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Journal articles on the topic 'Dielectrophoretic separation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Giesler, Jasper, Georg R. Pesch, Laura Weirauch, Marc-Peter Schmidt, Jorg Thöming, and Michael Baune. "Polarizability-Dependent Sorting of Microparticles Using Continuous-Flow Dielectrophoretic Chromatography with a Frequency Modulation Method." Micromachines 11, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11010038.

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The separation of microparticles with respect to different properties such as size and material is a research field of great interest. Dielectrophoresis, a phenomenon that is capable of addressing multiple particle properties at once, can be used to perform a chromatographic separation. However, the selectivity of current dielectrophoretic particle chromatography (DPC) techniques is limited. Here, we show a new approach for DPC based on differences in the dielectrophoretic mobilities and the crossover frequencies of polystyrene particles. Both differences are addressed by modulating the frequency of the electric field to generate positive and negative dielectrophoretic movement to achieve multiple trap-and-release cycles of the particles. A chromatographic separation of different particle sizes revealed the voltage dependency of this method. Additionally, we showed the frequency bandwidth influence on separation using one example. The DPC method developed was tested with model particles, but offers possibilities to separate a broad range of plastic and metal microparticles or cells and to overcome currently existing limitations in selectivity.

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2

Sharbati, Pouya, Abdolali K. Sadaghiani, and Ali Koşar. "New Generation Dielectrophoretic-Based Microfluidic Device for Multi-Type Cell Separation." Biosensors 13, no. 4 (2023): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13040418.

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This study introduces a new generation of dielectrophoretic-based microfluidic device for the precise separation of multiple particle/cell types. The device features two sets of 3D electrodes, namely cylindrical and sidewall electrodes. The main channel of the device terminates with three outlets: one in the middle for particles that sense negative dielectrophoresis force and two others at the right and left sides for particles that sense positive dielectrophoresis force. To evaluate the device performance, we used red blood cells (RBCs), T-cells, U937-MC cells, and Clostridium difficile bacteria as our test subjects. Our results demonstrate that the proposed microfluidic device could accurately separate bioparticles in two steps, with sidewall electrodes of 200 µm proving optimal for efficient separation. Applying different voltages for each separation step, we found that the device performed most effectively at 6 Vp-p applied to the 3D electrodes, and at 20 Vp-p and 11 Vp-p applied to the sidewall electrodes for separating RBCs from bacteria and T-cells from U937-MC cells, respectively. Notably, the device’s maximum electric fields remained below the cell electroporation threshold, and we achieved a separation efficiency of 95.5% for multi-type particle separation. Our findings proved the device’s capacity for separating multiple particle types with high accuracy, without limitation for particle variety.

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3

Giesler, Jasper, Laura Weirauch, Jorg Thöming, Georg R. Pesch, and Michael Baune. "Dielectrophoretic Particle Chromatography: From Batch Processing to Semi-Continuous High-Throughput Separation." Powders 3, no. 1 (2024): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders3010005.

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The development of highly selective separation processes is a focus of current research. In 2016, the German Science Foundation funded a priority program SPP 2045 “MehrDimPart—highly specific multidimensional fractionation of fine particles with technical relevance” that aims to develop new or enhance existing approaches for the separation of nano- and micrometer-sized particles. Dielectrophoretic separators achieve highly selective separations of (bio-)particles in microfluidic devices or can handle large quantities when non-selective separation is sufficient. Recently, separator designs were developed that aim to combine a high throughput and high selectivity. Here, we summarize the development from a microfluidic fast chromatographic separation via frequency modulated dielectrophoretic particle chromatography (DPC) toward a macrofluidic high throughput separation. Further, we provide a starting point for future work by providing new experimental data demonstrating for the first time the trapping of 200 nm polystyrene particles in a dielectrophoretic high-throughput separator that uses printed circuit boards as alternatives for expensive electrode arrays.

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4

Schönfeld, F., A. Griebel, R. Konrad, S. Rink та F. Karlsen. "Development of a μ-Concentrator Using Dielectrophoretic Forces". JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 7, № 6 (2002): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-5535-04-00234-5.

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We present the simulation, development and experimental validation of a μ-concentrator based on dielectrophoresis, DEP. In a first step dielectrophoretic force fields of various electrodes are computed and compared. The simulation results for various electrode dimensions may serve as a general design rule for DEP devices. Favorable electrode designs were realized in gold on glass substrates. The performance of the DEP chips is validated by concentration of E.-Coli bacteria, a separation efficiency of 99.93% was achieved. Furthermore, we outline how the combination of forced convection and DEP allows for bacteria separation at increased flow rates.

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5

Markx, Gerard H., and Ronald Pethig. "Dielectrophoretic separation of cells: Continuous separation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 45, no. 4 (1995): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260450408.

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6

Weirauch, Laura, Jasper Giesler, Georg R. Pesch, Michael Baune, and Jorg Thöming. "Highly Permeable, Electrically Switchable Filter for Multidimensional Sorting of Suspended Particles." Powders 3, no. 4 (2024): 574–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders3040030.

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The creation of highly specific particle systems in the nano- and micrometer size range is a challenging task. The demand for particle systems with narrowly distributed properties is increasing in many applications, especially for use in high-tech products. Conventional separation techniques often reach their limits in the micrometer size range or become (labor-)intensive, which makes them economically or ecologically unsustainable. In addition, sorting based on several properties is rarely feasible in just one separator. Dielectrophoretic processes can be a viable option for complex sorting tasks like this, given their ability to address several particle properties and their high degree of selectivity. In this paper, we summarize the progress of a project in which the capability of dielectrophoretic methods for multidimensional sorting of microparticles was investigated. We were able to develop an operation mode for multidimensional sorting of microparticles using dielectrophoresis as well as a scalable electrically switchable filter. This creates a basis for high-throughput and multi-target sorting of technical microparticles using dielectrophoretic processes.

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7

Du, F., M. Baune, A. Kück, and J. Thöming. "Dielectrophoretic Gold Particle Separation." Separation Science and Technology 43, no. 15 (2008): 3842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390802365779.

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8

Alnaimat, Fadi, Bobby Mathew, and Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi. "Modeling a Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Device with Vertical Interdigitated Transducer Electrodes for Separation of Microparticles Based on Size." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (2020): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060563.

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This article conceptualizes and mathematically models a dielectrophoretic microfluidic device with two sets of interdigitated transducer vertical electrodes for separation of a binary heterogeneous mixture of particles based on size; each set of electrodes is located on the sidewalls and independently controllable. To achieve separation in the proposed microfluidic device, the small microparticles are subjected to positive dielectrophoresis and the big microparticles do not experience dielectrophoresis. The mathematical model consists of equations describing the motion of each microparticle, fluid flow profile, and electric voltage and field profiles, and they are solved numerically. The equations of motion take into account the influence of phenomena, such as inertia, drag, dielectrophoresis, gravity, and buoyancy. The model is used for a parametric study to understand the influence of parameters on the performance of the microfluidic device. The parameters studied include applied electric voltages, electrode dimensions, volumetric flow rate, and number of electrodes. The separation efficiency of the big and small microparticles is found to be independent of and dependent on all parameters, respectively. On the other hand, the separation purity of the big and small microparticles is found to be dependent on and independent of all parameters, respectively. The mathematical model is useful in designing the proposed microfluidic device with the desired level of separation efficiency and separation purity.

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9

Lin, Chi-Chang, Sheng-Kai Li, Bor-Shyang Sheu, and Hsien-Chang Chang. "RAPID CHARACTERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF ISOGENIC MUTANTS OF H. PYLORI BY DIELECTROPHORESIS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 06 (2009): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720900157x.

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A simple, fast, real-time, and nondestructive analysis of protein expression in biological samples, such as membranes, based on dielectrophoresis is described. On the basis of the distinct differences in the dielectrophoretic properties of individual cell types, the wild-type BabA-positive Helicobacter pylori isolates and its BabA-negative isogenic mutant can be identified and separated. The herein-presented approach of using microelectrodes should be an easy-to-use, cheap, and rapid alternative to separate and distinguish the presence or absence of important outer-membrane proteins.

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10

Shkolnikov, Viktor, Daisy Xin, and Chien‐Hua Chen. "Continuous dielectrophoretic particle separation via isomotive dielectrophoresis with bifurcating stagnation flow." ELECTROPHORESIS 40, no. 22 (2019): 2988–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201900267.

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11

Yin, Danfen, Xiaoling Zhang, Xianwei Han, Jun Yang, and Ning Hu. "Multi-Stage Particle Separation based on Microstructure Filtration and Dielectrophoresis." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020103.

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Particle separation is important in chemical and biomedical analysis. Among all particle separation approaches, microstructure filtration which based particles size difference has turned into one of the most commonly methods. By controlling the movement of particles, dielectrophoresis has also been widely adopted in particle separation. This work presents a microfluidic device which combines the advantages of microfilters and dielectrophoresis to separate micro-particles and cells. A three-dimensional (3D) model was developed to calculate the distributions of the electric field gradient at the two filter stages. Polystyrene particles with three different sizes were separated by micropillar array structure by applying a 35-Vpp AC voltage at 10 KHz. The blocked particles were pushed off the filters under the negative dielectrophoretic force and drag force. A mixture of Haematococcus pluvialis cells and Bracteacoccus engadinensis cells with different sizes were also successfully separated by this device, which proved that the device can separate both biological samples and polystyrene particles.

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12

Matbaechi Ettehad, Honeyeh, Pouya Soltani Zarrin, Ralph Hölzel, and Christian Wenger. "Dielectrophoretic Immobilization of Yeast Cells Using CMOS Integrated Microfluidics." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050501.

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This paper presents a dielectrophoretic system for the immobilization and separation of live and dead cells. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a promising and efficient investigation technique for the development of novel lab-on-a-chip devices, which characterizes cells or particles based on their intrinsic and physical properties. Using this method, specific cells can be isolated from their medium carrier or the mixture of cell suspensions (e.g., separation of viable cells from non-viable cells). Main advantages of this method, which makes it favorable for disease (blood) analysis and diagnostic applications are, the preservation of the cell properties during measurements, label-free cell identification, and low set up cost. In this study, we validated the capability of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated microfluidic devices for the manipulation and characterization of live and dead yeast cells using dielectrophoretic forces. This approach successfully trapped live yeast cells and purified them from dead cells. Numerical simulations based on a two-layer model for yeast cells flowing in the channel were used to predict the trajectories of the cells with respect to their dielectric properties, varying excitation voltage, and frequency.

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13

Green, N. G., and H. Morgan. "Dielectrophoretic separation of nano-particles." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 30, no. 11 (1997): L41—L44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/11/001.

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14

James, Conrad D., Murat Okandan, Paul Galambos, et al. "Surface Micromachined Dielectrophoretic Gates for the Front-End Device of a Biodetection System." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 1 (2005): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2136924.

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We present a novel separation device for the front-end of a biodetection system to discriminate between biological and non-biological analytes captured in air samples. By combining AC dielectrophoresis along the flow streamlines and a field-induced phase-separation, the device utilizes “dielectrophoretic gating”to separate analytes suspended in a flowing fluid based on their intrinsic polarizability properties. The gates are integrated into batch fabricated self-sealed surface-micromachined fluid channels. We demonstrate that setting the gate to a moderate voltage in the radio frequency range removed bacteria cells from a mixture containing non-biological particles without the need for fluorescent labeling or antibody-antigen hybridization, and also validate experimentally basic relations for estimating the gate performance.

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15

VIRENDRA, P. TYAGI, and P. SHARMA GYAN. "Dielectrophoretic Separation of Lipid-Protein Complex from Reconstituted Milk Whey." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 74, Jan 1997 (1997): 33–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5877154.

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Department of Chemistry, M. M H. (P. <em>G.) </em>College, Ghaziabad-201 001 Food Research and Standaidisation Laboratory, Ghazdabad-201 001 <em>Manuscript received 23 Novembet 1994, revised 19 May 1995 accepted 6 July 1995</em> Two types of electrode assembly, one slotted and the other needle-plate, at e designed for dielectrophoretic separation of lipid-protein complex from a reconstituted milk whey. Effects of various factors, <em>viz. </em>frequency of electric fields, applied voltage, and pH etc. on the yield of separation <em>have</em> been studied. Maximum separation is achieved in the field frequency range of 45-55 kH and at pH 2.3 and 6.3. The dielectrophoretic separation yield of lipid-proteins complex is maximum with 2.3 mm slot width of the dielectric barrio between the electrodes of slotted cell. The maxima of dielectrophoretic yield were obtained at lower threshold field frequency. in slotted electrode system as compared to needle-plate type electrode.

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16

Tada, Shigeru, and Yoshinori Seki. "Analysis of Temperature Field in the Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Cell Separation Device." Fluids 7, no. 8 (2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7080263.

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Cell separation techniques based on dielectrophoresis are of high interest as an effective method of performing cell separation non-invasively on cells. However, dielectrophoresis devices have the problem that cells in the device are exposed to a high-temperature environment due to the generation of Joule heat caused by high-voltage application and dielectric-loss heat when the applied voltage is AC voltage. There is concern that the heat generated in the device may affect cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis induction. In this study, the temperature field inside the dielectrophoretic cell separation device was experimentally and numerically investigated. The temperature rise at the bottom of the flow channel in the device was measured using the LIF method, and the thermofluidal behavior of the device was numerically simulated by adopting a heat generation model that takes the Joule and dielectric-loss heating into account in the energy equation. The temperature rise in the device was evaluated and the effect of the heat generation on cells in the device is discussed.

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17

Yang, Fang, Xiaoming Yang, Hong Jiang, William M. Butler, and Guiren Wang. "Dielectrophoretic Separation of Prostate Cancer Cells." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 12, no. 1 (2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7785/tcrt.2012.500275.

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18

FUJITA, Toyohisa, Israel J. LIN, Bo HU, and Mitsuo MAMIYA. "High-gradient, high-intensity dielectrophoretic separation." Shigen-to-Sozai 105, no. 14 (1989): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.105.1027.

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19

Sabuncu, Ahmet C., Jie A. Liu, Stephen J. Beebe, and Ali Beskok. "Dielectrophoretic separation of mouse melanoma clones." Biomicrofluidics 4, no. 2 (2010): 021101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3447702.

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20

Gagnon, Zachary, Jill Mazur, and Hsueh-Chia Chang. "Glutaraldehyde enhanced dielectrophoretic yeast cell separation." Biomicrofluidics 3, no. 4 (2009): 044108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3257857.

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21

TADA, Shigeru, Arisa NAKANISHI, Kengo OHCHI, and Akira TSUKAMOTO. "2G23 High performance dielectrophoretic cell separation." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2016.28 (2016): _2G23–1_—_2G23–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2016.28._2g23-1_.

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22

Kawabata, Tomohisa, and Masao Washizu. "Separation of Biomolecules using Dielectrophoretic chromatography." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 119, no. 10 (1999): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.119.454.

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23

Yang, Fang, Xiaoming Yang, Hong Jiang, et al. "Dielectrophoretic separation of colorectal cancer cells." Biomicrofluidics 4, no. 1 (2010): 013204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3279786.

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24

Li, Youlan, Colin Dalton, H. John Crabtree, Gregory Nilsson, and Karan V. I. S. Kaler. "Continuous dielectrophoretic cell separation microfluidic device." Lab Chip 7, no. 2 (2007): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b613344d.

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25

Chen, Da Feng, He Jun Du, Wei Hua Li, and Hai Qing Gong. "Dielectrophoresis of Microparticles with Planar Microelectrode Systems." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.253.

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In this paper, the behavior of microparticles subjected to the AC electric fields generated by planar microelectrode systems is studied. Microelectrodes including interdigitated array, castellated array, and jagged array are constructed using microfabrication techniques. Micron-sized latex beads are used to study their movements. Positive and negative dielectrophoresis (DEP) are studied. In the interdigitated electrodes, particles experiencing n-DEP are levitated stably to certain heights where the vertical DEP force is balanced by the gravitational force. The levitation heights of the particles are measured using the consecutively focusing method. The results provide significant instructions for the dielectrophoretic manipulation and separation of bioparticles.

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26

Krishna, Salini, Fadi Alnaimat, Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi, Saud Khashan, and Bobby Mathew. "Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Device for Separating Microparticles Based on Size with Sub-Micron Resolution." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (2020): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070653.

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This article details the mathematical model of a microfluidic device aimed at separating any binary heterogeneous sample of microparticles into two homogeneous samples based on size with sub-micron resolution. The device consists of two sections, where the upstream section is dedicated to focusing of microparticles, while the downstream section is dedicated to separation of the focused stream of microparticles into two samples based on size. Each section has multiple planar electrodes of finite size protruding into the microchannel from the top and bottom of each sidewall; each top electrode aligns with a bottom electrode and they form a pair leading to multiple pairs of electrodes on each side. The focusing section subjects all microparticles to repulsive dielectrophoretic force, from each set of the electrodes, to focus them next to one of the sidewalls. This separation section pushes the big microparticles toward the interior, away from the wall, of the microchannel using repulsive dielectrophoretic force, while the small microparticles move unaffected to achieve the desired degree of separation. The operating frequency of the set of electrodes in the separation section is maintained equal to the cross-over frequency of the small microparticles. The working of the device is demonstrated by separating a heterogeneous mixture consisting of polystyrene microparticles of different size (radii of 2 and 2.25 μm) into two homogeneous samples. The mathematical model is used for parametric study, and the performance is quantified in terms of separation efficiency and separation purity; the parameters considered include applied electric voltages, electrode dimensions, outlet widths, number of electrodes, and volumetric flowrate. The separation efficiencies and separation purities for both microparticles are 100% for low volumetric flow rates, a large number of electrode pairs, large electrode dimensions, and high differences between voltages in both sections.

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27

Li, Deyu, Weicheng Yu, Teng Zhou, Mengqi Li, Yongxin Song, and Dongqing Li. "Conductivity-difference-enhanced DC dielectrophoretic particle separation in a microfluidic chip." Analyst 147, no. 6 (2022): 1106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an02196f.

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28

Zhang, Zhongle, Yuan Luo, Xiaofeng Nie, Duli Yu, and Xiaoxing Xing. "A one-step molded microfluidic chip featuring a two-layer silver-PDMS microelectrode for dielectrophoretic cell separation." Analyst 145, no. 16 (2020): 5603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01085e.

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29

OCHI, Kengo, Shigeru TADA, and Masanori EGUCHI. "Cell separation by quadrupole capillary dielectrophoretic device." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): J02604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.j02604.

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30

Dalili, Arash, and Mina Hoorfar. "Sheath‐assisted versus sheathless dielectrophoretic particle separation." ELECTROPHORESIS 42, no. 16 (2021): 1570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.202100029.

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31

Abdel-Salam, M. "On the dielectrophoretic separation of solid particles." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 29, no. 2 (1993): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.216531.

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32

Gascoyne, P. R. C., Xiao-Bo Wang, Ying Huang, and F. F. Becker. "Dielectrophoretic separation of cancer cells from blood." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 33, no. 3 (1997): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.585856.

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33

Hughes, Michael P. "Fifty years of dielectrophoretic cell separation technology." Biomicrofluidics 10, no. 3 (2016): 032801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954841.

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34

Holmes, D., N. G. Green, and H. Morgan. "Microdevices for dielectrophoretic flow-through cell separation." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 22, no. 6 (2003): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2003.1266051.

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35

Regtmeier, Jan, Thanh Tu Duong, Ralf Eichhorn, Dario Anselmetti, and Alexandra Ros. "Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of DNA: Separation and Polarizability." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 10 (2007): 3925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac062431r.

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36

Wang, Xiao-Bo, Jun Yang, Ying Huang, Jody Vykoukal, Frederick F. Becker, and Peter R. C. Gascoyne. "Cell Separation by Dielectrophoretic Field-flow-fractionation." Analytical Chemistry 72, no. 4 (2000): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990922o.

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37

Markx, G. H., Y. Huang, X. F. Zhou, and R. Pethig. "Dielectrophoretic characterization and separation of micro-organisms." Microbiology 140, no. 3 (1994): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-140-3-585.

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38

Sabuncu, Ahmet C., and Ali Beskok. "A separability parameter for dielectrophoretic cell separation." ELECTROPHORESIS 34, no. 7 (2013): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200411.

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39

Lizal, Frantisek, Milan Maly, Jakub Elcner, et al. "Dielectrophoretic classification of fibres: principles and application to glass fibres suspended in air." EPJ Web of Conferences 213 (2019): 02053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921302053.

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Particles exposed to an electric field experience forces that influence their movement. This effect can be used for filtration of air, or for size classification of aerosols. The motion of charged particles in a non-uniform electric field is called electrophoresis. Two processes are involved in this phenomenon: 1) charging of particles and 2) electrical mobility separation. If fibres are exposed to electrophoresis, they are separated on the basis of two parameters: diameter and length. Regrettably, as naturally occurring fibres are polydisperse both in diameter and length, the electrophoresis is not very efficient in length classification. In contrast, dielectrophoresis is the motion of electrically neutral particles in a non-uniform electric field due to the induced charge separation within the particles. As deposition velocity of fibres induced by dielectrophoretic force strongly depends on length and only weakly on diameter, it can be used for efficient length classification. Principles of length classification of conducting and non-conducting fibres are presented together with design of a fibre classifier. Lastly, images of motion of fibres recorded by high-speed camera are depicted.

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40

Maturos, Thitima, Kata Jaruwongrangsee, Assawapong Sappat, et al. "Separation and Manipulation of Particles Using Traveling Wave Dielectrophoretic Force." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.219.

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In this work, we present a device for cell manipulation and separation by using travelling wave dielectophoretic force. The device consists of a 16 parallel electrode array and microchamber. The dielectrophoretic PDMS chamber was fabricated by using standard microfabrication techniques. The Cr/Au parallel electrode array of 100 µm wide and 300 nm thick was patterned on a glass slide by sputtering through microshadow mask. The polystyrene microspheres suspension in de-ionized water and red blood cells in D-mannitol solution were used as tested cells. Cells respond to the electric field in various mechanisms depending on the applied voltage and frequency of the AC signals. For 4.5 µm polystyrene, the traveling wave dielectrophoresis happened when the applied voltage was 10 V, and the frequency of the applied signals was in the range of 50 kHz-700 kHz. For 10 µm polystyrene the twDEP occurred when the applied voltage was 7 V, and frequency was in the range 30 kHz-1MHz. While the red blood cells experienced the twDEP when the applied voltage was 3 V and frequency was in the range 50 kHz-2MHz. The mixed solution containing equal amount of 4.5 and 10 µm microspheres were used for separation test. The big microspheres were moved under twDEP force when the applied voltage was 7 V, and the frequency was in the range of 25 kHz-1MHz while the small microspheres were attached to the electrodes. Therefore, the twDEP device can manipulate and separate the microspheres with different sizes, and it can be further applied for cells selection.

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41

Huang, XuHai, Karina Torres-Castro, Walter Varhue, et al. "Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities over channel depth for high throughput dielectrophoretic cell deflection." Lab on a Chip 21, no. 5 (2021): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0lc01211d.

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Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities extending uniformly over the sample channel depth are fabricated using a single lithography step for enabling phenotype-specific dielectrophoretic separation of cells.

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42

Zhao, Kai, Penglu Zhao, Jianhong Dong, et al. "Implementation of an Integrated Dielectrophoretic and Magnetophoretic Microfluidic Chip for CTC Isolation." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090757.

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Identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a majority of various cell pools has been an appealing topic for diagnostic purposes. This study numerically demonstrates the isolation of CTCs from blood cells by the combination of dielectrophoresis and magnetophoresis in a microfluidic chip. Taking advantage of the label-free property, the separation of red blood cells, platelets, T cells, HT-29, and MDA-231 was conducted in the microchannel. By using the ferromagnet structure with double segments and a relatively shorter distance in between, a strong gradient of the magnetic field, i.e., sufficiently large MAP forces acting on the cells, can be generated, leading to a high separation resolution. In order to generate strong DEP forces, the non-uniform electric field gradient is induced by applying the electric voltage through the microchannel across a pair of asymmetric orifices, i.e., a small orifice and a large orifice on the opposite wall of the channel sides. The distribution of the gradient of the magnetic field near the edge of ferromagnet segments, the gradient of the non-uniform electric field in the vicinity of the asymmetric orifices, and the flow field were investigated. In this numerical simulation, the effects of the ferromagnet structure on the magnetic field, the flow rate, as well as the strength of the electric field on their combined magnetophoretic and dielectrophoretic behaviors and trajectories are systemically studied. The simulation results demonstrate the potential of both property- and size-based cell isolation in the microfluidic device by implementing magnetophoresis and dielectrophoresis.

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Zhang, L., F. Tatar, P. Turmezei, et al. "Continuous Electrodeless Dielectrophoretic Separation in a Circular Channel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 34 (April 1, 2006): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/087.

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Watarai, Hitoshi, Takashi Sakamoto, and Satoshi Tsukahara. "Dielectrophoretic Separation of Single Microparticles with Quadrupole Microelectrode." Chemistry Letters 27, no. 3 (1998): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1998.279.

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Markx, Gerard H., Penelope A. Dyda, and Ronald Pethig. "Dielectrophoretic separation of bacteria using a conductivity gradient." Journal of Biotechnology 51, no. 2 (1996): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(96)01617-3.

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Kang, Yuejun, Dongqing Li, Spyros A. Kalams, and Josiane E. Eid. "DC-Dielectrophoretic separation of biological cells by size." Biomedical Microdevices 10, no. 2 (2007): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-007-9130-y.

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Zhang, C., K. Khoshmanesh, F. J. Tovar-Lopez, A. Mitchell, W. Wlodarski, and K. Klantar-zadeh. "Dielectrophoretic separation of carbon nanotubes and polystyrene microparticles." Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 7, no. 5 (2009): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0419-4.

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Jubery, Talukder Z., Soumya K. Srivastava, and Prashanta Dutta. "Dielectrophoretic separation of bioparticles in microdevices: A review." ELECTROPHORESIS 35, no. 5 (2014): 691–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201300424.

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Farasat, Malihe, Ehsan Aalaei, Saeed Kheirati Ronizi, et al. "Signal-Based Methods in Dielectrophoresis for Cell and Particle Separation." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (2022): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070510.

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Separation and detection of cells and particles in a suspension are essential for various applications, including biomedical investigations and clinical diagnostics. Microfluidics realizes the miniaturization of analytical devices by controlling the motion of a small volume of fluids in microchannels and microchambers. Accordingly, microfluidic devices have been widely used in particle/cell manipulation processes. Different microfluidic methods for particle separation include dielectrophoretic, magnetic, optical, acoustic, hydrodynamic, and chemical techniques. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a method for manipulating polarizable particles’ trajectories in non-uniform electric fields using unique dielectric characteristics. It provides several advantages for dealing with neutral bioparticles owing to its sensitivity, selectivity, and noninvasive nature. This review provides a detailed study on the signal-based DEP methods that use the applied signal parameters, including frequency, amplitude, phase, and shape for cell/particle separation and manipulation. Rather than employing complex channels or time-consuming fabrication procedures, these methods realize sorting and detecting the cells/particles by modifying the signal parameters while using a relatively simple device. In addition, these methods can significantly impact clinical diagnostics by making low-cost and rapid separation possible. We conclude the review by discussing the technical and biological challenges of DEP techniques and providing future perspectives in this field.

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Ramirez, Araceli, Griselda Corro, and Esteban Molina Flores. "Dielectro Phoretic Force Spectroscopy in Short Blood Cell Aggregations." British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research 12, no. 01 (2025): 393–405. https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhmr.1201.18268.

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Aggregation of red blood cells and specifically linear rouleau formation of human erythrocytes affects the rheology of blood microcirculation and is widely under study to quantify flow abnormality in pathological conditions. Dielectric properties of cell suspensions or of undiluted whole blood are strongly related to the geometrical structure of particles. Electrophoretic measurements of rouleaux, formed through side-by-side adhesion of a small or even considerable number of erythrocytes, in suspending media of different electrical conductivity have the potential of size characterization and spatial separation of cell subpopulations due to their different polarizabilities. In the present paper we show that the electrophoretic force on red blood cell aggregations of different sizes, exposed to an electric field of variable frequency, and given correct medium permittivity and conductivity, provides a means for spatial separation and sorting of rouleaux with different ‘stack number’ of aggregated erythrocytes. In dependence on this number, i.e. on different but discrete measures of rouleau lengths, the dielectrophoretic force is calculated and represented against the frequency of the applied a.c. field. Predictions of frequency regions in the range of 10 to 100 MHz are made, where the amount and the direction of dielectrophoresis forces is different for different rouleau sizes. The field-flow-fractionation technique is a suitable tool, where the differential positioning of particles of definite size within a suspension flow velocity profile is established by the action of matching dielectrophoretic forces. Increased aggregation of red blood cells is considered an important factor in the development of vascular diseases and microcirculation impairment. The progressing diversity and size of rouleaux characterized by their 'stack number' might be a possible diagnose tool in the assessment of abnormal rheological properties.

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