Academic literature on the topic 'Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane'

Graphene is a thin material, has a hexagonal two-dimentional lattice and is considered as an interesting material for adsorption process. Nowadays, graphene has been known as a potential material for diverse application, such as adsorbent. In this study graphene was synthesized from graphite. Furthermore, graphene was applied for adsorption of dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT). Graphene was synthesized by Hummer’s method using hydrothermal and reduced by Zn. The samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. The results of the XRD showed graphene structure in the 2θ, appeared at 23.9369 with interlayer spacing was about 3.71763 Å, compared with graphite oxide structure in the 2θ appeared at 11.2055 with interlayer spacing was about 7.89649 Å. The results of SEM analysis showed graphene has one layer with planar hexagonal structure and seems transparent whose single layer and multi layers. The graphene adsorption was analyzed by using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The results indicated the surface area of graphene was shown as 46.8563 m2/g. The amount of DDT adsorbed by graphene during 15 minutes was 7.5859 mg/g. This adsorption mechanism of DDT and graphene might be due to π-π and hydrogen interactions. Keywords: Adsorption, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), graphena. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.2233

Organochlorines (OCs) are common environmental pollutants that have been linked to cancer. This work aims to assess the role of OCs as a risk factor for breast cancer and to evaluate the cellular changes induced by exposure to such environmental contaminants. The study included 70 cancer patients subjected to thorough history taking and routine investigations. Samples from tumor and normal adjacent tissue were taken to measure OCs’ levels and to perform molecular analysis (some oncogenic and apoptotic markers) by flow cytometry. There were significantly higher concentrations of methoxychlor, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), hexa-chlorobenzene (HCB), and chlordane in tumor tissue samples compared to the surrounding normal tissue. There was a positive statistically significant correlation between G2m and dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane, DDT, and methoxychlor. There was also a negative correlation between propidium iodide (PI) and heptachlor as well as between PI, B-cell lymphoma 2, and methoxychlor. Annexin showed a negative correlation with HCB and methoxychlor. In conclusion, the higher level of organochlorine pesticides in the tissue specimens of breast cancer and the resultant molecular dysfunction highlight a possible association. Further research is warranted to elucidate the other possible mechanisms involved in the process of carcinogenesis.

Konservasi dengan mencegah kerusakan benda cagar budaya akibat tumbuhnya bakteri, lumut, jamur, dan mikroorganisme sangat perlu untuk dilakukan. Konservasi BCB selama ini menggunakan bahan kimia berbahaya seperti 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (Hyvar-X), xylophene, aldrin, malathion, parathion, DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) dan CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenat). Bahan kimia berbahaya tersebut dapat dilakukan penggantian dengan menggunakan bahan alam yang berupa minyak atsiri, yang diambil dari tanaman sereh wangi, cengkeh, pala, jahe karena mengandung zat-zat aktif seperti sitronelal, sitronelol, geraniol, eugenol, cineol, dan camphene yang dapat membasmi, membunuh, dan mengusir serangga, bakteri, dan jamur. Penggunaan minyak atsiri sebagai bahan konservasi BCB aman terhadap lingkungan, manusia, dan mampu mencegah kerusakan BCB.

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is a synthetic insecticide that widely used around the world, which has a negative effect on human health and the environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in co-culturing with white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii to degrade DDT. The various volume of P. aeruginosa (1 ml ≈ 1.5 x 109 CFU) were added into 10 ml of P. eryngii culture for a 7-days of incubation. Approximately 82% of degradation of DDT were obtained from co-cultures with the adjunct of 10 ml of P. aeruginosa during the 7-day incubation period, which had the best ratio of optimization of 0.57. The confrontational assay showed that P. aeruginosa gave no effect on the growth of P. eryngii (0.39 cm/day). DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane), DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene) were detected as metabolic products from the DDT degradation by co-cultures bacterium P. aeruginosa and fungus P. eryngii. This study indicated that bacterium P. aeruginosa can be used to enhance DDT degradation by whire-rot fungus P. eryngii.

The abundance of Anopheles arabiensis and its susceptibility to insecticides was studied in New Halfa, eastern Sudan, from March 1999 to June 2000. Of 4854 females anophelines collected, 4847 [99.9%] were An. arabiensis and 7 [0.1%] An. pharoensis. Female An. arabiensis were breeding throughout the year, with 2 peak densities, during the rainy [158.4 females/room/day and 84.7 larvae/10 dips] and irrigated seasons [136.8 females/room/day and 44.8 larvae/10 dips]. The mean biting activity was 28.8 bites/person/ night, found throughout the night, mainly outdoors. Susceptibility of An. arabiensis to insecticides dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT], malathion and fenitrothion was 97.8%, 96.3% and 100% respectively. An. arabiensis is the sole malaria vector in the area and is perennial rather than seasonal

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) was extensively used in agriculture pest control and is still used for indoor residual spraying to control malaria. The lipophylicity of DDT and its breakdown product dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) dictates that they associate with membranes, lipids and hydrophobic proteins in the biological environment. Their poor degradable nature causes DDT and DDE to persist for decades in the environment and in individuals who are or were in contact with the pesticide. In many countries the synchronised resistance of the mosquito vector to insecticides and the malaria parasite towards antimalarial drugs led to a drastic rise in malaria cases and to malaria epidemics. This study assesses the influence of low level exposure of DDT and DDE on chloroquine (CQ) resistance of the dire human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The in vitro activity of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE towards blood stages of chloroquine sensitive (CQS) P. falciparum D10 and chloroquine resistant (CQR) P. falciparum Dd2 was determined using two complementary in vitro assays (Malstat and SYBR Green 1). The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50s) of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE were found to be ±14 to 38 μM (5-12 μg/mL) and highly similar towards CQS and CQR P. falciparum strains. This result indicated that the proteins involved in CQ resistance have no effect on the activity of the insecticide DDT and it breakdown product DDE. In order to assess the influence of DDT and DDE on CQ activity, in vitro fixed ratio drug combination assays were performed, as well as isobologram analysis. We found that CQ works in synergy with p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE against CQS P. falciparum D10. However, both p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE were antagonistic toward CQ activity in CQR P. falciparum Dd2. This indicated that p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE do have an effect on CQ resistance or on the action of CQ via a target other than hemozoin polymerization. The observation of reciprocal synergism of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE with CQ against CQS D10 and antagonism against CQR Dd2 strain is highly significant and strongly indicates selection of CQ resistant strains in the presence of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE. People who have low levels of circulating DDE and/or DDT could be at a high risk of contracting CQR malaria. However, medium term (nine days) DDE exposure of CQS P. falciparum D10 did not induce resistance, as no significant change in activity of CQ, p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE towards blood stages the CQS strain was observed. This exposure was, however, shorter than expected for a malaria infection and would be addressed in future studies. From our results on the interaction of CQ with p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE, it was important to assess the residual DDT and DDE variable and how much of residual p,p’-DDT and/or p,p’- DDE would enter into or remain in the different compartments (the RPMI media, erythrocytes and infected erythrocytes) over time. In combination with liquid-liquid extraction, we developed a sensitive GC-MS analyses method and a novel HPLC-UV analysis method for measuring DDT and DDE levels in malaria culturing blood and media. Whilst the HPLC-UV method was relatively cheaper, faster, and effective in determining high DDT and DDE concentrations, the optimised GC-MS method proved to be effective in detecting levels as low as 78 pg/mL (ppt) DDE and 7.8 ng/mL (ppb) DDT in biological media. Using both the HPLC and GC-MS methods we observed that malaria parasites influence distribution of the compounds between the erythrocytic and media fractions. P. falciparum D10 infection at ±10% parasitemia lead to must faster equilibration (less than 8 hours) between compartments. Equimolar distribution of p,p’-DDE was observed, but the parasites lead to trapping of the largest fraction of p,p’-DDT in the erythrocyte compartment. These results indicate that a substantial amount would reach the intra-erythrocytic parasite and could influence the parasite directly, possibly leading to either synergistic or antagonistic drug interactions. This study is the first to illustrate the “good and bad” of the insecticide DDT in terms of CQ resistance and sensitivity toward the human malaria parasite P. falciparum. These results will hopefully have an important influence on how future policies on malaria control and treatment particularly in endemic areas will be addressed and could also have an impact on the anti-malarial drug discovery approach.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dichlorodifenieltrichloroetaan (DDT) is op groot skaal in landbouplaagbeheer gebruik en word nog steeds gebruik vir binnenshuise oppervlakbespuiting om malaria te beheer. Die lipofilisiteit van DDT en sy afbraakproduk dichlorodifenieldichloroetileen (DDE) dikteer dat hulle met membrane, lipiede en hidrofobiese proteïene in die biologiese omgewing assosieer. Stadige afbraak veroorsaak dat DDT en DDE vir dekades in die omgewing agterbly, asook in individue wat in kontak is, of was met die insekdoder. In baie lande het gesinkroniseerde weerstand van die muskietvektor teenoor insekdoders en die malariaparasiet teenoor antimalariamiddels gelei tot 'n drastiese styging in malariagevalle en tot malariaepidemies. In hierdie studie word die invloed van lae vlak blootstelling van DDT en DDE op chlorokien (CQ) weerstand van die mens malariaparasiet, Plasmodium falciparum, geëvalueer. Die in vitro aktiwiteit van p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE teenoor die bloedstadia van chlorokiensensitiewe (CQS) P. falciparum D10 en chlorokien-weerstandbiedende (CQW) P. falciparum Dd2 is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van twee komplementêre in vitro toetse (Malstat en SYBR Groen toetse). Die 50% inhibisie konsentrasies (IC50s) van p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE is bepaal as ±14 to 38 μM (5-12 μg/mL) en was hoogs vergelykbaar tussen CQS en CQW P. falciparum stamme. Hierdie resultaat het aangedui dat die proteïene betrokke by CQ weerstand geen effek op die aktiwiteit van die insekdoder DDT en die afbraakproduk DDE het nie. Om die invloed van DDT en DDE op CQ aktiwiteit te evalueer, is die aktiwiteit van kombinasies van die verbindings in vaste verhoudings getoets, tesame met isobologram ontleding. Ons het gevind dat CQ sinergisties saam met p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE teen CQS P. falciparum D10 werk. Daarteenoor het beide p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE antagonistiese werking getoon teenoor CQ aktiwiteit met CQW P. falciparum Dd2 as teiken. Dit het aangedui dat p,p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE wel 'n invloed op CQ weerstand het of ‘n aktiwiteit van CQ, anders as hemozoin polimerisasie, beïnvloed. Die waarneming van resiproke sinergisme en antagonisme van p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE in kombinasie met CQ teenoor die CQS D10 en CQW DD2 stamme respektiewelik, is hoogs betekenisvol en dui op seleksie van CQweerstandige stamme in die teenwoordigheid van p, p'- DDT en p, p'-DDE. Mense wat lae vlakke van sirkulerende DDE/DDT het, het dus 'n hoër risiko om CQW malaria te kry. Verder is gevind dat medium termyn (nege dae) DDE blootstelling van CQS P. falciparum D10 nie weerstand nie veroorsaak nie, want geen beduidende verandering in die aktiwiteit van CQ, p,p'-DDT en p,p'-DDE teenoor die bloed stadiums van die CQS stam is waargeneem nie. Hierdie blootstelling is egter korter as in 'n malaria-infeksie en sal verder bestudeer word in toekomstige studies. Vanuit die interaksie resultate van CQ met p, p'-DDT en p, p'-DDE was dit belangrik om die residuele DDT en DDE veranderlike te evalueer, asook die distribusie van p,p'-DDT en p,p'- DDE tussen die verskillende kompartemente (die kultuurmedium, eritrosiete en geïnfekteerde rooibloedselle) oor verloop van tyd. In kombinasie met vloeistof-vloeistof ekstraksie, het ons 'n sensitiewe GC-MS en nuwe HPLC-UV analisemetode ontwikkel vir die meet van DDT en DDE-vlakke in bloed (normale en geïnfekteerde eritrosiete) en die kultuurmedium. Terwyl die HPLC-UV metode relatief goedkoper, vinniger en effektief in die bepaling van hoë DDT en DDE-konsentrasies is, was die geoptimaliseerde GC-MS metode doeltreffend in die opsporing van vlakke so laag as 78 pg/mL (dpt) DDE en 7.8 ng/mL (dpb) DDT in biologiese media. Met behulp van beide die HPLC-UV en GC-MS metodes is waargeneem dat die malariaparasiet die ekwilibrasie van die verbindings tussen die eritrosiet- en media kompartemente beïnvloed. P. falciparum D10 infeksie met ± 10% parasitemia lei tot vinniger ekwilibrasie (minder as 8 uur) tussen die kompartemente. Ekwimolêre verspreiding van p,p'- DDE is waargeneem, maar die parasiete het die grooste fraksie van p,p'-DDT in die eritrosiet kompartement vasgevang. Hierdie resultate wys dat 'n aansienlike fraksie die intraeritrositiese parasiet kan bereik en sodoende die parasiet direk kan beïnvloed en moontlik kan lei tot sinergistiese of antagonistiese middel interaksies. Hierdie studie is die eerste om die "goed en sleg" van die insekdoder DDT in terme van CQ weerstand en sensitiwiteit teenoor die menslike malariaparasiet P. falciparum te illustreer. Hierdie resultate sal hopelik 'n belangrike invloed hê op die toekomstige beleid oor die beheer van malaria en behandeling, veral in endemiese gebiede, en mag ook 'n impak hê op die antimalariamiddel navorsing.

碩士
國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
107
The soil of agricultural land in developing countries (such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, etc.) has been contaminated by pesticides for a long time. At present, the concentration of soil in the general agricultural land can still be measured in the soil, and DDT and Lindane account for a considerable proportion. DDT is an early commonly used herbicide, insecticide, killer for public health, and Lindane is the main active ingredient of insecticides. It has been proven that DDT and Lindane are neurotoxic to human body and are human carcinogens confirmed by IARC and those persistent organic pollutants also regulated at Stockholm Convention. Farmland’s pollution directly impacts food safety and human health. Therefore, how to remove or decompose pesticides in soil is an important issue in soil remediation. Batch biodegradation tests were conducted using an L9 (34) orthogonal table according to Taguchi method with four controlling factors: moisture content, pH values, emulsion concentrations, and organic matter contents. The results show that the moisture content and pH values are significant factors, the optimal removal of Lindane is over 98%, and the optimal removal of DDT as high as 84.5%, which is feasible to represent the degradation of the domesticated flora of . Er-Ren River.A single operation of ISPIE can achieve the removal of DDT and Lindane at as high as 40.6% and 27.1%, respectively. The best conditions were applied to the soil of the Sandbox Test. The results showed that the best removal of Lindane on the 28 days was over 80%, and the optimal removal of DDT on the 14th was over 90%. Compared with the bacteria phase analysis of the Sandbox Test, the results are quite different from the bacteria in the batch experiment, which represents the other soils containing other degradable DDT and Lindane.

碩士
東海大學
生命科學系
93
Abstract There were few bioaccumulation research reports regarding to the bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (DDT and metabolites) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the food chain of terrestrial ecosystem in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the residue accumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the terrestrial environment by examining the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and the tissues of earthworms and moles (Mogera insularis, Mogera sp.). Samples were collected from seven sites including five low elevation sites (Sihshoushan, Taipei; Hambol, Changhua; Jhihsyue, Hualien; Neipu, Pingtung; and Erjen River, Tainan) and two high elevation sites (Lulin Cottage, Tatacha, Nantou and Wasabi Farm, Alishan, Chiayi) in Taiwan. Additional soil samples were collected from three alpine forests, pine, Taiwan spruce, and Chinese hemlock at Tatacha to check the residue status at environments with limited human disturbance. Samples were processed with Soxhelt extraction and clean up procedures before they were introduced into HP gas chromatography with ECD for analysis. ΣDDT were below detection limits at all soil samples collected from the low elevation sites. The total PCBs were at low concentrations: ranged from below detection limit to 5.78 μg/kg. DDE was detected in the samples collected from the high elevation sites and DDT was detected in the samples collected from Lulin Cottage and Wasabi Farm. The highest soil concentrations of DDE and DDT (8.37 ± 3.44μg/kg and 69.15 ± 26.60 μg/kg, respectively) were found in the samples of Wasabi Farm, Alishan. The highest concentration of the total PCBs in soil was found in the sample collected at Tatachia pine forest (63.00 ± 19.95 μg/kg). However, the DDE residue of earthworm was only detected in the samples collected from the mountain areas. The highest concentration was found in the earthworm sample of Lulin Cottage (75.9 μg/kg). The residue of PCBs in earthworm tissue was detected in all study sites: the lowest levels was found in the sample of Hambol (5.1 μg/kg) and the highest levels was found in the sample of Wasabi Farm (111.9 μg/kg). The lowest concentrations of DDE in mole liver and muscle tissue (40.4 ± 19.4 μg/kg and 9.0 ± 3.8 μg/kg, respectively) were found in the samples of Sihshoushan. While the lowest residue level of total PCBs in mole livers and muscle were found at Jhihsyue (101.1 ± 27.7 μg/kg for liver) and Sihshoushan (45.8 ± 4.6 μg/kg for muscle) respectively. However, the highest concentrations of DDE and PCBs residue in mole were found at Alishan. The DDE and total PCBs residue of liver were 1784.2 ± 1108.3 μg/kg and 1732.9 ± 337.1 μg/kg, respectively. While the DDE and total PCBs residue of muscle were 986.0 ± 779.4μg/kg and 496.0 ± 227.7 μg/kg. The concentrations of total PCBs and ∑DDT in the three levels of food-chain at high altitude habitat were greater than the concentrations of total PCBs and ∑DDT detected at low elevation habitat. The total DDT residues in earthworms were 0.7-2.3 times of the residues found in the soil sample. While the concentation of total PCBs in earthworms were 1.6-12.5 times of total PCBs residue in soil. The concentrations of ∑DDT and total PCBs in mole muscle were1.7-13.8 and 2.6-12.9 times of the ∑DDT and total PCBs residues found in earthworms respectively. The bioaccumulation factors of ∑DDT and total PCBs from earthworm to the mole liver were16.2-24.9 and 6.0-25.0 respectively. The bioaccumulation regression model of PCBs established from this study can be applied to predict the residue concentration at higher trophic level such as mole at other study sites. The main component of PCB congeners in the soil samples were hexa- and hepta-PCBs. However, tri-PCBs and tetra-PCBs were the main component in the earthworm samples. While tri- and hepta-PCBs were the main component in mole samples. The residue levels of organochlorine were higher in the samples collected from the cultivated mountain areas than the residue levels of samples collected at the alpine forest with limited human activity. The accumulation of organochlorine residues in the food chain at high elevation habitat may affect the high trophic level of predators which consume mole as its food sources.

This chapter examines the application of anthropogenic compounds as biomarkers. Since World War II, human activities have introduced a wide array of compounds into the environment, including insecticides such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and pesticides, halocarbons (chlorofluorocarbons), sewage products (coprostanol), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The chapter introduces structural features of these compounds, their distribution and transformation in the environment, and their potential use(s) as tracers. It presents examples of how relationships between anthropogenic markers and biomarkers can be used to provide information about the sources, delivery, and fate of natural organic matter in aquatic ecosystems. It introduces various emerging contaminants (personal care pharmaceutical products, caffeine, and flame retardants) and their potential use as tracers for anthropogenic organic matter in aquatic ecosystems. It describes how δ‎¹³C, stable isotopes of Cl and Br, and radiocarbon can be used to apportion sources of organic contaminants (e.g., PAHs and PCBs).