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1

Walbrühl, Martin. "Diffusion in the liquid Co binder of cemented carbides: Ab initio molecular dynamics and DICTRA simulations." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-140880.

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A fundamental quantum mechanical modelling approach is used for calculating liquid diffusion parameters in cemented carbides. Up to now, no detailed description of diffusion for alloying elements in a liquid Co matrix is available. Neither are experimental measurements found in the literature for the self- or impurity diffusion in the liquid Co system. State of the art application is the description of gradient formation in cemented carbide systems using DICTRA. In this work it is assumed that diffusion during sintering of cemented carbides takes place mainly in the liquid Co binder phase. With this assumption one can calculate the diffusion coefficient for different alloying elements like W, Ti, N and C in a liquid Co matrix phase. The mean square displacement (MSD) of the diffusing atoms is used to obtain the diffusion coefficients which could be simulated by Ab initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD). By fitting the computed temperature dependence with the Arrhenius relation one can determine the frequency factor and the activation energy which allows to give a quantitative description of the diffusion. Three methods will be used for validating the data from this work. Available estimated literature values based on calculations (scaling laws, a modified Sutherland equation and classical molecular dynamics) will be used to compare the results in a first instance. The general agreement for diffusion in liquid metals will be done by comparison with experimental data for the liquid Fe system. In a last step, the diffusion values obtained by this work will be used to create a kinetic database for DICTRA. The gradient simulations will be compared with experimentally measured gradients. The AIMD simulations are performed for binary diffusion systems to investigate the diffusion between the liquid Co matrix and one type of alloying element. In a second approach the diffusion for a multicomponent systems with Co, W, Ti and C has been performed. The results from the present AIMD simulations could be shown to be in good agreement with the literature. Only two DICTRA simulations could be performed within the timeframe of this work. Both are predicting a ~3 times bigger gradient zone whereas the initial choice of the labyrinth factor λ = f could be identified as a possible source of disagreement. A labyrinth factor of λ = f2 with the calculated mobility values from the AIMD calculations should give improved results. Although the results from those simulations are not available to this date. The two approaches of the diffusion simulations in the binary and multicomponent system are giving matching results. The non-metallic elements C and N are diffusing two times faster than the fastest metallic element Co. The diffusivity of Ti is slightly lower than Co and W could be identified as the element with the slowest diffusion within the liquid Co matrix. Further investigations of the liquid structure could indicate the tendency to form bonds between C and W and between C and Ti. This gives slowed down diffusion of C in the multicomponent system compared to the diffusion in the binary Co-C system.
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2

Moore, Emily. "Développement d'un modèle thermodynamique et de diffusion chimique pour les combustibles oxydes UO2 et (U, Pu)O2 à l'aide du logiciel DICTRA." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EPXX0094.

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3

Hammadi, Souzan. "Solidification Modeling of Microsegregation." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231496.

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A phase transformation from liquid to solid phase takes place when the material solidifies. Limited diffusion during this phase transition causes microsegregation, which is aphenomenon during solidification that leads to the formation of secondary phases andconcentration gradients. This affects the properties of the material and how it is to be treatedin further processing steps. Due to the complexity of the solidification process, a modelingapproach has been used for investigation of microsegregation. The Scheil-Gulliver model assumes negligible diffusion in the solid phase but an exchange ofsolute during back-diffusion can have an important influence on solidification. While the Brody-Flemings model considers this, it is questionable in its assumptions. A new proposedmodel by John Ågren that considers multicomponent diffusion effects have been implementedusing the Matlab-Toolbox for Thermo-Calc. The model is used to perform solidification simulations for the binary Al-2.1Cu and theternary Al-2.1Cu-1Si system (at%) and the results are compared to the Scheil-Gulliver modeland DICTRA simulations. The Ågren model gives excellent results for the binary system athigh cooling rates. It does however show deviations from the DICTRA results at lowercooling rates and for the ternary system.
När ett material stelnar sker en fasomvandling från flytande till fast fas. Begränsad diffusionunder denna fasövergång orsakar mikrosegring, vilket är ett fenomen under stelningsförloppetsom skapar sekundära faser och koncentrationsgradienter. Detta påverkar egenskaperna hosmaterialet and hur den ska behandlas under senare processteg. På grund av komplexiteten avstelningsprocessen har modellering använts för att undersöka mikrosegring. Scheil-Gulliver modellen antar att det inte sker någon diffusion i fast fas men ett utbyte avinlösta ämnen kan ha ett viktigt inflytande på stelningsförloppet. Fastän Brody-Flemingsmodellen tar hänsyn till detta så är den tveksam i sina antaganden. En ny föreslagen modell avJohn Ågren betraktar diffusionseffekter för ett multikomponent system och denna harimplementerats med hjälp av Matlab-Toolbox för Thermo-Calc. Modellen har använts för att simulera stelning för ett binärt Al-2.1Cu och ett ternärt Al-2.1-1Si system (at%) och resultaten har jämförts med Scheil-Gulliver modellen och DICTRAsimuleringar. Ågren modellen ger utmärkta resultat för det binära systemet vid högakylhastigheter. Modellen visar däremot avvikelser från DICTRA vid låga kylhastigheter samtför det ternära systemet.
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4

Wessman, Sten. "Applications of Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics on Transformations in Stainless Steels." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121337.

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Stainless steels are high-alloyed, usually with multiple components and often also dual matrix phases, as for duplex stainless steels. This make predictions and calculations of alloying effects on equilibria and transformations complicated. Computational thermodynamics has emerged as an indispensable tool for calculations within these complex systems with predictions of equilibria and precipitation of phases. This thesis offers examples illustrating how computational methods can be applied both to thermodynamics, kinetics and coarsening of stainless steels in order to predict microstructure and, to some extent, also properties. The performance of a current state-of-the-art commercial thermodynamic database was also explored and strengths and weaknesses highlighted.

QC 20130429

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5

Rule, James R. "Evaluation and Prediction of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Dissimilar Metal Welds." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574795595278238.

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6

Bernardi, Cécile. "Brasage isotherme sous vide d’alliages d’aluminium pour la réalisation d’échangeurs thermiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0261/document.

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Cette étude présente le brasage isotherme sous vide des alliages d’aluminium appliqué à la fabrication d’échangeurs thermiques. Ainsi, on étudie les évolutions microstructurales des nuances 3003 (Al-Mn) et 4004 (Al-Si-Mg) au cours des différentes étapes du cycle de brasage. Une double approche est mise en œuvre. Dans un premier temps, des échantillons modèles sont traités thermiquement en laboratoire. On suit l’évolution des phases en présence dans les deux alliages et les phénomènes de diffusion à l’état solide grâce à des analyses EDS. Nous montrons que les outils de simulation thermodynamique Thermo-Calc et DICTRA sont fiables à des températures supérieures à 400°C. On propose ensuite une description des mécanismes gouvernant la fusion du métal d’apport. Nous montrons qu’elle aboutit à la ségrégation d’un liquide enrichi en Si à la surface du métal d’apport. Dans un deuxième temps, des essais sont réalisés en industrie afin de prendre en compte les paramètres du brasage réel. Nous mettons en évidence des phénomènes de dissolution excessive et de pénétration de liquide aux joints de grains. Nous identifions les mécanismes qui gouvernent l’apparition de ces problèmes métallurgiques au cours du brasage. Ainsi, une faible taille de grains du métal de base et une diffusion préférentielle aux joints de grain sont mises en cause
This study deals with the vacuum TLP (Transient Liquid Phase) brazing of aluminum alloys applied to the manufacture of heat exchangers. Thus, the microstructure evolutions of 3003 (Al-Mn) and 4004 (Al-Si-Mg) alloys during the whole assembly process are studied. Firsty, model samples are heat treated in laboratory. The phase transformations and the solid state diffusion between the filler alloy and the base alloy are studied. The results are compared to thermodynamic predictions obtained with both Thermo-Calc and DICTRA softwares. We conclude that these tools are reliable at temperatures above 400°C. The fusion path of the filler alloy is described. It is shown that a Si enriched liquid is formed at the clad surface. On a second time, tests are carried out in industrial conditions, in order to take actual brazing parameters into account. Excessive dissolution and liquid penetration at grain boundaries are observed. The fine grained structure of the base alloy associated to a preferential diffusion at grain boundaries appear to be the main causes
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7

Lindwall, Greta. "Multicomponent diffusional reactions in tool steels : Experiment and Theory." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Termodynamisk modellering, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103328.

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Many phenomena determining the microstructure of a tool steel and consequently the properties of the material, are governed by multicomponent diffusion. The diffusion driven reactions that take place during, for example, tempering of a hot-work tool steel or when the microstructure develops during hot isostatic pressing of cold-work tool steel, are dependent on the types and amounts of alloying elements. In order for computational methods to be usable, these alloying effects need to be understood and incorporated in the models. In this work the influence of some typical tool steel alloying elements on the coarsening behavior of precipitates is investigated. Experimental coarsening studies are performed and the impact of the diffusion mobility descriptions and the thermodynamic descriptions are investigated by means of DICTRA coarsening calculations. The kinetic descriptions for diffusion in the body centered-cubic phase in the case of the chromium-iron-vanadium system and the chromium-iron-molybdenum system are improved by assessments of diffusion mobility parameters, and are shown to have a large impact on the calculated coarsening rate for vanadium-rich and molybdenum-rich precipitates. The effect of cobalt is examined by a coarsening experiment for vanandiumrich carbides and by a diffusion couple experiment for the investigation of the vanadium interdiffusion. The presence of cobalt is experimentally shown to have retarding effect on the coarsening rate of the carbides, but not on the vanadium diffusion. The coarsening rate of nitrogen-rich precipitates is compared to the coarsening rate of carbon-rich precipitates, and a lower coarsening rate for nitrides compared to carbides can be confirmed. Correlation between coarsening calculations and experiments is obtained suggesting that the thermodynamic description of the two systems is the underlaying reason for the different coarsening rates. Further, calculations utilizing the DICTRA software are combined with experimental investigations in order to study the possibility to apply computational methods for compound material development and explore application areas for high nitrogen alloyed tool steels produced by powder metallurgy.

QC 20121011

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8

Svantesson, Jonas. "Exploratory study of the interactions between textured alumina coatings and steel." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231442.

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The crater wear of alumina coated WC-Co cutting tools is thought to be influenced by the chemical reactions between the coating and the workpiece material. Three different crystal orientations ((001), (012), and (100) of alpha alumina CVD coatings are examined in combination with four workpiece materials of steel to establish what reactions are present, and the extent of diffusion. The alumina coatings and workpiece materials were pressed together as diffusion couples and heat treated at 1250- 1300°C for 10-20hours. It was fond that the types of inclusions present in the workpiece were more impactful on the chemical wear of the coating than the crystal orientation of the coating. EDS measurements show significant amounts of W and Co on the surface of the coatings and on the steel surfaces after heat treatment. This is thought to be connected to the migration of Co through the coating in cooling cracks and other impurities. In the surface of the coating, areas of solidified Co-rich structure have been found, implying that Co has formed an alloy with Fe, C, Al, and W with sufficiently low melting temperature to partially melt during the heat treatment. This has been confirmed as possible by simulations in Thermo-calc. Turning tests and scratch tests were made with the same combinations of coatings and workpiece material and show differences in adhesion of workpiece material on the different coating orientations. The 100-orientation has been found to have the most adhered workpiece material, the reason for this being its higher surface roughness. Ultimately no noticeable differences in chemical reactivity between the coating crystal orientations was found. The Co diffusion though the coating occurred for all the coating orientations and further experiments in turning with the different workpiece materials are required to determine the effect of Ca-rich inclusions on the magnitude of chemical wear.

Handledare på företag:

Susanne Norgren 

Doc.  Ph.D,  Group Expert Materials Design

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9

Gustafson, Åsa. "Aspects of microstructural evolution in chromium steels in high temperature applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3048.

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In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials.

A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles.

A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.

    Four different carbides, Cr7C3, Mo6C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.

    TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.

    MX and M23C6in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h.

The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen.

Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M23C6by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %.

Keywords:Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M23C6, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature

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10

Ucci, Russell. "Investigation of Interface Diffusion on the Reliability of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor by Thermodynamic Modeling." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1344529070.

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11

Walbrühl, Martin. "ICME guided development of cemented carbides with alternative binder systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214108.

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The development of alternative binder systems for tungsten carbide (WC) based cemented carbides has again become of relevance due to possible changes in EU regulations regarding the use of Cobalt (Co). A framework for the ICME (Integrated Computational Materials Engineering) based Materials Design is presented to accelerate the development of alternative binder systems. Part one of this work deals with the design of the cemented carbide composite hardness. It has been shown that the intrinsic binder hardness is comparable to a bulk metal alloy and that based on the binder solubilities a solid solution strengthening model developed in this work can be employed. Using a method presented in this work the non-equilibrium, frozen-in binder solubilities can be obtained. Both the design of the binder phase and composite hardness is presented based on a general Materials Design approach. Part two deals with a multiscale approach to model the surface gradient formation. The experimentally missing data on liquid binder diffusion has been calculated using AIMD (Ab initio Molecular Dynamics). The diffusion through the liquid cemented carbide binder has to be reduced to an effective diffusion value due to the solid carbides acting as obstacles that increase the diffusion path. The geometrical reduction of the diffusion has been investigated experimentally using the SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) technique in WC-Nickel-58Nickel diffusion couples. The geometrical contribution of the so-called labyrinth factor has been proven by the combination of the experiments and in conjunction with DICTRA simulations using the precise liquid AIMD diffusivities. Unfortunately, despite the improved kinetic database and the geometrical diffusion reduction, the surface gradient formation cannot be explained satisfactory in complex cemented carbide grades. Additional, but so far unidentified, contributions have to be considered to predict the surface gradient thickness.

QC 20170919

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12

Euripide, Karamanou Ionna. "Danae and Dictys /." München : K. G. Saur, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401946600.

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13

Ezequel, Loriane. "Les «Facta et dicta memorabilia» de Januarius Nepotianus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30334/30334.pdf.

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Les Facta et dicta memorabilia de Januarius Nepotianus sont une œuvre qui, jusqu'ici, a toujours été étudiée en tant qu'abrégé des Factorum dictorumque libri de Valère-Maxime et qui, bien qu'éditée à plusieurs reprises, n'a jamais été traduite en français. Notre étude consiste à réhabiliter à la fois l'auteur et l'œuvre, grâce à une traduction accompagnée de notes historiques, et grâce ensuite, après une remise en contexte de la tradition de l'epitome, à une réflexion sur les objectifs de Nepotianus : il est abréviateur de Valère-Maxime certes, mais avant tout professeur et auteur, garant de la morale antique et de la grandeur de l'Empire romain.
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14

Velásquez, Benítez Johana. "Ejercicios de interpretación — el material dicta el estilo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101490.

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La palabra de origen japonés se deriva de Oru: doblar y Kami: papel; es decir, doblar papel. Es el arte milenario de hacer figuras doblando papel. Sus orígenes se remontan al periodo Heian (794-1185), años en que Japón cierra sus puertas a los extranjeros y se dedica a trabajar con todos los conocimientos adquiridos. En esa época el papel aún es un artículo raro, precioso y muy costoso, el plegado del papel era una diversión que sólo el rico podía darse. Los primeros textos (2 ) en los que se habla del origami, se hace referencia a como eran plegados los poemas y cartas de amor, no sólo tenía una gran importancia el contenido literario sino la elección del papel y el tipo de plegados, ya que estos eran elegidos de acuerdo a la ocasión. Claramente los Origamis no sólo eran una forma de entretención practicada inicialmente por la nobleza y la gente más adinerada (3 ) sino que además está cargado de un significado simbólico y religioso, por lo que con el tiempo se fue extendiendo a todas las clases sociales, especialmente en el periodo Tokugawa (1603-1867), una etapa de gran movimiento cultural, en el que éste además era un medio de estratificación social. Un ejemplo de ello son las orikatas (4 ) transmitidas de generación en generación dentro de la clase sacerdotal sintoísta, los estilos de origami servían para distinguir el samurai aristocrático, quien pliega, según la escuela de Ise, de los granjeros y campesinos, seguidores de la escuela de Ogasawara En los templos budistas los noshis (5 ) eran ofrendados para simbolizar la suerte al guerrero. Los motivos y las formas dependían del ritual o culto en el que se empleaban, por ejemplo en las bodas sintoístas se hacían figuras de mariposas; una hembra y un macho cerraban dos botellas de sake que en medio de la ceremonia eran servidas, unificando su contenido en una sola copa, de la que bebían los novios como un símbolo de amor constante. Con el desarrollo de la base de la rana, el origami adquirió mayor uso ceremonial, entre las geishas, por ejemplo, se puso de costumbre fijar una rana de papel a un pilar después de atender a un cliente preferido, pues como en japonés la palabra rana y el verbo volver se pronuncian de la misma manera, estas simbolizaban la esperanza de que el cliente volviera. Con el tiempo la práctica del origami se fue extendiendo no sólo a lo largo de todo el país y de todas las clases sociales, sino también hacia occidente, incluso hoy es una herramienta empleada en vastos campos de la educación
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15

Ézéquel, Loriane. "Les Facta et dicta memorabilia de Januarius Nepotianus." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24496.

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Les Facta et dicta memorabilia de Januarius Nepotianus sont une œuvre qui, jusqu'ici, a toujours été étudiée en tant qu'abrégé des Factorum dictorumque libri de Valère-Maxime et qui, bien qu'éditée à plusieurs reprises, n'a jamais été traduite en français. Notre étude consiste à réhabiliter à la fois l'auteur et l'œuvre, grâce à une traduction accompagnée de notes historiques, et grâce ensuite, après une remise en contexte de la tradition de l'epitome, à une réflexion sur les objectifs de Nepotianus : il est abréviateur de Valère-Maxime certes, mais avant tout professeur et auteur, garant de la morale antique et de la grandeur de l'Empire romain.
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Blackburn, Richard. "sentio, cogito, dictum, video." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103499.

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This thesis expounds a theoretical framework for the examination of the artistic creation in documentary filmmaking, in which metaphor occupies a crucial role by preserving the emotional integrity of the artist's subjective expression. In the first part, the function of metaphor in literature is studied from the vantage point of Vichian theory. An application of Vico's model of cultural development to artistic production reveals an imaginative basis of art, and a processional dynamic by which an author's subjective reality is directly communicated to his audience. The second part applies this model of artistic creation as metaphoric communication to documentary film. A look at Grierson's first principles of documentary film reveals its imaginative basis, in line with the processional dynamic of literature examined in Part I. Careful consideration of the editorial manipulation at work in documentary film compels its rightful consideration as literature, rather than journalism. A look at the advent of cinéma vérité, and its particular use of technology as a means of eliminating the need for translation, completes and strengthens this analysis. The final part examines the model of the creative process developed by the author in the context of a documentary project entitled SALT, produced by the National Film Board in 2000, which laid bare the use of metaphor in order to preserve the fragile natural perspectives of its author-subjects.
Cette dissertation développe un modèle théorique du processus créatif propre au documentaire. Il propose un rôle fondamental pour la métaphore, qui préserverait l'intégrité émotionnelle de l'expression artistique. La première partie est dévouée à l'examen du rôle de la métaphore dans la littérature, selon la perspective du philosophe Giambattista Vico. Une application à la production artistique du modèle Vichien du développement culturel révèle le fondement imaginaire de l'expression artistique, ainsi qu'une dynamique par le biais de laquelle la subjectivité de l'artiste est communiquée directement à son public. La deuxième partie du texte applique ce modèle au documentaire. L'analyse de ses principes fondamentaux entreprise par John Grierson s'avère signifiante et dévoile un fondement imaginaire au documentaire, évocateur de la dynamique élaborée dans la première partie du texte. L'éditorialisation importante en documentaire suggère qu'il resemblerait à la littérature, plutôt qu'au journalisme auquel il est si souvent comparé. Une étude brève du développement du cinéma vérité et de son usage particulier de la technologie afin de réduire le besoin de traduction envers l'objectif complète et renforce cette analyse. La dernière partie du texte applique le modèle développé par l'auteur dans les premières parties à la production du documentaire SALT, produit par l'Office National du Film en 2000.
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Lannoy, Marie. "Les "Obiter dicta" du Conseil d'État statuant au contentieux." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010269.

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L’obiter dictum désigne un propos «soit dit en passant», une parole incidente que l’on attribue plutôt au juge anglais. Or le Conseil d’État aussi prononce des obiter dicta à l’occasion de la lecture d’arrêts et d’avis contentieux. Dès lors qu’il déroge à l’économie des moyens ou à l’interdiction de l’ultra petita, le Conseil d’État est en effet amené à formuler un énoncé juridique superflu pour la solution contentieuse. Il utilise la technique de l’obiter dictum de deux façons. D’une part, le Conseil d’État donne forme à sa jurisprudence : il crée et systématise ses précédents, sans immédiatement les appliquer aux espèces qui lui sont soumises. Ainsi manifeste-t-il son pouvoir jurisprudentiel. D’autre part, le Conseil d’État développe son jugement : il justifie et explique sa décision surabondamment par rapport à la solution du litige. Aussi exerce-t-il son pouvoir juridictionnel. La méthode de l’obiter dictum, telle qu’employée par le Conseil d’État, déploie le pouvoir de juger de celui-ci. Il va jusqu’à poser du droit de manière générale et abstraite, même en l’absence de nécessité pour régler un cas spécial et concret. A la différence des précédents du juge anglais, la jurisprudence du Conseil d’État ne dépend donc plus intimement des faits. Son pouvoir jurisprudentiel se distancie, de ce point de vue, de son pouvoir juridictionnel. Ce dernier est mis à l’œuvre dans des incidentes qui, quant à elles, tendent plus directement à la résolution des conflits. Attestant d’un renouvellement de son office de juge, les obiter dicta participent pour le Conseil d’État d’une nouvelle façon de dire le droit et de trancher les litiges, en définitive de rendre la justice
The notion of obiter dictum indicates a comment made «by the way» or «in passing», usually by a Common Law judge. In this study, obiter dicta refer to incidental statements expressed by the French Council of State when it gives a ruling or delivers a judicial opinion. Obiter dicta can be regarded as departures from the efficient tradition of stating the minimum essential to dispose of the matter or as infringements of the prohibition against passing judgment outside the issues raised by the opposing parties. When the Council of State delivers an obiter dictum, it makes a statement of law that is not essential to the judicial outcome. Obiter dicta fulfil two functions. They enable the Council of State to express generalisations independent of particular judgments and thereby to produce an abstract system of precedent. As a consequence, the decisions of the Council of State produce a general jurisprudence that is no longer limited to the facts of particular cases. Obiter dicta also enable the Council of State to justify and explain its judgments in concrete terms, with the result that they contribute to the elucidation and enforcement of its decisions.We can conclude, therefore, that obiter dicta supply the potential for superior general jurisprudence and for improved particular judgment. In short, that obiter dicta reveal a new way for the French Council of State to dispense justice
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Muñoz, Saguas Javier Andrés. "Facultades de los árbitros arbitradores para dictar diligencias probatorias de oficio." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/129788.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
Esta tesis es un análisis tanto de la legislación vigente a la fecha como de los principios procesales pertinentes, para determinar si el árbitro arbitrador goza de la facultad para dictar diligencias probatorias de oficio en el caso que nada se diga en las bases del procedimiento arbitral. En base al método dogmático tradicional, se pasa revista a las normas legales vigentes sobre la materia, a la jurisprudencia nacional, y a los principios jurídicos pertinentes. Adicionalmente, se compara tanto la experiencia nacional como el derecho comparado pertinente. Finalmente, se analiza el alcance de la discusión existente en el contexto de la reforma procesal civil que a la fecha está en tramitación, para formular propuestas sobre el tema pensando en el nuevo marco normativo que se ha anunciado respecto del arbitraje interno
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19

Greco, Martinez Giovanna. "Diceria dell'untore : l'universo di Bufalino." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98924.

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The objective of this work is to demonstrate that the highly literary form and the intertextual references of Diceria dell'untore , Gesualdo Bufalino's first novel, hides a silent accusation against society and man for both the passiveness shown before the horrors of the second world war and the destruction of every human value.
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20

Bahubeshi, Mohamed-Amin. "Germline DICER1 mutations in human disease." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104870.

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The DICER1 gene, which codes for a protein of the same name, is vital to the production of microRNA. As small ~20nt fragments of RNA, microRNAs alter gene expression post-transcriptionally by directly binding to mRNA and affecting translation. Current estimates suggest that expression of 30-70% of all protein-coding genes is modified by microRNA activity.Germline DICER1 mutations have recently been associated with cases of pleuropulmonary blastoma, a childhood lung tumor. We have discovered germline DICER1 mutations to be associated with other diseases by identifying mutations in nearly 60 individuals within 15 different families and across 7 different disease phenotypes. These include cases of pleuropulmonary blastoma, cystic nephroma - a benign kidney tumor, and Wilms tumor - the malignant version of cystic nephroma. Furthermore, we have identified DICER1 mutations in several families with Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) - a rare, androgen producing cancer of the ovaries, and multinodular goiter (MNG) - a relatively common thyroid hyperplasia. We have demonstrated that DICER1 is the genetic link between SLCT and MNG first hypothesized in 1974 by Fraumeni and colleagues. Also, we have identified DICER1 to be the gene of the MNG1 locus at 14q32, which was first pinpointed to this region in 1997 and identified in several MNG families. We further expanded the disease phenotype associated with DICER1 mutation to include cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.While DICER1 is a postulated to be a human tumor suppressor gene, we found no evidence of loss of heterozygosity in tumor DNA, a finding supported by recent evidence that DICER1 is a tumor suppressor with unique characteristics. Profiling of miRNA in affected cells showed significant differences in expression of miRNAs compared to controls. We demonstrate that DICER1 mutations are associated with diseases other than pleuropulmonary blastoma, an unsurprising revelation when the far-reaching implications of microRNA production are considered. These developments may be utilized in future therapeutic endeavors and for screening of families which present with a similar array of disease.
Le gène DICER1, qui code pour la protéine du même nom, est essentiel pour la production de microARNs. Ceux-ci étant aussi courts que 20 nucléotides, modifient l'expression des gènes ciblés en phase de posttranscription en se liant directement aux mARNs et en conséquences affectant leur translation. Présentement, on estime que l'expression de 30 à 70% de tous les gènes qui codent pour une protéine sont modifiés par des microARNs. Récemment, 60 à 70% de tous les cas de blastomes pleuropulmonaires, tumeurs pulmonaires infantiles, ont été associés à des mutations germinales de DICER1. Nous avons découvert que des mutations germinales de DICER1 sont impliquées dans un tableau de maladies en identifiant des mutations dans 60 personnes provenant de 15 familles différentes, ayant 7 phénotypes de maladies différents. Ceux-ci incluent des cas de blastomes pleuropulmonaires, de néphromes kystiques – des tumeurs rénales bénignes, et des tumeurs de Wilms – une forme maligne de la néphrome kystique. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié des mutations de DICER1 dans plusieurs familles affectées par des tumeurs de cellules Sertoli-Leydig (TCSL) – un cancer rare de l'ovaire produisant de l'androgen, et la goitre multinodulaire (GMN) - une hyperplasie relativement fréquente de la thyroïde. Nous avons demontré que DICER1 est le lien entre TCSL et GMN ce qui a été suggéré en 1974 par Fraumeni et ses collegues. Nous avons également identifié que le gène MNG1 au locus 14q32 est DICER1. Cette région était découverte en 1997 dans plusieurs familles avec GMN. Nous avons élargi le phénotype des maladies associées avec DICER1, et ajouté le rhabdomyosarcome embryonnaire cervical à la liste. Quoique DICER1 est un gène suppresseur de tumeur, nous n'avons pas trouvé une preuve de la perte d'hétérozygotie dans l'ADN des tumeurs testées. Ceci est validé par des preuves récentes que DICER1 est un gène suppresseur de tumeur à caractère unique. L'expression des microARNs dans les cellules cancéreuses était significativement différente de celui observée dans les cellules normales. Nous avons démontré que les mutations de DICER1 sont associées à des maladies variées, une découverte pas très surprenante considérant son rôle de grande envergure dans la production de microARNs. Ces développements peuvent être utilisés dans de futurs efforts thérapeutiques et pour le dépistage des familles avec des maladies semblables.
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21

Themann-Steinke, Andrea. "Valerius Maximus : ein Kommentar zum zweiten Buch der "Facta et dicta memorabilia"." Trier WVT, Wiss. Verl. Trier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/991092341/04.

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22

Junior, Isaac Malheiros Meira. "Dicta Probantia: análise da hermenêutica do estilo de vida do jovem adventista." Faculdades EST, 2015. http://tede.est.edu.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=613.

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Esta pesquisa busca identificar e analisar o uso do método texto-prova de interpretação bíblica entre os adventistas do sétimo dia (1986-2013) a partir dos materiais de orientação sobre o estilo de vida do jovem adventista, e sua influência sobre a hermenêutica da juventude adventista. O primeiro capítulo faz uma descrição histórica do "método texto-prova", sua origem e presença no cristianismo em geral e no adventismo em particular. Também faz uma distinção entre tal método e outros recursos hermenêuticos utilizados na teologia adventista, e uma breve avaliação do método à luz dos princípios hermenêuticos oficiais da Igreja Adventista do Sétimo Dia. O segundo capítulo verifica a presença do método texto-prova em materiais de orientação sobre o estilo de vida do jovem adventista, produzidos e divulgados pela Igreja Adventista do Sétimo Dia no período de 1986-2013. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo avalia a influência do uso do "método texto-prova na espiritualidade e na formação hermenêutica dos jovens adventistas, utilizando-se da teoria dos Estágios da fé, de James Fowler.
This research aims to identify and analyze the use of the biblical interpretation method named "proof-text method" among Seventh-day Adventists (1986-2013) in the literature about the lifestyle of young Adventist, and its influence on the hermeneutics of Adventist youth. The first chapter is a historical description of the "proof-text method", its origins and presence in Christianity in general and in particular in Adventism. It also makes a distinction between this method and other hermeneutical resources used in Adventist theology, and a brief review of the method in the light of adventist official hermeneutical principles. The second chapter assesses the presence of the "proof-text method" in guidance materials on the lifestyle of young Adventist, produced and published by the Adventist Church Seventh Day in the 1986-2013 period. Finally, the third chapter analyzes the influence of the use of the "proof-text method" in spirituality and hermeneutical training of young Adventists, using the theory of "Stages of Faith" proposed by James Fowler.
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23

Karamanou, Ioanna. "A commentary of Euripides' Danae and Dictys." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445602/.

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Euripides' Danae and Dictys belong to the Danae-myth, treating the earlier and subsequent phase of the legend, respectively. As far as the evidence allows, a cautious reconstruction of the plot of each play is attempted, based on interrogation of the fragmentary material and the testimonia. In this effort, Euripidean scene-construction, parallel thematic and structural patterns, parallel rhetoric and general rules of tragic practice are also taken into account as evidence for the dramatist's usage. As regards the generic affiliations of each play, the Danae may be paralleled to Euripides' Alope, Melanippe the Wise and Auge, all of which treated the clash of a royal daughter with her paternal oikos, due to the disclosure of her illicit motherhood resulting in most cases from her union with a god. The evidence for the Dictys indicates that it was probably built upon a central altar-scene (cf. E. Heraclidae, Andromache, Suppliant Women, Heracles, Helen) and that it had the features of a nostos-play, following the 'return- rescue-revenge' pattern (cf. the first part of the Heracles). The reception of both plays and their position in the transmission of Euripides are also explored, on the basis of the available evidence. This is the first commentary on Euripides' Danae and Dictys a detailed commentary on language, style, themes and values, aiming also to shed light on various aspects of Euripidean technique (e.g. his rhetoric, imagery, as well as staging directions, where possible). The exploration of issues raised by the fragmentary material seeks to complement our knowledge of Euripides' drama, as derived from surviving plays, which represent only a portion of the whole Euripidean oeuvre. Where appropriate, textual and philological matters are discussed, as well as questions of authenticity, such as a Danae 'hypothesis' and 'prologue' (the spurious fr. 1132 Kn.) transmitted in Euripides' manuscript P (Vaticanus Palatinus gr. 287, f 147v-148r).
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24

Murray, Jeffrey. "Valerius Maximus on Vice: a commentary on Facta et Dicta Memorabilia 9.1-11." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22968.

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The Facta et Dicta Memorabilia of Valerius Maximus, written during the formative stages of the Roman imperial system, survives as a near unique instance of an entire work composed in the genre of Latin exemplary literature. By providing the first detailed historical and historiographical commentary on Book 9 of this prose text - a section of the work dealing principally with vice and immorality - this thesis examines how an author employs material predominantly from the earlier, Republican, period in order to validate the value system which the Romans believed was the basis of their world domination and to justify the reign of the Julio-Claudian family. By detailed analysis of the sources of Valerius' material, of the way he transforms it within his chosen genre, and of how he frames his exempla, this thesis illuminates the contribution of an often overlooked author to the historiography of the Roman Empire.
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25

Delpiroux, Jean-Philippe. "Rapports parole-texte dans une machine à dicter." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375970958.

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Faust, Bethany, Candelaria MD Deimundo-Roura, Cara E. MD-PhD Marin, and Marcela MD Popescu. "Cystic Nephroma in a Child with DICER1 Mutations." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/48.

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Cystic nephromas are rare, multiloculated cysts on the kidneys that occur mostly in early childhood. They are considered to be on the same spectrum as cystic partially differentiated nephroblastomas (CPDN) and Wilm’s tumors (WT). They are mostly benign, however, when cystic nephroma is associated with DICER1 mutation, the patient is predisposed to other, more aggressive tumors. DICER1 mutations are not seen in CPDN or WT, so molecular evaluation can help differentiate between them if the histology is unclear. The DICER1 gene is on chromosome 14 and it functions to make microRNA that attaches to mRNA and represses protein synthesis. Mutations of this gene predispose patients to neoplasms on various organs such as the lung, kidneys, ovaries, and thyroid. The data in this case report was gathered via direct patient care and patient chart review. An 18-month-old previously healthy female was hospitalized for a newly diagnosed abdominal mass found on palpation during a well child evaluation. The ultrasound revealed a 9 cm cystic mass on the left kidney and the patient was subsequently sent to St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Further evaluation via CT scan has shown a large left renal mass that invaded the ureter and bladder, as well as enlarged lymph nodes in the left suprarenal space and a single 3mm right pulmonary nodule. At this time, cystic Wilm’s tumor was considered and the patient underwent a left radical ureteronephrectomy with lymph node sampling. Cytology report of the pelvic fluid had some inflammatory cells, but no tumor cells were seen in the sample. All of the sampled lymph nodes were also negative for tumor cells. The histological analysis of the mass revealed multiple cystic cavities separated by septa. No blastemal elements (WT1 immunostain was negative) or distinct solid areas were identified, which made the diagnosis of cystic Wilm’s tumor unlikely. The diagnosis of cystic nephroma (CN) vs cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma (CPDN) is determined histologically by looking at the components of the septa – which, in this case, due to a marked inflammatory infiltrate expending the septa, made the morphology be more congruent with CPDN. Molecular testing of the tumoral tissue identified two DICER1 mutations (DICER1 frameshift mutation and DICER1 D1709E). Patient was subsequently diagnosed with Cystic Nephroma Stage I and further surveillance will be continued to monitor for more neoplasms associated with this mutation. This case highlights a rare disorder that predisposes patients to multiple neoplasms. Histology may not always be sufficient in determining the diagnosis, especially in differentiating CN from CPDN. Molecular evaluation may be helpful for the initial diagnosis and in order to provide adequate genetic counseling. Clinicians should be aware of DICER1 syndrome so they can adequately survey the at-risk patients for a range of benign and malignant neoplasms.
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Delpiroux, Jean-Philippe. "Rapports-parole-texte dans une machine a dicter." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30097.

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Apres une presentation generale des aspects informatiques et linguistiques de la traduction orthographique du francais parle, les differents problemes rencontres par l'auteur sont abordes. La base de donnees lexicales relationnelle bdlex oe, fait l'objet d'un expose detaille. Le traitement automatique de la morphologie flexionnelle est presente dans ses deux aspects, generation et analyse. Ces traitements s'appliquent aussi bien au texte ecrit que sur les representations phonetiques. L'etude de la syllabation du texte graphique ou phonetique permettra de construire la forme accentuee d'un certain nombre de mots. Apres l'expose des donnees generales de l'analyse du langage naturel dans les systemes de communication homme-machine, l'auteur propose deux methodes d'analyse syntaxique permettant la generation orthographique de la phrase. La premiere methode, descendante, ecrite en prolog, permet le controle de la reconnaissance lexicale des entrees phonetiques pour un langage limite. La deuxieme est une methode ascendante mieux adaptee aux caracteristiques de la dictee automatique. Enfin, la conclusion restitue l'ensemble des resultats obtenus pour permettre un choix en fonction de l'objectif final constitue par la realisation de machines a dicter. Cependant, elle se heurte a de nombreux problemes, notamment en raison du caractere tres indeterministe de la reconnaissance lexicale. Certains d'entre eux pourront etre resolus par l'introduction d'une verification du contexte d'analyse
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28

Silva, Gelbart Souza. "Ephemeris belli Troiani Dictys Cretensis : estudo e tradução /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182250.

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Orientador: Cláudio Aquati
Banca: Márcio Natalino Thamos
Banca: Norma Wimmer
Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos e traduzimos integralmente uma obra da literatura latina tardia conhecida como Ephemeris belli Troiani Dictys Cretensis (Diário da Guerra de Troia ), anônima e datável do século IV d. C. Ephemeris relata os eventos da Guerra de Troia do ponto de vista de um narrador em primeira pessoa que se apresenta como um soldado cretense de nome Díctis, alistado na tropa do comandante grego Idomeneu. A narração do prélio entre gregos e troianos, conhecida em literatura primordialmente pela leitura da Ilíada, de Homero, reveste se em Ephemeris de uma intenção racionalista ao diminuir os heróis à condição humana regular, ao diminuir a atuação dos deuses e ao estruturar a narrativa de forma lógica e cronológica. Composta de seis capítulos, precedidos por uma epístola e um prólogo, a obra é uma versão para o latim de um texto do século II originalmente em grego, o qual se encontra hoje fragmen tado. Ephemeris ganha importância no tocante à conservação do mito troiano, pois no Ocidente latino, desde o século I a. C. C., a história da Guerra de Troia era cada vez menos conhecida por intermédio dos poemas homérico e da literatura grega em geral em decorrência de uma precariedade na difusão do idioma grego por entre a elite romana. Acrescente se a esse fator a posterior e crescente pressão da Igreja que rechaçava os deuses não cristãos que habitavam a narrativa homérica. Desse modo, outras obras, compostas em latim, assumiram a transmissão da história troiana que nos...
Abstract: In this work, we study and translate integrally a late Latin work known as Ephemeris belli Troiani (Diary of the War of Troy ), anonymous and dating from the fourth century AD. Ephemeris reports the events of the Trojan War from the viewpoint of a first person narrator who presents himself as a Cretan soldier named Díctis, enlisted in the troop of the Greek com mander Idomeneu. The account of the battle between Greeks and Trojans, known in literature primarily by the reading of the Homer's Iliad, is dressed in Ephemeris of a rationalistic intention by diminishing the heroes to the regular human condition, by decr easing the performance of the gods and structuring the narrative logically and chronologically. Composed of six chapters, preceded by an epistle and a prologue, the work is a Latin version of a text of second century, written originally in Greek, which is now fragmented. Ephemeris gains importance with regard to the conservation of the Trojan myth. In the Latin West, since the first century BC, the story of Trojan War was less known through Homeric poems and Greek literature in general because of a precario usness in diffusion of the Greek language among the Roman elite. Add to this factor the later and growing pressure of the Church that rejected the polytheistic gods who inhabited the Homeric narrative. In this way other works composed in Latin assumed the transmission of the Trojan story that offered the Homeric epic. Of particular note is Ephemeris, which ...
Riassunto: In questo lavoro, studiamo e traduciamo integralmente uma opera latina conosciuta come Ephemeris belli Troiani (Diario della guerra di Troia ), anonima e risalente al secolo IV d. C. Ephemeris riporta gli eventi della guerra di Troia dal punto di vista di un narratore in prima persona che si presenta come un soldato chiamato Ditti Cretese, arruolato nell'esercito del comandante greco Idomeneo. La narrazion e del combattimento tra Greci e Troiani, nota in letteratura soprattutto per la lettura dela Iliade di Omero, si presenta in Ephemeris con un'intenzione razionalista poiché diminuire gli eroi alla condizione umana normale, ridurre il ruolo dele divinità e strutturare la narrazione in modo logico e cronologico. Composto da sei capitoli, preceduti da una lettera e un prologo, il libro è una versione latina di un testo greco del secolo II, che ora si conosce in frammenti. Ephemeris guadagni importanza per quan to riguarda la conservazione del mito troiano, perché nell'Occidente latino, dal primo secolo, la storia della guerra di Troia era sempre meno conosciuto attraverso i poemi omerici e l a letteratura greca in generale, a causa della bassa diffusione della li ngua greca tra l'elite romana. D'alt ra parte, l'ulteriore e crescente pressione della Chiesa respingeva le divinità non cristiane che abitavano la narrazione omerica. In questo modo, altre opere, composte in latino, presero la trasmissione della storia di Troia offerta dall'epopea omerica. Si distingue tra queste ...
Mestre
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29

Cuellar, Trinna Lee. "The role of Dicer in post-mitotic dopaminoceptive neurons and turnover of Dicer generated microRNAs." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3359544.

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30

Klaue, Yvonne. "Analysis of Dicer homologues in Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423797.

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31

Morgan, Llewelyn. "Mirabile dictu : propagandism in Vergil's Georgics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388428.

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32

King, Julian Thomas Conor. "Claudian's Panegyricus dictus honorio Augusto sextum consuli : a commentary." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326344.

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33

Marcadet, Jean-Christophe. "Élaboration d'un poste de travail pour la dictée automatique." Paris 12, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA120045.

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Apres avoir decrit les composants et les contraintes des systemes de dictee automatique, nous faisons un rapide rappel theorique des outils mathematiques mis en uvre dans les deux prototypes du groupe de reconnaissance de la parole du centre scientifique d'ibm france (parsyfal et tangora). Nous etudions ensuite plus en detail leur architecture, leur fonctionnement et leur adaptation en poste de travail interactif. Parsyfal est un systeme original adapte au francais, acceptant un tres grand vocabulaire (200. 000 mots). Le mode d'elocution est contraint (syllabes isolees), le systeme est mono-locuteur et necessite un apprentissage (diction de 100 phrases). Parsyfal est implemente sur un pc at connecte a un grand systeme de type ibm 370. Le taux d'erreurs avoisine les 10%. Tangora est un prototype portable fonctionnant en temps reel sur pc at et ps/2, avec un vocabulaire reduit (20. 000 mots). Le mode d'elocation est egalement contraint (mots isoles), le systeme est mono-locuteur et necessite le meme apprentissage que parsyfal. Le decodage se fait en temps reel avec un taux d'erreurs de 5%. Dans la derniere partie, nous faisons une comparaison des deux systemes
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34

Mejorada, Chauca Martín. "¿Es posible dictar una medida cautelar al amparo del artículo II del Título Preliminar del Código Civil?" THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109687.

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35

Margelisch, Daniel Zanella Fernando. "DICOR-Glaskeramik in der In-/Onlay-Technik /." [S.l : s.n.], 1988. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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36

Wu, Ching-Yu. "Language, history and loss in Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictee." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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37

Pezo, Arévalo Edwin. "¿Puede un juez peruano dictar una medida cautelar en apoyo de un arbitraje con sede en el extranjero?" Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/550382.

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La ley peruana de arbitraje no tiene una disposición que expre-samente prohíba o permita la adopción de medidas cautelares en favor de un arbitraje con sede en el extranjero. La jurisprudencia nacional al respecto es escasa y contradictoria. En este contexto, el presente artículo intenta dar una respuesta, a la luz de lo dispuesto por la doctrina y la jurisprudencia internacionales, y considerando además lo que la doctrina conoce como el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva internacional.
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38

Hortala, Solenne. "Les obiter dicta dans la jurisprudence civile de la Cour de cassation : étude de la jurisprudence civile." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10047.

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L’obiter dictum est une figure peu reconnue de la jurisprudence civile de la Cour de cassation. Pourtant, sa présence au sein des arrêts est régulièrement relevée, voire interrogée en doctrine. Mieux connu des juridictions supranationales ou des institutions et juridictions supérieures de droit public, son existence demeure néanmoins troublante. Il était donc nécessaire de mieux comprendre les réticences à son égard, puis d’observer ce qui fait la spécificité des obiter dicta de la Cour de cassation et de chercher à identifier ce phénomène. Une fois la conscience de l’existence et de la particularité du procédé acquise, la notion a pu être étudiée. Instrument incontournable de la common law, l’obiter dictum de la Cour de cassation doit être distingué de son équivalent étranger. Si la dénomination est identique, la réalité qu’elle recouvre diffère. Après avoir également discerné l’obiter dictum d’autres éléments du discours de la Cour de cassation, une définition a pu être proposée à partir d’un double critère : l’insertion de l’énoncé au sein de la décision et son extériorité à l’égard du champ décisionnel. L’étude du statut de l’obiter dictum a, quant à elle, permis de révéler sa nature d’outil au service du juge de cassation. La pratique de cet instrument par le juge de cassation devait donc être précisée, tout en prenant en compte les réflexions actuelles autour de la réforme de la Cour de cassation afin d’envisager le devenir de l’obiter dictum. L’observation des fonctions remplies par ce dernier a mis en lumière son rôle d’outil d’anticipation. Si l’obiter dictum apparaît comme un instrument performant au service des missions jurisprudentielles du juge de cassation, ses vertus ne sont cependant pas sans limites. Il ne peut ainsi être considéré comme un remède systématique aux effets néfastes des revirements de jurisprudence. Outil précieux entre les mains du juge de cassation, l’obiter dictum se révèle, à l’image des interrogations sur l’opportunité et les modalités d’une réforme de la Cour de cassation, être un instrument en quête d’équilibre
The obiter dictum is a little known figure of the civil case-law of the Court of cassation. Yet, its presence amongst cases is regularly acknowledged, and even questioned by legal scholars. Better known by supranational courts or the institutions of superior courts of Public Law, its existence remains unsettling. It was, thus, necessary to better understand the reservations towards this object, and then observe what makes the specificity of the obiter dicta of the Court of cassation as well as to try to identify this phenomena. Once the consciousness of the existence and the specificities of this process had been acquired, its notion could be studied. The obiter dictum of the Court of cassation had to be distinguished from its counterpart that remains inherent and indispensable to the Common Law. Although the designation is identical, the reality they encompass varies. After having, also, separated the obiter dictum from other elements of the discourse of the Court of cassation, a definition was proposed by combinning two criteria : the insertion of an utterance within the decision and its extrinsic nature regarding the decisional field. The study of the status of the obiter dictum revealed its true nature of a tool. The practice of this instrument by the cassation judge needed to be detailed, whilst equally taking into account the contemporary reflections surrounding the reform of the Court of cassation in order to consider what would become of the obiter dictum. The observation of its functions allowed us to shine a light on its anticipatory role. If the obiter dictum seems to be a useful instrument serving the jurisdictional missions of the cassation judge, its virtues are not without limits. It cannot be thought of as a systematic remedy to the negative effects of courts overruling. A precious tool in the hands of the cassation judge, the obiter dictum appears, within the context of the questions regarding the opportunity and modalities of a reform of the Court of cassation, as an instrument searching for/in search of equilibrium
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39

Vassart, Patrick. "Mentir à Rome: mentiri ou mendacium dicere ?L'inhospitalité des sources juridiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209667.

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Un paradoxe a suscité la recherche entreprise :en dépit de leur aspect intrinsèquement normatif, les notions rendues en langue française par le substantif ‘mensonge’ et le verbe ‘mentir’ apparaissent très rarement dans les textes de droit positif des systèmes juridiques d’inspiration romano-germanique et, dans leur dimension élémentaire de ‘propos sciemment inexact formulé dans l’intention d’induire en erreur’, ne correspondent à aucun terme technique du lexique juridique. Elles participent certes de certaines figures juridiques complexes – telles que celles de ‘faux’ ou de ‘dol’ – mais, au titre d’éléments, demeurent en-deçà du seuil d’incrimination propre auxdites notions complexes :ainsi leur faut-il entrer en composition avec d’autres éléments pour entraîner la condamnation juridique que leur condamnation morale uniforme paraissait appeler a priori. Réduites à leur dimension élémentaire, elles révèlent ainsi une contradiction entre un principe moral de prohibition et un principe juridique de tolérance. Une tentative d’élucidation de cette contradiction emprunte la voie de l’examen des sources romaines des normes qui en dérivent historiquement. Tant les sources juridiques proprement dites que les sources littéraires latines antiques en général :il s’est imposé d’interroger les secondes en raison du faible nombre d’occurrences du verbe 'mentiri' et du substantif 'mendacium' dans les premières.

Une première partie de l’essai s’attache à identifier la terminologie latine du mensonge. La tradition nous a légué les définitions et acceptions rigoureuses retenues par saint Augustin, sans égard à une subtile distinction qu’Aulu-Gelle avait puisée chez Nigidius Figulus :'mentiri' et 'mendacium' empruntent leurs étymologies distinctes respectivement à la pensée (racine *men-) et à l’erreur ('mendum' ou 'menda'), mais l’absence de parenté étymologique n’a guère affecté une étroite alliance sémantique dans l’usage, et ce aussi loin que remontent nos sources, en l’espèce l’œuvre du dramaturge Plaute, œuvre où abondent ces deux mots qu’aucun écrit antérieur n’atteste.

La deuxième partie de l’essai confronte l’alliance sémantique des deux mots à leur absence dans les textes conservés du droit archaïque, en vue de tenter d’expliquer leur rareté dans les textes ultérieurs. Une œuvre fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi, en raison de la remarquable représentativité de la mentalité d’âge républicain qui doit lui être reconnue :la comédie du Pseudolus de Plaute. La valeur de témoignage de ce texte ne peut cependant être mise en avant qu’en écartant deux préventions :1) l’inattendue irrigation du texte comique par la doctrine épicurienne – la canonique (ou discipline du raisonnement) bien plus que l’éthique – n’y réduit pas la thématique du mensonge à une parodie de la notion du clinamen, notion alors anachronique si l’on s’en tient aux seuls textes attribués à Epicure ;2) il convient de ne prêter au dramaturge aucune intention subversive comparable à celle qui avait peu auparavant valu la censure au poète Naevius. L’analyse du texte, dans sa perspective historique éclairée par les récits de Polybe et de Tite-Live, conduit à relier l’hommage de Plaute aux facultés intellectuelles de discernement qu’il prête aux Romains – alors à l’apogée de leur condition juridique de 'ciuis/miles' ou citoyen/légionnaire – à la promotion politique des vertus du raisonnement et de la circonspection, promotion symbolisée par la dédicace d’un temple à Mens au cours de la deuxième guerre punique. Le droit civil – au sens de droit objectif propre à la cité – apparaît alors, dans la rigueur de son formalisme originel, comme le corollaire, dans les rapports juridiques entre citoyens, de la discipline imposée au légionnaire dans sa confrontation à l’ennemi extérieur ('hostis/inimicus') :un impératif civique d’exercice constant de la vigilance et de la 'prudentia'. Aussi n’est-ce pas la faute morale du menteur qui doit être juridiquement sanctionnée, mais bien la coupable imprudence de l’interlocuteur qui verse dans l’erreur et succombe à l’'animus fallendi' du menteur. Encore l’étymologie retrouve-t-elle ses droits lorsque s’opère une distinction entre, d’une part, la neutralité du substantif 'mendacium' – son aspect ‘métallique’ d’arme susceptible d’être maniée en bien ou en mal selon la qualité civique de l’utilisateur – et, d’autre part, la stigmatisation du verbe déponent de sens médio-passif 'mentiri'. Ce verbe, immédiatement dérivé de la racine *men-, aurait pu ne viser que le fait de ‘penser’ s’il n’avait, comme l’analysera Varron, été réservé par l’usage qu’à une pensée strictement égoïste, excluant comme telle tout partage, donc à l’encontre des devoirs inhérents à la participation aux débats dans les assemblées publiques caractéristiques de la vie républicaine :être animé d’une pensée susceptible de partage se dit 'cogitare'.

La troisième partie de l’essai s’attache à décrire l’évolution de la mentalité héritée de la deuxième guerre punique à la mesure de l’extension du domaine de l’ancien droit civil à une société cosmopolite, au sein de laquelle les attentes placées dans la figure emblématique du citoyen romain sincère doivent composer avec les nécessités nouvelles de relations juridiques plus complexes, relations que les vertus civiques prêtées au citoyen/légionnaire ne peuvent plus suffire à régir. Evolutions contrastées du 'ius publicum' et du 'ius priuatum' :tandis que, sur la voie du Principat, les rapports de force politiques cantonnent le devoir de sincérité à une morale personnelle bien aléatoire au cours des conflits qui altèrent le dernier siècle de la République, le droit privé s’enrichit du 'ius gentium' pour s’efforcer, dans les 'iudicia bonae fidei', de substituer à la vigilance formaliste une conscience substantielle des devoirs de sincérité des cocontractants. C’est toutefois en vain que Cicéron suggère de transposer à la scène politique l’éthique du droit civil, ou que Virgile (en particulier dans un épisode-clé du deuxième livre de l’Enéide, manifestement inspiré aussi par la canonique épicurienne) tente de ressusciter une éthique collective de la vigilance face au mensonge. Etrangers donc au droit public de l’Empire, les termes mendacium et mentiri n’apparaissent qu’en ordre dispersé dans un nombre restreint de notices du Corpus iuris ciuilis et, faute d’y être érigés en termes techniques, ne participent que de transpositions ponctuelles aux rapports de droit civil de sanctions inspirées par un devoir de sincérité jadis enraciné dans des notions républicaines de la responsabilité personnelle et de la solidarité.

Aux termes extrêmes de nos sources latines antiques, le mensonge, dans sa dimension élémentaire d’affirmation délibérément trompeuse, a été entendu de deux façons apparemment diamétralement opposées :d’un impératif républicain de sanction de la crédulité à la condamnation uniformément rigoureuse prononcée par saint Augustin. Cette opposition se mue cependant en synthèse si l’on veut bien considérer que la conception augustinienne tend à conférer la dimension métaphysique de la Cité de Dieu au devoir romain de sincérité autrefois et autrement promu dans les limites de la seule cité républicaine. Entre deux conceptions absolument fondées sur la norme éthique, la norme juridique romaine, seulement appelée à régir l’altérité avec réalisme, n’a traité qu’avec une parcimonieuse prudence de cette perversion de la pensée qu’est le mensonge.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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40

Taylor, David W. Jr. "Structural Basis for RNA Processing by Human Dicer." Thesis, Yale University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3578460.

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Dicer plays a central role in RNA interference pathways by cleaving double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) to produce small regulatory RNAs. Human Dicer can process long double-stranded and hairpin precursor RNAs to yield short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), respectively. In humans, Argonaute2 (AGO2) assembles with the guide RNA-generating enzyme Dicer and either the RNA-binding protein TRBP or PACT to form a RISC-loading complex (RLC), which is necessary for efficient transfer of nascent siRNAs from Dicer to AGO2. Here, I have used electron microscopy and single particle analysis of human Dicer-RNA complexes and the RLC to gain insight into the structural basis for human Dicer's substrate preference and RISC-loading. My studies show that Dicer traps pre-siRNAs in a non-productive conformation, while interactions of Dicer with pre-miRNAs and dsRNA binding proteins induce structural changes in the enzyme that enable productive substrate recognition in the central catalytic channel. The RLC Dicer's N-terminal DExH/D domain, located in a short base branch, interacts with TRBP, whereas its C-terminal catalytic domains in the main body are proximal to AGO2. A model generated by docking the available atomic structures of Dicer and Argonaute homologs into the RLC reconstruction suggests a mechanism for siRNA transfer from Dicer to AGO2.

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41

Rizell, Montan Jack. "De Dicto Harm and the Non-Identity Problem." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för praktisk filosofi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445061.

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This paper is concerned with the examination of Caspar Hare's (2007) de dicto approach to the non-identity problem and specifically the non-identity case of The Inconsiderate Mother. On the de dicto approach an act can be wrong if it makes things de dicto worse for a role, even if that act does not make things worse for any actual person that fills that role. In this paper I provide a brief overview and reconstruction of Hare's argument. I argue that objections to Hare's arguments due to David Wasserman (2008) do not give us reason to dismiss the de dicto approach. Lastly I consider an objection to the effect that Hare's solution to the non-identity problem is ad hoc. I conclude that the de dicto approach faces some challenges but that we cannot readily dismiss it.
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Micha, Paraskevi. "Étude comparative des performances d'adolescents grecs en dictée musicale et en solfège." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040128.

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La dictée et le solfège constituent certaines des épreuves les plus difficiles de l’enseignement de la musique et source de déception pour les élèves. Leurs erreurs sont cependant révélatrices. Notre propos est d’observer, de décrire et d’analyser celles commises dans la transcription de mélodies tonale occidentale, savante populaire et modale démotique grecques (mélodies traditionnelles profanes). Elles constituent des indicateurs et un moyen d’analyse des processus intellectuels liés à l’apprentissage musical et permettent ainsi de dégager les éléments, liées aux notes, intervalles, degrés, cadences et valeurs rythmiques qui génèrent des difficultés et des erreurs chez six sujets représentatifs de deux types d’enseignement différents et dans un contexte culturel particulier. L’analyse interprétative de ces erreurs, en effet, prouve l’influence indubitable de l’acculturation et de l’éducation musicale
Dictée and Solfége are types of musical exercises and two of the most difficult in teaching of music and source of disappointment for students. Their errors can be revealing. The aim of the research is to observe, describe and analyze errors that were realized during the transcription of tonal and modal melodies (western European tonal music, Greek popular and folkloric music). These also constitute indications and the means to analyze cerebral procedures that relate with the learning of music and allow us to discover the reasons that have to do with the recognition of musical notes, intervals, degrees, cadences and rhythmical values that cause difficulties and errors. The 6 students, our representative statistical sample, are examined in two different types of teaching (typical και Kodály) into a special cultural environment. Indeed, the interpretative analysis proves the indisputable influence of culture and musical education
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Gardner, Margaret A. B. S. "Cell and developmental stage specific role of Dicer1 in the lung epithelium." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427797752.

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44

McSwain, Jeffrey Y. "Simul sanctification : Karl Barth's appropriation of Luther's dictum 'simul iustus et peccator'." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11818.

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‘Simul sanctification' is a transformational program for sanctification derived from Karl Barth's radical appropriation of Luther's dictum simul iustus et peccator. Barth's simul establishes the Christological link of the Second Adam with every human being. From this emerges what I contend is a ‘Chalcedonian anthropology' built on a double-duality: the original Chalcedonian formulation gives rise to a second duality revealed within Christ's one human person—the duality of a true, iustus humanity and a corrupt, peccator humanity. In order to appreciate the benefits regarding Barth's Spirit-charged epistemological program for sanctification and conversion, it will be imperative to elucidate the comprehensive nature of Barth's actualism as a way of establishing Barth's view of humanity's dynamic and free iustitia in Christ. Central to assessing the threat of the peccatum determination will be an examination of Barth's theology of the cross, especially in regards to his single subject economy derived from the person of ‘Jesus Christ and him crucified.' Through Barth's assessment of the cross I exposit the similarities and the differences between Chalcedonian Christology and ‘Chalcedonian anthropology;' the latter duality is proven by resurrection revelation to be ultimately provisional in nature. From here I probe Barth's position regarding the annulment of the simul as well as its beginning. By investigating Barth's doctrine of creation I argue that Barth's simul is reflective of the original antithesis between God and nothingness, the darkness under which Christ first placed himself so that humans would know both his solidarity in the darkness and his victory over it. Christians continue to dwell in the overlap of the simul's two mutually exclusive determinations, but by looking through Barth's simul to our true, created and redeemed humanity in Christ we are equipped to interpret our lives and the world around us most hopefully.
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45

Nadimpalli, Hima Priyanka 1988. "Insights into cytoplasmatic polyadenylation mediated by Drosophila Dicer-2." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664810.

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Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a widespread mechanism to control mRNA translation. In vertebrates, this mechanism requires two sequence elements in the 3’ UTR of substrate mRNAs, the U-rich Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element (CPE) and the AAUAAA polyadenylation hexanucleotide (HN). In Drosophila early embryos, the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of Toll mRNA occurs independently of these elements, and requires Dicer-2, a factor previously known for its functions in RNA interference (RNAi), in addition to the poly(A) polymerase Wispy. To understand this novel function of Dicer-2 in cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translation, we aimed to dissect the required cisacting requirements in Toll mRNA, and to identify Dicer-2 protein partners and mRNA targets. We found that multiple signals in the 3’ UTR of Toll cooperate for polyadenylation, and that in early embryos the non-canonical signals dominate, probably due to the presence of inhibitory elements for canonical polyadenylation. Interactome analysis using affinity purification of Dicer-2 and mass spectrometry revealed that Dicer-2 interacts with multiple proteins outside the RNAi pathway. Importantly, proteins involved in poly(A) tailmediated translational regulation and PABP binding were identified, suggesting potential co-factors of Dicer-2 in polyadenylation. Furthermore, RIP-Seq analysis of Dicer-2 revealed enrichment of mRNAs which were previously found downregulated in wispy mutants. These results suggest that the role of Dicer-2 in cytoplasmic viii polyadenylation might be widespread, and provide the basis for future investigation.
La poliadenilación citoplasmática es un mecanismo de control de la traducción extendido a lo largo de la escala animal. En vertebrados, este mecanismo requiere dos secuencias en el extremo 3’ no traducido (UTR) del mRNA, el elemento de poliadenilación citoplasmática rico en uridinas (CPE) y el hexanucleótido de poliadenilación AAUAAA (HN). En embriones tempranos de Drosophila, la poliadenilación de Toll, sin embargo, ocurre independientemente de estas secuencias, y requiere al menos dos factores: Dicer-2, una proteína previamente implicada en interferencia de RNA (RNAi), y la poly(A) polimerasa Wispy. Para entender esta nueva función de Dicer-2 en poliadenilación citoplasmática y traducción, nos propusimos diseccionar los elementos en el extremo 3’ UTR de Toll relevantes para este mecanismo de poliadenilación no canónica, así como identificar proteínas y mRNAs que interaccionan con Dicer-2 a gran escala. Nuestros resultados indican que el extremo 3’ UTR de Toll contiene varias secuencias implicadas en poliadenilación, y que el mecanismo no canónico es dominante en embriones tempranos, probablemente porque los elementos canónicos (CPE y HN) se encuentran activamente reprimidos. El estudio del interactoma de Dicer-2, realizado por purificación por afinidad e identificación por espectrometría de masas, reveló numerosas proteínas que no están implicadas en RNAi. Entre ellas, encontramos factores previamente relacionados con control de la longitud del poly(A) o con interacción con PABP y traducción, sugiriendo que estos factores podrían actuar x como co-factores de Dicer-2 en poliadenilación citoplasmática. Análisis de mRNA targets mediante RIP-Seq reveló multiples tránscritos que previamente fueron identificados como targets de Wispy. Estos resultados sugieren una función extendida de Dicer-2 en poliadenilación citoplasmática, y establecen una base sólida para investigaciones futuras.
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46

Wong, Pui Man. "The role of Dicer and microRNAs in lymphocyte development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608452.

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47

Matusiak, Raphaël. "TWEAK : un nouveau régulateur de la ribonucléase III Dicer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30612/30612.pdf.

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La répression de la traduction des ARN messagers (ARNm) par les microARN est un processus qui régule environ 60% de tous les gènes chez l’humain et module la quasi-totalité des processus biologiques cellulaires. La ribonucléase Dicer étant l’enzyme responsable de la conversion des précurseurs de microARN en microARN matures, nous nous attendons à ce que le maintien de l’homéostasie cellulaire dépende d’une régulation fine des niveaux d’expression et de l’activité enzymatique de Dicer. L’utilisation du double-hybride chez la levure nous a permis d’identifier la protéine Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), comme un partenaire potentiel de la forme humaine de Dicer. TWEAK est un membre de la famille des TNF qui a été découvert récemment et qui est impliqué dans de nombreux processus biologiques, dont l’inflammation. Produit majoritairement par les leucocytes, son expression protéique est altérée dans de nombreuses maladies, dont l’arthrite rhumatoïde. L’objectif de notre étude vise donc à déterminer la nature, l’implication et le rôle de l’interaction entre Dicer et TWEAK dans le processus inflammatoire. Nous avons confirmé l’interaction Dicer-TWEAK par co-immunoprécipitation et leur colocalisation par immunofluorescence dans la lignée cellulaire HEK293. Nous avons également documenté un effet inhibiteur de TWEAK sur la capacité enzymatique de Dicer à produire des microARN matures in vitro et dans les cellules HEK293. Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes régulatoires de l’activité de Dicer et de l’expression des microARN dans le processus inflammatoire.
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Stowe, Heather Marguerite. "Cloning and expression of porcine Dicer and Argonaute-2." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1263408510/.

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Yamanaka, Laís Eiko. "Caracterização da DICER-LIKE 2 (TrDCL2) de Trypanosoma rangeli." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/168303.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biociências, Florianópolis, 2016.
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O mecanismo de RNA de interferência (RNAi) é um sistema pós-transcricional de silenciamento gênico com ampla distribuição nos organismos eucariotos. Os pequenos RNA (siRNA e miRNA) são considerados moléculas chaves nesse mecanismo, os quais são gerados pela proteína Dicer. A presença desse sistema parece não seguir um padrão de distribuição filogenético e a sua evolução ainda não foi compreendida. Entre os protozoários, o mecanismo de RNAi está muito bem caracterizado em Trypanosoma brucei, entretanto é ausente em Trypanosoma cruzi e em muitas espécies de Leishmania. O Trypanosoma rangeli não possui vários componentes da maquinaria de RNAi, tornando-a não funcional. Entretanto, o gene que codifica para a Dicer- Like2 (DCL2) foi encontrado completo em seu genoma, enquanto os demais genes codificantes para as outras proteínas da maquinaria estão truncados (pseudogenes). No presente estudo realizamos a caracterização do gene DCL2 de T. rangeli (TrDCL2), o qual apresentou-se como cópia única no genoma do parasito, possuindo uma janela aberta de leitura com 2.667 pb que codifica para uma proteína de 889 aminoácidos (±100 kDa). Foram reveladas diferenças nas sequências aminoacídicas da TrDCL2 entre as cepas KP1(+) e KP1(-) de T. rangeli e devido uma mudança na fase de leitura não é possível identificar os domínios RNAse III nas cepas KP1(-). O gene TrDCL2 é transcrito nas cepas KP1(+), sendo que os níveis de mRNA não apresentam alterações significativas durante o processo de diferenciação celular in vitro do parasito. Visando a avaliação da atividade enzimática e análise da presença e níveis proteicos, realizamos a expressão heteróloga de dois fragmentos e da proteína TrDCL2 inteira. Um dos fragmentos foi utilizado para a produção de um antissoro policlonal anti-TrDCL2. Este antissoro reconheceu uma proteína do tamanho esperado (±100 kDa) nos extratos proteicos totais das formas epimastigotas e tripomastigotas de T. rangeli. Os ensaios de imunofluorescência indireta, utilizando o mesmo antissoro, revelaram uma distribuição difusa da proteína pelo citoplasma de ambas as formas do parasito. A TrDCL2 é expressa em algumas cepas do T. rangeli, entretanto a determinação do seu papel biológico neste parasito ainda permanece a ser elucidada.

Abstract : The interference RNA mechanism (RNAi) is a system of post-transcriptional gene silencing with wide distribution in the eukaryotes. Small RNA (siRNA e miRNA) are considered key molecules in this mechanism, which are generated by Dicer protein. The presence of this system seems not follow a pattern of phylogenetic distribution and its evolution is still not understood. Between trypanosomatids, the RNAi mechanism is well described in Trypanosoma brucei, but is absent in Trypanosoma cruzi and some Leishmania species. Trypanosoma rangeli does not have many components of RNAi machinery, making it not functional. However, the Dicer-Like2 (DCL2) coding gene was fully encountered in its genome, while the other genes of this machinery are truncated (pseudogenes). In the present study, we have realized the characterization of DLC2 gene of T. rangeli (TrDCL2), which presented a single copy in the parasite genome, having an open reading frame with 2.667 bp that encodes a protein with 889 amino acids (±100 kDa). Differences in aminoacidic sequences were revealed between strains KP1(+) and KP1(-) of T. rangeli and due to a change in the reading phase it was not possible to identify RNAse III domains in the KP1(-) strains. TrDCL2 gene is transcripted in the KP1(+), the mRNA levels do not show significant alterations during the process of cellular differentiation in vitro. Aiming the evaluation of the enzymatic activity and the analysis of the presence of the protein and its levels, we realized the heterologous expression of two fragments and the whole protein TrDCL2. One of the fragments was used to produce a polyclonal antiserum anti-TrDCL2. This antiserum recognized a protein with the expected size (±100 kDa) in the total protein extracts of the epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of T. rangeli. Imunofluorescence assays, using the same antiserum, revealed a diffuse distribution of the protein in the cytoplasm in both forms of the parasite. The TrDCL2 is expressed in some strains of T. rangeli, but the determination of its biological role in this parasite still needs to be elucidated.
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Gault, Paul. "DiCER : a design research method arising from a large organisation." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1a2fca2c-7c60-427e-a902-183c0eb4e512.

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This thesis discusses a programme of research into new ways in which organisations can gather field-based consumer insight. In an increasingly complex and fast moving business world, there is a need for faster and more efficient consumer experience research that also provides a wider focus on the situation under investigation. This requires a suitable method to support such activity when being conducted in the context of large organisations. The research questions this raises include: What are the organisational barriers in an engineering-led large company that limit an interest in and uptake of consumer experience research? What method is needed to help large organisations serve their ethnographic research requirements in less costly ways? What materials are needed to help support non-specialist fieldworkers engage in lightweight ethnographic research? To investigate the first research question and understand the context of a large multi-national corporation, studies into the role of consumer experience design within NCR Corporation and the forms of user/design research that underpinned their practice were carried out. These involved a contextual inquiry, a series of interviews and a workshop. These studies revealed the challenges which designers faced when being brought into the development process too late, the lack of robust process documentation and difficulties faced when collaborating with other disciplines. It also highlighted the issues there are in generating and applying consumer experience research such as communicating to designers the benefits it provides and, for those who are supportive, lacking any measured incentives to make use of it. To investigate the last two research questions, a method called DiCER has been developed for using large groups of ordinary people (non-ethnographers) to make fieldwork observations. In this method, groups of people are given a small amount of training and provided with support materials that allow them to make and report observations. The method provides a way of harnessing the potential of a large organisation’s staff for a shared goal of generating useful fieldwork material. This also provides a way of sensitising different people from within the organisation to seek out a further understanding of their end consumer. The method was first tried out in two studies that investigated how collaborative activity could be facilitated in large public spaces. This helped identify issues related to the design of support materials whilst conducting fieldwork and explored different ways of analysing and presenting the results of such activity. A follow-up study observed the activity of conversations between strangers waiting in a railway station concourse. The aim of this was to test the method on a more focused problem and prototype tools that supported the recording of fieldwork observations in such a context. The outcome of this was a set of prototypes and interventions demonstrating potential techniques for gathering fieldwork material. A final study explored the potential of using a group of non-specialist employees distributed across a large organisation to fulfil some parts of a fieldwork project. This helped develop training sessions for engaging people with little or no prior knowledge of doing fieldwork to be able to do it effectively. The output of this was a set of design recommendations for further applications of the method in a similar context. A large barrier to the use of consumer experience research in large organisations is the need to do the research very rapidly and cheaply. The method proposed in this thesis provides a way in which consumer experience research can be distributed over a company’s own staff, which has the added advantage of helping improve the support such research is given and its potential impact.
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