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Journal articles on the topic 'Dielectric liquids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Tabassum, Shagufta, and V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, no. 03 (June 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.

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The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters are used as the indicator of liquid1 and liquid2 interaction. Molar entropy ([Formula: see text]) and molar enthalpy ([Formula: see text]) are also discussed at the end of the paper.

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2

Lee, T. Y. Tom, Mali Mahalingam, and Peter J. C. Normington. "Subcooled Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux in Dielectric Liquid Mixtures." Journal of Electronic Packaging 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909294.

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The beneficial effect of using dielectric liquid mixture in reducing temperature overshoot in pool boiling has been studied by the authors (Normington et al., 1992). The current experimental work addresses the influence of mixtures of dielectric liquids on the critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling. Two families of dielectric liquids were evaluated: perfluorocarbon liquids and perfluoropolyether liquids. Each set of the family consisted of two liquids with boiling points ranging from 80°C−110°C. Both 100 percent of each liquid and mixtures of two liquids were tested. Video filming was used along with electronic data collection. The perfluoropolyether liquids showed an increase in CHF as more high boiling liquid was added to the mixture, while the perfluorocarbon liquids had a constant CHF for all mixtures.

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3

Babuder, M., J. Gerhold, and M. Muhr. "Dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 10, no. 6 (December 2003): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2003.1255767.

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4

Pompili, M., C. Mazzetti, and R. Bartnikas. "Dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 6 (December 2009): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5361567.

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5

McDaniel, Jesse, John Hymel, and Chloe Anne Renfro. "(Invited) Dielectric Screening of Ionic Liquids and Implications for Their Capacitance, Solvation, and Structural Properties." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 55 (October 9, 2022): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552098mtgabs.

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Development and utilization of ionic liquids for applications as electrolytes and solvents requires understanding their electrostatic interactions with solutes, co-solvents, and interfaces. In this regard, the bulk dielectric constant of an ionic liquid is of little use, but rather the dielectric response must be characterized at atomistic lengthscales. We will discuss the dielectric response of ionic liquids as computed from molecular dynamics simulations and statistical mechanical theory. We will then describe how the dielectric properties of ionic liquids are connected with observed trends in interfacial capacitance, solvation, and liquid structure. Comparisons will be made to aqueous electrolytes and molten salts, and similarities and differences will be discussed.

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6

Danikas, M. "Bubbles in Insulating Liquids: A Short Review." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3009.

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This paper deals with the influence of bubbles in insulating liquids and their role in liquid breakdown. Bubbles play a deleterious role in the dielectric strength of insulating liquids. Depending on their shape and localized electric field, bubbles may significantly lower the dielectric strength of insulating liquids. The present paper offers a short review – albeit incomplete – on the role of bubbles and tries to elucidate their relation to the total breakdown of dielectric liquids. It also proposes some further fields of research.

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7

BAGCHI, B., and A. CHANDRA. "DIELECTRIC RELAXATION IN DIPOLAR LIQUIDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 03 (February 10, 1991): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000286.

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A review of the recent theoretical developments in the dielectric relaxation of a dense dipolar liquid is presented. Dielectric relaxation in binary liquids and collective dipolar excitations are among the different topics that have been discussed here.

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8

SIDDHESHWAR, P. G. "OSCILLATORY CONVECTION IN VISCOELASTIC, FERROMAGNETIC/DIELECTRIC LIQUIDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 17n18 (July 20, 2002): 2629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012761.

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Oscillatory convection in viscoelastic ferromagnetic and dielectric liquids of the Rivlin-Ericksen, Maxwell and Oldroyd types is studied analytically by considering free-free, isothermal boundaries with idealized conditions on the magnetic / electric potential. The linear theory reveals the stabilizing nature of the strain retardation parameter and the destabilizing nature of the stress relaxation and magnetization / dielectric parameters. The Maxwell liquids are found to be more unstable than the one subscribing to the Oldroyd description whereas the Rivlin-Ericksen liquid is comparatively more stable. The results have implications in many non-isothermal applications of ferromagnetic and dielectric liquids especially in energy conversion devices.

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9

Pompili, Massimo, and Ray Bartnikas. "Dielectric liquids [Editorial]." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 22, no. 5 (October 2015): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2015.005516.

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10

Lopes, I., V. Chepel, and W. F. Schmidt. "Editorial: Dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 13, no. 3 (June 2006): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2006.1657954.

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11

Pompili, M., and R. Bartnikas. "Dielectric liquids [Editorial]." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 5 (October 2012): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6311488.

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12

Atalar, Fatih, Aysel Ersoy, and Pawel Rozga. "Investigation of Effects of Different High Voltage Types on Dielectric Strength of Insulating Liquids." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 8116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218116.

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Liquid dielectrics are different from each other, but are used to perform the same tasks in high-voltage electrical equipment, especially transformers. In similar conditions, the insulation performance of transformer oils under different types of voltage will provide dielectric resistance. In this study, three different dielectric liquids applied in transformers, namely mineral oil, natural ester and synthetic ester, were tested. Tests under AC and negative DC voltage were performed at electrode gaps of 2.5 mm, 2 mm and 1 mm using disk and VDE type electrodes as per ASTM D1816-84A and ASTM D877-87 standards, respectively. In turn, the impulse voltage tests were performed under an electrode configuration suggested by the IEC 60897 standard. The current data of 500 ms prior to breakdown under AC electrical field stress was decomposed using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) methods. These analyses were conducted before the full electrical breakdown. Although synthetic ester has the highest dielectric strength under AC and negative DC electrical field stress, mineral oil has been assessed to be the most resistant liquid dielectric at lightning impulse voltages. In addition, stabilization of mineral oil under AC and negative DC voltage was also seen to be good with the help of calculated standard deviation values. However, synthetic ester has a significant advantage, especially in terms of dielectric performance, over mineral oil in spite of the stability of mineral oil. This indicates that liquid dielectric selection for transformers must be carried out as a combined evaluation of multiple parameters.

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13

ZHOLKOVSKIJ, EMILIJ K., JACOB H. MASLIYAH, and JAN CZARNECKI. "An electrokinetic model of drop deformation in an electric field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 472 (November 30, 2002): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002001441.

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An electrokinetic model is proposed to describe a slight drop deformation which is induced by a weak external electric field. The fluids forming the system are considered Newtonian incompressible dielectric liquids containing free electric charge carriers. According to the model, the charge carriers take part in migration, diffusion and convection transport and there is no solute adsorption at the interface. Thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium at the interface is assumed for the charge carriers in the contacting liquids. The interfacial thermodynamic equilibrium is described using a common distribution coefficient for all the carriers. The problem is simplified by assuming equal diffusion coefficients for the different charge carriers within the same liquid. An analytical expression is obtained for slight drop deformation which is proportional to the second power of the applied field strength magnitude. The expression derived represents the drop deformation as a function of the parameters employed in previous theories (O’Konski & Thacher 1953; Allan & Mason 1962; Taylor 1966) as well as two additional parameters. The additional parameters are the ratios of the drop radius to the Debye lengths of the outer and inner liquids, respectively. The expression obtained for the drop deformation is valid for arbitrary values of these parameters. According to the theory prediction, with an increase in the drop radius, the drop deformation monotonically changes from that obtained by O’Konski & Thacher (1953) and Allan & Mason (1962) for perfect dielectric liquids to that obtained by Taylor (1966) for leaky dielectric liquids. Two simplified versions of the general expression are suggested to describe particular cases of a conducting drop in a perfect dielectric liquid and of a perfect dielectric drop in a conducting liquid.

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14

Zakaria, Z. N., M. S. Sanordi, and M. S. Laili. "Intensity Ratio Distribution in Different Dielectric Liquids using Kerr Effect Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2550, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2550/1/012023.

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Abstract Light intensity is the result from the Kerr effect measurement that can be used in determining the electric field distributions in dielectric liquids as the analysis continues afterwards. One of the most important parameters to consider in designing the Kerr effect experiment is the Kerr constant of the test liquid. This paper aims to study and compare light intensity distribution in different dielectric liquids using Kerr effect method. Propylene carbonate, transformer oil and purified water are used as the test liquids. From the results obtained, the light intensities as a function of electric field of the test liquids are compared. With higher Kerr constant, low voltages can be applied to the test liquid but with larger optical signals. Furthermore, the length of the electrodes can be designed accordingly to suit the experimental setup.

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15

Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi, and Tatsuro Matsuoka. "Measurement of complex shear viscosity up to 3 GHz using an electrodeless AT-cut quartz transducer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SG (March 23, 2022): SG1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4141.

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Abstract An experimental method is proposed to determine the frequency-dependent complex shear viscosity of liquids based on the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation method. An AT-cut quartz transducer without metal electrodes is immersed in a sample liquid and the transducer is electrically coupled to the circuit through the dielectric response of the sample itself. After correcting for the apparent change in the resonance properties due to the dielectric coupling of the sample, our method is able to determine the viscosity of liquids of high polarity and low viscosity at frequencies as high as 3 GHz. The method was then applied to ethylene glycol and the viscoelastic relaxation in the GHz regime was observed. Furthermore, it was also applied to room-temperature ionic liquids to show that the dielectric correction of the resonance properties is valid for conductive liquids.

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16

Barman, Jitesh, Wan Shao, Biao Tang, Dong Yuan, Jan Groenewold, and Guofu Zhou. "Wettability Manipulation by Interface-Localized Liquid Dielectrophoresis: Fundamentals and Applications." Micromachines 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10050329.

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Electric field-based smart wetting manipulation is one of the extensively used techniques in modern surface science and engineering, especially in microfluidics and optofluidics applications. Liquid dielectrophoresis (LDEP) is a technique involving the manipulation of dielectric liquid motion via the polarization effect using a non-homogeneous electric field. The LDEP technique was mainly dedicated to the actuation of dielectric and aqueous liquids in microfluidics systems. Recently, a new concept called dielectrowetting was demonstrated by which the wettability of a dielectric liquid droplet can be reversibly manipulated via a highly localized LDEP force at the three-phase contact line of the droplet. Although dielectrowetting is principally very different from electrowetting on dielectrics (EWOD), it has the capability to spread a dielectric droplet into a thin liquid film with the application of sufficiently high voltage, overcoming the contact-angle saturation encountered in EWOD. The strength of dielectrowetting depends on the ratio of the penetration depth of the electric field inside the dielectric liquid and the difference between the dielectric constants of the liquid and its ambient medium. Since the introduction of the dielectrowetting technique, significant progress in the field encompassing various real-life applications was demonstrated in recent decades. In this paper, we review and discuss the governing forces and basic principles of LDEP, the mechanism of interface localization of LDEP for dielectrowetting, related phenomenon, and their recent applications, with an outlook on the future research.

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17

Karuppuswami, Saranraj, Saikat Mondal, Mohd Ifwat Mohd Ghazali, and Premjeet Chahal. "A Reusable 3D Printed Cavity Resonator for Liquid Sample Characterization." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000389.

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Abstract In this paper, additive manufacturing (3D printing) is used to fabricate and demonstrate a reusable microfluidic coupled rectangular cavity resonator for characterizing liquids in small volumes. The designed cavity operates in the fundamental TE101 mode and resonates at 4.12 GHz. The resonance of the cavity is perturbed by the sample placed in a small volume sample holder through a slot in the top cover. Two different perturbation configurations are investigated: i) strongly coupled (liquids with low to medium dielectric constants), and ii) weakly coupled (liquids with medium to high dielectric constant). The sample holder is loaded with different solvents and the shift in the resonance frequency is monitored. Based on these changes, the dielectric constant of the solvent is theoretically estimated and compared to standard values. The reusable liquid sensor holds significant potential in identifying and quantifying unknown liquid samples in the supply chain.

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18

Sun, Wei Qiang, Yong Yang, and Sheng Yong Xu. "Dielectric Constant Measurement of Liquids Using Nanosecond-Pulsed Signals." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.755.

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In this paper, we report a novel method to measure the dielectric constant of various liquids of limited amount. The liquid under test is sealed in a coaxial-like test device. The dielectric constant is determined by comparing the delay of a nanosecond-pulsed signal traveling through the test device with that traveling through a reference coaxial cable. The results show that the maximum error of this kind of measurement is within 15-30%, which is good enough for a semi-quantitative estimation of the dielectric constant of an unknown liquid, especially when the amount of the liquid is not enough for investigation with other existing approaches.

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19

Edamura, Kazuya, and Yasufumi Otsubo. "Electrorheology of dielectric liquids." Rheologica Acta 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-003-0337-4.

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20

Fernandez, Federico, and Robert M. Quigley. "Hydraulic conductivity of natural clays permeated with simple liquid hydrocarbons." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-028.

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The hydraulic conductivity, k, of clayey soils is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of permeating liquid hydrocarbons. Tests on natural Sarnia soils mixed with pure liquids at a void ratio of 0.8 yielded k values that increased from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4 cm/s as the dielectric constant of the permeant decreased from 80 to 2.Sequential permeation of compacted, water-wet samples (k ≈ 10−8 cm/s) showed no changes in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with water-insoluble hydrocarbons of low dielectric constant (benzene, cyclohexane, xylene). These hydrophobic liquids were forced through microchannels or macropores and displaced less than 10% of the pore water from samples at a void ratio of unity.Permeation with water-soluble alcohols resulted in extensive removal of the pore water and up to 10-fold increases in k. Subsequent permeation with liquid aromatics of very low dielectric constant resulted in 1000-fold increases in k with only 30% of the pore space occupied by the aromatics. Association liquids such as alcohol that are mutually soluble in water and the aromatics seem to be required to initiate huge increases in k over testing periods of short duration. Key words: hydraulic conductivity, liquid hydrocarbons, clay barriers, dielectric constant.

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21

Jang, Se-Young, and Jong-Ryul Yang. "Double Split-Ring Resonator for Dielectric Constant Measurement of Solids and Liquids." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.2.r.68.

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This study proposes a 2.45-GHz double split-ring resonator for measuring the dielectric constant in both solids and liquids. Two concentric rectangular rings with asymmetric splits are used in the proposed resonator to achieve a high-quality factor for increasing the sensitivity to resonant frequency changes. The dielectric constants of solids and liquids are obtained based on quadratic polynomial equations with different coefficients, obtained by measuring the frequency shift of reference materials through the maximum return loss of the resonator, which is implemented on an FR4 PCB. The experimental results for the dielectric constants of silicon and rubber obtained using the resonator show errors of 5.92% and 6.81%, respectively, compared with the reference values from certified equipment. The measurement results for liquid samples with different concentrations of ethanol diluted in deionized water indicate a 2.59% error in the estimated dielectric constant. The sensitivities of the proposed resonator were measured to be 2.58% in solids and 0.30% in liquids.

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22

Danikas, M., R. Sarathi, G. E. Vardakis, and S. Morsalin. "Dealing with the Size Effect in Insulating Liquids. A Volume Effect, an Area Effect or even a Particle Effect?" Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 6231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3742.

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Insulating liquids play an important role as insulating media in various high voltage applications and infrastructure installations. The dielectric strength of an insulating liquid depends on the experimental conditions (in case of laboratory testing) and/or the service conditions (in case of apparatuses in service). One of the main factors affecting the dielectric strength of insulating liquids is the so-called size effect, i.e. the effect of the size of the electrodes, of the size of the liquid volume under stress and of the gap spacing between the electrodes. All the aforementioned parameters are investigated in the context of the present short review.

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23

Useinova, S. "Application of the Variational Method in Studying of Polar Liquids and Their Concentrated Solutions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/85/02.

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The developed new variational method for measuring the permittivity ξ' and dielectric losses ξ'' of polar liquids is free from a number of shortcomings. At which the minimum amplitude of the reflected wave (ρ) or the standing wave coefficient η takes place, and the value of ηm at this liquid thickness is based on measuring the thickness of the liquid layer in the cell. A variant of this method was considered in the assumption of the active value of the initial resistance of the waveguide section with liquid at the layer thickness corresponding to the minimum value of (ρ) or η, justified only for the case of polar liquids with low dielectric losses. Thus, polar liquids — cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone and their concentrated solutions in each other were studied for the first time, and variational method found a worthy application as the results showed.

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24

Anjum, S., M. Shah, N. A. Anjum, S. Mehmood, and W. Anwar. "Machining and Surface Characteristics of AISI 304L After Electric Discharge Machining for Copper and Graphite Electrodes in Different Dielectric Liquids." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 4 (August 9, 2017): 1765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1250.

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In Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), the thermal energy used for material erosion depends on the intensity of electric sparks, the thermal conductivities of electrode material and the dielectric liquid. In this paper, the effect of EDM on AISI 304L steel is studied using copper and graphite electrodes and distilled water and kerosene oil as dielectric liquids. Material Removal Rates (MRR), Tool Wear Rates (TWR) and surface conditions are calculated for four different combinations with the two electrode materials and the two dielectric liquids. These investigations are carried out at different pulse currents. Machined surfaces are evaluated by morphological studies, energy dispersive spectrographs (EDS) and white layer thickness using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is found that a transfer of carbon takes place from the kerosene oil and the graphite electrodes into the machined surface which alters the metallurgical characteristics, depending on the electrical and thermal conductivities of the electrode material and the dielectric liquid.

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25

Bolotov, Alexander N., Vladislav V. Novikov, and Olga O. Novikova. "ON DEPENDENCE OF COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF MAGNETIC LIQUID ON STABILIZER DIELECTRIC CAPACITIVITY AND DISPERSION MEDIUM." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017604.5506.

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The purpose of this article is to research the possibility of using values of stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium to form a colloidal stability criterion of magnetic liquid. The authors researched colloidal stability of magnetic liquids with a low-polarity base, nonionogenous SAM-stabilizer (oligoester) and hydroximag nanoparticles. The received magnetic colloids were tested for stability in a gravity field to evaluate SAM stabilizing capacity. The authors propose Е-criterion that shows a relative difference between dielectric capacitivities of a dispersion medium and SAM-stabilizer. It was determined that such combination of dielectric capacitivity of solution component parts correlates with the values of SAM adsorption and colloid stability in the best way. The test results show that relative reduction of magnetization correlates well with a value of dispersion medium dielectric capacitivity due to irreversible sedimentative processes. In the next set of experiments, the authors did not change the magnetic colloid liquid content, but SAM-stabilizer. They research the dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquids based on a dioctyl sebacate of a stabilized SAM with various dielectric capacitivities. The test results prove regularity of increasing colloidal stability with decreasing E- criterion. The paper considers in details the physical and chemical mechanisms that help to develop the influence of dielectric capacitivity on magnetic liquid colloidal stability. The analysis of testing results showed that dielectric capacitivity of magnetic liquid components affects many physical-chemical phenomenons in the process of its synthesis. It is important that the behaviour of sorption processes on the surface of dispersed particles depends on dielectric capacitivity. The result of the empirical data research by magnetic liquid colloidal stability shows that with increasing dielectric capacitivity of dispersion medium in relation to stabilizer’s dielectric capacitivity the desorption processes of stabilizer’s molecules from a magnetic particles’ surface increses. As a result, the adsorption layer around particles becomes more incoherent and less competent. It reduces the value of a steric stabilization factor of a magnetic liquid colloidal structure. In practice it leads to deterioration or even loss of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid. The influence of dielectric capacitivity on colloidal stability using the effects of interparticle interaction is less important. To summarize, the article proves a dielectric E-criterion that can be used to provide rationale for the choice of SAM-stabilizer for magnetic liquids. According to this criterion, dielectric capacitivity of a dispersion medium should be slightly different from the similar property of SAM-stabilizer. Otherwise, molecule desorption processes of SAM from magnetic particles encourage quality degradation of covering adsorption layers, so colloidal stability worsens.Forcitation:Bolotov A.N., Novikov V.V., Novikova O.O. On dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid on stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 75-81.

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Haegele, Stephanie, Farzaneh Vahidi, Stefan Tenbohlen, Kevin Rapp, and Alan Sbravati. "Lightning Impulse Withstand of Natural Ester Liquid." Energies 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081964.

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Due to the low biodegradability of mineral oil, intense research is conducted to define alternative liquids with comparable dielectric properties. Natural ester liquids are an alternative in focus; they are used increasingly as insulating liquid in distribution and power transformers. The main advantages of natural ester liquids compared to mineral oil are their good biodegradability and mainly high flash and fire points providing better fire safety. The dielectric strength of natural ester liquids is comparable to conventional mineral oil for homogeneous field arrangements. However, many studies showed a reduced dielectric strength for highly inhomogeneous field arrangements. This study investigates at which degree of inhomogeneity differences in breakdown voltage between the two insulating liquids occur. Investigations use lightning impulses with different electrode arrangements representing different field inhomogeneity factors and different gap distances. To ensure comparisons with existing transformer geometries, investigations are application-oriented using a transformer conductor model, which is compared to other studies. Results show significant differences in breakdown voltage from an inhomogeneity factor of 0.1 (highly inhomogeneous field) depending on the gap distance. Larger electrode gaps provide a larger inhomogeneity at which differences in breakdown voltages occur.

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27

Shi, Jia Ming, Quirino Balzano, and Christopher C. Davis. "Broad Band Microwave Dielectric Measurement of Liquids with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.191.

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The principles of the open-ended coaxial probe technique for the measurement of permittivity are described. Measurements of dielectric properties are carried out over a frequency range from 300MHz to 50GHz, with a system comprising an Agilent E8364B network analyzer and a connected 2.2mm diameter open-ended coaxial probe. Water, methanol and salines of 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.6M are used as calibration liquids or liquids to be measured. Measured permittivities are presented and compared with those calculated from the Cole-Cole equation. It is shown that, in order to get good results, the calibration liquid should be similar to the liquid being measured in dielectric properties.

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28

Mital, Prem Bhushan. "An Experimental Study of Curved Rectangular Microstrip Antenna in Simulated Plasma Medium." Active and Passive Electronic Components 19, no. 2 (1996): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/26187.

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The effect of plasma on the radiation characteristics of curved rectangular microstrip antenna is studied by means of a new plasma simulation technique. Unlike previous techniques [1,2], a relative index of refraction less than unity is obtained by representing free space with a high dielectric constant sodium chloride powder and plasma by a medium of lower dielectric constant (air). A wide range of dielectric constants of simulated plasma could be possible with this technique using solid dielectrics instead of liquids. It is observed that the resonance frequency is not affected by the curvature of the antenna. However radiation patterns are significantly affected.

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29

Jay-Gerin, Jean-Paul, Thomas Goulet, and Isabelle Billard. "On the correlation between electron mobility, free-ion yield, and electron thermalization distance in nonpolar dielectric liquids." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-042.

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The correlation between the thermal electron mobility, μe, the radiation-induced free-ion yield Gfi at zero applied electric field, and the most probable thermalization distance b of secondary electrons, is examined for 52 different pure non-polar dielectric liquids for which data have been reported in the literature. It is shown that, in liquids for which μe > 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1, the variation of Gfi with μe is well represented by a relation of the type [Formula: see text] where n ≈ 0.31. The connection between Gfi and μe can be described through the product εsb, where εs is the static dielectric constant of the intervening liquid. In particular, 1/εsb is shown to correlate with both μe and Gfi. Analysis of these correlations allows us to estimate an upper limit of μe that can be attained in a room-temperature dielectric liquid, information of utmost importance from the point of view of application to liquid ionization detectors.

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30

Fofana, Issouf, and Abderrahmane Beroual. "Predischarge Models in Dielectric Liquids." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 5A (May 15, 1998): 2540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.2540.

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31

Bruschi, L., G. Delfitto, and G. Mistura. "Level meter for dielectric liquids." Review of Scientific Instruments 70, no. 2 (February 1999): 1514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149616.

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32

Kaatze, Udo. "Microwave dielectric properties of liquids." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 45, no. 4 (April 1995): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(94)00070-z.

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Mikheev, G. M., Gr M. Mikheev, V. A. Tarasov, and T. G. Mikheeva. "Electroconvective purification of dielectric liquids." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 5 (May 2008): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106378500805009x.

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34

Tobazcon, R. "Prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 1, no. 6 (1994): 1132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.368650.

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35

Chandra, A., Dongqing Wei, and G. N. Patey. "Dielectric relaxation of dipolar liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 99, no. 3 (August 1993): 2068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.465271.

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36

Forster, E. O., and G. J. FitzPatrick. "Electric breakdown in dielectric liquids." Physics in Technology 16, no. 6 (November 1985): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4624/16/6/i02.

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37

Schmidt, W. F. "Electrons in nonpolar dielectric liquids." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 26, no. 4 (1991): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.83670.

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38

Seyed-Yagoobi, Jamal. "Electrohydrodynamic pumping of dielectric liquids." Journal of Electrostatics 63, no. 6-10 (June 2005): 861–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2005.03.047.

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39

de Souza, J. Pedro, Alexei A. Kornyshev, and Martin Z. Bazant. "Polar liquids at charged interfaces: A dipolar shell theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 24 (June 28, 2022): 244705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096439.

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The structure of polar liquids and electrolytic solutions, such as water and aqueous electrolytes, at interfaces underlies numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this work, we develop a continuum theory that captures the essential features of dielectric screening by polar liquids at charged interfaces, including decaying spatial oscillations in charge and mass, starting from the molecular properties of the solvent. The theory predicts an anisotropic dielectric tensor of interfacial polar liquids previously studied in molecular dynamics simulations. We explore the effect of the interfacial polar liquid properties on the capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interface and on hydration forces between two plane-parallel polarized surfaces. In the linear response approximation, we obtain simple formulas for the characteristic decay lengths of molecular and ionic profiles at the interface.

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40

Bharatham, Logendran, G. A. Quadir, A. Y. Hassan, and K. N. Seetharamu. "Immersion Cooling of Vertically Mounted Plastic Packages Using Various Flourinert Liquids." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-1.3.157.

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Liquid immersion cooling offers an alternative means to counter the high amount of heat dissipated by electronic packages. This study focuses on conjugate heat transfer analysis of a double PLCC packages mounted on a vertical PCB cooled by different Flourinert liquids such as FC 77, FC 3283, FC 43 and FC 70 with the aid of a CFD software. The effects of package power, flow velocity and the use of different types of dielectric liquids on the performance of the above PLCC packages are investigated. A comparison with air-cooled cases clearly indicates that a very much lower surface temperature exists on the operating packages in the case of dielectric liquids. For the convenience of application in the electronic industry, the results are presented in the form of correlations for junction temperature for each package.

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41

Eremenko, Z. E., A. I. Shubnyi, A. Y. Kogut, and R. S. Dolia. "High loss liquid dielectric characterization: Comparison of microwave waveguide and resonator measurement techniques." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 9 (May 29, 2020): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000628.

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AbstractThe microwave waveguide and resonator methods are compared as applied to the experimental determination of the dielectric properties of high loss liquids. A differential microwave waveguide cavity for measuring high loss liquids complex permittivity in a small volume has been designed and studied. This cavity consists of two circular waveguide cells with central rods made of quartz and surrounded by high loss liquid tested. The cells have different lengths to eliminate complex propagation coefficient measurement errors due to the diffraction effect on the ends of the layered waveguide cells. We have measured the wave amplitude and phase coefficients for the waveguide cavity to estimate physical properties of a high loss liquid under test. The resonant frequencies and the Q-factor of a semi-disk dielectric resonator with high loss liquid filling a capillary have been measured. We have selected water-ethanol solutions as a high loss liquid under test for both techniques. We have determined the measurement sensitivity for these two techniques. The measuring results are discussed. Both the waveguide and resonator methods provide comparable sensitivity and can be successfully used for the complex permittivity characterization of high loss liquids in small volumes.

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Havran, Peter, Roman Cimbala, Jozef Király, Michal Rajňák, Samuel Bucko, Juraj Kurimský, and Bystrík Dolník. "Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Spectroscopy of Insulating Nanofluids Based on GTL Oil during Accelerated Thermal Aging." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112405.

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Improving the dielectric properties of liquid-insulating materials is a current problem in research into the insulation system of a power transformer. Modern optimization of insulating liquids involves the potential use of unique synthetic esters enriched with nanoparticles. This study presents the results of the dielectric response of liquefied gas-based (GTL) insulating liquids during accelerated thermal aging. The dielectric relaxation spectroscopy method was used in the frequency domain to point out power losses as an imaginary part of a complex electric modulus. The relaxation spectra express the validity of applying this complex dielectric parameter. The polarization processes of the base oil alternately change position in the low-frequency band during thermal aging. Fullerene nanofluid undergoes three phases of dielectric loss changes during thermal aging. In the case of magnetic nanofluid, the effect of electric double-layer polarization disappeared after 500 h of thermal aging. It was found that with the gradual increase in the thermal aging time, there is no gradual increase in the dielectric losses investigated in the measured frequency spectrum. This study shows that the concentration of the two types of nanoparticles independently causes a different dielectric response to an applied AC electric field in the GTL base fluid.

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Monder, Hila, Leo Bielenki, Hanna Dodiuk, Anna Dotan, and Samuel Kenig. "Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Coating for Repellency of Polar and Non-Polar Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102423.

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The wettability of poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating on plasma-treated glass was studied at room temperature using polar and non-polar liquids. The wettability was investigated regarding the liquids’ surface tensions (STs), dielectric constants (DCs) and solubility parameters (SPs). For polar liquids, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) are controlled by the DCs and non-polar liquids by the liquids’ STs. Solubility parameter difference between the PDMS and the liquids demonstrated that non-polar liquids possessed lower CAH. An empirical model that integrates the interfacial properties of liquid/PDMS has been composed. Accordingly, the difference between the SPs of PDMS and the liquid is the decisive factor affecting CAH, followed by the differences in DCs and STs. Moreover, the interaction between the DCs and the SPs is of importance to minimize CAH. It has been concluded that CAH, and not CA, is the decisive attribute for liquid repellency of PDMS coating.

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Zhang, Xingyun, Cunjun Ruan, Tanveer Haq, and Kanglong Chen. "High-Sensitivity Microwave Sensor for Liquid Characterization Using a Complementary Circular Spiral Resonator." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040787.

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This paper describes a low-cost, small size, and high-sensitivity microwave sensor using a Complementary Circular Spiral Resonator (CCSR), which operates at around 2.4 GHz, for identifying liquid samples and determining their dielectric constants. The proposed sensor was fabricated and tested to effectively identify different liquids commonly used in daily life and determine the concentrations of various ethanol–water mixtures at by measuring the resonant frequency of the CCSR. Using acrylic paint, a square channel was drawn at the most sensitive position of the microwave sensor to ensure accuracy of the experiment. To estimate the dielectric constants of the liquids under test, an approximate model was established using a High-Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS). The results obtained agree very well with the existing data. Two parabolic equations were calculated and fitted to identify unknown liquids and determine the concentrations of ethanol–water mixtures. Thus, our microwave sensor provides a method with high sensitivity and low consumption of material for liquid monitoring and determination, which proves the feasibility and broad prospect of this low-cost system in industrial application.

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Chaube, Hemantkumar A., and Vipinchandra A. Rana. "Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Anisole and 1-Heptanol in the Frequency Range 20 Hz to 2 MHz." Solid State Phenomena 209 (November 2013): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.209.182.

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The complex relative dielectric function ε*(ω) = ε’- jε” of anisole (AN), 1-heptanol (1-HeOH) and their binary mixtures of varying concentration have been measured using Precision LCR meter in the frequency range 20 Hz to 2 MHz at 303 K. The electrical/dielectric properties of the liquid samples are represented in terms of intensive quantities namely, complex relative dielectric function ε*(ω), electrical modulus M*(ω), electrical conductivity σ*(ω) and extensive quantities, i.e. complex admittance Y*(ω) and complex impedance Z*(ω). All of these presentations are used to explore various processes contributed in the electrical/dielectric properties of the mixtures of two polar liquids.

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Liu, Wei-Na. "A Novel Technology for Measurements of Dielectric Properties of Extremely Small Volumes of Liquids." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1436798.

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A high sensitivity sensor for measurement radio frequency (RF) dielectric permittivity of liquids is described. Interference is used and parasitic effects are cancellation, which makes the sensor can catch weak signals caused by liquids with extremely small volumes. In addition, we present the relationship between transmission coefficient and permittivity of liquids under test (LUT). Using this sensor, quantitative measurements of the dielectric properties at 5.8 GHz are demonstrated of LUTs. Experiments show that the proposed method only requires the volume of 160 nanoliters for liquids. Therefore, the technology can be used for RF spectroscopic analysis of biological samples and extremely precious liquids.

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Huang, Junyu, Jian Wu, Zhonglin Du, Pedro A. Vázquez, and Alberto T. Pérez. "Numerical analysis of electro-convection in dielectric liquids with residual conductivity." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 044102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086189.

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Injection-induced electro-convection (EC) of dielectric liquids is a fundamental problem in electrohydrodynamics. However, most previous studies with this type of EC assume that the liquid is perfectly insulating. By perfectly insulating, we mean an ideal liquid with zero conductivity, and in this situation, the free charges in the bulk liquid originate entirely from the injection of ions. In this study, we perform a numerical analysis with the EC of dielectric liquids with a certain residual conductivity based on a dissociation–injection model. The spatiotemporal distributions of the flow field, electric field, and positive/negative charge density in the parallel plate configuration are solved utilizing the finite volume method. It is found that the residual conductivity inhibits the onset of EC flow, as well as the strength of the flow field. The flow features and bifurcations are studied in various scenarios with three different injection strengths in the strong, medium, and weak regimes. Three distinct bifurcation sequences with abundant features are observed by continually increasing or decreasing the electric Reynolds number. The present study shows that the residual conductivity significantly affects the bifurcation process and the corresponding critical point of EC flows.

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48

Chaube, Hemantkumar A., and Vipinchandra A. Rana. "Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Binary Mixtures of Anisole and Some Primary Alcohols in the Frequency Range 20 Hz to 2 MHz." Advanced Materials Research 665 (February 2013): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.665.194.

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The complex relative dielectric function ε*(ω) = ε-jε of binary mixture of anisole (AN) with methanol (MeOH) ,1-propanol (1-PrOH), 1-butanol (1-BuOH), 1-heptanol (1-HeOH) of varying concentration have been measured using Precision LCR meter in the frequency range 20 Hz to 2 MHz at 303 K. The electrical/dielectric properties of the liquid samples are represented in terms of intensive quantities namely, complex relative dielectric function ε*(ω), electrical modulus M*(ω), and extensive quantities, i.e. complex admittance Y*(ω) and complex impedance Z*(ω). All of these presentations are used to explore various processes contributed in the electrical/dielectric properties of the mixtures of polar-polar liquids.

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49

Niedrich, Z. "Alternative optical equation for dielectric liquids." Physical Review E 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 4099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.60.4099.

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50

Chandra, Amalendu, and Biman Bagchi. "Exotic dielectric behavior of polar liquids." Journal of Chemical Physics 91, no. 5 (September 1989): 3056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456927.

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