Journal articles on the topic 'Diatopic and diastratic differentiation'

The analysis of language in French comics has usually been carried out on questions such as variation (especially diastratic and diatopic), focusing on lexical and syntactical elements, but seldom has the question of communication rules been dealt with, despite the fact that these are paramount in the comical effects achieved by some bandes dessinées. We will therefore carry out our analysis by examining how it is possible to explain the achievement of such comical effects through the in-depth deconstruction of the functioning of communication rules, more precisely their apparent malfunctioning when two different communities of speakers are forced to interact: Corsicans and Pinzuti (the Corsican name for non-Corsicans).

ABSTRACTOld French sentential negation (NEG) represents an important morphosyntactic change that has been investigated by a large number of scholars from different theoretical approaches. From the 12th to the 14th (and mainly in the 13th) century, there are two variants of this variable in competition: NEG with onlyne(the older variant) and NEG withne+pas/mie/point, etc. The research presented in this paper has been motivated by the wish to find relevant factors for this variation in Old French. In order to identify factors of influence on the variable NEG with or withoutpas,mieandpoint, we analyse two subcorpora containing two different text types. The choice of the tested factors is rooted both in variational linguistics and in previous studies on Old French negation, implying (extralinguistic) diasystematic factors like diatopic and diastratic ones as well as intralinguistic factors like transitivity of the verb, word order and clause type. Main findings are the probable relevance of clause type and the influence of socially definable (diastratic) groups. Beyond this, the results across the two different text type are predominantly similar, but we found differences as well. This leads us to plead in favour of the importance of considering the factor text type while working on diachronic corpora.

Ion Creangă’s literary work is an inexhaustible source of expressiveness, which lends itself to versatile interpretations, from various perspectives, never finished. In this study, we analyze the lexical variation indices of „Amintiri din copilărie” through the prism of the variational dimensions: diachrony, diatopia, diastratia and diaphasia. Their inventory demonstrates that Ion Creangă's work abounds in contextual expressive-aesthetic meanings and is a perfect model for rendering the simultaneous harmonious functioning of these indices, which actually builds the oral and popular character of his writing. Obsolete lexical units, archaic forms, as well as words of Slavic origin are indices of diachronic and diatopic variation. The terms of popular occupations or the lexemes related to the village life and its activities become diastratic indices, their intentional insertion involving various moods, emotions or attitudes.

The orthographic norm is one of the social conventions responsible for the homogeneity of the language that assures the mutual comprehensibility for the speakers by moderating the heterogeneity generated by the co-existence of diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic variants and overcoming the effects of the linguistic changes produced during the evolution of the language. Throughout the course of the history of the Spanish language, the claim for a phonemic orthography, based exclusively on the inventory of phonemes, arose several times but none of the proposals achieved considerable impact. In this paper, analysing the attitude of different works on grammar and orthography, we review how the set of components that determined the concept of orthography developed from the medieval period until the present day. We also examine the question why the phonemic orthography is a utopia, that is, an ideal pursued but not reached by the users of language.

AbstractDuring the nine centuries of Arab presence in the Iberian Peninsula (from the conquest in 711 to the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1610), the Ibero-Romance languages received hundreds of Arabic loanwords. This lexicon is distributed in specific notional fields that reflect the cultural exchange that Christian Spain benefitted from in its contact with Al-Andalus, and is often characterized by a limited diatopic, diastratic and diachronic diffusion that reveals that the transfer of lexical material occurred in very varied social, political and cultural contexts and periods. There was already an interest in Arabic loanwords during the Age of Humanism, at which time they began to be the object of systematic compilations and attempts at etymological interpretation. In the second half of the nineteenth century, authors such as Dozy and Eguílaz gathered an ample documentation of Arabic loanwords and proposed numerous, largely correct etymologies. With the studies of modern authors, mainly of J. Corominas and F. Corriente, the lexical material has been further extended and deepened in the description and etymological analysis, efforts whose results are incorporated into dictionaries specifically centred on Arabic loanwords and etymological works of general orientation.

AbstractDuring the nine centuries of Arab presence in the Iberian Peninsula (from the conquest in 711 to the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1610), the Ibero-Romance languages received hundreds of Arabic loanwords. This lexicon is distributed in specific notional fields that reflect the cultural exchange that Christian Spain benefitted from in its contact with Al-Andalus, and is often characterized by a limited diatopic, diastratic and diachronic diffusion that reveals that the transfer of lexical material occurred in very varied social, political and cultural contexts and periods. There was already an interest in Arabic loanwords during the Age of Humanism, at which time they began to be the object of systematic compilations and attempts at etymological interpretation. In the second half of the nineteenth century, authors such as Dozy and Eguílaz gathered an ample documentation of Arabic loanwords and proposed numerous, largely correct etymologies. With the studies of modern authors, mainly of J. Corominas and F. Corriente, the lexical material has been further extended and deepened in the description and etymological analysis, efforts whose results are incorporated into dictionaries specifically centred on Arabic loanwords and etymological works of general orientation.

The article addresses both theoretical and methodological issues related to the documentation of ethnic minorities in present-day Armenia. Normally, Armenia is regarded as a prototypical example for a statehood that is marked for a homogenous ethnic composition. In fact, social groups typically referred to as ‘minorities’ constitute only some 2% of the total population. The minority map of Armenia includes fourteen groups two of which (Tats and Udis) represent migrants and refugees from Azerbaijan having arrived in Armenia as late as 1990. The documentation of the minorities in Armenia calls for a reconsideration of parameters of ethnicity and for the corresponding adjustment of methodology and descriptive patterns reflecting the peculiarities of ethnicity in Armenia. Most importantly, we cannot apply a unified, mono-dimensional perspective starting, e.g., from a parameter, such as ‘language’. Rather, we have to set up a weighted network of parameters that include both sociocultural and sociolinguistic features. The paper briefly illustrates this point with the help of preliminary data stemming from fieldwork related to the project “Minorities of Armenia: A Sociocultural and Sociolinguistic Survey”. It will be argued that the social construction of collective identity and ethnicity is controlled by both tendencies of growing self-awareness and likewise trends toward transcultural processes present especially in the diatopic and diastratic periphery of the given minorities.

Summary: This paper examines pragmatic information in the more extensive general German–Serbian (or Croatian), and Serbian (or Croatian)–German dictionaries: Osnovni rečnik nemačko-srpski i srpsko-nemački sa nemačkom i srpskom gramatikom (Đukanović et al. 2006); PONS. Univerzalni nemačko-srpski rečnik (Nikolić et al. 2010); NSSN. Nemačko- srpski i srpsko-nemački rečnik sa gramatikom (Vladović et al. 2008) and Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik (Hansen-Kokoruš et al. 2005). Under pragmatic features of lexemes that should be marked in dictionaries, the author includes the following categories: 1) diachron- ic; 2) diatopic; 3) dia-integrative; 4) diamedial, 5) diastratic; 6) diaphasic, 7) diatextual, 8) diatechnical, 9) diafrequent, 10) diaevaluative, and 11) dianormative. The analysis points to the following: lexemes and their quoted equivalents often bear the same meaning at the lexical level, while not at the pragmatic – their use does not result in the same communicative effect with a collocutor. Poor lexicographic processing and lack of pragmatic information are distinctively visible in cases when some lexeme in the German language is marked in a diastratic and diaphasic manner. It is not only the indicators that are applied inconsistently, but other categories of information within the dictionary article do not show the marked lexemes to the user (except in the dictionary Njemačko-hrvatski univerzalni rječnik). Furthermore, culture-specific lexemes and culture-conditioned differ- ences in the use of lexical units are marginally treated in the analysed bilingual dictionaries. Although the selection of language tools depends on the context and perspective of the speaker, a good-quality general bilingual dictionary should pay more attention to informing users about the pragmatic aspects of lexemes and their typical use in accordance with the purpose of such a dictionary and target group. The key moment is that the general bilingual dictionary is directed only toward native speakers of some language – in this case the speakers of the Serbian language (or Croatian) with L2 in the German language, in order to make the information in the dictionary relevant to the target group. Additionally, the author suggests the implementation of other lexicographic means, such as examples, paraphrases, collocations, encyclopedic information, and open pragmatic comments that are transparent for the average user of the general bilingual dictionary.

Abstract On etwat, etwuk and iets: geography and dynamics of the indefinite pronoun (for things) in West-FlandersThis paper focuses on the geography and dynamics of indefinite pronoun variants in West-Flanders (Belgium). Whereas traditional dialect data show etwat (‘something’) as being the traditional West-Flemish dialect variant, recent studies have attested a new variant in the area: etwuk. This paper addresses the questions (1) where this new dialect variant is used, (2) by whom, (3) how it relates to other variants of the indefinite pronoun and to the interrogative pronoun variants and (4) whether the grammatical context in which it occurs is of any influence. To answer these questions, we analyse 10.000 surveys collected in 2018 in 249 West-Flemish locations. Given that a sample of this size is difficult to analyse using traditional dialectological methods, we introduce generalized additive mixed-effects regression as a means of simultaneously analyzing the diatopic, diastratic and diachronic variation in these surveys (cf. Wieling et al. 2014:689). These generalized additive mixed-effects models reveal striking dynamics in the pronominal system in West-Flanders: the variant etwuk is clearly taking over the role of etwat as dialectal indefinite pronoun, with the region of the cities Ieper and Poperinge as ‘expansion tank’. The rise of the non-standard pronoun etwuk is remarkable, given that Flanders is generally marked by dialect shift and dialect levelling (usually in favour of the standard language). We will argue that the pronominal changes in West-Flanders can be interpreted as a sign of linguistic glocalisation, with etwuk as means of indexing regional identity in times of homogenizing informal language use.

A partir de la documentación notarial del AHPC, analizamos algunas voces del léxico de la construcción con objeto de comprobar la incidencia de aparición de este vocabulario sectorial y de examinar su grado de diferenciación diatópica. Se trata de valorar la relevancia de estas fuentes para el estudio histórico del vocabulario de especialidad en general y del dialectal andaluz en particular. Based on the notarial documentation from the AHPC, we analyze some voices from the construction lexicon in order to verify the incidence of the appearance of this sectoral vocabulary and to examine its degree of diatopic differentiation. The aim is to assess the relevance of these sources for the historical study of specialty vocabulary in general and of the Andalusian dialect in particular

Введение. Работа, лежащая в русле изучения истории лингвистических идей, вводит в российский научный обиход остающийся практически неизвестным в отечественной лингвистической историографии трактат по истории испанского языка (“Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España”, 1606) Бернардо де Альдрете. Цель исследования состоит в уточнении, на основе анализа сочинения Б. де Альдрете, процесса формирования важнейших понятий общего языкознания, являющихся основой современной науки о языке. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужило издание лингвистического памятника 1606 г., в качестве методов исследования – критический анализ текста, социокультурный анализ исторических фактов, определявших научный контекст изучаемой эпохи. Текст XVII в. интерпретируется в современных терминах в соответствии с методикой лингвистической историографии. Результаты и обсуждение. Анализ памятника испанской лингвистической мысли проводится на фоне общей характеристики предшествующей научной традиции и с учетом социокультурной ситуации эпохи создания труда Б. де Альдрете. Пиренейская, в частности испанская лингвистика XVI–XVII вв., в период, который можно рассматривать как межпарадигматический, характеризуется в силу особой социокультурной ситуации, сложившейся на Иберийском полуострове, очень широким объектом описания и разнообразием тем. Основное внимание уделяется тому, как в трактате по истории языка разработаны вопросы общего языкознания. Изучение памятника выявило круг нашедших отражение общелингвистических тем в сочинении испанского филолога начала XVII в.: используемые обозначения языка; функции языка, формы и разновидности речи; соотношение системы и речи; историчность языка; проблематика языковых контактов; тема территориального, социального и функционального варьирования языка; различия диалектов и литературного языка. Автор отражает наддиалектный характер литературного языка. Заключение. Автор сочинения о происхождении испанского языка не ограничивается собственно исторической проблематикой, трактат Б. де Альдрете охватывает широкий круг общелингвистических вопросов. Данный источник является убедительным свидетельством зарождения и формирования в лингвистике эпохи, предшествующей грамматике Пор-Рояля, понятий и принципов описания языка, актуальных для современного языкознания. Introduction. The present paper introduces Russian historians of linguistics to a little-known treatise on the history of Spanish – “Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España” (1606) by Bernardo de Aldrete. Aim and objectives. The aim of the present study is to analyse B. De Aldrete’s treatise and specify how certain notions of general linguistics, crucial for its present state of development, were being developed. Material and methods. The study is based on a print edition of Aldrete’s treatise (about 400-pages long). The methods employed are: critical analysis of the text as an example of Renaissance linguistic thought and sociocultural analysis of the historical context the treatise was written in. This XVII-century scientific text and its system of terms are interpreted with the help of modern terminology, as normally done by linguistic historiography scholars. Results and discussion. The analysis of Aldrete’s treatise as a specimen of Spanish linguistic thought is performed against the background of the earlier linguistic tradition and the sociocultural situation in the Golden-Age Spain. XVI–XVII-century Pyrenees linguistics – Spanish in particular – was developing in a very specific sociocultural milieu, which preconditioned its inter-paradigmatic nature and an extremely wide scope of objects and themes discussed. The paper mainly focuses on how Aldrete dealt with general linguistic issues in his treatise on the history of Spanish. The analysis shows that such issues include: ways of naming language; functions of language; diversity of forms of speech; correlations between language system and speech; historicity of language; language contacts; diatopic (territorial), diastratic (social) and diaphasic (functional) variation of language; distinguishing between dialects and languages; the domineering role of standard language. Conclusion. The author of the XVII-century historical-linguistic treatise under analysis does not limit himself to studying purely historical aspects of language. The work by Aldrete embraces a wide range of issues of general linguistics, which shows that as early as in the pre-Port-Royal period linguists were already discussing the concepts and principles that are crucial for modern linguistic science.

The paper uses a corpus sample of a field study formed by a free interview technique, analyzing the generational impact on lexical stratification of contemporary conversational Bosnian. The observed diastratic varieties were analyzed by quantitative-qualitative methods according to diastratic (jargonism), diatopic (dialectic) and diachronic (archaisms, neologisms) criteria. Frequency of marked vocabulary in older and younger generations was observed, similarities and differences were observed at the lexical or other linguistic levels, weighing of influence and possible streams of stratification of Bosnian lexis with respect to age.

In this article we continue the diachronic analysis of the Romanian versions of the Homeric poems, cf. Bârlea (2015c). The triple perspective of the approach is being maintained: a) the evolution of international Homeric studies, which facilitates evermore detailed and exact editions of the Homeric texts; b) the evolution of the literary Romanian language in the period considered (1837–2012), with some references to older periods; c) the differences between translational choices. This time we are concerned with more distinct domains in the language structure of the translations—phonological-morphological and lexical-semantic aspects. Special attention is paid to linguistic localizations, closely linked to the mentalities and historical realities of the Romanian space of circulation of these successive translations from Homer. In the first case, we have concentrated on the problems of orthography and stress, while in the second we have considered not only the diachronic distributions of word forms and meanings, but also their diastratic and diatopic location.

AbstractMazatec (Popolocan, Eastern Otomanguean) became world-renowned following an article by Pike & Pike (1947) and the famous chapter VIII in Pike (1948) on the Huautla variety, which inspired several other seminal studies by Bull (1984), Kirk (1966), Jamieson (1988, 1996), and more recently by Steriade, Golston & Kehrein (1998, 2004), Silverman et al. (1995) on this extremely relevant language as far as phonological typology is concerned. However the early monographs and sketches, which have had a major impact on modern linguistics (laying the premises for the syllabic constituency theory, the theory of tones and tone sandhi as well as their functions in inflectional systems), only take into account a minute proportion of this language’s inner diversity. The ALMaz project is an attempt to both revisit second-hand data on Mazatec varieties all over the area where it is densely spoken (especially using Kirk 1966 lists of over 700 cognates as a data base), and to gather and process new data on Mazatec diatopic and diastratic variation, using computational geolinguistics.

AbstractThe three series of national linguistic atlases (WLAD, ALR and NALR) proof that the Romanian linguistic cartography has one of the richest and most important traditions in Europe, fact acknowledged by the linguistic community starting from the first half of the last century. This tradition continues nowadays with the digitization of the linguistic atlases. The first achievement in this direction is the release in 2007 of the third volume from series NALR. Moldavia and Bukovina with the help of bespoke software built in collaboration by linguists and computer scientists from Iasi Branch of the Romanian Academy. Another project in the same field, done by a Romanian-Canadian team, is the Online Romanian Dialect Atlas which plans to build an interactive database for dialects using a multidimensional scaling statistical technique. The Bukovina Audiovisual Linguistic Atlas (ALAB) is the most recent project for a digital atlas of the Romanian academic community and it is based in the research centre from Iasi. The ALAB project, started in 2010, plans to build, for the first time in Romania, an audio-video atlas centred on sociolinguistic features. This atlas will present, with the help of online support in one interface, diatopic, diastratic (diasexual and diagenerational), and possible diaphasic variations on dialect level.