Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dielectric properties of human tissues'

In biomedical applications realistic phantoms are becoming more useful for validation and testing of precursor systems. These artificial phantoms require stable and flexible tissue-mimicking materials with realistic dielectric properties in order to properly model human tissues. We have fabricated a low-water-content, low cost, mechanically and electrically stable, good shelf life and multi-layered heterogeneous phantom consisting of skin, fat and muscle tissues. We have chosen semi-solid type phantom for each tissue layer. The size and thickness of the each layer is chosen based on the average thickness of human tissue. Altering the ingredient composition wisely we can alter its dielectric properties also. By reason of no osmosis occurrence, the tissues can be employed to construct heterogeneous phantoms or even anthropomorphic phantoms without causing any changes in geometry or electrical properties. The performance of the fabricated phantom is carried out using an open-ended coaxial slim probe system by Agilent Technologies. Nearly all previous studies were based on very high frequency( VHF), so we present ultra-wide band (UWB), 500MHz-20GHz multilayered phantoms. We have measured our phantom after 2 month time period and we got quite good results for the dielectric properties without having significant variations. Thus, our fabricated sets of ATE phantom have good long lasting properties with good physical and dielectric stability.

Knowledge of the microwave dielectric properties of human tissues is essential for the understanding and development of medical microwave techniques. In particular, microwave thermography relies on processes fundamentally determined by the high frequency electromagnetic properties of human tissues. The specific aim of this work was to provide detailed information on the dielectric properties of female human breast tissue at 3-3.5GHz, the frequency of operation of the Glasgow microwave thermography equipment. At microwave frequences the frequency variation of the dielectric properties of biological tissues is thought to be determined mainly by the dipolar relaxation of tissue water. Water exists in different states of binding within the tissue; the relaxation of each component of this water may be parameterised by the Debye or Cole-Cole equations. At a single frequency an average relaxation frequency may be calculated for a given tissue type. Mixture equations may be used to describe the dielectric properties of two-phase mixtures in terms of the dielectric properties and volume fractions of the component phases. Biological tissues are very much more complex than these two phase models. However, comparisons of the observed dielectric properties as a function of water content, with models calculated from mixture theory allow some qualitative conclusions to be drawn regarding tissue structure. Human and animal dielectric data at frequencies between 0.1 and 10GHz have been collected from the literature and are displayed in tabular form. These comprehensive tables were used to examine the widely-held assumption an animal tissue is representative of the corresponding human tissue. This assumption was concluded to be uncertain in most cases because of lack of available data, and perhaps wrong for certain tissue types. The tables were also used to compare in vivo and in vitro dielectric data. These may be expected to be different because the tissue is in a physiologically abnormal state in vitro. However at microwave frequencies in vitro data was found to be representative of the tissue in vivo provided gross deterioration of the tissue is avoided. A new resonant cavity perturbation technique was designed for dielectric measurements of small volumes of lossy materials at a fixed frequency of 3.2GHz. This technique may be used to measure materials of a wide range of permittivities and conductivities with accuracies of 3-4%. The major sources of error were found to be tissue heterogeneity and sample preparation procedures. Using this technique in vitro dielectric measurements were made on human female breast tissues. A large number of data were gathered on fat and normal breast tissues, and on benign and malignant breast tumours. Each data set was parameterised using the Debye equation. Results from this suggest that all breast tissues measured in this work contain a component of bound water. A smaller proportion of water is bound in fat than is bound in other tissues. Comparisons were made of the dielectric properties of breast tissues with values calculated from mixture theories. Permittivity data largely fall within bounds set by mixture theory: conductivity data often fall outside these limits. This may imply that physiological saline is not a good approximation to tissue waters; or it may imply that another relaxation process is occurring in addition to the dipolar relaxation of saline. Comparisons of tissue type indicate that a dielectric imaging system could be designed which would detect breast diseases, but that severe problems could arise in distinguishing disease types from dielectric imaging alone.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p.127-139). Print version also available. Mode of access : World Wide Web. System requirements : Adobe Acrobat reader required to view PDF document.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: basis functions; perfectly matched layers; PML; neck model; parallel plate resonator; finite element; circulator; glottal waveform; multi-transmission line; dielectric properties of human tissues; radiation currents; weighted residuals; non-acoustic sensor. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-107).

The work reported in this thesis is motivated by the need for wireless powering of a miniaturized implantable device for neurophysiological research and possible clinical applications. The antenna used in such applications must be studied in the context of biological tissue media. In this thesis, we perform a preliminary study of antenna behaviour in the complex tissue environment. Our test cases are the wire dipole antenna chosen for its structural simplicity and the spiral antenna, selected for its wide bandwidth. The simulation tool SEMCAD-X, is based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method and is used throughout this work. To have an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of different solvers implemented in SEMCAD-X and relevant for our applications, we first simulate the antenna structures in the free-space region using both SEMCAD-X and HFSS (a Finite-Element Method (FEM) simulation software). The cross-platform comparison between these two simulation tools helps us identify the advantages of using conformal FDTD solver over the conventional staircase FDTD solver in SEMCAD-X. We then embed the antennas in tissue-like non-homogeneous lossy media to observe the terminal voltages induced by an impinging plane-wave. These numerical experiments will help us with the assessment of the following: variations of antenna properties with the in-tissue locations, and more importantly the dependence of the induced voltage on the depth of the implant.

Growing evidence from animal and clinical studies suggests that cardiac cell therapy can restore perfusion and improve function in the ischemic/infarcted myocardium. However, cell therapy is hindered by insufficient cell numbers, inefficient cell homing and engraftment, and inadequate cellular interactions. Furthermore, the biological mechanisms and local effects of transplanted cells have not been well-elucidated. The research presented herein attempts to address some of these issues. In manuscript #1, a new subpopulation of circulating progenitor cells (CPCs), termed derived CD133+ cells, was generated from the CD133- fraction of human peripheral blood. The derived CD133+ progenitors appeared to have superior vasculogenic potential in vitro, which may prove to be beneficial in inducing vasculogenesis in ischemic tissues. Positron emission tomography (PET) with direct cell labeling and reporter gene techniques were employed to assess the fate of transplanted human CPCs in vivo at different subjects of investigation, and different stages of cell transplantation. In manuscript #2, PET imaging with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) direct cell labeling was used to demonstrate that collagen-based matrices improve the early homing and retention of delivered CPCs in a rat ischemic hindlimb model. This mechanism conferred by the matrix may have implications on cell therapy at the early stages after transplantation. In manuscript #3, a more efficient, stable and accurate labeling method, hexadecyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate (18F-HFB) direct cell labeling, was developed to quantify cell distribution of transplanted CPCs in a rat myocardial infarction model. PET imaging of 18F-HFB-CPCs revealed significant cell washout from the myocardium immediately after intramyocardial injection, with only a small proportion of transplanted CPCs remaining in the target area in the first 4 hours after delivery. In manuscript #4, human CPCs transduced with lentiviral vectors showed stable expression of PET reporter genes. This reporter gene based-cell labeling technique can be developed for noninvasive tracking cells within a bioengineered matrix by PET, while preserving cell phenotype, viability and function. These studies contribute important insights into the biology and physiology of transplanted stem cells and the ability of delivery matrices to improve transplanted cell engraftment, survival, and function. I believe with further refinement, cell expansion, tissue engineering and PET imaging could facilitate the clinical applications of cell therapies in years to come.

[Truncated abstract] An important field of research in orthopaedic biomechanics is the elucidation and mathematical modelling of the mechanical response of cartilaginous tissues. Such research has applications in the understanding of joint function and degenerative processes, as well as in surgical planning and simulation, and engineering of tissue replacements. In the case of surgical and tissue engineering applications especially, patient-specific mechanical properties are highly desirable. Unfortunately, obtaining such information would generally involve destructive mechanical testing of patient tissue, thus rendering the tissue functionally unusable. Development of a laser scanning confocal arthroscope (LSCA) within our School will soon allow non-invasive extraction of 3D microstructural images of cartilaginous tissues in vivo. It is also envisaged that, linked to a suitably formulated constitutive formulation, such information could allow estimation of tissue mechanical response without physical biopsy. This thesis describes the development of techniques to potentially allow non-invasive patient-specific estimation of tissue mechanical response based on confocal arthroscopy data. A microstructural constitutive model is developed which is capable of directly incorporating LSCA-derived patient-specific structural information. A fibre composite type homogenisation approach is used as the basis for the model. ... The result is a series of orientation tensors describing the 3D orientation of linear features in the image stack. The developed analysis techniques are used to estimate fibre volume fraction and orientation distribution for each of the meniscal specimens. The developed constitutive model and image-derived structural parameters are finally used to estimate the reaction force history of two meniscal cartilage specimens subjected to partially confined compression. The predictions are made on the basis of the specimens? individual structural condition as assessed by confocal microscopy and involve no tuning of material parameters. Although the model does not reproduce all features of the experimental curves, as an unfitted estimate of mechanical response the prediction is quite accurate. In light of the obtained results it is judged that more general non-invasive estimation of tissue mechanical properties is possible using the developed framework. The likely limitations and potential areas of improvement are discussed.

Les réseaux BAN (Body Area Network) révolutionnent le concept de la surveillance et de la prise en charge à distance de la santé du patient. Le BAN fournit des informations sur l'état de santé du patient en temps réel quelque soit l'endroit où il se trouve. Dans le « télé monitoring », des capteurs de mouvement, de respiration ou du rythme cardiaque placés à l'intérieur ou sur le corps humain transmettent des données via le réseau sans fil constituant le BAN, une antenne étant associée à chaque nœud du réseau. La communication peut être in/on, on/on ou on/off selon que les antennes sont placées à l'intérieur, sur ou à l'extérieur du corps. Le développement des BAN nécessite la réalisation de modèles (ou fantômes) simulant au mieux les propriétés électromagnétiques du corps humain. Des antennes portables, miniaturisées doivent être réalisées avec des contraintes d'intégration d'une part (aux vêtements, à des objets type montre ou badge), des contraintes de résistance ou de prise en compte de l'influence du corps d'autre part. La réduction de l'impact des antennes sur les tissus en terme de SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) doit également être considérée. Dans ce travail, l'objectif est de développer des fantômes valables pour les communications dans et sur le corps. Les matériaux de base sélectionnés sont d'origine biologique (biocéramiques et biopolymères) avec des propriétés proches de celles des tissus humains. Ces fantômes étant biocompatibles, ils sont essentiellement non toxiques alors que les fantômes usuels le sont en général. D'autre part, différents types d'antennes conformables, fonctionnant dans la bande ISM 2.4 GHz ont été développées et étudiées dans la perspective du BAN. Les antennes voient leur adaptation et leur efficacité chuter au contact ou à proximité du corps, ce qui constitue un écueil majeur pour établir une bonne communication. Différentes méthodes permettant de réduire l'influence du corps (plan de masse à l'arrière, surface haute impédance, feuille de ferrite polymère) sont testés et leurs avantages et inconvénients développés. Des mesures de SAR permettent aussi de démontrer l'efficacité de ces méthodes sur la réduction de la puissance absorbée par les tissus. Au final, ce travail apporte une contribution à l'étude théorique et expérimentale de l'interaction entre corps humain et antenne dans le cadre des réseaux BAN appliqués à la télésurveillance de la santé

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Germanovich, Leonid; Committee Co-Chair: Skrinjar, Oskar; Committee Member: Mayne, Paul; Committee Member: Puzrin, Alexander; Committee Member: Rix, Glenn.

[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables.
[CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables.
[EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices.
Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034
TESIS

[ES] Conocer las propiedades electromagnéticas de los tejidos biológicos con la mayor exactitud posible tiene una gran importancia en el diseño de un elevado número de aplicaciones biomédicas. El diseño de dispositivos médicos inalámbricos, antenas superficiales e intracorporales, evaluación de tasas de absorción electromagnética, técnicas de tratamiento y detección de cáncer como la hipertermia e imágenes médicas son ejemplos de aplicaciones que requieren esta información para su desarrollo. Debido a que el cáncer provoca modificaciones estructurales en las células que a su vez generan cambios en las propiedades electromagnéticas, es posible desarrollar aplicaciones de detección de cáncer que se basen en este hecho. Un objetivo potencial es el cáncer de colon (CRC), debido a que los tejidos de colon sospechosos son accesibles de forma más o menos sencilla durante procedimientos endoscópicos. Este tipo de cáncer es uno de los más extendidos, siendo responsable de aproximadamente el 10% de casos y muertes totales. Existe un gran número de factores de riesgo que pueden explicar la aparición de la enfermedad, aunque esencialmente la probabilidad se incrementa significativamente con el aumento de la edad de la población. Los programas de cribado sobre la población son críticos: si el cáncer se detecta en etapas tempranas, la probabilidad de sobrevivir se incrementa en gran medida, y además se reducen los costes asociados. Uno de los objetivos principales de esta tesis es proponer aplicaciones que ayuden en la detección de CRC durante la colonoscopia haciendo uso de las diferencias en las propiedades electromagnéticas. Aparte de mejoras en el diagnóstico, complementar la colonoscopia puede conllevar otros beneficios colaterales como una reducción en la carga de anatomía patológica. Para demostrar la viabilidad y el potencial desarrollo futuro de estas aplicaciones, en esta tesis se miden y se trata de encontrar diferencias entre las propiedades electromagnéticas de tejidos sanos, cancerosos y patológicos de colon humano. Las medidas han sido llevadas a cabo mediante la técnica del coaxial terminado en abierto. Con el propósito de incrementar la precisión del método, se ha evaluado el principio de funcionamiento y se ha mejorado el proceso de calibración. Dos fuentes de tejido de colon han sido analizadas en esta tesis: tejidos procedentes de colonoscopias (biopsias) y tejidos obtenidos a partir de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Aparte de tejido sano, se estudian las siguientes patologías: Adenocarcinomas (CRC), adenomas sin displasia, adenomas con bajo grado de displasia, adenomas con alto grado de displasia, hiperplasias y hamartomas. Debido a la alta variabilidad entre distintos sujetos, las propiedades electromagnéticas de los tejidos sospechosos de un paciente en concreto deben ser siempre comparadas con las propiedades de sus tejidos sanos, no evaluadas de forma independiente. El segundo gran objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una nueva base de datos de las propiedades electromagnéticas de tejidos biológicos medidas in vivo. Ahora mismo, las colecciones disponibles están limitadas en número de tejidos o frecuencias caracterizadas, obligando a los investigadores a escoger bases de datos más completas pero realizadas ex vivo. No obstante, usar este tipo de colecciones tienen fuentes de incertidumbre adicionales dado que las medidas están condicionadas por la deshidratación de los tejidos y la perdida de flujo sanguíneo. El desarrollo de esta nueva base de datos puede facilitar el diseño de aplicaciones que requieran conocer las propiedades electromagnéticas con alto grado de precisión.
[CAT] Conéixer les propietats electromagnètiques dels teixits biològics amb la major exactitud possible té una gran importància en el disseny d'un gran nombre d'aplicacions biomèdiques. El disseny de dispositius metges sense fil, antenes superficials i intracorporales, l'avaluació de taxes d'absorció electromagnètica, tècniques de tractament i detecció de càncer com ara la hipertèrmia i imatges mediques són exemples d'aplicacions que requerixen esta informació. Com el càncer provoca modificacions estructurals en les cèl·lules que generen canvis en les propietats electromagnètiques, es possible desenrotllar aplicacions de detecció de càncer que es basen en este fet. Un objectiu potencial és el càncer de colon (CRC), pel fet que els teixits de colon sospitosos són accessibles de forma més o menys senzilla durant procediments endoscòpics. Este tipus de càncer és un dels més estesos, sent responsable d'aproximadament el 10% de casos i morts totals. N'hi ha un gran nombre de factors de risc que poden explicar l'aparició de la malaltia, encara que en resum la probabilitat s'incrementa significativament amb l'augment de l'edat de la població. Els programes de cribratge sobre la població són crítics. Si el càncer es detecta en etapes primerenques, la probabilitat de sobreviure s'incrementa en gran manera, i a més es reduïxen els costos associats. Un dels objectius principals d'esta tesi és proposar aplicacions que ajuden en la detecció de CRC durant la colonoscòpia fent ús de les diferències en les propietats electromagnètiques. A banda de millores en el diagnòstic, complementar la colonoscòpia pot comportar altres beneficis col·laterals com una reducció en la càrrega d'anatomia patològica. Per a demostrar la fiabilitat i el potencial desenrotllament d'aquestes aplicacions, en aquesta tesi es mesuren i es tracta de trobar diferències entre les propietats electromagnètiques de teixits sans, cancerosos i patològics de colon humà. Les mesures han sigut realitzades mitjançant la tècnica del coaxial acabat en obert. Amb el propòsit d'incrementar la precisió del mètode, s'ha avaluat el seu principi de funcionament i s'ha millorat el procés de calibratge. Dos fonts de teixit de colon s'han analitzat en aquesta tesi: teixits procedents de colonoscòpies (biòpsies) i teixits obtinguts a partir de procediments quirúrgics. Apart de teixit sà, s'estudien els següents teixits: Adenocarcinomes (CRC), adenomes sense displàsia, adenomes amb baix grau de displàsia, adenomes amb alt grau de displàsia, hiperplàsies y hamartomes. Degut a l'alta variabilitat entre diferents subjectes, les propietats electromagnètiques dels teixits sospitosos d'un pacient en particular han de ser comparades amb les propietats dels seus teixits sans, no avaluats independentment. El segon gran objectiu d'esta tesi és el desenrotllament d'una nova base de dades de les propietats electromagnètiques de teixits biològics mesurades in vivo. Ara mateix, les col·leccions disponibles estan limitades en nombre de teixits o freqüències caracteritzades, obligant els investigadors a triar bases de dades més completes però realitzades ex vivo. No obstant això, este tipus de col·leccions te fonts d'incertesa addicionals atés que les mesures estan condicionades per la deshidratació dels teixits i la pèrdua de flux sanguini. El desenrotllament d'esta nova base de dades pot facilitar el disseny d'aplicacions que requerisquen conéixer les propietats electromagnètiques amb alt grau de precisió.
[EN] Nowadays, a careful knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of biological tissues is required for developing a great number of applications. The development of wireless medical devices, the design of in-body and on-body antennas, specific absorption rate evaluations, cancer treatment techniques such as hyperthermia and detection techniques like medical imaging are some examples of applications that rely on these data. Since cancer causes modifications on the biological structure of cells that can lead in turn to changes in the electromagnetic properties of the tissues, it is possible to develop novel detection applications taking advantage of it. One potential target is colorectal cancer (CRC), as suspicious tissues can be accessed quite easily through colonoscopy procedures. This kind of cancer is one of the most spread kinds, being responsible of about 1 out of 10 new cancer cases and deaths. There are several risk factors currently related to the apprising of this cancer, although in essence the higher the age of the population, the higher the incidence of CRC. Screening programs are key for detecting and diagnosing cancer: if found at early stages, the probability of survival increases greatly, and the cost of the treatment can be reduced as well. One of the major objectives of this dissertation is proposing applications for detecting CRC that aid in the colonoscopy procedures by making use of the differences in electromagnetic properties. Aside from enhancement in the diagnosis of CRC, improving the colonoscopy procedure can lead to collateral benefits like a lowering of the burden of anatomical pathology unit. With the aim at demonstrating the feasibility and the potential future development of these applications, in the framework of this thesis the dielectric properties of healthy, cancerous and pathological human colon tissues are measured and compared in order to find electromagnetic differences. Measurements are carried out by means of an open-ended coaxial system. Its principle of operation has been revisited with the aim at maximizing the accuracy of the method, and the calibration procedure has been optimized serving the same purpose. Two main sources of colon tissue have been analyzed: samples from colonoscopy biopsies and samples from surgery resections. Besides healthy tissue, the following colon tissues have been characterized: Adenocarcinomas (CRC), adenomas without dysplasia, adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, hyperplastic polyps and hamartomatous polyps. Given the variability that can appear among subjects, the electromagnetic properties of suspicious tissues from a particular patient have to be always compared with those of his healthy ones, not evaluated independently. The second major objective of this thesis involves the development of a new database of electromagnetic properties of biological tissues obtained at in vivo conditions. Nowadays, the available collections are limited either in the number of tissues or the measured frequencies, and hence researchers have to make use of more complete databases but that were performed ex vivo. The drawback of using these collections is that results can be compromised by factors such as lack of blood perfusion and tissue dehydration. Developing this new database can facilitate the design of applications that needs of a careful knowledge of these properties.
Fornés Leal, A. (2019). Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues for Medical Applications [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132188
TESIS

Yes
Finding a path towards a more accurate prediction of light propagation in human skin remains an aspiration of biomedical scientists working on cutaneous applications both for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. The objective of this study was to investigate variability of the optical properties of human skin compartments reported in literature, to explore the underlying rational of this variability and to propose a dataset of values, to better represent an in vivo case and recommend a solution towards a more accurate prediction of light propagation through cutaneous compartments. To achieve this, we undertook a novel, logical yet simple approach. We first reviewed scientific articles published between 1981 and 2013 that reported on skin optical properties, to reveal the spread in the reported quantitative values. We found variations of up to 100-fold. Then we extracted the most trust-worthy datasets guided by a rule that the spectral properties should reflect the specific biochemical composition of each of the skin layers. This resulted in the narrowing of the spread in the calculated photon densities to 6-fold. We conclude with a recommendation to use the identified most robust datasets when estimating light propagation in human skin using Monte Carlo simulations. Alternatively, otherwise follow our proposed strategy to screen any new datasets to determine their biological relevance.
European Marie-Curie Actions Programme, Grant agreement no. 607886

[ES] La constante evolución de la tecnología y la búsqueda de nuevas aplicaciones que mejoren la vida de las personas ha llevado a la incorporación de estas tecnologías en el organismo. Las redes inalámbricas de área corporal (WBAN) son un buen ejemplo de esto, que consisten en redes de comunicaciones ubicadas en el propio cuerpo, tanto en la superficie como implantadas en su interior mediante el uso de dispositivos inalámbricos. Estas redes utilizan el cuerpo humano como medio de transmisión, por lo que debe evaluarse la influencia del mismo sobre la propagación. Además, las nuevas generaciones de comunicaciones móviles se están moviendo hacia el uso de frecuencias cada vez más altas, como las ondas milimétricas, que son más sensibles a la presencia de cualquier objeto en el entorno, incluidos los humanos. La investigación y el diseño de antenas y dispositivos que tengan en cuenta el cuerpo humano requiere pruebas en el entorno donde se supone que deben usarse. Los fantomas se convierten en una herramienta para evaluar la transmisión de señales electromagnéticas en un medio equivalente al cuerpo para evitar la experimentación en humanos o animales. Además de eso, se puede estudiar la influencia de estas ondas electromagnéticas sobre los propios tejidos en cuanto a la tasa de absorción específica (SAR).
[CAT] L'evolució constant de la tecnologia i la recerca de noves aplicacions que milloren la vida de les persones ha portat a la incorporació d'aquestes tecnologies en l'organisme. Les xarxes sense fils d'àrea corporal (WBAN) són un bon exemple d'açò, que consisteixen en xarxes de comunicacions ubicades al propi cos, tant en la superfície com implantades en el seu interior mitjançant l'ús de dispositius sense fils. Aquestes xarxes empren el cos humà com a medi de transmissió, per la qual cosa se n'ha d'avaluar la influència sobre la propagació. A més, les noves generacions de comunicacions mòbils s'estan movent cap a l'ús de freqüències cada vegada més altes, com les ones mil·limètriques, que són més sensibles a la presència de qualsevol objecte en l'entorn, incloent-hi els humans. La investigació i el disseny d'antenes i dispositius que tinguen en compte el cos humà requereix proves en l'entorn on se suposa que han d'usar-se. Els fantomes esdevenen una eina per a avaluar la transmissió de senyals electromagnètics en un medi equivalent al cos per tal d'evitar l'experimentació en humans o animals. A més d'això, es pot estudiar la influència d'aquestes ones electromagnètiques sobre els teixits mateixos en relació amb la taxa d'absorció específica (SAR).
[EN] The constant evolution of technology and the search for new applications that improve people's lives has led to the arrival of the incorporation of these technologies in the organism. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a good example of this, consisting of communications networks located in the body itself, both on the surface and implanted inside it through the use of wireless devices. These networks use the human body as the transmitting medium, so its influence over the propagation has to be assessed. Besides, new generations of mobile communications are moving towards the use of higher frequencies, as the millimetre waves, which are more sensitive to the presence of any object in the environment, including humans. The research and design of antennas and devices that take into account the human body requires testing in the environment where these are supposed to be used. Phantoms become a tool for evaluating the transmission of electromagnetic signals in a body-equivalent medium in order to avoid experimentation on humans or animals. In addition to that, the influence of these electromagnetic waves over the tissues themselves can be studied with regard to the specific absorption rate (SAR).
This thesis has been possible thanks to the funding contribution of the Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia through the PAID-01-16 programme. This work was also supported by the UPV-IIS La Fe programme (STUDER, 2016 and EMOTE, 2017). The research stay was supported by the European Union’s Erasmus+ funding programme under a traineeship grant.
Castelló Palacios, S. (2019). Wideband Electromagnetic Body Phantoms for the Evaluation of Wireless Communications in the Microwave Spectrum [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132182
TESIS