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Journal articles on the topic 'Diel vertical'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Brierley, Andrew S. "Diel vertical migration." Current Biology 24, no. 22 (November 2014): R1074—R1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.054.

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2

Levy, David A. "Reciprocal Diel Vertical Migration Behavior in Planktivores and Zooplankton in British Columbia Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-199.

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Simultaneous comparison of planktivore and crustacean zooplankton distribution patterns in a set of British Columbia lakes suggested coupled diel vertical migration behavior in the two adjacent trophic levels. In lakes where juvenile sockeye salmon performed diel vertical migrations, most zooplankton were non-migratory and concentrated in shallow surface waters over the diel cycle. In contrast, in one lake where pelagic threespine sticklebacks were present, and where juvenile sockeye diel vertical migrations were periodically reversed, most zooplankton undertook diel vertical migrations. The presence of diel vertical migration behavior in zooplankton thus appears to be related to the presence or absence of the behavior in the predominant planktivores.
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3

Gallagher, Colin P., Matthew M. Guzzo, and Terry A. Dick. "Seasonal depth and temperature use, and diel movements of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in a subarctic lake." Arctic Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2017-0003.

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We conducted a multi-year acoustic telemetry study of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792)) in a small subarctic lake to investigate depth and temperature occupancy, and vertical activity across seasons (summer, fall, and winter), diel periods (day, twilight, and night), and during summer periods of 24 h light (day and twilight). Analyses using generalized additive mixed models revealed a high degree of individual variation in depth occupancy independent of the factors hour of day, season, and diel period, whereas temperature occupancy and vertical activity were explained using the three combined factors. Habitats occupied were typically 9–20 m and 6–9.5 °C in summer, 1–3 m and 2–15 °C in fall during presumed spawning, and ≤6 m and <3 °C in winter. Lake trout exhibited partial diel migration where individuals displayed a variety of vertical migratory directions within and among seasons or diel period, including during periods of 24 h light. Fish were most vertically active during periods of daylight and in fall. During 24 h light, some lake trout performed crepuscular movements, whereas individual behaviour best explained modelled depth and temperature occupancy and vertical activity. The variety of vertical patterns among individuals and seasons suggests multifactor proximate causes of partial diel migration and crepuscular movements.
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4

Williams, Jason J., and Charles L. Pederson. "Diel Vertical Migration inDaphina Iumholtzi(Sars)." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 19, no. 2 (June 2004): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2004.9664545.

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5

Dodson, Stanley. "Predicting diel vertical migration of zooplankton." Limnology and Oceanography 35, no. 5 (July 1990): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.5.1195.

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6

Otake, Tsuguo, Tadashi Inagaki, Hiroshi Hasumoto, Noritaka Mochioka, and Katsumi Tsukamoto. "Diel vertical distribution ofAnguilla japonica leptocephali." Ichthyological Research 45, no. 2 (June 1998): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02678565.

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7

Hays, GC, RP Harris, and RN Head. "The vertical nitrogen flux caused by zooplankton diel vertical migration." Marine Ecology Progress Series 160 (1997): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps160057.

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8

Stockwell, Jason D., and Brett M. Johnson. "Field evaluation of a bioenergetics-based foraging model for kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, S1 (November 30, 1999): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-218.

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We used a bioenergetics-based foraging model to determine if bioenergetic and foraging constraints could explain kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) diel vertical migration in Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado. We compared model predictions of daily growth and migration strategies with observed growth and diel vertical distributions on three dates during the summer. Results suggest that bioenergetic and foraging constraints were not sufficient to explain diel vertical migration early in the summer, when thermal stratification was weak. However, these constraints could explain observed patterns later in the summer, when optimal thermal habitat for kokanee was spatially segregated from food-rich surface waters. The onset of a strong thermocline, and its exclusion of piscivorous lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from surface waters, appeared to determine the relative importance of predation risk for kokanee diel vertical migration patterns. Our observations and modeling results suggest that the relative importance of various factors driving diel vertical migration changes seasonally. Furthermore, the relative importance of each factor likely varies from system to system and may have caused the variety of single-factor hypotheses proposed to explain kokanee diel vertical migration. The model provides a framework for studying diel vertical migration across systems of differing thermal regimes, productivity, and predation pressures.
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9

Levy, David A. "Acoustic Analysis of Diel Vertical Migration Behavior of Mysis relicta and Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) within Okanagan Lake, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-010.

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Dual-beam acoustic surveys of Okanagan Lake suggested active diel vertical migrations of Mysis relicta and kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) within the pelagic zone. Mysis relicta were situated between 90–150 m during the day and migrated upwards into the thermocline region of the water column at night. Two groups of kokanee targets were detected. The first undertook a diel vertical migration and coalesced at dusk with a second, shallow-oriented group of targets. Daytime target strength estimates taken while the two groups were vertically segregated in the water column suggested an 8–12 db lower target strength of the deeper group. The results provide acoustic evidence for a smaller body size in the deeper group and the occurrence of an ontogenetic shift in diel migratory behavior of kokanee within Okanagan Lake. Diel comparisons of depth distribution suggested spatial segregation of Mysis and kokanee over much of the diel cycle.
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10

Rogers, CN, JE Williamson, DG Carson, and PD Steinberg. "Diel vertical movement by mesograzers on seaweeds." Marine Ecology Progress Series 166 (1998): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps166301.

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11

Richards, Shane A., Hugh P. Possingham, and John Noye. "Diel vertical migration: modelling light-mediated mechanisms." Journal of Plankton Research 18, no. 12 (1996): 2199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/18.12.2199.

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12

Han, Bo-Ping, and Milan Straškraba. "Modeling patterns of zooplankton diel vertical migration." Journal of Plankton Research 20, no. 8 (1998): 1463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/20.8.1463.

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13

Haupt, F., M. Stockenreiter, M. Baumgartner, M. Boersma, and H. Stibor. "Daphnia diel vertical migration: implications beyond zooplankton." Journal of Plankton Research 31, no. 5 (January 15, 2009): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp003.

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14

Mehner, Thomas, and Peter Kasprzak. "Partial diel vertical migrations in pelagic fish." Journal of Animal Ecology 80, no. 4 (March 2, 2011): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01823.x.

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15

Cech, M., M. Kratochvil, J. Kubecka, V. Drastik, and J. Matena. "Diel vertical migrations of bathypelagic perch fry." Journal of Fish Biology 66, no. 3 (March 2005): 685–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00630.x.

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16

Conroy, John A., Deborah K. Steinberg, Patricia S. Thibodeau, and Oscar Schofield. "Zooplankton diel vertical migration during Antarctic summer." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 162 (August 2020): 103324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103324.

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17

Nocera, Ariadna C., Eloísa M. Giménez, Mariano J. Diez, María Valeria Retana, and Gesche Winkler. "Krill diel vertical migration in Southern Patagonia." Journal of Plankton Research 43, no. 4 (July 2021): 610–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbab047.

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Abstract Diel vertical migration (DVM) of krill was studied throughout 36 h at a fixed station (46.05°S, 66.19°W; 98-m depth) located in the center of the San Jorge Gulf, Southern Patagonia area, during February 2014. Using an echosounder system, combined with an autonomous Video Plankton Recorder (Auto-VPR) and Jacknet samplings, we describe the migration pattern, the associated biomass and the macrozooplankton species involved. The net sampling and the Auto-VPR images allowed us to identify the krill species detected in the echosounder signals, which corresponded to Euphausia lucens, Euphausia vallentini and Nematoscelis megalops. The krill community followed a “normal pattern” of DVM, ascending at dusk (~18:30 h) and descending at dawn (~06:30 h), forming a dense layer near the bottom during the day. Krill vertical migration speed was estimated from the echogram data at ~ 1 cm s−1 (1 body length per s for 1-cm-long animal), and the integrated mean biomass was 57.8 g m−2. This study provides a description of temporal and spatial patterns of krill vertical distribution, which should be taken into account when studying the complexity of the SJG ecosystem dynamics and carbon flux.
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18

Giricheva, E. E. "MODELING OF PLANKTON VERTICAL PROFILES WITH DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATIONS OF MESOZOOPLANKTON." Informatika i sistemy upravleniya, no. 2 (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/isu.2020.64.32-42.

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19

KIM, Mun-Kwan, Su-Hyeon PARK, Hyeong-Cheol KANG, Tae-Cheol OH, Yong-Seok PARK, Young-Il AN, and Suk-Jong KIM. "Diel variation in vertical distribution of hairtails caught by vertical longlines." Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology 53, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3796/ksft.2017.53.2.126.

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20

Rossberg, Marcelo, and Stephen A. Wickham. "Ciliate vertical distribution and diel vertical migration in a eutrophic lake." Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie 171, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1863-9135/2008/0171-0001.

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21

Sabatés, A. "Diel vertical distribution of fish larvae during the winter-mixing period in the Northwestern Mediterranean." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 8 (January 1, 2004): 1243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.07.022.

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Abstract The vertical distributions of the larvae of shelf and oceanic fish species that spawn during the winter-mixing period in the Mediterranean are described from 22 vertically stratified plankton tows. Diel differences in the vertical distribution patterns in relation to physical data and potential prey abundance throughout the water column were examined. Even in absence of stratification, the larvae of the various fish species showed different patterns of vertical distribution and diel changes. The larvae of shelf-dwelling species were found in the surface layers, mainly above 50-m depth, and with some exceptions, with very little diel variation in depth distribution. Therefore, the vertical distribution of the larvae of these species coincided with the maximum concentrations of their potential food, nauplii and copepodite stages of copepods. The larvae of mesopelagic fishes showed deeper distributions in the water column and most of these species were located closer to the surface during the day than at night. Given the homogeneity of the physical characteristics throughout the water column, except for light, this behaviour may be determined not only by the higher concentration of prey in the surface layers but also by adequate light levels for feeding.
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22

Park, Jong-Geun, Yeoun-Suk Kim, Jung-Jun Lee, Sung-Hyun Jang, and Jung-Ho Lee. "Diel Vertical Distribution of Cyanobacteria in Lake Daecheong." ALGAE 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2006.21.1.075.

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23

Haraldsson, Matilda, Ulf Båmstedt, Peter Tiselius, Josefin Titelman, and Dag L. Aksnes. "Evidence of Diel Vertical Migration in Mnemiopsis leidyi." PLoS ONE 9, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): e86595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086595.

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24

Kaartvedt, Stein, Thor A. Klevjer, Thomas Torgersen, Tom A. Sørnes, and Anders Røstad. "Diel vertical migration of individual jellyfish (Periphylla periphylla )." Limnology and Oceanography 52, no. 3 (May 2007): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.3.0975.

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25

Haupt, Florian, Maria Stockenreiter, Elke S. Reichwaldt, Michaela Baumgartner, Winfried Lampert, Maarten Boersma, and Herwig Stibor. "Upward phosphorus transport by Daphnia diel vertical migration." Limnology and Oceanography 55, no. 2 (December 30, 2009): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.2.0529.

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26

HAN, BO-PING, and MILAN STRAŠKRABA. "Control Mechanisms of Diel Vertical Migration: Theoretical Assumptions." Journal of Theoretical Biology 210, no. 3 (June 2001): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2307.

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27

Schaeffer, Blake A., Daniel Kamykowski, Geoff Sinclair, Laurie McKay, and Edward J. Milligan. "Diel vertical migration thresholds of Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae)." Harmful Algae 8, no. 5 (June 2009): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.01.002.

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28

Häfker, N. Sören, Bettina Meyer, Kim S. Last, David W. Pond, Lukas Hüppe, and Mathias Teschke. "Circadian Clock Involvement in Zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration." Current Biology 27, no. 14 (July 2017): 2194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.025.

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29

Picapedra, PHS, FA Lansac-Tôha, and A. Bialetzki. "Diel vertical migration and spatial overlap between fish larvae and zooplankton in two tropical lakes, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 (May 2015): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.13213.

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The effect of fish larvae on the diel vertical migration of the zooplankton community was investigated in two tropical lakes, Finado Raimundo and Pintado lakes, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Nocturnal and diurnal samplings were conducted in the limnetic region of each lake for 10 consecutive months from April 2008 to January 2009. The zooplankton community presented a wide range of responses to the predation pressure exerted by fish larvae in both environments, while fish larvae showed a typical pattern of normal diel vertical migration. Our results also demonstrated that the diel vertical migration is an important behaviour to avoid predation, since it reduces the spatial overlap between prey and potential predator, thus supporting the hypothesis that vertical migration is a defence mechanism against predation.
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30

Hill, A. E. "The Kinematical Principles Governing Horizontal Transport Induced by Vertical Migration in Tidal Flows." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 1 (February 1995): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400015150.

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Vertical migration interacts with oscillatory tidal flows to produce horizontal transport. When the vertical migration period is an exact multiple of the tidal period then net uni-directional horizontal transport can occur. This happens most effectively in ‘selective tidal-stream transport’ for which vertical migration into the flow is specifically synchronized with the dominant (usually M2) tidal constituent. When migration and tide are not synchronized there is no net transport and, instead, a horizontal displacement oscillation of the organism takes place at the beat period between the vertical migration and tidal periods. The most common form of vertical migration is synchronized, not with the tide, but with the day-night cycle. Diel migration in M2-period tidal currents induces no net transport, but can produce excursions of several tens of kilometres over just a few days. Diel vertical migration can, however, interact with the sun-generated part of the semi-diurnal tide to produce net horizontal transport, the direction of which is controlled by the phase of the S2 tidal currents. The spatial distribution of phase implies that regions of horizontal convergence and divergence will result from diel migration. Diel migration in diurnal-period tides causes the preferred direction of transport to reverse at six-monthly intervals.
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31

Hamrin, Stellan F. "Vertical Distribution and Habitat Partitioning Between Different Size Classes of Vendace, Coregonus albula, in Thermally Stratified Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-200.

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Diel vertical distribution of juvenile and adult vendace, Coregonus albula, was studied acoustically and by gill netting during summer in thermally stratified lakes in southern Sweden. Daytime distribution of adult vendace was restricted to hypolimnion (minimum 5 °C). During nocturnal vertical migrations, adults moved into the metalimnion, but temperatures greater than 18 °C were avoided. In contrast, juvenile vendace were often found in the warmer and more shallow water of the metalimnion during the day. At night, the juveniles experienced a temperature change of 10° as they migrated into the epilimnion. All age classes had a nocturnal/crepescular diel rhythm. The diel vertical distribution of vendace is interpreted as a response to temperature stratification and to diel changes in light intensities. The different responses of the age classes are influenced by ontogenetic changes in temperature and light preferences as well as by size-related intraspecific interactions.
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32

Tang, S., A. G. Lewis, M. Sackville, L. Nendick, C. DiBacco, C. J. Brauner, and A. P. Farrell. "Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-049.

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We observed diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and tested the hypothesis that fish behaviour is altered by exposure to sea lice copepodids. Experiments involved replicated field deployments of a large (9 m) plankton column, which provided a vertical distribution enclosure under natural light and salinity conditions. Diel vertical distributions of juvenile pink salmon were observed during the first 3 weeks of seawater acclimation in both the presence and the absence of the ectoparasitic salmon louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838)). Immediately upon entering seawater, juvenile pink salmon preferred the top 1 m of the water column, but they moved significantly deeper down the vertical water column as seawater acclimation time increased. A significant diel migration pattern was observed, which involved a preference for the surface at night-time, compared with daytime. When fish in the column were exposed to L. salmonis copepodids for 3 h, 43%–62% of fish became infected, fish expanded their vertical distribution range, and significant changes in vertical distribution patterns were observed.
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33

Huebert, Klaus B., Su Sponaugle, and Robert K. Cowen. "Predicting the vertical distributions of reef fish larvae in the Straits of Florida from environmental factors." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 11 (November 2010): 1755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-116.

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Three seasons of vertically stratified ichthyoplankton sampling at the edge of the Florida Current revealed consistent accumulations of some coral reef fish larvae under taxon-specific environmental conditions. Environmental variability ranging from predictable (seasonal differences in temperature, diel changes in light, and vertical gradients in many variables) to stochastic (changes in wind-driven turbulence and patchiness of zooplankton) was used to model larval distributions. In five taxa, including the commercially important Epinephelini (groupers), relative larval densities were predicted with significant accuracy based entirely on sampling depth. Models yielding these predictions were cross-validated among all seasons, indicating that larval vertical distributions were remarkably unaffected by other environmental factors, while revealing strong behavioral preferences for specific ranges of hydrostatic pressure. Pomacentridae (damselfish) larvae consistently occupied shallower depths at night than during the day, demonstrating diel vertical migrations. At the community level, depth and season were two major factors structuring larval coral reef fish assemblages. Predictable vertical distributions of larvae in the Straits of Florida can facilitate modeling the same taxa elsewhere in the Western Central Atlantic.
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34

Omand, Melissa M., Deborah K. Steinberg, and Karen Stamieszkin. "Cloud shadows drive vertical migrations of deep-dwelling marine life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (August 4, 2021): e2022977118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022977118.

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Many zooplankton and fishes vertically migrate on a diel cycle to avoid predation, moving from their daytime residence in darker, deep waters to prey-rich surface waters to feed at dusk and returning to depth before dawn. Vertical migrations also occur in response to other processes that modify local light intensity, such as storms, eclipses, and full moons. We observed rapid, high-frequency migrations, spanning up to 60 m, of a diel vertically migrating acoustic scattering layer with a daytime depth of 300 m in the subpolar Northeastern Pacific Ocean. The depth of the layer was significantly correlated, with an ∼5-min lag, to cloud-driven variability in surface photosynthetically available radiation. A model of isolume-following swimming behavior reproduces the observed layer depth and suggests that the high-frequency migration is a phototactic response to absolute light level. Overall, the cumulative distance traveled per day in response to clouds was at least 36% of the round-trip diel migration distance. This previously undescribed phenomenon has implications for the metabolic requirements of migrating animals while at depth and highlights the powerful evolutionary adaptation for visual predator avoidance.
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35

Prado, I. G., and P. S. Pompeu. "Diel vertical migration of fish in a Neotropical reservoir." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 6 (2017): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16009.

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Vertical distribution of fish was studied immediately upstream of the Três Marias hydroelectric power plant dam from December 2010 to December 2011. Eighteen field trips were conducted for hydroacoustic sampling over a period of 24h each time, with 6-h diel sampling intervals within each of the 18 sample dates. Gill nets were used to collect information on fish species composition and length. The greater fish abundance near the surface during the night and at higher depths during the daytime over a 1-day period suggests that the behavioural phenomenon known as diel vertical migration occurs at Três Marias reservoir. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of diel vertical migration of fish in a Neotropical reservoir, the possible relationship with the operation of the hydroelectric power plant and the variables that may affect fish distribution in water column. Analysis of some limnological and operational variables showed that water transparency, temperature and dissolved oxygen were correlated with vertical fish distribution patterns. These results are important for proposing management measures to mitigate the effects of hydroelectric power plants on fish, such as fish passage through turbines.
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36

Pal, I., Sameer Terdalkar, and M. Pereira. "Pattern of zooplankton diel vertical migration in Andaman Sea." Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1, no. 5 (September 2010): 762–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.762.773.

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37

Lampert, W. "The Adaptive Significance of Diel Vertical Migration of Zooplankton." Functional Ecology 3, no. 1 (1989): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389671.

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38

Ohman, Mark D. "The Demographic Benefits of Diel Vertical Migration by Zooplankton." Ecological Monographs 60, no. 3 (September 1990): 257–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1943058.

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39

Hobbs, L., FR Cottier, KS Last, and J. Berge. "Pan-Arctic diel vertical migration during the polar night." Marine Ecology Progress Series 605 (October 26, 2018): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12753.

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40

SWEATT, ANDREW J., and RICHARD B. FORWARD. "DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION AND PHOTORESPONSES OF THE CHAETOGNATHSAGITTA HISPIDACONANT." Biological Bulletin 168, no. 1 (February 1985): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541170.

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41

Fiksen, Øyvind. "ALLOCATION PATTERNS AND DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION: MODELING THE OPTIMALDAPHNIA." Ecology 78, no. 5 (July 1997): 1446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1446:apadvm]2.0.co;2.

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42

Bollens, SM, JA Quenette, and G. Rollwagen-Bollens. "Predator-enhanced diel vertical migration in a planktonic dinoflagellate." Marine Ecology Progress Series 447 (February 13, 2012): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09467.

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43

Heywood, Karen J. "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in the Northeast Atlantic." Journal of Plankton Research 18, no. 2 (1996): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/18.2.163.

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44

Pascual, M., J. L. Acuña, A. Sabatés, V. Raya, and V. Fuentes. "Contrasting diel vertical migration patterns in Salpa fusiformis populations." Journal of Plankton Research 39, no. 5 (August 11, 2017): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbx043.

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45

Walters, K., and SS Bell. "Diel patterns of active vertical migration in seagrass meiofauna." Marine Ecology Progress Series 34 (1986): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps034095.

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46

Sainmont, Julie, Uffe H. Thygesen, and André W. Visser. "Diel vertical migration arising in a habitat selection game." Theoretical Ecology 6, no. 2 (November 8, 2012): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-012-0174-0.

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47

Dawidowicz, Piotr, and Carsten J. Loose. "Cost of swimming by Daphnia during diel vertical migration." Limnology and Oceanography 37, no. 3 (May 1992): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.3.0665.

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48

Loose, Carsten J. "Lack of endogenous rhythmicity in Daphnia diel vertical migration." Limnology and Oceanography 38, no. 8 (December 1993): 1837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1837.

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49

Mavuti, Kenneth M. "Diel vertical distribution of zooplankton in Lake Naivasha, Kenya." Hydrobiologia 232, no. 1 (April 1992): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014609.

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50

Voss, Rüdiger, Jörn O. Schmidt, and Dietrich Schnack. "Vertical distribution of Baltic sprat larvae: changes in patterns of diel migration?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 5 (June 2, 2007): 956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm068.

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Abstract:
Abstract Voss, R., Schmidt, J. O., and Schnack, D. 2007. Vertical distribution of Baltic sprat larvae: changes in patterns of diel migration? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 956–962. Ontogenetic and diurnal vertical migration patterns of Baltic sprat larvae were investigated for the periods 1989–1990 and 1998–2002. Comparison of the results led to the hypothesis that the diel vertical migration behaviour of sprat larvae >10 mm has changed. In 1989 and 1990, sprat larvae migrated to the surface at night, whereas they stayed 30–50 m deep by day. From 1998 to 2002, sprat larvae showed no signs of diel vertical migration, remaining in warmer, near-surface water by day and night. This behavioural change coincided with a more general change in the Baltic ecosystem, i.e. an increase in near-surface temperature and a general increase in abundance of the major prey organism (Acartia spp.) of Baltic sprat larvae, with more pronounced aggregation in surface waters.
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