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3
Heuer, Jennifer. Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.036.
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Considering the legacies of the Revolution raises basic methodological questions about how we understand historical change and the long-term relevance of the past. These include how we frame narratives and choose endpoints and whether we focus on conscious appropriation and rejection of revolutionary experiences, or on more structural changes. Broad conceptual legacies include possible transformations not only in social and political arenas, but also in how individuals understood themselves and their world. More specific changes affect gender relations and family; tensions between universalism and rights for different groups; the emergence of the modern nation-state; and ideas about the legitimacy and purpose of violence.
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Grewal, J. S. Emergence of the Demand for Territorial Reorganization of East Punjab. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199467099.003.0018.
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Master Tara Singh’s differences with the Congress Government in political matters began to emerge in 1948. In March 1948, the Akali legislators joined the Congress party in the legislature. Master Tara Singh underscored, nevertheless, that it was essential to preserve Sikh identity in religious, social, and political matters. The Akali Dal made it clear in October 1948 that the most effective safeguard for a minority was the right to choose its own representatives through separate electorates. In February 1949, Master Tara Singh emphasized that the root of all demands and all principles for the Sikhs was to have political power. Sardar Patel kept Master Tara Singh under detention for about eight months as a political prisoner under the Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which did not allow any legal intervention. His purpose was to settle all major Sikh issues without Master Tara Singh.
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Dean, Rebecca M. Fauna and the emergence of intensive agricultural economies in the United States Southwest. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.36.
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The Hohokam of Arizona, USA, created one of the most intensive agricultural systems in North America. Their hunting economy intensified along with the agricultural system, but intensification (measured through the diversification of hunting strategies) was mitigated by a variety of processes, not all of which are easily understood by traditional methods of measuring intensification, such as diet breadth models. Hunting intensification was limited by constraints placed on hunters due to agricultural labour needs, and affected by changes in local landscapes for agricultural purposes. The hunting behaviour of the Hohokam cannot be understood solely in its own terms, as a product of optimal decision-making based on the availability of prey in the landscape at large. Rather, decisions were contextualized within the constraints of the social and labour organization of the agricultural system, and were contingent on the changes that had been made to that landscape as a result of agricultural demands.
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Stewart, Jon. The Emergence of Subjectivity in the Ancient and Medieval World. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854357.001.0001.
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This work represents a combination of different genres: cultural history, philosophical anthropology, and textbook. It follows a handful of different but interrelated themes through more than a dozen texts that were written over a period of several millennia. By means of an analysis of these texts, this work presents a theory about the development of Western Civilization from antiquity to the Middle Ages. The main line of argument traces the various self-conceptions of the different cultures as they developed historically. These self-conceptions reflect different views of what it is to be human. The thesis is that in these we can discern the gradual emergence of what we today call inwardness, subjectivity and individual freedom. As human civilization took its first tenuous steps, it had a very limited conception of the individual. Instead, the dominant principle was that of the wider group: the family, clan or people. Only in the course of history did the idea of what we know as individuality begin to emerge. It took millennia for this idea to be fully recognized and developed. The conception of human beings as having a sphere of inwardness and subjectivity subsequently had a sweeping impact on all aspects of culture, such as philosophy, religion, law, and art. Indeed, this conception largely constitutes what is today referred to as modernity. It is easy to lose sight of the fact that this modern conception of human subjectivity was not simply something given but rather the result of a long process of historical and cultural development.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Invisible-Hand Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0008.
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Invisible-hand explanations suggest that many social practices are a product of human action, but not human design. In coming to terms with such explanations, it is essential to distinguish between explanations of the emergence of practices and explanations of the persistence of practices. The kind of invisible-hand explanation that accounts for the emergence of practices might turn out to be altogether different from the kind that accounts for their persistence. The emergence of practices is often best explained by aggregating explanations: Diverse and dispersed action by numerous people might produce some kind of pattern, even if they did not foresee it or intend to bring it about. By contrast, practices often persist because of evolutionary explanations. They survive some sort of competition. Survival value may have nothing to do with the emergence of a practice in the first place.
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Lichtenstein, Alice H., and Allison Karpyn. History and Development of the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0002.
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Serving as a cornerstone of dietary policy in the United States, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) provide an important foundation for understanding the programs and policies that influence public health practice. In this chapter, we review the emergence and development of the guidelines beginning with their evolution from the Dietary Goals for Americans and moving through various iterations from 1980 until the current era in 2015. Topics include concrete reporting on recommendations, evolving principles of a healthy diet, and a discussion of controversies borne by industry lobbying groups and government mandates.
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Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. The Origins of Asymmetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the origins of asymmetry in the American public sphere by charting the rise of second-wave right-wing media. Taking a political economy approach, this chapter investigates how institutions, politics, culture, and technology combine to explain why Rush Limbaugh, televangelism, and Fox News were able to emerge as mass media when they did, rather than remaining, as first-generation right-wing media after World War II had, small niche players. The chapter also considers how the emergence of the online right-wing media ecosystem followed the offline media ecosystem architecture because of the propaganda feedback loop. It shows that asymmetric polarization precedes the emergence of the internet and that even today the internet is highly unlikely to be the main cause of polarization, by comparison to Fox News and talk radio.
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Charles, Parkinson. 10 Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0010.
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This chapter summarizes the findings of this book as to the reasons for the emergence of bills of rights in Britain's overseas territories between 1950 and 1962. It draws together the findings in each of the previous chapters and addresses the following questions: What caused the British Government to change its policy from opposing to imposing bills of rights in colonial constitutions? Did the pressure for change come from within the Colonial Office, from the dependencies themselves, or from external sources? What were each group's motivations for seeking a bill of rights? Was the new policy the result of events in one dependency or a group of dependencies? And if it was the latter, how did events in each dependency contribute to the policy development?
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Atkins, Gareth. Anglican Evangelicalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0023.
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This chapter traces the emergence and development of Anglican Evangelicalism from the early eighteenth century onwards. It argues that while Evangelicals have always harked back to the first, formative generations of their movement, this has tended to obscure the theological diversity, practical pragmatism, and fluid organization that characterized the new piety. What follows, then, examines the beginnings of an enduring movement, but it also outlines a distinct phase in its existence. The first section considers the gradual emergence of Evangelicalism as a distinct identity in the Church of England; the second, its ramification in clerical associations and among groups of prosperous laypeople; the third, its infiltration of metropolitan officialdom and provincial society via organized philanthropy and patronage. As well as mapping the networks that spread Evangelical influence, it explores the lasting tensions thus generated: above all, what did it mean to be both Anglican and Evangelical?
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Morphometrics, demographics, and genetic viability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0002.
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Morphometric data showed that southern Kalahari male cheetahs are larger than females and coalition males are larger than single males. Both tend to be smaller than cheetahs from other regions. The estimated density was 0.7 adult cheetahs/100 km2. Adult males were either single (43.2%) or in two-male (35.8%) or three-male (20.9%) coalitions. Only two out of seven two-male coalitions were full siblings. Litter sizes at birth and emergence were similar to those in the Serengeti, but age at independence and at first litter were older, and litter size at independence larger. Cub sex ratio was equal, but there was a predominance of males amongst adults. Age at death was 6.7 ± 2.1 years, and the oldest known animal died at 12 years of age. The most common cause of adult mortality, especially for males, was injuries inflicted by conspecifics or competitors. Genetic data showed a stable and genetically healthy population.
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Caudill, Edward. From the Scopes Trial to Darwin on Trial. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038013.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the transformation of the creationist movement after William Jennings Bryan's death and the Scopes trial. When Bryan died, fundamentalism was thrown into some disarray. However, creationists were also forced to reorganize and rethink his progressive politics and liberal interpretation. During the next few years, several individuals campaigned to become Bryan's successor, from George F. Washburn to Paul Rood and Gerald Winrod. This chapter begins with a discussion of changes in the fundamentalist movement after Scopes, with particular emphasis on the rise of creationism. It then considers the growth of religion, and religiosity in general, during the 1950s and 1960s, highlighted by the emergence of televangelists led by Billy Graham, and the “culture war” of the 1980s and 1990s. It also analyzes the book The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications (1961), by Henry Morris and John Whitcomb; the so-called “decade of creation” in the 1970s; and the evolution of “creation-science” into “intelligent design.”
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Lynn, Hyung‐Gu. Globalization and the Cold War. Edited by Richard H. Immerman and Petra Goedde. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0033.
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This chapter examines the role of the Cold War in the emergence of “globalization.” It argues that globalization did not succeed or supersede the Cold War but emerged from it through the rapid increase in the speed, scale, and scope of transnational linkages, fueled largely by developments in communications, transportation, and international agreements that occurred during the years 1945 to 1989. The chapter argues against the assertion that globalization is a profoundly new phenomenon and shows how Cold War innovations contributed to the three interlinked areas of globalization, which include communications, transportation, and international agreements.
15
Ignazi, Piero. Party Standstill in an Era of Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 discusses the premises of the emergence of the cartel party with the parties’ resilience to any significant modification in the face of the cultural, societal, and political changes of the 1970s–1980s. Parties kept and even increased their hold on institutions and society. They adopted an entropic strategy to counteract challenges coming from a changing external environment. A new gulf with public opinion opened up, since parties demonstrated greater ease with state-centred activities for interest-management through collusive practices in the para-governmental sector, rather than with new social and political options. The emergence of two sets of alternatives, the greens and the populist extreme right, did not produce, in the short run, any impact on intra-party life. The chapter argues that the roots of cartelization reside mainly in the necessitated interpenetration with the state, rather than on inter-party collusion. This move has caught parties in a legitimacy trap.
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Moses, Julia. Social Policy, Welfare, and Social Identities, 1900–1950. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.19.
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The first half of the twentieth century witnessed the dramatic emergence of modern welfare states across Europe. Why did this transformation take form? Was this process uniform across Europe? And what did it mean for relations between individuals and states? This chapter suggests that European social policies in the early twentieth century were characterized by an emphasis on integration and community. This perspective chimed with widespread utopian aspirations for social improvement voiced across the political spectrum and across the Continent. Nonetheless, the relative emphasis on integration and community varied across Europe and over time. Moreover, associated quests for an ideal future held the potential to be both enabling and oppressive. This chapter highlights two related themes that reveal these complexities: work and population politics. It charts developments in social legislation across Europe, including eugenics, labour, and family policies, and it traces the impact of transnational reform movements and international organizations.
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Barrett, James H. Medieval Fishing and Fish Trade. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.5.
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This article discusses major developments in British marine (and to a lesser degree freshwater) fishing and fish trade between ad 1050 and 1550. Much information derives from study of fish bones recovered by archaeological excavation. Historical evidence is also important, as is information regarding human diet based on stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains. By combining these sources it is possible to infer the initial growth of marine fishing (especially of herring, cod, and related species), the emergence of long-range fish trade, and the late-medieval reorientation of traditional fisheries to harvest ever more distant grounds. Concurrently, it is possible to document a declining catch of freshwater fish, as they became more exclusively associated with elite consumption.
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Wheeler, Nicholas J. USA–Soviet Union, 1985–1989. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199696475.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 focuses on US–Soviet interactions 1985–90. The end of the cold war is hotly debated, with competing explanations in IR, including trust-based ones. However, none of these explanations adequately explains the transformation in superpower relations in the later 1980s. The chapter posits the importance of the theory of bonding trust in explaining how Reagan and Gorbachev came to interpret each other’s signals accurately, and the subsequent ending of the cold war. It argues that what changed Reagan’s perceptions of Gorbachev’s signals was the process of bonding and trust emergence that led to a transformation of their identities, made possible by their face-to-face diplomacy at four summits, especially Reykjavik. Reagan’s successor, George H. W. Bush, did not initially trust Gorbachev. Only after Bush and Gorbachev had developed a relationship of trust did the President, and especially his Secretary of State, James Baker, trust the Soviet leader’s intentions.
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Roberts, Rosemary. The Making and Remaking of China’s “Red Classics". Edited by Li Li. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390892.001.0001.
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This book brings together research on China’s “red classics” across the entire Maoist period through to their re-emergence in the reform era. It critically investigates the changing nature and significance of China’s “red classics” at each point of their (re/)emergence in three key areas: their socio-political and ideological import, their aesthetic significance and their function as a mass cultural phenomenon. The book is organised in two parts in chronological order covering the Maoist period and post-Cultural Revolution respectively, and includes a representative range of genres including novels, short stories, films, TV series, picture books (lianhuanhua), animation and traditional style paintings (guohua). The book illuminates important questions such as: What determined what could and could not become a “red classic”? How was the real revolutionary experience of authors shaped by the regime to create “red classic” works? How were traditional forms incorporated or transformed? How did authors and artist negotiate the treacherous waters of changing political demands? And how did the “red classics adapt to a new political environment and a new readership in new millennium China? While most of the chapters focus primarily on one of the two periods under consideration many also follow the fate of their subject through both periods, creating overall a highly coherent overview of the changing phenomenon of the “red classics” over the seventy-five years since the Yan’an Forum and in the process simultaneously tracing the changing dynamic between the CCP and these classic narratives of the communist revolution.
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Kirk, Jason A. India and the International Financial Institutions. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.44.
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If the International Monetary Fund and World Bank did not exist, then the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 may well have given rise to something like them. Though they have undergone many changes since their birth in 1944, their rules reflect the political relationships of the past more than the economic realities of the present. Whether and how India—a historically important actor for both institutions—and other ascendant stakeholders can contribute to a new consensus vision for global economic governance remains to be seen. And given India’s ‘emergence’, how these institutions and India will adapt to each other in the future will be important for all concerned.
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Vaughan, David. 7. Minerals past, present, and future. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682843.003.0007.
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‘Minerals past, present, and future’ first considers a theory of mineral evolution that proposes the Earth has evolved through three eras subdivided into ten stages, with each adding to the total inventory of mineral species. They are the planetary accretion era (Stages 1 and 2), crust and mantle reworking era (Stages 3–5), and biologically mediated mineralogy era (Stages 6–10). What role did these minerals play in the emergence of life? Pressing concerns for the present and future are whether the Earth has enough mineral resources to support human life and the environmental impact of the extraction, processing, and utilization of mineral resources.
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Nelson, William E. Uncontested Legal Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850487.003.0004.
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Chapters 1 and 2 focus on colonial legal practices that Parliament challenged in the1760s and 1770s and that Americans turned to rebellion to defend. This chapter turns to important legal practices in the colonies that Parliament did not challenge. First was a practice of nascent federalism. Second was a trend toward disestablishment of specific Protestant denominations together with the emergence of a generic Protestant religiosity. Third is a contrast between slavery in New England, where people of African descent were treated as human beings, and slavery in the South, where they were treated as chattels. The chapter also discusses developments in the law of property and the law of debtor-creditor.
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Feiner, Shmuel. Haskalah and History. Translated by Sondra Silverston and Chaya Naor. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774433.001.0001.
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This book recreates the historical consciousness that fired the Haskalah — the Jewish Enlightenment movement. The proponents of this movement advocated that Jews should capture the spirit of the future and take their place in wider society, but as Jews — without denying their collective identity and without denying their past. Claiming historical legitimacy for their ideology and their vision of the future, they formulated an ethos of modernity that they projected on to the universal and the Jewish past alike. What was the image of the past that the maskilim shaped? What tactics underpinned their use of history? How did their historical awareness change and develop — from the inception of the Haskalah in Germany at the time of Mendelssohn and Wessely, through the centres of Haskalah in Austria, Galicia, and Russia, to the emergence of modern nationalism in the maskilic circles in eastern Europe in the last third of the nineteenth century? These are some of the questions raised in this fascinating exploration of an ideological approach to history which throws a searching new light on the Jewish Enlightenment movement and the emergence of Jewish historical consciousness more generally.
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Crawford, Sally. Birth and Childhood. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.31.
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This chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of children and childhood as a subject for archaeological investigation, before outlining archaeological evidence for medieval birth and childhood from settlement and cemetery excavations. Children’s burials provide information on the social persona and treatment of children at death, attitudes to the death of infants and older children, and their memorialization in the form of burial location, and above-ground monuments such as brasses. Skeletal material yields evidence of age at death, as well as information on health and life-course. Isotope and other scientific analyses of skeletal material is providing further information about childhoods, including diet and migration. Settlements are a fruitful source of information about geographies of medieval childhoods, children’s involvement in work and play, and the material culture of medieval childhood.
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Matthew, Craven. Part I Histories, Ch.1 Theorizing the Turn to History in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the question of what was required for the productive representation of the past of international law as ‘history’ to become a meaningful activity, given the need for historical discourse and practice to be organized in temporal terms, and its past ‘found’ or ‘uncovered’. This historical consciousness fundamentally reshaped the conceptualization of what would become known as ‘international law’, and placed at centre-stage the problem of the historical method. Furthermore, not only did the emergence of this historical consciousness have specifiable theoretical and practical dimensions, it would become, as Foucault puts it, a ‘privileged and dangerous’ site, both providing theoretical sustenance to the discipline, and a space for critical engagement.
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Yuki, Masami. Ecocriticism in Japan. Edited by Greg Garrard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742929.013.032.
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This article examines the history of Japanese ecocriticism. It explains that while the association between literature and nature is so deeply imprinted in the Japanese mind, environmentally oriented literary criticism did not exist in Japan until it was imported from the United States in the middle of the 1990s. It discusses the shift in Japan’s academic landscape of literary environmentalism and describes the three major phases in the emergence of Japanese ecocriticism. These include the introduction of the literary movement from the early 1990s to 2000, the development of a comparative approach in the 2000s, and the cross-fertilization between ecocriticism and Japanese literary studies in the late 2000s to the present.
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Gribben, Crawford, and Graeme Murdock, eds. Cultures of Calvinism in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190456283.001.0001.
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Calvinism has been associated with distinctive literary cultures, with republican, liberal, and participatory political cultures, with cultures of violence and vandalism, with enlightened cultures, with cultures of social discipline, with secular cultures, and with the emergence of capitalism. Despite these many associations, this volume recognizes that Reformed Protestantism did not develop as a uniform tradition with straightforward social, cultural, or political implications. This book assesses the complex character and impact of Calvinism in early modern Europe. It analyzes the ways in which Calvinism related to the multi-confessional cultural environment that prevailed in Europe after the Reformation, while also considering the objectives, as well as the unintended and unexpected consequences, of the cultures of Calvinism in early modern Europe.
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Lichtenstein, Nelson. The United States in the Great Depression. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037856.003.0012.
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This chapter considers the question of whether fascism was a realistic possibility in the United States during the Great Depression. It argues that federal and regional character of the American state, and of the American right, saved the United States from the emergence of an authoritarian political movement that sought anything but veto power at the seat of national government. But had the American state had more of a Prussian character, opposition to the New Deal order might well have taken a more overtly anti-parliamentary, paramilitary character, as it briefly did in the racially tense 1950s and 1960s, when resistance to integration generated a revival of rhetoric celebrating “states' rights,” accompanied by sometimes violent clashes with federal authorities.
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Hurd, Peter D., Justinne Guyton, and Ardis Hanson. Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0005.
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Changing human behavior is challenging; however, having a long-term impact on the improved health of a population is a compelling reason for an increased public health commitment by individuals in pharmacy. Any of the activities that individuals and populations pursue have a direct effect on their health, from drinking clean water to breathing fresh air. Health behaviors mitigate or exacerbate chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke, and human behaviors can affect the resurgence of infectious diseases (and the emergence of new infectious diseases). Other behavioral factors, such as tobacco use, poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, at-risk sexual behaviors, and avoidable injuries, contribute prominently to increased morbidity and mortality. This chapter addresses basic public health principles of disease prevention and health promotion, looking at consumer health education, health literacy, social media, and program design and evaluation.
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Singh, Ajeet B., Harris A. Eyre, Edward Callaly, and Michael Berk. The treatment of bipolar disorder in its early stages: current techniques, challenges, and future outlook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0003.
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The early intervention in psychiatry paradigm has offered the promise of improved tailored treatment. While pioneered in early psychosis, lines of evidence also suggest utility in early bipolar. A challenge is that the emergence of elevated states may post-date depression—preventing early diagnosis. Nonetheless, data suggests neuroprogression and an escalating diathesis to relapse occurs with successive episodes which may be impeded by early intervention. Mitigating psychosocial impacts, improving engagement, reducing the consequences of the progressive nature of the disorder, and enhancing adherence are key potential dividends of early intervention. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature, expert clinical opinions, and hints at future directions pertinent to early intervention. As genomics, informatics, and better appreciation of the importance of diet and lifestyle gain salience, there’s hope for a future rich with technologically enhanced tools to both sooner detect and intervene in early stage bipolar disorders to mitigate consequences.
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FitzGerald, Brian. Polemic, Preaching, and Early Dominican Assessments of Prophetic Authority. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808244.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the emergence of theoretical treatises devoted to understanding the nature of prophecy. Emerging out of polemical works against Islam and its prophet, such treatises eventually addressed disagreements within Christianity itself about the nature of inspiration and the boundaries of sacred authority. A significant element of theoretical reflection, particularly among the Dominican Order, came from discussions of the nature of preaching, which was often viewed as a contemporary manifestation of prophecy. Preaching as prophecy raised questions about the relationship between natural virtue or talent and supernatural gifts. The chapter concludes by focusing on the contributions of Hugh of St Cher and Albert the Great to a Dominican tradition of prophetic theory, and it shows that they did not agree on how to assess those claiming to be current-day prophets within the Church.
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More, Alison. Penitents and the Institutionalization of Penitential Life in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807698.003.0002.
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The first chapter focuses on the wider spiritual context from which penitential movements developed. The rich and vibrant spiritual climate of the early thirteenth century saw the emergence of a number of new expressions of religious life. These new forms of devotion were predominantly characterized by a desire to live according to the gospel while remaining in the world. Throughout Europe, groups of laywomen ran alms houses, cared for lepers and practised other forms of active charity. From the middle of the thirteenth century onwards, the fact that these women did not fit traditional categories was seen as increasingly controversial. Consequently, those responsible for the spiritual care of such groups encouraged them to adopt many external signs of religious life such as a recognized habit, a rule, and even some degree of enclosure.
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Clegg, Stewart R., Christopher Biesenthal, Shankar Sankaran, and Julien Pollack. Power and Sensemaking in Megaprojects. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.9.
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Megaprojects are complex achievements of organization, sensemaking, and management of power relations. Typically, engineering practice stresses rationality and linearity, exemplified in the nineteenth-century roots of modern management in writers such as Taylor and Fayol. A concern with contingency theory and the emergence of project management standards hardly changed these auspices. The emergent focus on soft systems theory and a more recent interest in the practice turn did begin to change megaproject management representations somewhat. In practice, megaprojects are occasions for much complex sensemaking, as Weick defines the concept. In turn, where there are different interests in different sensemaking, then power practices and relations need to be brought into focus. The chapter does this through discussing a number of studies in which these issues have been the focus.
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Kershner, Jon R. Perfection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868079.003.0006.
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Woolman believed that he could perfectly hear and perfectly obey God’s will, a theological perfectionism that could transform human affairs. He did not claim to be sinless, but to have conquered the power of sin in the moment of conversion. This state of perfection required obedience to God’s will to maintain, but once established, the faithful experienced the imputation of the “mind of Christ” in a way that altered human reasoning and illumined the emergence of a new world on earth. Woolman’s perfectionism was not primarily one of self-purity but, rather, of enacting God’s will on earth, and so it was economically and politically subversive. His perfectionism explains how the eschaton could be enacted on earth through the faithful, and how corrupt and fallen human political structures were superseded by the “Government of Christ.”
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Rhodes, R. A. W. The Hollowing Out of the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0008.
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The chapter asks if the British state is being hollowed out. It identifies four trends that are redrawing the boundaries of the state: privatization; alternative service delivery systems; the impact of the EU; and the new public management. The resulting problems include: fragmentation; accountability; catastrophe; central capability. It discusses the case for a return to bureaucracy. The Afterword shows the trends in public spending and public employment, the emergence of the ‘franchise state’, and austerity narrative mean that the pressures redrawing the boundaries of the state persist. Over the past twenty years the state has been rolled back to create the minimalist state and rolled out to extend its influence by outsourcing and incorporating others in public governance. The original version of hollowing out did not allow for both these trends
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Carpenter, David. Henry III. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300238358.001.0001.
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Nine years of age when he came to the throne in 1216, Henry III had to rule within the limits set by the establishment of Magna Carta and the emergence of parliament. Pacific, conciliatory, and deeply religious, Henry brought many years of peace to England and rebuilt Westminster Abbey in honour of his patron saint, Edward the Confessor. He poured money into embellishing his palaces and creating a magnificent court. Yet this investment in ‘soft power’ did not prevent a great revolution in 1258, led by Simon de Montfort, ending Henry's personal rule. This book brings to life Henry's character and reign as never before. The book stresses the king's achievements as well as his failures while offering an entirely new perspective on the intimate connections between medieval politics and religion.
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Zysow, Aron. Karrāmiyya. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.29.
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The background for the emergence in the third/ninth century of the Karrāmiyya as an intellectually aggressive form of traditionism lies in the strongly Ḥanafī anti-Jahmī milieu of the Eastern Islamic world. Although they never played a major role in the history of Islamic theology comparable to that of their rivals the Mu`tazilīs, Ash`arites, and Māturīdīs, the Karrāmiyya did leave indelible traces in theological literature by virtue of their vigorous and elaborate defence of a number of controversial teachings. These include their definition of faith (īmān) exclusively in terms of a verbal profession, their assertion, likely under Stoic influence, that God is corporeal and stands in a spatial relation to his throne, and their analysis of divine action as necessarily involving a process within God that others saw as undermining God’s immutability and timelessness.
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Lause, Mark A. Liberty. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040306.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the spiritualists' belief that emancipation represented a generational landmark for liberty, which they saw as essential for the well-being of the human spirit. Spiritualists generally understood emancipation within a wider, rational, and scientific way of understanding the world and rejected a liberty that did not have its own concrete materializations in that world. The federal adoption of an end to slavery as a war goal generally overwhelmed their reservations about the merits of the conflict. At the same time, they saw liberty as having clear social and economic dimensions. As such, they espoused a liberty that foreshadowed the emergence of postwar radical resistance to the power of capital. The chapter considers spiritualism's views on science and religion, slavery and emancipation, property, and liberty for working women. It also discusses the spiritualist radicalization in the course of the Civil War.
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Costley White, Khadijah. The Tea Party as Brand. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879310.003.0002.
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Throughout the coverage of its emergence, news stories explicitly described the Tea Party as a brand of politics that attracted white working-class or middle-class Americans and generated profit, publicity, and political power. Not only did reporters specifically refer to the Tea Party as a brand, the news coverage about the Tea Party was complicit in promoting, defining, and publicizing the Tea Party as a political brand. This chapter tracks the ways in which the news media (including both reporters and pundits) actively mobilized and constructed the Tea Party brand by explicitly discussing and advising its brand strategy, describing its values, serving as a platform for Tea Party messaging and brand promotion, attributing human emotional characteristics to the Tea Party brand, identifying and serving as its spokespersons, and participating in brand placement through advertising and publicity.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Guelphs and Ghibellines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0020.
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To find a political culture that was actually shared by rural lords and country dwellers, as well as by country and city, and aristocrats and prince, it would probably be necessary to look at that of the Guelph and Ghibelline metafactions, capable as they were of activating ties of solidarity and a strong sense of obedience. More than the ideological component—although the contents of this evolved constantly throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and beyond—what generated membership of the parties was above all their role of mediation between environments at a distance from one another, such as the centre of the domain and its peripheries. The emergence of a new bureaucratically oriented state did not exhaust the spaces for political interaction and the Guelph and Ghibelline parties ended up monopolizing the exchange of particular resources: exemptions, pardons, ecclesiastical benefices for subjects, information and political support for the duke.
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O’Collins, SJ, Gerald. Tradition and Scripture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830306.003.0005.
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Tradition has been expressed as the history of the reception or the effects of the Scriptures. This chapter begins by exploring three examples of this history: the emergence of the creeds which did not replace the Scriptures but shaped the Church’s appropriation of them; the contrast between Adam and Christ as the New Adam or Last Adam (initiated by St Paul and then flourishing in Christian theology and literature); and the doctrine of justification, which centred largely on the interpretation of St Paul, became the heart of the Reformation debates, and has now found a substantial consensus between the churches. At Vatican II, the witness of the Scriptures corrected long-standing but unacceptable traditions involving the denial of religious freedom and sinful anti-Semitism. The example of Christ and his apostles and the teaching of Paul in Romans, respectively, helped to motivate these two reforms.
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Beiner, Guy. Regenerated Forgetting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749356.003.0005.
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Traditions of social forgetting, whereby awkward historical episodes are not commemorated in public but are still remembered in obscure forms, can be passed on over generations. With time, muted memories can emerge into the open, yet they still reflect various forms of restraint. The spread of Orangeism in Ulster, alongside unionist concerns about the rise of nationalism, provided a forceful context for disremembering Protestant involvement in the United Irishmen. The emergence of relics from 1798, including occasional discovery of skeletons, were salient reminders of the past. Whereas works of historical fiction that did not correspond to local traditions of the Turn-Out failed to attract attention, literary representations of folk memory were received with enthusiasm by popular readerships. Towards the end of the century, antiquarian interest fed into a cultural revival in Ulster, which was determined to bring long-hidden memories of Ninety-Eight into the public sphere.
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Holes, Clive. The Arabic dialects of the Gulf. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0005.
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The vocabulary of the modern Gulf Arabic dialects contains many items of ancient Mesopotamian origin; there is also evidence of early south Arabian influences. Historically, three dialect types existed in the region: Najdi, coastal (these two are ‘A dialects’), and Baḥārna (‘B’ dialects). There must long have been contact between these three, but the main interface was between the Najdi and the coastal type. The (Shīˁī) Baḥārna lived in separate settlements, pursued livelihoods specific to them, and did not marry with the other two groups. All of this preserved their dialect. This sociolinguistic division was most evident in the state of Bahrain. In recent decades, changes in employment and increased urbanization have brought about increased interdialectal contact, resulting in the loss of B dialect features and a homogenization of the A dialects to the point that one can now speak of the emergence of a Gulf koine.
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Kimsma, Gerrit. Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands. Edited by Stuart J. Youngner and Robert M. Arnold. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199974412.013.23.
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This chapter deals with physician-assisted dying (PAD) in the Netherlands. The focus is on the emergence, regulation, and effects of this practice that allowsonly physiciansto help patients die actively. To understand the adoption of this widely contested practice, it is necessary to describe the social context, changing legal landscape, medical profession policies, and political stalemate surrounding agreement on a law well after the practice existed and was accepted. Dutch development of regulation by the medical profession and multidisciplinary review committees realizes the goals of societal control, transparency, and physicians’ protection from criminal charges. On the other hand, even when a practice that is regulated by the medical profession is in place, pressure groups in society strive for more options for death with dignity—with orwithout physicians’ involvement. A large part of this physician-independent practice originates in physicians’ refusal of a request and is directly connected to it.
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Sill, Geoffrey. Developments in Sentimental Fiction. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.019.
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The sentimental strain in English fiction, which represents men of feeling and women of sensibility engaging in acts of sympathy and benevolence, became prominent in the 1760s through the novels of Charlotte Lennox, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Henry Mackenzie, and others, building primarily on the work of Samuel Richardson and Henry and Sarah Fielding. The reformation of male manners, the feminization of taste and consumption, the grounding of ethics in human nature rather than rationalism or faith, and the emergence of a theory of moral sensibility all contributed to the popular reception of sentimental fiction. Frances Burney’s first two novels, Evelina and Cecilia, successfully combined sentiment with the comedy of Fielding and the moral sententiousness of Richardson, but in the third, Camilla, Burney felt the pressure of an increasing taste for realism, which eventually lessened the predominance, though it did not entirely eliminate, the sentimental form.
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Swann, Julian. From Disgrace to Despotism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198788690.003.0012.
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Disgrace was the exercise of the sovereign will, usually independent of the regular judicial process, and it could be justified on the basis of both divine right and the ancient maxim that the king was the fount of all justice. Yet despite the emergence of a new model of disgrace in the seventeenth century, obedience did not necessarily mean acceptance. This chapter examines the progress of a parallel critique of the practice of disgrace founded on the law. From their inception, lettres de cachet were denounced as arbitrary, even despotic, and these ideas developed into a much broader critique of arbitrary punishment driven by judges and many victims of disgrace that by the reign of Louis XVI would lead to calls for their abolition. As this chapter demonstrates, the campaign for a French version of habeas corpus would sap the ideological justification of disgrace and prepare the ground for Revolution.
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Martin, Loughlin. 13 Evolution and Gestalt of the State in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the significance of public authority in the British system of government. It seeks, in particular, to explain why the structure of public authority that evolved in Britain did not recognize a formal distinction between public law and private law. Critical to that account, it is suggested, is an appreciation of the ambivalent standing of the concepts of state, constitution, and administration in the British system. The status of these concepts has been placed in question as a consequence of the growth of government, especially over the last century. The dramatic extension in administrative government has unsettled many of the assumptions on which Britain's historic evolutionary constitution has rested and presented certain novel legal challenges. This has resulted in the formation of a centrally-directed administrative system, the emergence of a distinctive system of administrative law, and an explicit acknowledgment of a public law/private law division.
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Pioske, Daniel. Hebrew Prose and Stories of an Early Iron Age Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649852.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 examines two crucial theoretical questions for the study that follows: when did the writing of Hebrew prose emerge in the ancient world, and what type of knowledge informed the creation of prose texts that recounted past occurrences? This chapter begins by addressing the historical question of when? by drawing on recent epigraphic evidence from the Iron Age period and connecting this evidence to considerations surrounding the rise of vernacular writing and its interface with older, oral forms of discourse. After establishing a rough terminus post quem for the emergence of written Hebrew prose, this chapter then transitions into a study of the type of knowledge that would have been available to those scribes who created these prose writings. Drawing on the insights of Foucault, this chapter concludes by drawing attention to what is termed an episteme of memory that informed biblical storytelling.
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Shabazz, Rashad. “Sores in the City”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039645.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the role of carceral power in the rise of Black gangs and particularly in the sociospatial production of Black masculinity. Focusing on the period between 1960 and the early 1980s, it considers how carceral power contributed to the emergence of the Almighty Black P. Stone Rangers street gang. It also explores how policing in Black Chicago and the growing prison industrial complex led to the incarceration of many gang members and Black men in Chicago. In Chicago (as well as other cities throughout the Black diaspora) gangs played a crucial role in the performance of Black masculinity. They did so not simply because of their swagger, clothing, or saturation, but because they were the group who had the strongest relationship with the criminal justice system. This chapter discusses the interrelationships among carceral space, Black gangs, prison masculinity, and the elements of masculinity in carceral institutions.
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Chang, Jason Oliver. Violent Imaginaries and the Beginnings of a New State. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040863.003.0004.
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U.S. consular reports on Mexican anti-Chinese activities document the uncoordinated, synchronous anti-Chinese activities that took place as a part of the revolutionary battlefield. This chapter traces the social relations that gave rise to cooperative violence, or grotesque assemblies, in the context of the revolution. Events like the massacre at Torreón in 1911 illustrate the emergence of new social ties based upon Porfian discontent and doing harm to Chinese. Individual cases of tactical assassinations and ritual violence against the Chinese bodies further illuminate the absence of mestizo nationalism as motivation. The chapter details reports of ritualized violence that present a battlefield where Chinese immigrants are under constant attack. These modes of popular violence against Chinese shifted the political identity of assailants, no matter their allegiance or affiliation, to patriotic revolutionaries. Peasants and Indians did not threaten the bourgeois military leaders of the revolution when they expressed antichinismo.