Journal articles on the topic 'Dictionaries and Thesauruses, Foreign Language, Spanish'

<p>The phraseology is part of the linguistic studies on phrases, proverbs, idioms, proverbs and other units of syntax totally or partially fixed. It is the reflection of a certain tradition and idiosyncrasy of society. The native speaker recognizes the phraseological units in the praxis of speech without difficulty. However, because of their idiomaticity and the sociocultural divergence between two linguistic communities, Spanish sayings and expressions cannot always be understood by the Chinese speakers. Students of Spanish as a foreign language have difficulty recognizing the non-literal meaning of an expression, the use of this type of expression in language teaching develops communicative competence, linguistics competence, sociolinguistics and pragmatics competence. Then, when producing a bilingual dictionary, it is not enough to translate it into the target language, but rather to contrast the two languages in order to inform non-native speakers of unknown elements, such as historical and cultural backgrounds, uses, and their frequency of application, variants, etc.</p>

Digital transformation of the society makes digital technologies introduction greatly significant. An electronic dictionary is a type of digital resources that can be used not only as a dictionary but also as an encyclopedia and as an explanatory dictionary. Therefore, such a dictionary is highly efficient for educational as well as scientific research purposes. It greatly contributes to students-philologists language competence development. Moreover, it facilitates the development of students-programmers professional and research competencies. Electronic dictionaries use for educational purposes has been significantly investigated by many outstanding scholars. However, high-quality electronic dictionaries design requires a thorough study and analysis. Therefore, the aim of the article is to consider the foreign experience in electronic multilingual dictionaries design, which will contribute to a quality electronic dictionary compilation. The research highlights numerous approaches to creating electronic dictionaries model and design. Unquestionably, there is no single approach to electronic and explanatory dictionaries design. Nonetheless, there are several approaches proposed by the leading authorities. The article highlights the basics of electronic dictionary development, various dictionaries models (the model of systematic educational design, electronic dictionary functional modules, the system of Chinese dictionary design, the educational model structural scheme for word identification, the structural scheme for label learning system, the configuration for electronic dictionary automatic design, functional dictionary model, relationships model for English-Spanish explanatory dictionary). It presents the algorithms for their creation, outlines their functional features and analyzes existing electronic dictionaries. The prospects for further research lie in the analysis of explanatory dictionary characteristic features and the development of the algorithm for its design. Keywords: dictionary, electronic dictionary, electronic explanatory dictionary, multilingual dictionary, design, development, model development, foreign experience.

Abstract Unlike communities of speakers of other Romance languages such as French and Spanish, it has often been noticed that many Italian speakers are not particularly concerned by the inflow of foreign (mainly English) words. One reason for this, according to some scholars, is that standard Italian does not stir up linguistic identity for many native users, while English enjoys great prestige as the international language. In this paper, positions on neologisms of foreign origin are illustrated, using recently updated monolingual Italian dictionaries and also comments on neologisms collected from blogs and websites. Although they have a different status and degree of representativeness, the latter respond faster than dictionaries to doubts concerning the use of loans in Italian texts.

ABSTRACT This study explores the application of a semantic analysis methodology to the creation of definitions of learners' dictionaries. Defining words is a delicate art, traditionally left to the general writing skills of the lexicographer, introspection, or even intuition. In the past decades, many efforts have been directed towards systematising the technique, particularly in the pedagogical dictionaries momentum. In this paper, we try to demonstrate that there is still room for improvement, and that a systematic corpus analysis can be applied to build better explanations for the meaning of words. We explain the theoretical background chosen for our study, the associated methodology and five specific strategies which can guide the lexicographer through his/her task. In order to give a concrete example, we show our work with a Spanish dictionary project for foreign learners which is currently under development and has a core of very frequent Spanish verbs already available on the Internet.

We analyze methods of teaching foreign legal vocabulary, legal texts translation that are important for the student translation skills development as well as to compare the linguistic and national cultural specifics of German, Spanish and Russian legal texts. The research material is jurisprudence area in German and Spanish and national legal systems since specialized translation requires preliminary (background) knowledge to understand a legal text properly. The students of the legal Spanish/German language must have the language competence allowing to make a translation close to the original text. The research material is the criminal and civil codes of Germany and Spain, dictionaries of legal German and Spanish languages, publications of periodicals, linguistic scientific articles and monographs. The need of study the methods of teaching foreign legal language and translating legal texts is quite evident on the universal contemporary background of the dynamic development of cross-cultural communication. The specifics of the German and Spanish legal languages, their structural and semantic features, functioning and methods of translating the legal texts are not studied thoroughly. This makes our study highly relevant to present works. In the given research we used descriptive and comparative methods, the method of lexicographic selection developed in the analysis of German verbs of possession as well as the interpretative analysis of legal German and Spanish languages.

AbstractThis experimental study tests the usability of a collocation retrieval tool that combines corpus and dictionary features in order to help learners of Spanish as a Foreign Language to improve their production of collocations. More specifically, the study tests the extent to which such a tool is effective without prior training, and evaluates which of its features might be improved. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment involved Japanese-L1 learners of Spanish. One subgroup completed a gap-fill test both with and without the collocation tool, while another subgroup used electronic bilingual dictionaries instead of the collocation tool. In a second experiment, we chose a more heterogeneous group of participants with less experience in using lexicographic tools. Results show that learners do not need previous training to benefit from the collocation tool, but also that they do not check corpus examples as often as they might.

The tourism sector requires a language full of neologisms, foreign words, loans and other words of new acquisition. The dictionaries, including electronic ones, are unable to pick up a large number of concepts, which tends to disappear quickly because of the new trends of tourist travel. The main aim of our investigation is to resolve this problem, particularly when terms about "kinds of travel” have to be translated from German into Spanish. A chart with equivalences about Spanish and German tourism products is going to be showed to provide a systematic overview of the concepts translated. The terminology used by travel agencies and tour operators which appear in the network have been the main references for this investigation.

Foreign words which have been borrowed into the Japanese language, especially in the last few centuries, are commonly labelled as 外来語, gairaigo, meaning words (語, go) coming in (来, rai) from outside (外, gai). This umbrella term encompasses lexical items from numerous foreign languages, including Russian, French, Spanish, Italian, Korean, German, and English. As they undergo the borrowing process into the Japanese linguistic system, the words are likely to undergo modification, particularly in terms of their phonology, orthography, semantics, and syntax. The overwhelming majority of gairaigo have their roots in the English language; estimates put their number at around 10% of the Japanese lexicon (Daulton, 2008; Stanlaw, 2004). They include borrowings in the daily Japanese vocabulary (ニュース, nyūsu, news); ones used primarily in specialist fields, (コーパス, kōpasu, corpus), and others recorded in dictionaries but that play very little part in actual language usage (インディビデュアル, indibijyuaru, individual).

This paper examines the challenges posed by discourse markers (DM) for learners at secondary school level of French as a foreign language (FFL), based on a corpus of samples of written work by FFL students. The first section looks at how DM are presented and described in the textbooks and dictionaries used by secondary school teachers and learners. The next section focuses on organizational discourse markers, with an analysis of student errors in the corpus. The range of semantic possibilities explored in the case of enfin and finalement offers a good illustration of the difficulties faced by teachers and learners alike in the acquisition of DM, due to the multifunctionality of the particles and their formal similarity to the Spanish DM en fin and finalmente. The final section makes some observations regarding the effectiveness of teaching DM systematically from the earliest stages of FFL learning, based on recent work by Donís Pérez (2014).

Bilingual lexicon induction is the task of inducing word translations from monolingual corpora in two languages. In this article we present the most comprehensive analysis of bilingual lexicon induction to date. We present experiments on a wide range of languages and data sizes. We examine translation into English from 25 foreign languages: Albanian, Azeri, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Cebuano, Gujarati, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Latvian, Nepali, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Somali, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Turkish, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Vietnamese, and Welsh. We analyze the behavior of bilingual lexicon induction on low-frequency words, rather than testing solely on high-frequency words, as previous research has done. Low-frequency words are more relevant to statistical machine translation, where systems typically lack translations of rare words that fall outside of their training data. We systematically explore a wide range of features and phenomena that affect the quality of the translations discovered by bilingual lexicon induction. We provide illustrative examples of the highest ranking translations for orthogonal signals of translation equivalence like contextual similarity and temporal similarity. We analyze the effects of frequency and burstiness, and the sizes of the seed bilingual dictionaries and the monolingual training corpora. Additionally, we introduce a novel discriminative approach to bilingual lexicon induction. Our discriminative model is capable of combining a wide variety of features that individually provide only weak indications of translation equivalence. When feature weights are discriminatively set, these signals produce dramatically higher translation quality than previous approaches that combined signals in an unsupervised fashion (e.g., using minimum reciprocal rank). We also directly compare our model's performance against a sophisticated generative approach, the matching canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) algorithm used by Haghighi et al. ( 2008 ). Our algorithm achieves an accuracy of 42% versus MCCA's 15%.

A Review of: Zhang, Li. "Citation Analysis for Collection Development: A Study of International Relations Journal Literature." Library Collections, Acquisitions, and Technical Services 31.3-4 (2007): 195-207. Objective – To determine primary type, format, language and subject category of research materials used by U.S. scholars of international relations. Also, to investigate whether research method, qualitative or quantitative, can be correlated with the type and age of sources that scholars use. Design – Citation analysis. Setting – Research articles published in three journals on international relations with high impact factors: International Organization, International Studies Quarterly, and World Politics. Subjects – A random sample of cited references taken from the 410 full-length research articles published in these journals from 2000 to2005. Cited references of articles written by authors of foreign institutions (i.e., non-American institutions), as well as cited references of editorial and research notes, comments, responses, and review essays were excluded. Methods – Cited references were exported from ISI’s Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) to MS Excel spreadsheets for analysis. Data was verified against original reference lists. Citations were numbered and identified by source format, place of publication (foreign or domestic), age, and language used, if other than English. The author used a random number generator to select a random sample of 651 from a total of 29,862 citations. Citations were randomly drawn from each journal according to the proportion of the journals’ citations to the total. These citations were analyzed by material type and language. The author also used the Library of Congress Classification Outline to identify the subject category of each book and journal citation in the sample. A separate sampling method was used to investigate if there is a relationship between research methodology and citation behaviour. Each of the original 410 articles was categorized according to research method: quantitative, qualitative or a combination of the two. Two articles representing qualitative research and two representing quantitative research were randomly selected from each of the three journals for each of the six years. Subsequently, five citations from each of the resulting pool of 72 articles were randomly selected to create a sample of 360 citations. These citations were analyzed by material type and age of source. Main Results – Analysis of the citation data showed that books (including monographs, edited books, book chapters and dictionaries) made up 48.2% of the total citations; journals (including scholarly and non-scholarly titles) made up 38.4% of the citations; and government publications made up 4.5% of the citations. Electronic resources, which primarily refer to Web sites and digital collections in this study, represented 1.7% of the citations. Other sources of citations included magazines (1.1%), newspapers (1.1%), working papers (1.1%), theses (0.9%), conference papers not yet published as articles (0.6%), and a miscellaneous category, which included items such as committee minutes, radio broadcasts, unpublished materials and personal communications (2.5%). The average age of book citations was 14.3 years and the median age was 8 years. Foreign language citations represented 3.7% of the 651 total citations. The top ranked foreign languages were German (7), French (5), Russian (4), Spanish (3), Korean (2) and Swedish (number not given Subject analysis of the citations revealed that 38% of all citations were from international relations and two related disciplines, political science, political theory, and public administration. Subject areas outside international relations included social sciences (23.4% - including economics, commerce, industries and finance), history (16.3%), sociology (6.2%), and law (5.9%). Citations from philosophy, psychology, military science and general works together made up 7.3% of the total citations. Citations from science, linguistics, literature, geography and medicine made up less than 2% of the total. Authors of qualitative research articles were more likely to cite books (56.7%) than journals (29.4%) while authors of quantitative research articles were more likely to cite journals (58.3%) than books (28.9%). Authors of qualitative research articles were also more likely to cite government publications and electronic resources than those of quantitative articles. However, authors of quantitative research articles were more likely to cite other materials, such as dissertations, conference papers, working papers and unpublished materials. The age of cited materials for both qualitative and quantitative research articles is similar. Citations to recent materials up to 5 years old were most frequent, followed by materials 6 to10 years old, materials 11 to15 years old, and those 26 or more years old. The least frequently cited materials were 16 to 20 and 21 to25 years old. Conclusion – Scholars in international relations primarily cite books, followed by journals and government publications. Citations to electronic resources such as Web sites and digital collections, and to other materials are far less common. Scholars primarily cite English-language materials on international relations and related subjects. Authors of qualitative research articles are more likely to cite books than journals, while authors of quantitative research articles are more likely to cite journals than books. Recent materials are more frequently cited than older materials, though materials that are more than 26 years old are still being cited regularly.

La lengua española es estudiada por millones de personas en todo el mundo, dada su gran importancia en la sociedad actual. Sin embargo, los diccionarios no son aprovechados al máximo, por los estudiantes ya que, generalmente, estos usan el diccionario bilingüe durante toda su trayectoria de aprendizaje. Además, estos cuentan con el beneplácito de los docentes, a pesar de la existencia de otras obras lexicográficas que se adaptan mejor a las diferentes etapas que existen en el aprendizaje de un idioma extranjero. Palabras clave: español como lengua extranjera, lexicografía, diccionario bilingüe, diccionario de aprendizaje. Learning Spanish as a foreign language: the importance of using the right dictionary The Spanish language is learnt by millions of people all around the world, due to its great importance in the current society. However, students do not take full advantage of dictionaries, since, generally, they only use bilingual dictionaries throughout their whole learning process. Besides, teachers green-light their usage, even though there are other dictionaries that may adapt in a better way to the different stages that exist when learning a foreign language. Keywords: Spanish as a foreign language, lexicography, bilingual dictionary, monolingual learner’s dictionary.

La lengua española es estudiada por millones de personas en todo el mundo, dada su gran importancia en la sociedad actual. Sin embargo, los diccionarios no son aprovechados al máximo, por los estudiantes ya que, generalmente, estos usan el diccionario bilingüe durante toda su trayectoria de aprendizaje. Además, estos cuentan con el beneplácito de los docentes, a pesar de la existencia de otras obras lexicográficas que se adaptan mejor a las diferentes etapas que existen en el aprendizaje de un idioma extranjero. Palabras clave: español como lengua extranjera, lexicografía, diccionario bilingüe, diccionario de aprendizaje. Learning Spanish as a foreign language: the importance of using the right dictionary The Spanish language is learnt by millions of people all around the world, due to its great importance in the current society. However, students do not take full advantage of dictionaries, since, generally, they only use bilingual dictionaries throughout their whole learning process. Besides, teachers green-light their usage, even though there are other dictionaries that may adapt in a better way to the different stages that exist when learning a foreign language. Keywords: Spanish as a foreign language, lexicography, bilingual dictionary, monolingual learner’s dictionary.

Abstract This paper presents the results of a comparative curriculum-based study conducted to analyse the way dictionaries and the development of lexicographical skills are addressed in primary education in Germany and Spain. To carry out the study, the curricula of two language subjects taught throughout the country were selected, namely First Language (German and Spanish, respectively) and First Foreign Language (English). Within the methodology framework for documentary analysis, several thematic categories will be identified inductively from explicit references located in the selected curricula that will serve as tertium comparationis. The main objective is to find out whether the curriculum regulations consider dictionaries and the development of specific skills for using them in this first stage of education as part of the process of training literacy in the first language and foreign language teaching-learning context.

Resumen: El diccionario cumple una función importante en el proceso de aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera (Lew, 2016). Cuando un alumno sinohablante está aprendiendo español ve la necesidad de usar el diccionario para verificar la ortografía o el significado de las palabras que desconoce (Tungmen Tu, 2010). Esto se evidencia en el hecho de que cuando un alumno llega a clase siempre trae consigo un diccionario. Los objetivos principales de este estudio son: (1) hacer un diagnóstico del uso que los estudiantes sinohablantes hacen de los diccionarios en clase; y (2) analizar la percepción que tienen dichos estudiantes de las ventajas y desventajas que representa el diccionario en el aula de lengua. En las conclusiones del trabajo se propone una línea de actuación docente en el ámbito del componente estratégico para optimizar el uso de diccionarios monolingües y bilingües en clase.Palabras clave: ELE, sinohablantes, diccionarios, competencia estratégica Abstract: The dictionary plays an important role in the learning process of a foreign language (Lew, 2016). The need to use the dictionary to verify the spelling or the meaning of the words that the Chinese student does not know when s/he is learning Spanish is beyond doubt (Tungmen Tu, 2012). The fact that when a student arrives in class s/he always brings a dictionary is an evidence. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to make a diagnosis of Chinese students dictionary use in class; and (2) analyze the students' perception of the advantages and disadvantages of the dictionary in the language classroom. In the conclusions of the work, a teaching approach is proposed in the scope of the strategic component to optimize the use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries in class.Key words: ELE, Spanish, Chinese learners, dictionary, strategic competence.

Resumen: El diccionario cumple una función importante en el proceso de aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera (Lew, 2016). Cuando un alumno sinohablante está aprendiendo español ve la necesidad de usar el diccionario para verificar la ortografía o el significado de las palabras que desconoce (Tungmen Tu, 2010). Esto se evidencia en el hecho de que cuando un alumno llega a clase siempre trae consigo un diccionario. Los objetivos principales de este estudio son: (1) hacer un diagnóstico del uso que los estudiantes sinohablantes hacen de los diccionarios en clase; y (2) analizar la percepción que tienen dichos estudiantes de las ventajas y desventajas que representa el diccionario en el aula de lengua. En las conclusiones del trabajo se propone una línea de actuación docente en el ámbito del componente estratégico para optimizar el uso de diccionarios monolingües y bilingües en clase.Palabras clave: ELE, sinohablantes, diccionarios, competencia estratégica Abstract: The dictionary plays an important role in the learning process of a foreign language (Lew, 2016). The need to use the dictionary to verify the spelling or the meaning of the words that the Chinese student does not know when s/he is learning Spanish is beyond doubt (Tungmen Tu, 2012). The fact that when a student arrives in class s/he always brings a dictionary is an evidence. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to make a diagnosis of Chinese students dictionary use in class; and (2) analyze the students' perception of the advantages and disadvantages of the dictionary in the language classroom. In the conclusions of the work, a teaching approach is proposed in the scope of the strategic component to optimize the use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries in class.Key words: ELE, Spanish, Chinese learners, dictionary, strategic competence.

Resumen: El propósito principal del presente trabajo es presentar una secuencia didáctica mediante el uso del diccionario para el desarrollo de la escritura de los estudiantes brasileños de español como lengua extranjera (E/LE), nivel B1 y B2. Hemos considerado las nuevas competencias y prácticas pedagógicas, incluyendo el uso del diccionario en el aula como género textual dirigido a la enseñanza de lenguas. Este artículo está basado en los estudios de Alzola Fariñas (2001), Kleiman (2002, 2013), Araújo (2007), Pontes (2009), Moreira (2009) y Rojo (2013), entre otros. Es importante que el profesor y el estudiante sepan cómo utilizar todas las posibilidades que el diccionario ofrece para el aprendizaje. Trabajamos con las marcas lexicográficas de la lengua (información sobre los aspectos socioculturales de la lengua), como diatécnicas medicina (MED), informática (INF), botánica (BOT), etc. Utilizamos diccionarios monolingües y semibilingües adecuados a los aprendices en la etapa del desarrollo y consolidación de la escritura en E/LE.Palabras clave: diccionario pedagógico, aprendizaje de la escritura, enseñanza del español, secuencia didáctica. Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to present a didactic sequence through the use of dictionary for the development of writing by Brazilian students of Spanish as a foreign language (SFL), levels B1 and B2. We have considered the new pedagogical and practices skills, including the use of dictionary in the classroom as a textual genre aimed at teaching languages. This article is based on the studies of Alzola Fariñas (2001), Kleiman (2002, 2013), Araújo (2007), Pontes (2009), Moreira (2009) and Rojo (2013), among others. It is important that teachers and students know how to use all the possibilities that the dictionary offers for learning. We worked with the lexicographical marks of the language (information on the sociocultural aspects of the language) such as medicine (MED), computing (COMP), botany (BOT), etc. We used suitable monolingual and bilingualized dictionaries for learners in the writing development stage.Keywords: pedagogical dictionary, improving writing, teaching Spanish, didactic Sequence.

Resumen: El propósito principal del presente trabajo es presentar una secuencia didáctica mediante el uso del diccionario para el desarrollo de la escritura de los estudiantes brasileños de español como lengua extranjera (E/LE), nivel B1 y B2. Hemos considerado las nuevas competencias y prácticas pedagógicas, incluyendo el uso del diccionario en el aula como género textual dirigido a la enseñanza de lenguas. Este artículo está basado en los estudios de Alzola Fariñas (2001), Kleiman (2002, 2013), Araújo (2007), Pontes (2009), Moreira (2009) y Rojo (2013), entre otros. Es importante que el profesor y el estudiante sepan cómo utilizar todas las posibilidades que el diccionario ofrece para el aprendizaje. Trabajamos con las marcas lexicográficas de la lengua (información sobre los aspectos socioculturales de la lengua), como diatécnicas medicina (MED), informática (INF), botánica (BOT), etc. Utilizamos diccionarios monolingües y semibilingües adecuados a los aprendices en la etapa del desarrollo y consolidación de la escritura en E/LE.Palabras clave: diccionario pedagógico, aprendizaje de la escritura, enseñanza del español, secuencia didáctica. Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to present a didactic sequence through the use of dictionary for the development of writing by Brazilian students of Spanish as a foreign language (SFL), levels B1 and B2. We have considered the new pedagogical and practices skills, including the use of dictionary in the classroom as a textual genre aimed at teaching languages. This article is based on the studies of Alzola Fariñas (2001), Kleiman (2002, 2013), Araújo (2007), Pontes (2009), Moreira (2009) and Rojo (2013), among others. It is important that teachers and students know how to use all the possibilities that the dictionary offers for learning. We worked with the lexicographical marks of the language (information on the sociocultural aspects of the language) such as medicine (MED), computing (COMP), botany (BOT), etc. We used suitable monolingual and bilingualized dictionaries for learners in the writing development stage.Keywords: pedagogical dictionary, improving writing, teaching Spanish, didactic Sequence.

06–579El-Yasin, Mohammed K. (Yarmouk U, Irbid, Jordan; majlouny@yahoo.com) & Abdulla K. Al-Shehabat, Translating proverbs. Babel (John Benjamins) 51.2 (2005), 161–173.06–580Flowerdew, John (City U Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; enjohnf@cityu.edu.hk) & Alina Wan, Genre analysis of tax computation letters: How and why tax accountants write the way they do. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.2 (2006),133–153.06–581Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona U, USA; norbert.francis@nau.edu), The development of secondary discourse ability and metalinguistic awareness in second language learners. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Blackwell) 16.1 (2006), 37–60.06–582Gimenez, Julio (Middlesex U, London, UK; jgimenez@mdx.ac.uk), Embedded business emails: Meeting new demands in international business communication. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.2 (2006), 154–172.06–583Hamston, Julie, Pathways to multiliteracies: Student teachers' critical reflections on a multimodal text. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 29.1 (2006), 38–51.06–584Hassan Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah (Sultan Qaboos U, Muscat), The linguistics of loanwords in Hadrami Arabic. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 9.1 (2006), 75–93.06–585Hüllen, Werner (U Duisburg-Essen, Germany;werner.huellen@uni-essen.de), Foreign language teaching – a modern building on historical foundations. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Blackwell) 16.1 (2006), 61–87.06–586Léwy, Nicolas (U Neuchâtel, Switzerland; nicolas.lewy@unine.ch), François Grosjean, Lysiane Grosjean, Isabelle Racine & Carole Yersin, Un modèle psycholinguistique informatique de la reconnaissance des mots dans la chaîne parlée du français [A computational psycholinguistic model for word recognition in French connected speech]. Journal of French Language Studies (Cambridge University Press) 15.1 (2005), 25–48.06–587Macken-Horarik, Mary, Hierarchies in diversities: What students' examined responses tell us about literacy practices in contemporary school English. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 29.1 (2006), 52–78.06–588Nelson, Mike (U Turku, Finland; mike.nelson@utu.fi), Semantic associations in Business English: A corpus-based analysis. English for Specific Purposes (Elsevier) 25.2 (2006), 217–234.06–589Siepmann, Dirk (Universität-GH Siegen, Germany; dsiepmann@t-online.de), Collocation, colligation and encoding dictionaries (Part II: Lexicographical aspects). International Journal of Lexicography (Oxford University Press) 19.1 (2006), 1–39.06–590Thue Vold, Eva (U Bergen, Norway; eva.vold@roman.uib.no), Epistemic modality markers in research articles: A cross-linguistic and cross-disciplinary study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Blackwell) 16.1 (2006), 61–87.06–591Williams, Ian A. (U de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; williams@unican.es), Thematic items referring to research and researchers in the Discussion section of Spanish biomedical articles and English-Spanish translations. Babel (John Benjamins) 51.2 (2005), 124–160.06–592Williams, John N. (U Cambridge, UK; jnw12@cam.ac.uk), Incremental interpretation in second language sentence processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 71–88.06–593Winter, Jo & Anne Pauwels (U Western Australia; jewinter@cyllene.uwa.edu.au), Men staying at home looking after their children: Feminist linguistic reform and social change. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (Blackwell) 16.1 (2006), 16–36.

06–652Angelova, Maria (Cleveland State U, USA), Delmi Gunawardena & Dinah Volk, Peer teaching and learning: co-constructing language in a dual language first grade. Language and Education (Mutilingual Matters) 20.2 (2006), 173–190.06–653Asada, Hirofumi (Fukuoka Jogakuin U, Japan), Longitudinal effects of informal language in formal L2 instruction. JALT Journal (Japan Association for Language Teaching) 28.1 (2006), 39–56.06–654Birdsong, David (U Texas, USA), Nativelikeness and non-nativelikeness in L2A research. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 43.4 (2005), 319–328.06–655Bruen, Jennifer (Dublin City U, Ireland), Educating Europeans? Language planning and policy in higher education institutions in Ireland. Language and International Communication (Multilingual Matters) 5.3&4 (2005), 237–248.06–656Carpenter, Helen (Georgetown U, USA; carpenth@georgetown.edu), K. 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