estes foram colocados sobre o substrato previamente tratado com aqueles inseticidas; dimetoato e as misturas de azinfos etil, diazinon e carbofenotion com óleo mineral foram eficientes no controle dos dois instares ninfais da cochonilha, independentemente do sexo; óleo mineral, dimetoato e carbofenotion devem ser usados para o controle integrado de Pinnaspis aspidistrae , não somente por serem eficientes mas também porque preservam os coccinelideos predadores<br>Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869) (Homoptera, diaspididae) is an important citrus pest in Brazil. However, researches concerning this insect are scarce, particularly in Brazil. Therefore, studies were developed on the biology, predators and chemical control of this pest and also the effects of inseticides on Cyeloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) which is frequent predator in orchards. The experiments were set at the Departament of Entomology of"Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Pinnaspis aspidistrae was reared on cucurbit hosts in the laboratory. The insecticides were tested on second and third nymphal instars of male and female of the scale which were kept on discs of citrus leaves in petri dishes and on pumpkins. The results were as follows: Pinnaspis aspidistrae is an oviparous species and presents amphigen reproduction; the mean longevity periods were 59,17 ± 0,92 days in the hot season and 71,37 ± 1,40 days in the cold season; the mean number of generation per year is 5,6; the coccinellid predators of the scale were Exoplectra sp., Scymnus sp. and a Stethorus sp., as well as the chrisopid Chrysopa sp.; as to the effects of chemicals on Cycloneda sanguinea mineral oil and carbophenothion presented low toxicity while abamectin was selective to this predators. Mineral oil, carbophenothion and abamectin were selective and dimethoate presented median toxicity to Cycloneda sanguinea, when the predator was placed on substratum previously treated with those chemicals; dimethoate and mixture of azinphos ethil, diazibon and carbophenothion with mineral oil were efficient to control the second and third nymphal instars of the pest regardless the sex; mineral oil, dimethoate and carbophenothion should be used on the integrated control of Pinnaspis aspidistrae not only because they provide a good control of the pest, but also because they preserve the coccinellid predators.
9
Sorribas, Mellado Juan José. "Biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies, parasitism levels and climate effects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/14794.
Full textAbstract:
En muchas áreas citrícolas del mundo el piojo rojo de California (PRC), Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), está considerado una plaga clave. En el Este de España se ha extendido durante las últimas décadas hasta cubrir una amplia extensión de cítricos. El control químico es difícil y frecuentemente es seguido de infestaciones recurrentes en poco tiempo, de la aparición de resistencias a diferentes productos usados para su control y de la eliminación de enemigos naturales en el campo. La mejora del manejo
integrado y las técnicas de control biológico del PRC requieren conocer la composición de los enemigos naturales en cada zona climática, la fluctuación en su abundancia estacional, los niveles de parasitismo y depredación, como se distribuyen en la planta y como son afectados por el clima y el cambio climático.
Aunque mucho se ha estudiado en laboratorio sobre los parasitoides Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los principales agentes de control del PRC, todavía no se conoce qué combinación de enemigos naturales consigue el mejor nivel de control en el campo, cómo varían los niveles de parasitismo a lo largo del año o cómo los parasitoides se distribuyen y compiten en el campo en relación con el clima. La acción de los Aphytis, ectoparasitoides, es complementada en muchas zonas citrícolas por los endoparasitoides
Comperiella bifasciata y Encarsia perniciosi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), los cuales pueden parasitar estadíos diferentes a Aphytis. Muy poco se sabe sobre el comportamiento y las respuestas biológicas bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas de estos endoparasitoides. Del mismo modo, el efecto de los depredadores sobre la población del piojo ha sido raramente estudiado. Actualmente, A. melinus, una especie introducida en el Este de España y el competidor superior, ha desplazado al parasitoide nativo A. chrysomphali de las zonas cálidas y secas ya que puede tolerar mejor las temperaturas cálidas del verano.<br>Sorribas Mellado, JJ. (2011). Biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies, parasitism levels and climate effects [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14794<br>Palancia
10
Cebolla, Sos Ruth. "Effect of competition between Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) and A. melinus (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae), on their coexistence and efficacy as biological control agents of Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/463086.
Full textAbstract:
The California red scale Aonidiella aurantii is considered a key citrus pest. Parasitoids of genus Aphytis are the most important natural enemies of A. aurantii. In the Mediterranean basin, the native A. chrysomphali and the introduced A. melinus are the most abundant parasitoids of A. aurantii. The introduced has completely displaced the native A. chrysomphali in the south, whereas they coexist in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. We have used this well-known host-parasitoid system to investigate some gaps on the behavioural ecology of hymenopteran parasitoids, which have been exposed in the introduction. This knowledge will contribute to improve their use in biological control programs, especially in the case of A. aurantii in the Mediterranean basin.<br>El piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii, se considera una de las plagas de los cítricos más importante a nivel mundial. Los principales enemigos naturales de A. aurantii son los parasitoides del género Aphytis, siendo los más abundantes en la cuenca mediterránea el nativo Aphytis chrysomphali y el introducido A. melinus. En las zonas del sur de la Península Ibérica, A. melinus ha desplazado completamente al nativo A. chrysomphali, mientras que en el noreste ambos parasitoides coexisten. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis, hemos utilizado este conocido sistema de parasitoides-hospedante para investigar algunos aspectos poco conocidos en la ecología del comportamiento de los parasitoides himenópteros, los cuáles han sido mencionados en la introducción de la tesis. Este conocimiento contribuirá a mejorar su uso en programas de control biológico, especialmente en el caso de A. aurantii en la cuenca mediterránea.
11
Pina, Desfilis Mª Tatiana. "Control biológico del piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) y estrategias reproductivas de su principal enemigo natural Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10351.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis describe la situación del control biológico del piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), por parasitoides en la Comunidad ValencianaEl piojo rojo de California es una de las plagas más importantes de cítricos en España. Esta plaga, a pesar de todos los tratamientos químicos que se realizan para su control, se encuentra por encima del umbral económico de daños.En este trabajo se constata, tras un muestreo realizado a lo largo de un año, que Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hymenoptera; Aphelinidae) es el parasitoide mayoritario de esta cochinilla en la Comunidad Valenciana, a pesar de todas las sueltas realizadas desde los años 70 de la especie Aphytis melinus DeBach, parasitoide más eficaz en otros países. Junto a estas dos especies se ha verificado el establecimiento de Aphytis lingnanensis Compere en Castellón, tras repetidas sueltas, así como se ha descrito la presencia de dos nuevas especies de parasitoides sobre A. aurantii: Aphytis hispanicus (Mercet), parasitoide habitual de Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock) (Hem.; Diaspidadae) pero no de A. aurantii en España; y una especie que podría tratarse de un nuevo taxón para la ciencia y que hasta el momento de su próxima descripción se ha denominado Aphytis sp. grupo lingnanensis. De esta especie destacan como características principales la pigmentación casi absoluta de la pupa (fundamentalmente cabeza y tórax), la exuvia también oscura y la crénula solapada en el adulto. Junto a este grupo de ectoparasitoides, también se ha realizado la introducción de dos nuevos endoparasitoides del piojo rojo de California en la península Ibérica, dentro de un programa de control biológico clásico: Comperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.; Encyrtidae) y Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (Hym.; Aphelindae). Sólo se ha establecido la segunda especie en Castellón, tras ser transferida su cría al insectario de Sanidad Vegetal de Almazora (Castellón) y en colaboración con la unidad de entomología del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias. Durante el periodo de estudio también se ha localizado a Comperiella lemniscata Compere y Annecke (Hym.; Encyrtidae), nueva especie de endoparasitoide de Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Hem.; Diaspididae) en España.Se ha verificado que A. chrysomphali en campo parasita fundamentalmente cochinillas macho, lo cual --y tal y como se demuestra en la tesis-- afecta negativamente al tamaño del parasitoide, a su longevidad y fecundidad. Sin embargo, en condiciones de laboratorio, esta especie prefiere un hospedador de mayor tamaño como la hembra joven, y por tanto la elección en campo de un hospedador de menor calidad obedece a cuestiones de tipo ecológico. Entre estas variables, podrían ser determinantes aspectos como la estructura de la población de la cochinilla en campo donde predominan estados inmaduros, hecho que a su vez podría ser responsable de la baja densidad de la población de A. melinus que requiere estados más avanzados para su correcto funcionamiento.Por otro lado, se ha observado que A. chrysomphali está infectada por la bacteria endosimbionte Wolbachia. En este trabajo se demuestra como esta bacteria en A. chrysomphali induce la partenogénesis telitoca, de tal modo que si se elimina la bacteria mediante tratamientos antibióticos se revierte el porcentaje de sexos hacia la producción de una descendencia formada exclusivamente por machos. Además, a medida que disminuye la densidad de la bacteria en los progenitores, su fecundidad, y la supervivencia de los estados inmaduros, se ve reducida. Por otro lado, los machos obtenidos presentan un comportamiento de cópula normal a diferencia de las hembras, infectadas o curadas, que no se muestran receptivas e impiden la cópula, concluyendo que la reproducción partenogenética telitoca exhibida por la hembra es de tipo irreversible.
12
Cruz, Maiara Alexandre. "Inimigos naturais de cochonilhas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) associadas a plantas de importância econômica no estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153546.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by MAIARA ALEXANDRE CRUZ (maiara_agronomia@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-16T14:10:46Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
Dissertaçao_Maiara_Alexandre_Cruz.pdf: 2216345 bytes, checksum: c797b70103395ccc0e6fb5cc74a155ef (MD5)
DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA repositorio.docx: 2205488 bytes, checksum: 87334bbb24da1f49c2f7403a20b4b5ea (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-16T18:24:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
cruz_ma_me_jabo.pdf: 2216345 bytes, checksum: c797b70103395ccc0e6fb5cc74a155ef (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T18:24:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
cruz_ma_me_jabo.pdf: 2216345 bytes, checksum: c797b70103395ccc0e6fb5cc74a155ef (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2018-02-28<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>RESUMO – A agricultura é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. O estado de São Paulo, com significativa produção e produtividade de diversas culturas, é o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar e citros, e o terceiro em café. No entanto, grandes perdas econômicas e ambientais ocorrem pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos para controlar insetos-praga, incluindo cochonilhas. Informações sobre insetos benéficos atualmente presentes nas regiões produtoras são fundamentais para o manejo integrado de pragas. Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento de inimigos naturais associados a espécies de cochonilhas consideradas pragas, primárias ou secundárias, para as culturas de cana-de-açúcar, citros e café no estado de São Paulo, relacionando à origem de cada espécie; especificidade a presa; e as possíveis adaptações a predação ou parasitismo em relação às características morfológicas macroscópicas das cochonilhas. O levantamento de inimigos naturais associados com dez espécies de cocóideos frequentemente associados a estas plantas foi realizado em 15 municípios, situados nas mesorregiões de São José do Rio Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Araraquara e Campinas. As coletas foram realizadas entre agosto de 2016 e agosto de 2017, de maneira aleatória, em áreas urbana e rural. Nesse período, foram coletadas 52 espécies de inimigos naturais. Para cochonilhas da cana-de-açúcar, todas as associações são novos relatos para o estado de São Paulo; e, Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake, 1932 e Mariola flava Noyes, 1980 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) sâo registrados pela primeira vez para o para o país. Entre as cochonilhas que frequentemente infestam citros e café, e seus respectivos inimigos nturais. 21 novas associações foram registradas. Dentre os predadores obtidos, Pseudoazya nana (Marshall, 1912) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), e, os parasitoides Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius, 1888, Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault, 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Coccophagus basalis Compere, 1939 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), são registrados pela primeira vez para o estado de São Paulo. Para o Brasil são registrados: Coccophagus flavifrons Howard, 1885 e Coccophagus rusti Compere, 1928 ((Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).<br>ABSTRAT– Agriculture is of great importance for the development of Brazil. The state of São Paulo, with significant production and productivity of several crops, is the largest producer of sugarcane and citrus, and the third in coffee. However, major economic and environmental losses occur through the indiscriminate use of pesticides to control pest insects, including scale insects. Information on beneficial insects currently present in producing regions is essential for integrated pest management. The objective of this study was to survey natural enemies associated with scale insects species considered as primary or secondary pests for sugarcane, citrus and coffee crops in the state of São Paulo, relating to the origin of each species; specificity prey; and the possible adaptations to predation or parasitism in relation to the macroscopic morphological characteristics of scale insects. The survey of natural enemies associated with ten coccoid species frequently associated with these plantations was carried out in 15 municipalities located in the mesoregions of São José do Rio Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Araraquara and Campinas, in the main sugarcane producing regions, citrus and state coffee. The collections were carried out between August 2016 and August 2017, in a random manner, in urban and rural areas. During this period, 52 species of natural enemies were collected. For sugarcane scale insects, all associations are new reports for the state of São Paulo; and, Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake, 1932 and Mariola flava Noyes, 1980 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are recorded for the first time to the country. Among the scale insects that frequently infest citrus and coffee, and their respective nemes. 21 new associations were registered. Among the predators obtained, Pseudoazya nana (Marshall, 1912) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), and the parasitoids Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius, 1888, Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault, 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Coccophagus basalis Compere, 1939 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), are registered for the first time to the state of São Paulo. For Brazil are recorded: Coccophagus flavifrons Howard, 1885 and Coccophagus rusti Compere, 1928 ((Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).
13
Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030819.153206/index.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D. (Horticulture)) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002.<br>"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the fulfillment of study for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture" "Principal supervisor: Robert Spooner-Hart, co-supervisor: Andrew Beattie, co-supervisor: Alfie Meats" Bibliography : leaves 231-265.
14
Pekas, Apostolos. "Factors affecting the biological control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in eastern Spain citrus: host size, ant activity, and adult parasitoid food sources." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/10293.
Full textAbstract:
California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), one of the most important pests of citrus worldwide, began to cause damages in eastern Spain in 1986. The main biological control agents of A. aurantii in this zone are the native parasitoid A. chrysomphali (Mercet) and the introduced A. melinus DeBach (both Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Nevertheless, the control they exert is insufficient. In order to improve the biological control of A. aurantii we studied several biotic factors that may affect the efficiency of A. chrysomphali and A. melinus in the field. More concretely, we studied the spatial and temporal variation in the scale size, the host sizes used by A. chrysomphali and A. melinus as well as the influence of host size on various parasitoid traits. Moreover, we studied the foraging ecology and the effect of the ants native to the Mediterranean on the populations of the scale and, finally, the nutritional state and food sources used by adult A. melinus in the field.
In the field, the body size of A. aurantii varied with plant substrate, locality, time of the year, and probably, with the nutritional state of the host plant. Plant substrate was found to substantially influence the body size of A. aurantii with scales being significantly larger on fruits that on leaves or twigs. Another important source of variation for A. aurantii size was geographic location since significant differences were found among orchards. Moreover, significant seasonal variation in the body size of A. aurantii was observed; body sizes were smaller during summer and autumn, apparently due to the effect of temperature. Finally, a positive relationship between the content of potassium in leaves and scale size was observed. From all the above factors, temperature related seasonal variation had the most profound effect on A. aurantii size.
Aphytis chrysomphali and A. melinus used different sizes of A. aurantii in the field.<br>Pekas, A. (2011). Factors affecting the biological control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in eastern Spain citrus: host size, ant activity, and adult parasitoid food sources [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10293<br>Palancia
15
Oliveira, Mariana Santos Gomes de. "Semioquímicos envolvidos nas interações tritróficas entre a palma forrageira, a chochonilha de escama Diaspis echinocacti (BOUCHÉ, 1833) (HEMIPTERA - DIASPIDIDAE) e dois de seus predadores, Zagreus bimaculosus (MULSANT, 1850) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) e Chilocorus nigrita (FABRICIUS, 1798) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1917.
Full textAbstract:
The palm is an important crop, primarily for its forage potential, being an alternative to feeding livestock is scarce native grasslands, especially during periods of prolonged drought. One of the main problems in the cultivation of cactus pear is the infestation of pests such as mealybug in scale, Diaspis echinocacti, when uncontrolled can cause severe yield losses, reaching 100%. The Integrated
Management is an alternative to control this pest and maintenance of production out of economic damage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the spineless cactus, cochineal scale and two of its natural enemies, Zagreus bimaculosus and Chilocorus nigrita. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by ten varieties of cactus, healthy and infested by D. echinocacti, as well as the volatiles released by the two natural enemies studied were collected by aeration and
extracted with n-hexane HPLC. The extracts were subjected to behavioral bioassays in olfatometre Y to identify their attractive activity for natural enemies, Z. bimaculosus and C. nigrita, and then subjected to chemical analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for identification of VOCs. Electrophysiologic testing with gas chromatography coupled to electroantennograph (GC-EAG) of the extracts that showed activity in behavioral bioassays were conducted. The results showed that the species of ladybugs are attracted by the extracts studied, mostly after the process of infestation with D. echinocacti, and that the profiles of the emission of VOCs of ten varieties studied differed. Among the VOCs identified in extracts of Z. bimaculosus and C. nigrita, are the 1-ethyl-hexanol, 3,7-dimethyloctanol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-decanol, 2-propyl-1-heptanol and farnesol, which were identified as components of the aggregation pheromone of beetles and beetle cuticular constituents. It also observe that new compounds were found in the extracts of ten varieties of cactus infested with cochineal scale of D. echinocacti, among these compounds are the n-octanal, geranyl linalool, linalool, n-nonanal, n-decanal and squalene, which are associated with plant defense, including the attraction of natural
enemies. These results demonstrate the importance of VOCs produced by plants for their defense, after a process of herbivory, including with regard to the attraction of natural enemies. VOCs released by two species of ladybugs can be studied components of the aggregation pheromone, since attractiveness was demonstrated in behavioral bioassays.<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A palma é uma importante cultura, principalmente por seu potencial forrageiro, sendo uma alternativa para alimentação de rebanhos quando há escassez de pastagens nativas, inclusive em períodos de seca prolongada. Um dos principais problemas no cultivo da palma forrageira é a infestação de pragas, como a cochonilha em escama, Diaspis echinocacti, que quando não controlada pode causar perdas severas na produtividade, podendo chegar a 100%. O Manejo Integrado é uma alternativa para o controle desta praga e manutenção da produção fora de um dano econômico. Assim sendo, este estudo objetivou avaliar a interação entre a palma forrageira, a cochonilha de escama e dois de seus inimigos naturais, Zagreus bimaculosus e Chilocorus nigrita. Os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs)
liberados por dez variedades de palma forrageira, sadias e infestadas por D. echinocacti, assim como os voláteis liberados pelos dois inimigos naturais estudados foram coletados por aeração e extraídos com hexano grau HPLC. Os extratos foram submetidos a bioensaios comportamentais em olfatômetrro Y, para identificação de sua atividade atraente para os inimigos naturais, Z. bimaculosus e C. nigrita, e em seguida submetidos a análises químicas por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM) para identificação dos COVs. Foram realizados testes eletrofisiológicos com Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada ao Eletroantenógrafo (CG-EAG) dos extratos que exibiram atividade nos bioensaios comportamentais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as espécies de joaninhas estudadas são atraídas pelos extratos, em sua maioria, após o processo de infestação com D. echinocacti, e que os perfis de emissão dos COVs das dez variedades estudadas diferem entre si. Dentre os COVs identificados nos extratos de Z. bimaculosus e C. nigrita, encontram-se o 1-etil-hexanol, 3,7-dimetil-octanol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-decanol, 2-propil-1-heptanol e o farnesol, os quais foram identificados como componentes do feromônio de agregação de coleópteros e como constituintes cuticulares de coleópteros. Observa-se ainda que novos compostos foram encontrados nos extratos das dez variedades de palma forrageira infestadas com a cochonilha de escama, D. echinocacti, dentre estes compostos estão o n-octanal, geranil linalol, linalol, n-nonanal, n-decanal e esqualeno, os quais estão associados a defesa de plantas, inclusive na atração de inimigos naturais. Esses resultados comprovam a importância dos COVs produzidos por plantas para sua defesa, após
um processo de herbivoria, inclusive no que diz respeito à atração de inimigos naturais. Os COVs liberados pelas duas espécies de joaninhas estudadas podem ser componentes do feromônio de agregação, uma vez que houve atratividade demonstrada em bioensaios comportamentais.
16
Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems." Thesis, View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
Full textAbstract:
The results of the 3-year project successfully indicated that petroleum-derived spray oils can be used for effective control of a range of citrus pests including citrus leafminer, Asiatic citrus psyllid, chaff scale, red scale, citrus red mite. The results suggested that it should be possible, through use of horticultural and agricultural mineral oils and enhanced natural enemy activity, to reduce the number of pesticide sprays applied annually in China from 14-16 sprays to significantly fewer sprays in most regions. The results are also valuable as references for the implementation of citrus integrated pest management programs in Australia and other citrus-growing countries. However, despite extensive use of PDSOs in citrus and other crops since the late 1800s, few studies have been undertaken to determine their disruptive effects on orchard ecosystems or to compare their effects with those of synthetic pesticides, and these studies are limited in their sc
17
Gruwell, Matthew E. "Investigating endosymbionts of scale insects from the family Diaspididae." 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3329954.
Full textAbstract:
Armored scale insects have long been known to harbor endosymbionts, but until recently the endosymbionts have remained unidentified. Using DNA data I have identified the primary endosymbiont as a bacterium from the phylum Bacteriodetes. To accomplish this, I amplified DNA sequences from two genes of the endosymbiont and use these sequences (16S and 23S, 2105 total base pairs), along with previously published sequences from the armored scale hosts (elongation factor 1α and 28S rDNA) to investigate phylogenetic congruence between the two clades. The Bayesian tree for the bacteria is roughly congruent with that of the hosts, with 67% of nodes identical. The high level of congruence between the topologies indicates that these Bacteroidetes are the primary endosymbionts of armored scale insects. To investigate the phylogenetic affinities of these endosymbionts, I aligned some of their 16S rDNA sequences with other known Bacteroidetes endosymbionts and with other similar sequences identified by BLAST searches. I found these endosymbionts to be closely related to bacteria associated with eriococcid and margarodid scale insects, and enodosymbionts of cockroaches and auchenorrynchan insects, and proposed the name " Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola" for the primary endosymbionts of armored scale insects. I have also investigated secondary endosymbionts found in the armored scale insect species Aspidiotus nerii. A host manipulating endosymbiont similar to Wolbachia, Cardinium was found in Aspidiotus nerii and there is circumstantial evidence that Cardinium is responsible for inducing parthenogenesis in Aspidiotus nerii. Using PCR and sequencing of 16S rDNA, we have tested 593 individuals and obtained positive PCR results in 67 individuals of 34 populations representing 20. A phylogenetic analysis including all known insect-associated Cardinium 16S sequences shows patterns of horizontal transmission of this endosymbiont among insects. Lastly, I tested molecular evolution rates of Uninura from sexual and parthenogenetic populations of Aspidiotus nerii using five loci: two host nuclear loci, one mtDNA loci, and two symbiont loci. I hypothesized that the symbionts and mitochondria would evolve at similar rates, however, though the endosymbionts are vertically transmitted and experience similar bottlenecks to the mitochondria, the data suggest that they evolve at similar or slower rates to the nuclear DNA.
18
Lee, Der-Wei, and 李德威. "Parasitism of Arrhenophagus chionaspidis(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Homoptera: Diaspididae)." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03507910058238564868.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>昆蟲學系<br>87<br>The objective of this study was to observe the parasitism of a parthenogenesis endoparasitoid﹐Arrhenophagus chionaspidis Aurivillius on Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni- Tozzetti). A.chionaspidis was tested to parasitize the first instar nymphs of P.pentagona at 10℃﹐15℃﹐25℃ and 30℃.The results showed that at 15℃﹐20℃ and 25℃﹐the parasitism were 16.8﹐33.5 and 33.8%. Progeny emergence was 11.9﹐26.7 and 26.7 and the developmental duration was 49.8﹐33.2 and 18.3 days﹐respectively. No progeny emerged at 10℃ and 30℃. The regression analysis of the developmental duration from egg to adult with the temperature is linear relationship. The lower-temperature developmental threshold (T0) for A.chionaspidis was 8.3℃. The mean degree-day required for the total development was 400 degree-day. In choice tests﹐parasitisms on the first and the second instar nymphs of host were 52.3 and 18.3%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 21.2 and 6.2﹐respectively ; the developmental duration of A.chionaspidis on the first and the second instar nymphs were 21.2 and 22.0 days﹐respectively. In no-choice test﹐the parasitism on the first and the second instar nymphs were 37.3 and 26.0%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 29.3 and 19.2﹐respectively﹔the developmental duration of A.chionaspidis on the first and the second instar nymphs were 19.5 and 21.1 days﹐respectively. In host stage selection experiment﹐A.chionaspidis parasitized the first and the second instar nymphs of P.pentagona but preferred the first instar nymphs in choice and no-choice tests. The eggs and adults of P.pentagona were invulnerable to A.chionaspidis. The parasitism on the first instar nymphs of P.pentagona of one-day -old﹐two-day-old and three-day-old of A.chionaspidis were 31.7﹐36.8 and 39.2%﹐and the number of progeny emerged were 24.3﹐29.3 and 30.2﹐respectively. A.chionaspidis was provided with various host densities ranging from 50-300 hosts. The lowest number of progeny of 11.7 was found at 25 hosts and the highest 41.3 progenies at 300 hosts. The lowest parasitism on nymphs of 17.8% was found at 300 hosts﹐and the highest 60.0% at 25 hosts. It showed that number of progeny of A.chionaspidis increased with host density but decreased for the parasitism on nymphs as host density increased. The highest progeny production of 18.5 per female was found at the density of exposing 1 female parasitoid. The lowest progeny production of 8.7 per female was found at the density of exposing 10 female parasitoids. It showed that the parasitism and progeny number of A.chionaspidis increased with parasitoid density when host density was fixed﹐but the average progeny per female of A.chionaspidis decreased as parasitoid density increased when host density was fixed. At various temperatures and humidities﹐adult of A.chionaspidis had the longest longevity of 5.1 days at 25℃and 90% R.H. A.chionaspidis adult provided with honey had the longest longevity of 5.7 days. This studies verified factors affecting A.chionaspidis contributing to application for mass rearing and field release in biological control program.
19
WU, WEN-ZHE, and 吳文哲. "Morphology and taxonomy of the genus aulacaspis of Taiwan (hemiptera: coccoidea: diaspididae)." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59615052183699393941.
Full text
20
Alvarez, Juan Manuel. "Biology and oviposition behavior of Cybocephalus nr. nipponicus Endrody-Younga (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae), a natural enemy of euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae)." 1996. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3068.
Full text
21
WANG, GIU-MIN, and 王秋敏. "Life history of the latania scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on grapevine." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33767542089353329765.
Full text
22
Chen, Yi-Ting, and 陳宜婷. "Integrated Control of the Cactus Scale, Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Pitaya." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gsm932.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>植物醫學碩士學位學程<br>105<br>The cultivated area of pitaya in Taiwan is extending rapidly in recent years. For example, it reached 1,676 hectares and full production capacity was 38,965 tons in 2014. Meanwhile, lack of integrated pest management, intensive cultivation, facility cultivation and climatic upheaval raised the population and spread of the pests. The occurrence and infestation of cactus scale, Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché), has been detected in the fields and greenhouses. Which is an important worldwide pest of the cactus family, and is hard to detect before causing severe damage due to its fast reproducing rate, short life history and small size. In current study, physical control methods, chemical control methods (including insecticides and organic matreials), and planting insect-resistant cultivars were studied for the further application of integrated management. High-frequency microwave heating was chosen to study the physical control approach, where D. echinocacti eggs were completely eliminated within 65℃ in 10 second heating. The insecticides were also been tested where the control rates of Pyriproxyfen EW, Dinotefuran SG and Spirotetramat SC were 26.23%, 12.28% and 8.85%, respectively. Five organic material has been applied to test their control efficacy, where the control rates of potassium salts of fatty acids, narrow range oil, mixed neem oil, capsicum and garlic extract and neem oil are 28.77%, 10.68%, 10.34%, 7.34% and 6.80%, respectively. Furthermore, in the second replication which conducted 7 days after the first experiment, potassium salts of fatty acids gained 40.83% control rate. 13 pitaya cultivars (including several new cultivars from Tainan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station) were selected to test their insect-resisting ability., the results showed the cactus scale population was lowest on 103ASG-8, fu long, purple round 2 cultivars. These control studies provide information which can be used in future integrated control applications.
23
Lin, Yu-An, and 林佑安. "Population Ecology of Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana and Aulacaspis murrayae Takahashi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Taipei Area." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50981547135139896881.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>昆蟲學研究所<br>93<br>The objectives of this study is to observe the effect of temperature on the development of Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana and A. murrayae Takahashi and estimate the popultation parameters of the two species and investigate their population fluctuation in field during November 2003 to January 2005. They were reared on their main host plant camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) and orange-jessamine (Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack) respectively in walk-in growth chambers under five constant temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃. The developmental time of these two species from egg to adult decreased with the increase of temperature from 15℃ to 35℃. The results showed that an increase in temperature within limits accelerated the rate of development of all stages. These scales can complete their life history successfully except 15℃ for A. yabunikkei. A. murrayae took 51.96, 40.71, 30.13, 21.25 and 18.47 d to develop from egg to adult at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. A linear regression of developmental rate against temperature was established to estimate their low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) that were 3.62, 6.23, and 6.88℃and took 200, 156, and 192 DD (degree-days) for egg stage, crawlers, and second instar of female A. murrayae, respectively. The low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 3.3, 5.26, 5.7℃ and 200, 154, 200 DD of for egg stage, crawlers, and nymphal stage of male, respectively. The developmental duration of A. yabunikkei from egg to adult at 20, 25, 30, and 35℃ were 63.32, 42.17, 25.36 and 21.5 d, respectively. The low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 12.8, 11.8, 14.2℃ and 136, 127, 192 DD for egg stage, crawlers, and second instar of female. And the low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 15.5, 12.6, 16.8 and 91, 98, 103 DD of for egg stage, crawlers, and nymphal stage of male, respectively. The population of A. yabunikkei increased in February, reached three peaks in April, June, July and May, July, Auguest of female and male, respectively. There are five to six annual generations of A. murrayae in Taipei during 2004－2005. The population of the female adult scale had lowest density in January. It increased in February and reached five peaks in February, March, May, September, November and March, April, June, September to October, November of female and male respectively. Aphytis sp. and Coccobius sp. are the parasitoids of A. yabunikkei found on females, and Aphytis sp. is also found on males. Aphytis sp., Coccobius sp., Microterys sp., and Encarsia sp. are the parasitoids of A. murryae on females, and Aphytis sp. is found on males, too.
24
Gwiazdowski, Rodger A. "Discovery of cryptic species diversity in North American pine-feeding chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3482627.
Full textAbstract:
The pine-needle scale insects; Chionaspis pinifoliae and C. heterophyllae are armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with extensive native ranges throughout North America. In particular, C. pinifoliae is found on almost every species in the genus Pinus. Both species are economically important pests on pines, and over a century of scientific literature has considered these as only two morphological species. The life history of scale insects suggests they may form strongly structured metapopulations, resulting in high rates of host race formation and possibly speciation. Such newly originated species are likely to be morphologically similar. The geographic distribution and host use of these two species suggests they may represent a group of species that have gone unsampled due to their broad distribution or unrecognized due to their similar morphology. To explore the potential for species diversity in pine-needle scale insects I collected 366 individual insects from 320 localities across North America, representing 51 host species within the Pinaceae. I estimated species diversity by inferring species boundaries using genealogical concordance across allele genealogies of two nuclear loci and one mitochondrial locus. Using Maximum Likelihood allele genealogies in a majority-rule consensus to assess congruence, I conservatively detect 10 species in this group. However some of these 10 species contain morphological subgroups that conventional taxonomy would recognize as their own species. I explored alternate species delimitations using a range of species delimitation schemes based on genealogical concordance and mitochondrial divergence. I analyzed these delimitation schemes as species in a Bayesian species tree analysis, and infer that a delimitation of 26 species is the optimum scheme. This 26-species scheme also recognizes most of the aforementioned unique morphological subgroups, as species. Additionally, the genetic analyses for the above work occasionally recovered parasitoid sequences, from the 28S D2 and D3 subunits of ribosomal RNA. I included these sequences in a phylogeny of over 500 specimens from 18 of 19 families within the Chalcidoidea. I compared the phylogenetic results against a comprehensive list of parasitoids recorded from C. pinifoliae and C. heterophyllae, and find the 28s sequences indicate the parasitoid diversity utilizing these pine-feeding scale insects is much higher than previously thought.
25
Provencher, Lisa M. "Molecular systematics of a sexual and parthenogenetic species complex : Aspidiotus nerii Bouchè (Insecta: Hemipthera: Diaspididae)." 2003. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/3090.
Full text
26
"Amostragem seqüencial (presença-ausência) para o monitoramento da cochonilha-branca Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) na cultura da manga." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-27102005-152000/.
Full text
27
Bailey, Rafique, and 貝洛非. "Bionomics of Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrody-Younga (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae) preying on cycad scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), in Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88053328350731486630.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業暨國際合作研究所<br>94<br>Cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, is an invasive species, which threatens a native cycad, Cycas taitungensis Shen et al., to a verge of extinction. This study was to obtain basic data on the biology and ecology of Cybocephalus nipponicus, introduced from Thailand in 2003 to aid in the control of A. yasumatsui. Studies were conducted to determine life history parameters; including life cycle, fecundity, sex ratio and longevity, of C. nipponicus and using these parameters to develop its life table. Also studied were the predator-prey interactions, such as functional response and mutual interference, and the population fluctuations of A. yasumatsui before and after the release of C. nipponicus in the field. A female C. nipponicus laid its eggs under the scale cover of a mature female scale or in an empty male armor. The eggs measured 0.41 ± 0.02 mm in length and 0.19 ± 0.01 mm in width. The mean width of the head capsules of 1st instar larva was 0.164 ± 0.008 mm, 2nd instar larva was 0.238 ± 0.013 mm and 3rd instar larva was 0.33 ± 0.015 mm. At 26 ± 1 ºC and 60 ± 10 % RH, the average incubation period of eggs of C. nipponicus was 6.24 ± 1.45 days and its larval period, consisting of three instars, was 9.47 ± 2.9 days. Its pupal period was 15.05 ± 1.27 days. At 17 ºC and 60 ± 10 % RH, the egg stage was twice as long as that of 26 ºC. The mean development time of its larval and pupal periods was longer at 17 ºC than at 26 ºC. At 29 ºC and 60 ± 10 % RH, the durations of its egg, larval and pupal periods were considerably shorter than that of 26 ºC. The duration of the life cycle of C. nipponicus, in a descending order, was 62 days (17 ºC) > 31 days (26 ºC) > 24 days (29 ºC). The longevities of an adult male and female C. nipponicus were not significantly different at about 81 days. The pre-ovipositon period of a female C. nipponicus was 5.18 days and its mean fecundity was 109.47 ± 68 eggs. The sex ratio of females to males was 0.8: 1. Analysis of its life table revealed that the highest mortality occurred in the larval stage. Its net reproduction rate (Ro) was 46.53; its mean generation time (T) 62.05 days; its intrinsic rate of increase (r) 0.06 and its finite rate of increase (λ) 1.06. The functional response of male and female C. nipponicus adults at different densities and stages of A. yasumatsui showed that the females consumed more cycad scales than the males at all the temperatures tested. C. nipponicus adults consumed less cycad scales of older stages. Temperature significantly influenced the mean daily number of cycad scales of different stages consumed by both males and females C. nipponicus. The 1st instar larvae were the preferred prey of C. nipponicus adults followed by the male pupa. In general, a Type II functional response was demonstrated by C. nipponicus adults in preying on 1st instar larvae and male pupae of A. yasumatsui. At 26 ºC, the handling time for a male and a female C. nipponicus adult was 0.015 days and 0.016 days, respectively. At 17 ºC, the handling time for a female C. nipponicus was longer (0.033 days) than that of a male (0.023 days), indicating that the female was more sensitive to the low temperatures than the male. However, at 29 ºC, the handling time of the female was 0.008 days, which was shorter than that of 0.013 days for the males, indicating that the males were more sensitive to high temperatures than the females. The discovery of a morphologically different A. yasumatsui indicated that it may be undergoing a genetic change, which could be important to the efforts being made to place it under control and to minimize its damage to C. taitungenesis in Taiwan.
28
Lynch, Christine Ann. "Established predators of Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) in urban and forest sites." 2006. http://etd.utk.edu/2006/LynchChristine.pdf.
Full text
29
Samayoa, Ana, and 莎安娜. "Temperature-dependent development and distribution of Cybocephalus flavocapitis Smith (Copeopetra: Cybocephalidae) predator of Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) , in Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83926387270538020885.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>昆蟲學系所<br>100<br>Cycas taitungensis Shen, Hill, Tsou & Chen (Cycadales: Cycadaceae) is an endangered species in Taiwan and it has been attacked by Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a mayor pest of Cycad plants. Its natural enemy, Cybocephalus flavocapitis Smith (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae) development time was evaluated in this study, and egg duration, immature development time at five constant temperatures was also tested. Egg period ranged from 31 days at 15oC to 4 days at 35°C, no development was completed at 15 and 30°C. Immature development time ranges from 71 days at 20oC to 29 days at 30oC. Lower threshold temperature for all stages is between 11-15oC. For reach adulthood, 490 degree-days are necessary. Pre-pupae and pupae together are the longest period in which no predation occurs.
Occurrence data of C. flavocapitis and C. nipponicus at 34 localities were sampled in 10 counties across Taiwan. Five distribution maps were modeled using Maximum Entropy Modeling (Maxent). The number of C. flavocapitis collected is consistent with the Maxent model; Yilan and Kaohsiung are the counties with high percentage of better conditions and high number of beetles. Pingtung and Taichung counties have 57 - 91% of suitability and C. nipponicus was more abundant as well. The Taiwan Cycad Nature Reserve’s conditions are not favorable for C. nipponicus; the search of other control agents using predicting models, and evaluate the agent’s effectiveness must be done before the potential control agent is released.
30
Chang, Yu-Li, and 張幼莉. "Eeffect of Temperature on Growth and Reproduction of Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and Toxicity of Various Oils to the Scale." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53900430697088764318.
Full text
31
Dao, Thi Hang. "Ecology of red scale (Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) [Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha : Diaspididae]) in citrus orchards on the Central Coast of New South Wales." Thesis, 2012. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/525095.
Full textAbstract:
I used pheromone traps over the three seasons to show that the scale has three annual generations in the region, with spring peaks of male flights occurring between 20 September and 20 October, summer peaks between 20 December and 20 January, and autumn peaks between 20 February and 30 March. Cold weather in winter, particularly ambient temperatures at sunset and sunrise, influenced scale phenology and scale mortality. I derived a positive correlation between numbers of male scale trapped in summer generations with those trapped in the preceding winter/spring generation. I recorded five parasitoids, several predators and six entomopathogens of the scale. A native coccinellid beetle, Halmus chalybeus, appeared to be the most important natural enemy in the region. There was no evidence of competitive displacement among parasitoid species. I found no evidence of density-dependency relationships between the scale and its parasitoids, or between the scale and Halmus chalybeus. I rarely observed intraguild predation of Aphytis species on Encarsia species. In a field experiment in which I prevented Iridomyrmex rufoniger from foraging on honeydew produced by black scale (Saissetia oleae), I showed that the ant disrupted the activities of five red scale parasitoids (Aphytis chrysomphali, Aphytis melinus, Encarsia citrina, Encarsia perniciosi and Comperiella bifasciata) and two predators (Halmus chalybeus and Rhyzobius lophanthae, another native coccinellid). I also observed selfasphyxiation of black scale by its honeydew in the absence of Iridomyrmex rufoniger. The ant did not disrupt predation on red scale by Orcus australasiae, also a native coccinellid. My molecular studies on yellow scale confirmed a recent (2006–2007) record of it being present in an important inland citrus producing region of the state where it had not been previously recorded. My molecular results for species of Aphytis species showed that Aphytis chrysomphali and Aphytis melinus occur in citrus orchards on the Central Coast of New South Wales: Aphytis lingnanensis, which occurs in Queensland, was not recorded. I recorded molecular differences between specimens of Aphytis. These differences, which were associated with variation in pigmentation of pupae, suggested that Aphytis melinus may have been introduced on more occasions than officially recorded, and from two sources, not one. My molecular results for the Encarsia species suggested that the form of Encarsia citrina parasitising armoured scales in coastal citrus orchards of New South Wales may be a native or Australasian strain, or from Southeast Asia. There are no formal records of Encarsia citrina being successfully introduced to Australia, and the form I recorded was genetically different to a University of California, Riverside accession. The six species of entomopathogens comprised Microcera coccophila, Microcera larvarum, Tetracrium coccicolum, Tetracrium novae-zealandiae, Clonostachys coccicola and Myriangium citri. I obtained, for the first time, pure cultures from single spores of each species. My field observations indicated that they all play roles in the biological control of armoured scale in the region. I confirmed, for the first time, that Microcera coccophila and Microcera larvarum are entomopathogens of armoured scale, by fulfilling the Koch’s postulates in laboratory bioassays. Published records I reviewed during my studies suggested the presence of Microcera coccophila, Tetracrium coccicolum and two unidentified species in eastern Australia. One of these may have been Myriangium citri, specimens of which are in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Orange, New South Wales. Microcera larvarum may have been recorded as another species, but I found no records of Tetracrium novae-zealandiae and Clonostachys coccicola being previously recorded in Australia. My study also represents the first occasion on which the anamorph of Tetracrium novae-zealandiae has been recorded and described.
32
Funes, Claudia. "Estudios bioecológicos para actualizar conocimientos sobre cochinillas (Insecta: hemíptera) presentes en olivares de Catamarca y La Rioja." Tesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/25841.
Full textAbstract:
Argentina es el país olivícola más importante del continente Americano, tanto en cantidad de plantas como producción anual obtenida, siendo una actividad asociada a la región oeste y noroeste del país. El olivo constituye el principal cultivo de importancia económica de la región y tiene como plagas re-emergentes a especies de Diaspididos y Coccidos. Actualmente las cochinillas, afectan la calidad de los productos y subproductos del olivo. Comercialmente el daño más significativo es en frutos, siendo éstos descartados para aceitunas en conserva y derivándolos para aceite, los cuales pueden resultar rancios. El objetivo del trabajo fue generar y actualizar el conocimiento sobre las especies de cochinillas que afectan al cultivo del olivo en las principales provincias olivícolas (Catamarca y La Rioja), su variación en el tiempo, especie de mayor importancia y la presencia/ausencia de enemigos naturales en los dos sistemas de producción (STP y SI) existente. Los monitoreos se realizaron en fincas con Sistemas Tradicional de Producción (STP) en la provincia de La Rioja y con Sistemas Intensivos (SI) en la provincia de Catamarca. Los mismos se ejecutaron desde Diciembre de 2007 hasta Diciembre de 2009. En este estudio se registraron siete especies de cochinillas: Parlatoria oleae, Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus nerii, Acutaspis paulista, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi, Hemiberlesia rapax (Diaspididae), y Saissetia oleae (Coccidae). De las especies encontradas Duplaspidiotus koehleri resulto ser una nueva cita para olivo. Parlatoria oleae fue la más importante por su gran abundancia poblacional, su presencia en campo se observo durante todo el año, con dos picos poblacionales máximos en primavera y verano. Además se conoció que sobre esta cochinilla actúa un complejo de enemigos naturales formado por tres especies de parasitoides: Aphytis maculicornis y Coccobius sp. (Aphelinidae) y Signiphora flavopalliata (Signiphoridae); dos especies aún no descriptas de predadores coccinélidos (pertenecientes a los géneros Coccidophilus y Microweisea), un crisópido (Chrysoperla argentina) y un ácaro predador (Acaridae).
33
Andersen, Jeremy C. "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Armored Scale Insects, Based Upon Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Endosymbiont Gene Sequences." 2009. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/331.
Full textAbstract:
Armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) are among the most invasive insects in the world. They have unusual genetic systems, including diverse types of paternal genome elimination (PGE) and parthenogenesis. Intimate relationships with their host plants and bacterial endosymbionts make them potentially important subjects for the study of co- evolution. Also, in some groups, the adult female never sheds the second instars cuticle, and remains within its confines, a habit referred to as the pupillarial habit. Here we expand upon recent phylogenetic work (Morse and Normark 2006) by analyzing a partitioned dataset including armored scale and endoysmbiont DNA from one hundred and twenty three species of armored scales, represented by two hundred and fifty-four samples. Included were fragments of the nuclear protein-coding gene Elongation Factor 1α (EF1α), the D2 and D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene 28S, and a region of mitochondrial DNA encompassing the 3' portion of cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and the 5' portion of cytochrome oxidase II (COII). Ribosomal 16S from the primary bacterial endosymbiont Uzinura diaspidicola was amplified as well. Two versions of our dataset were analyzed due to concerns over the possible effects of missing data. The first version (the full dataset) contained all 254 taxa, with every taxon having at least both the 28S and EF1α fragments. The second version (the core dataset) had only the 113 taxa for which all four fragments were available. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses were run on both versions of the dataset, as well as individually for each fragment. We find that our results were consistent across methods, and between the two versions of the dataset. It appears that including missing data had little effect on topology. Our results mirror that of the classic taxonomy, however we reconstruct a general lack of monophyly at the subfamily, tribal, and subtribal levels. Within the two major subfamilies, we reconstruct that the same developmental pathway has evolved independently. We reconstruct independent replacements of the pupillarial habit with the scale cover, followed by independent origins of early PGE. In each case there appears to be increased diversity in clades associated with the scale cover and early PGE. In light of this apparent increase we propose a new adaptive scenario under which early PGE may have evolved – the removal of male-killing paternal chromosomes. We also reconstruct the ancestor to the armored scales to Australasian in origins, and to have an ancestral diet breath that includes members of the Rosids and/or Monocot plant groups.
34
Li, Yuan-Jen Li, and 李元仁. "The Seasonal Occurence of the White Peach Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona( Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Orchard, Natural Enemies and the Factors Affecting Their Population Density." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21069975877759832545.
Full text
35
Levitsky, Ariel. "The utility of standardized DNA markers in species delineation and inference of the evolutionary history of symbiotic relationships in the Malagasy ant Melissotarsus insularis Santschi, 1911 and its scale associate (Diaspididae)." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6657.
Full textAbstract:
A subset of 199 Melissotarsus insularis and 130 Diaspididae specimens were analyzed to 1) determine the species status of M. insularis and 2) to explore the relative intimacy of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae. An analysis of molecular variance and the observed lack of association between clades and distinct habitats on the M. insularis phylogeny suggested that while M. insularis exhibits isolation by distance, it does not apparently diversify by habitat. When cryptic COI pseudogenes were accounted for, the majority of the genetic diversity exhibited by M. insularis was limited to a divergence of 3% or less suggesting that M. insularis represents a single, albeit broadly distributed, species. A cophylogenetic reconstruction of the relationship between M. insularis and Diaspididae yielded 14 “cospeciation” events but was not significant unlike reconstructions of host-parasite relationships. Analyses of reduced datasets suggested that incomplete taxon sampling may significantly affect cophylogenetic reconstruction results.<br>National Science Foundation (grants No. DEB-0072713, DEB-0344731 to BLF and DEB-0842395 to BLF and MAS), a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant to MAS and a Leaders Opportunity Fund grant from the Canada Foundation for Innovation to MAS
36
Chiang, Ming-Yao, and 江明耀. "Comparision of Longevity and Fecundity of Two Parasitoids of the White Peach Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and the Toxicity of Oils and Insect Growth Regulators on the Scale and the Parasitoids." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97570734234855248041.
Full text
37
Sethusa, Mamadi Theresa. "A molecular phylogenetic study and the use of DNA barcoding to determine its efficacy for identification of economically important scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11398.
Full textAbstract:
Ph.D. (Zoology)<br>Scale insects, plant pests of quarantine importance, with specialised anatomy and unresolved phylogenetic relationships, are responsible for major economic losses to South Africa and its trading partners. These losses may reach critical levels if the pests are not timely identified and controlled. They are currently identified based on published keys of adult females, a process that takes three days to two weeks depending on the family and the life stage of interception. In addition, agricultural commodities are often contaminated with different life stages, males or damaged specimen of these pests, making identification difficult or impossible. As a result, shipments of agricultural produce are often rejected and trade disrupted. Furthermore, pest invasions do not only occur by importation via formal channels. At times pests cross boarders as contaminants of undeclared material and may again spread on their own as they naturally expand their range. This expansion may be negatively or positively influenced by other factors such as climate change. Resolving the challenges associated with identification, phylogenetic relationships and the limited knowledge of the effects of climate change on distribution range of scale insects are the main goals of this study. Specifically (i) the development of a rapid method of species identification, (ii) the relationship between and within three major scale insect families the Coccoidea, Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae and (iii) the effect of climate change on the future distribution range of scale insects in South Africa were explored...