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Journal articles on the topic 'Diene polymer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sha, Ye, Zhihua Shen, Huan Jia, and Zhenyang Luo. "Main-Chain Ferrocene-Containing Polymers Prepared by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization: A Review." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 9 (July 13, 2020): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824666191227111804.

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Ferrocene, the crown of metallocene family, is widely studied as a functional unit in electrochemical and catalytic applications due to its sandwich structure. Ferrocene moieties can be embedded into the polymer backbone, leading to main-chain ferrocenecontaining polymers. These polymeric materials combine the unique functionalities of iron center with the processabilities of polymers. As one of the choice polymerization techniques, acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization serves as a versatile method to prepare main-chain ferrocene-containing polymers under mild conditions using α,ω-dienes as monomers. This paper overviews main-chain ferrocene-containing polymers prepared by ADMET polymerization. Advances in the design, synthesis and applications of this class of organometallic monomers and polymers are detailed.

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2

Bergbreiter, David E., Li Ban Chen, and Rama Chandran. "Recyclable polymer-bound lanthanide diene polymerization catalysts." Macromolecules 18, no. 6 (November 1985): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00148a002.

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3

Huang, Yuan Ming, and Qing Lan Ma. "Design of Novel Conjugated Polymer Poly(cyclopenta-1,3-Diene)." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.662.

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A novel linear conjugated polymer, poly(cyclopenta-1,3-diene), is designed. The electronic structures of poly(cyclopenta-1,3-diene) is calculated with extended Hückel tight binding program. The calculated band gap of the polymer is about 1.1 eV, which suggests this kind of conjugated polymer can be used in infrared optoelectronic devices.

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4

Zeng, Fu-Rong, Qi-Lin Zhu, and Zi-Long Li. "Sequential Modification of ADMET Polyketone via Oxime Chemistry and Electrophilic Alkoxyetherification." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 6 (2018): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18120.

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Post-polymerization modification is a facile and efficient method for the generation of diverse functional polymers. Herein, polymer-based molecular arrays were obtained by using sequential modification. First, periodic polyketone P0 was synthesized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω-diene M0. Oxime chemistry was employed in the functionalization of the ketone moieties of P0 using three commercially available alkoxyamine hydrochlorides. Finally, electrophilic alkoxyetherification, a four-component reaction, was employed in the modification of alkene groups on polymer main chains using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), tetrahydrofuran, and fluorinated carboxylic acid. Complete conversion of reactive sites was observed in both steps, and the two modification reactions exhibited excellent compatibility. The thermal properties of the polymers as thermal stability, and glass transition and melting behaviours were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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5

Quirk, Roderic P., and Rajeev Bhatia. "Alkyllithium-Initiated Polymerization of Trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene and Copolymerization with Styrene." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536248.

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Abstract The results reported herein established the complexity of the alkyllithium-initiated anionic homopolymerization, styrene copolymerization and styrene block copolymerization of 1,3,5-hexatriene in comparison to the controlled, predictable behavior observed with dienes. As a result of 1,6- and 1,2-enchainment, conjugated diene units are formed along the polymer backbone which can react with the living carbanionic centers to produce branched polymers as indicated in Equation (1). The general effect of solvent on microstructure, as indicated by infrared spectral analyses, is analogous to that of dienes in that 1,2-addition is increased in polar versus hydrocarbon solvents. The observation of branching reactions suggests that conjugated trienes may be useful as branching agents for copolymerizations or linking reactions analogous to the behavior of divinylbenzenes.

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6

Krappitz, Tim, Florian Feist, Iris Lamparth, Norbert Moszner, Hendrik John, James P. Blinco, Tim R. Dargaville, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "Polymer networks based on photo-caged diene dimerization." Materials Horizons 6, no. 1 (2019): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00951a.

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7

Bode, Helge B., Axel Zeeck, Kirsten PlÃ¯Â¿Â½ckhahn, and Dieter Jendrossek. "Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 3680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3680-3685.2000.

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ABSTRACT Streptomyces coelicolor 1A and Pseudomonas citronellolis were able to degrade synthetic high-molecular-weight poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and vulcanized natural rubber. Growth on the polymers was poor but significantly greater than that of the nondegrading strain Streptomyces lividans 1326 (control). Measurement of the molecular weight distribution of the polymer before and after degradation showed a time-dependent increase in low-molecular-weight polymer molecules forS. coelicolor 1A and P. citronellolis, whereas the molecular weight distribution for the control (S. lividans 1326) remained almost constant. Three degradation products were isolated from the culture fluid of S. coelicolor 1A grown on vulcanized rubber and were identified as (6Z)-2,6-dimethyl-10-oxo-undec-6-enoic acid, (5Z)-6-methyl-undec-5-ene-2,9-dione, and (5Z,9Z)-6,10-dimethyl-pentadec-5,9-diene-2,13-dione. An oxidative pathway from poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) to methyl-branched diketones is proposed. It includes (i) oxidation of an aldehyde intermediate to a carboxylic acid, (ii) one cycle of β-oxidation, (iii) oxidation of the conjugated double bond resulting in a β-keto acid, and (iv) decarboxylation.

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8

Ding, Liang, Wei Song, Ruiyu Jiang, and Lei Zhu. "Macrocycle-based topological azo-polymers: facile synthesis and unusual photoresponsive properties." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 46 (2017): 7133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01743f.

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Macrocycle-based topological azo-polymers with unusual photosensitive properties were synthesized via a selective acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of different monomers using an acrylate-functionalized cyclic azo-polymer as a chain stopper prepared from a linear precursor by “click” cyclization reaction, which will open a new perspective in photoinduced materials.

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9

Ali, Amjad, Muhammad Khurram Tufail, Muhammad Imran Jamil, Waleed Yaseen, Nafees Iqbal, Munir Hussain, Asad Ali, Tariq Aziz, Zhiqiang Fan, and Li Guo. "Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072037.

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The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.

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10

SAITO, Akira, and Takeji AOYAGI. "Diene Polymer with Improved Dynamic Properties by Selective Hydrogenation." Kobunshi 45, no. 9 (1996): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.45.669.

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11

Wang, Dong, Zhenghai Tang, Yinjun Liu, and Baochun Guo. "Crosslinking diene rubbers by using an inverse vulcanised co-polymer." Green Chemistry 22, no. 21 (2020): 7337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02660c.

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12

Lawandy, S. N., S. F. Halim, and N. A. Darwish. "Structure aggregation of carbon black in ethylene-propylene diene polymer." Express Polymer Letters 3, no. 3 (2009): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2009.20.

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13

Pierres, Camille, Pascal George, Luc van Hijfte, Jean-Bernard Ducep, Marcel Hibert, and André Mann. "Polymer-supported electron-rich diene for hetero Diels–Alder reactions." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 18 (April 2003): 3645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00712-3.

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14

Daglar, Ozgun, Hakan Durmaz, Gurkan Hizal, and Umit Tunca. "Post-functionalization of perfluorophenyl ester-functional acyclic diene metathesis polymer." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 54, no. 16 (April 29, 2016): 2593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.28137.

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15

Wang, Hui, Qinmin Pan, and Garry L. Rempel. "Diene-based polymer nanoparticles: Preparation and direct catalytic latex hydrogenation." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 50, no. 11 (February 23, 2012): 2098–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.25982.

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16

Ren, Tianhua, Qin Chen, Changbo Zhao, Qiang Zheng, Haibo Xie, and Michael North. "Introducing the Tishchenko reaction into sustainable polymer chemistry." Green Chemistry 22, no. 5 (2020): 1542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9gc03926k.

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17

Mutlu, Hatice, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "Green chain-shattering polymers based on a self-immolative azobenzene motif." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 12 (2016): 2272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01937k.

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18

Willoughby, Bryan G. "The Cure of Carboxy-terminated Diene Polymers and the Role of a Polymer-supported Catalyst." British Polymer Journal 18, no. 4 (July 1986): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980180414.

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19

Nasir, Tuqeer, Bum Jun Kim, Muhammad Hassnain, Sang Hoon Lee, Byung Joo Jeong, Ik Jun Choi, Youngho Kim, Hak Ki Yu, and Jae-Young Choi. "Plasticized Polystyrene by Addition of -Diene Based Molecules for Defect-Less CVD Graphene Transfer." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081839.

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Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on transition metals is the most favored method to get large scale homogenous graphene films to date. However, this method involves a very critical step of transferring as grown graphene to desired substrates. A sacrificial polymer film is used to provide mechanical and structural support to graphene, as it is detached from underlying metal substrate, but, the residue and cracks of the polymer film after the transfer process affects the properties of the graphene. Herein, a simple mixture of polystyrene and low weight plasticizing molecules is reported as a suitable candidate to be used as polymer support layer for transfer of graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This combination primarily improves the flexibility of the polystyrene to prevent cracking during the transfer process. In addition, the polymer removal solvent can easily penetrate between the softener molecules, so that the polymer film can be easily dissolved after transfer of graphene, thereby leaving no residue. This facile method can be used freely for the large-scale transfer of 2D materials.

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20

HU, YanMing, QiZhou YU, LianSheng JIANG, and XueQuan ZHANG. "Iron-based catalysts for conjugated diene polymerization and the polymer properties." Chinese Science Bulletin 61, no. 31 (October 14, 2015): 3315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972015-00804.

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21

Poché, Drew S., Raymond J. Brown, and Larry Meiske. "Flow-injection polymer analysis of ethylene propylene diene monomer elastomers. I." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, no. 10 (June 13, 2002): 2178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10821.

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22

Hogan, Terrence E., Yuan-Yong Yan, William L. Hergenrother, and David F. Lawson. "Lithiated Thiaacetals as Initiators for Living Anionic Polymerization of Diene Elastomers: Polymerization and Compounding." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539402.

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Abstract Polybutadiene and poly(butadiene-co-styrene) elastomers were prepared in high conversions using 2-lithio-2- methyl-1,3-dithiane as the initiator. Polymers were readily prepared with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.05 to 1.26 and a Mn of up to 208 kg/mol. The replacement of the 2-methyl substituent with phenyl, trimethylsilyl or 4-dimethylamino phenyl also gave active initiators that incorporated at the head of the chain. However, initiation rates appeared to vary somewhat with the structure of the initiators. The polymerizations obtained are in all cases controlled and apparently living with the live chain ends capable of further reactions. The initiators could be generated prior to addition to the polymerization mixture or by an in-situ procedure. Model studies gave evidence that the dithiane chain end can be opened under cure conditions and react with unsaturation present in the polymer chain. Several of the product polymers were found to impart improved hysteresis to carbon and silica-filled rubbery vulcanizates possibly through an endlinking mechanism.

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23

Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

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24

Yue, Dongmei, Xinpeng Wei, Xunzhang Wang, Weimin Wang, and Liqun Zhang. "HYDROGENATED BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE-BUTYLACRYLATE RUBBER AND ITS PROPERTIES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88997.

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ABSTRACT Butadiene-acrylonitrile-butylacrylate rubber (BNBR), which is synthesized by copolymerization of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and butyl acrylate, retains excellent properties of oil resistance and heat resistance because of the introduction of -CN, -COOR in the polymer. However, the presence of a lot of carbon-carbon double bonds (-C=C-) could lead to deterioration of material properties such as thermal stability and ozone resistance. To improve the properties of unsaturated elastomers, further chemical modification of diene-based polymers is very critical. Hydrogenation is a useful chemical modification method that can improve the thermal stability of diene-based polymer. BNBR was hydrogenated by homogenous hydrogenation using the Wilkinson catalyst RhCl(PPh3)3 in xylene. The effects of catalyst concentrations, reaction times, and hydrogen pressures on the conversion and product selectivity were discussed. The degree of hydrogenation was measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated copolymers was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CCD camera was used to characterize the ozone resistance of hydrogenated copolymer (HBNBR). The results obtained by TGA and the CCD camera show that the maximum saturation level is a critical factor for improvement of thermal stability and the ozone resistance of HBNBR.

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25

Song, Wei, Huijing Han, Jianhua Wu, and Meiran Xie. "A bridge-like polymer synthesized by tandem metathesis cyclopolymerization and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 7 (2015): 1118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01229a.

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A novel bridge-like polymer with excellent thermal stability, an ordered ladder-like structure, and a fence-like ribbon morphology was synthesized by tandem metathesis cyclopolymerization and acyclic diene metathesis polymerization.

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26

Biglova, R. Z., V. P. Malinskaya, G. E. Zaikov, and K. S. Minsker. "Polymer-Analogous Conversions of Olefin and Diene Oligomers in Synthesis of Stabilizers for Halogen Containing Polymers." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 31, no. 1-4 (January 1996): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914039608029373.

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27

Parker, Dane K., Howard A. Colvin, Arthur H. Weinstein, and Sun-Lin Chen. "Reactively Curable Rubbers—I: Diene Elastomers with Pendant Isocyanate and/or Hydroxyl Functionality." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 4 (September 1, 1990): 582–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538275.

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Abstract In conclusion, we have demonstrated that modified diene elastomers containing active hydrogens and/or blocked-isocyanate derivatives can be crosslinked (cured) by three distinct methods. These methods include: 1. reaction of polymer-bound active hydrogens with monomeric polyisocyanates (Type I), 2. reaction of polymer-bound isocyanates with compounds containing two or more active hydrogens (Type II), and 3. reaction between polymer segments that contain both polymer-bound isocyanates and active hydrogens (Type III). Additionally, we have shown that the new polymerizable blocked-isocyanate derivatives (Type II and III systems) can be readily incorporated into SBR and NBR elastomers by standard emulsion-polymerization techniques. The degree and distribution of these monomers within the elastomer matrix were shown to be controlled by knowledge of their reactivity ratios. Furthermore, we have shown that the processing and properties of these systems can be readily controlled by the proper combination of isocyanate blocking group, active-hydrogen component, and catalyst. In many cases, these modified elastomers can be coagulated, dried, compounded, and cured using methods common to the rubber industry. Although not optimized, we have also shown that useful vulcanizates can be produced from extremely simple recipes. Conventional acceleration systems e.g., sulfur, accelerator, zinc oxide, are eliminated. The resulting urethane or urea crosslinks are remarkably durable under both thermal and hydrolytic conditions. Obviously, the possibilities for these uniquely reactive elastomers have not been exhausted. Many other intriguing applications of this technology are currently being explored. These applications will be the subject of future publications.

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28

Gizelter, Rudolf. "Buildings Materials & Structures Based on Advanced Polymer Nanostructured Matrix." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 28 (February 2014): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.28.103.

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Development of manufacture of linear diene oligomers belonging to a liquid rubbers class with viscous liquids consistence allowed to create a new class of conglomerate polymer composite materials - rubber concrete (RubCon®). Rubber concrete is the advanced constructional material created for last years. It is polymer concrete with a unique set of physical-mechanical, chemical and technological properties which allow to obtain highly effective building structures and products on its basis.

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29

Song, Wei, Jianhua Wu, Guangda Yang, Huijing Han, Meiran Xie, and Xiaojuan Liao. "Precisely designed perylene bisimide-substituted polyethylene with a high glass transition temperature and an ordered architecture." RSC Advances 5, no. 84 (2015): 68765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra10049f.

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A polyethylene with a precise repeat of perylene bisimide branches was synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization and hydrogenation of the as-synthesized polymer, and displayed good thermal stability and an ordered architecture.

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30

Min, Hyemin, Hiroyuki Miyamura, Tomohiro Yasukawa, and Shū Kobayashi. "Heterogeneous Rh and Rh/Ag bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts immobilized on chiral polymers." Chemical Science 10, no. 32 (2019): 7619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02670c.

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We have developed novel heterogeneous chiral Rh and Rh/Ag NP catalysts immobilized on a chiral diene-containing polymer. The catalysts showed high activity in asymmetric reactions in both batch and flow systems.

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31

Bohdanecký, Miloslav, Antonín Sikora, Jiří Horský, and Vladimír Petrus. "Properties of Dilute Solutions of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Terpolymers in Benzene and Toluene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, no. 11 (1995): 1950–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19951950.

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Commercial samples of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM) and their fractions were characterized by osmometry (number-average molecular weight, second virial coefficient), viscometry (intrisic viscosity) and 1H NMR spectrometry (mole fraction of propylene monomeric units). The results were analyzed in terms of the two-parameter theory of polymer solutions. Theta temperatures and polymer-solvent interaction parameters were estimated and correlated with composition. Existence of organized structures is indicated by high values of the reduced partial molar entropy parameter y. The increase in y with increasing content of ethylene units is assigned to their association. The results lend support to the previous study on the Huggins viscosity coefficient of EPDM.

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32

Barón, Máximo, Karl-Heinz Hellwich, Michael Hess, Kazuyuki Horie, Aubrey D. Jenkins, Richard G. Jones, Jaroslav Kahovec, et al. "Glossary of class names of polymers based on chemical structure and molecular architecture (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 6 (May 5, 2009): 1131–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rec-08-01-30.

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This document defines class names of polymers based on the class names of starting monomers and characteristic features of the chemical constitution of polymer molecules (macromolecules), i.e., class names that have gained general acceptance in the polymer and material literature, science and technology as well as in public. The glossary is divided into three parts: Source-based class names, which identify common classes of starting monomers such as "acrylic", "diene", "phenolic", "vinylic". Class names based on chemical structure, which identify characteristic groups in the main chains (backbones) of the polymer molecules such as (i) inter-unit groups derived from functional groups, e.g., "amide", "ester", "ether"; (ii) a specific group of atoms, e.g., "alkenylene", "siloxane", "sulfone"; (iii) ring structures, e.g., "benzimidazole", "benzoxazole", "quinoxaline". Class names based on molecular architecture, which identify mainly the overall shapes of polymer molecules through the type of their graphical representation such as "linear", "branched", "dendritic", "comb". Each part of the glossary is arranged in a non-hierarchical alphabetical order. Each entry provides: (a) the polymer class name; (b) its definition; (c) specific or generic examples including IUPAC names and a structure or graphical representation; (d) relations to other polymer classes and subclasses; (e) notes on the inclusion or exclusion of borderline cases. An alphabetical index of all class names is included.

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33

de Espinosa, Lucas Montero, Matthias Winkler, and Michael A. R. Meier. "Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization and Heck Polymer-Polymer Conjugation for the Synthesis of Star-shaped Block Copolymers." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, no. 17 (July 23, 2013): 1381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300472.

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34

Pierres, Camille, Pascal George, Luc van Hijfte, Jean-Bernard Ducep, Marcel Hibert, and André Mann. "Corrigendum to “Polymer-supported electron-rich diene for hetero Diels–Alder reactions”." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 34 (August 2003): 6535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01563-6.

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35

Tanaka, Yasuyuki. "Recent Advances in Structural Characterization of Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 325–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538561.

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Abstract One of the main targets of the structural characterization of elastomers so far has been the correlation of the polymerization conditions with the properties of the resulting polymers. The first step is the analysis of polymer structure, such as the chemical composition of copolymers, isomeric structure of diene polymers, degree of branching, extent of modification, functionality of end groups, amounts of abnormal groups, tacticity, and so on. Progress in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) makes possible the second step, which is the structural characterization of polymer chains, such as the sequence distribution of comonomer units in copolymer, isomeric units in diene polymers, configurational sequences in vinyl polymers, head and tail arrangement of monomer units. Recent development of FT-NMR spectroscopy, high-field spectroscopy from 300 MHz to 600 MHz at 1H-NMR, solid-state 13C-NMR, and two-dimensional NMR has facilitated a more detailed analysis of these structural features. The complexity of the structure of elastomers, which is derived from highly controlled copolymerization processes, leads to the widespread application of modern FT-NMR spectroscopy. It may reasonably be said that a fair number of structural problems in elastomers has been solved by NMR analysis. The high sensitivity of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has enabled one to determine trace structural changes in elastomers. Coupled on-line techniques such as gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry combined with pyrolysis, liquid chromatography-NMR, and gel permeation chromatography-FT-IR will be powerful tools for the characterization of elastomers. Progress in analytical instruments has stimulated the development of high-performance elastomers, the synthesis of new speciality elastomers, and the elucidation of mechanisms for property enhancements. The use of modern instruments and a combination of ordinary methods of structural analysis have satisfied needs to some extent. However, a newer method of structural characterization is always desired in order to achieve higher orders of information. for example, the characterization of inhomogeneity along the polymer chain and between the polymer chains has become an important problem, especially in polymer blend systems. As to the former problem, spectroscopic methods provide only limited information. Although the NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies are very powerful tools for the analysis of short sequence distributions, it is difficult to characterize the distribution of long sequences and hybrid systems containing random and blocked sequences along the polymer chain. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is one of the most popular techniques for the analysis of molecular-weight distribution. However, it provides complicated information including molecular-weight distribution and chemical-composition distribution in the case of copolymers. Recent progress of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has provided a new powerful tool for the structural characterization of copolymers. It is appropriate to review the recent advances in structural characterization of elastomers, especially the characterization of microstructure of polymer chains, from the viewpoints of methodology and applicability of new methods. As to the NMR analysis of elastomers, reviews are available. Here, considerable attention is focused on the procedures for the assignment of signals, because the applicability of a NMR method is based on the reliability of the signal assignments. The other topics are selected to provide direct information for polymer synthesis or polymer properties.

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36

Kresge, Edward N. "SCIENCE AND SERENDIPITY IN POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER DEVELOPMENT." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525682.

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Abstract Polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene plus other monomers are now widely used in many diverse applications. Major research and development efforts have led to thermoplastic polyolefin soft automobile bumpers, modifiers for lubricating oils, and fast extrusion grades of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymers. These and other successful commercial innovations depend on the tools of the basic science of structure–property relationships, proper needs assessments, sound engineering, and good management. These tools have been largely provided by my colleagues at ExxonMobil Chemical, customers, and universities and I thank them profoundly. Several historical commercial developments are discussed, including thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene–propylene copolymer–isotactic–polypropylene blends, shear stable viscosity modifiers based on ethylene–propylene copolymers, bimodal molecular weight and compositional distribution EPDM to control rheological characteristics, and diene structure and interchain distribution. In addition, the ongoing research on nanocomposites for tire innerliners based on isobutylene polymers and clay is reviewed. The roles of polymer science, serendipity, and lost opportunity costs on innovation are also discussed.

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Moon, Young Il, Jae Kap Jung, and Ki Soo Chung. "Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy in Synthetic Rubber Polymers: Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406059.

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The dielectric permittivity of synthetic rubber polymers, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), with both frequency and temperature variations, was thoroughly investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The spectrum versus frequency of DRS was analyzed with the semiempirical Havriliak–Negami formula and conductivity contribution by employing the newly developed “dispersion analyzer” analysis program. The main dielectric relaxations called the α- and β-processes, associated with the cooperative motion of chains in polymers, were discovered in the low-temperature region. In the high-temperature region, we found Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) relaxation associated with polymer interfacing and normal-mode (α’) relaxation responsible for end-to-end dipole vector motion. The activation energies of schematic molecular chains responsible for the relaxation processes were obtained with the information about its motional mode. The glass transition temperature and dipole moment for the side group were also determined and compared with those from previous studies. In the EPDM specimen, the peaks of α- and β-relaxation merged at high temperature and were separated with decreasing temperature. The first observations of both merging and splitting were consistent with the results on the temperature dependency of the relaxation strength. Both contour mapping and three-dimensional plots for the two rubbers provide visual information for the distribution and mapping of relaxation.

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38

Estagy, Sara, Saeed Ostad Movahed, Soheil Yazdanbakhsh, and Majid Karim Nezhad. "STUDY OF THE FRIEDEL–CRAFT CO-CURING OF ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 540–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83801.

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ABSTRACT Polymer blends are mixtures of at least two macromolecular species, polymers, and/or copolymers. A good blend should have strong interphases between different parts of the constituent polymers. To improve adhesion and miscibility of EPDM and SBR in their blends, a Lewis acid, AlCl3, was used to form EPDM-g-SBR copolymer through Friedel–Craft reactions. The effects of blend AlCl3 content, the diene monomer content of the EPDM, the EPDM–SBR weight ratio in the blend, the room temperature aging of the blend, and the type of the oil in the blend on cross-link reactions were studied. The results showed that an increase in AlCl3 content, up to 2 phr in the formulation, was beneficial to ΔTorque (difference between minimum and maximum torque in cure trace) and cross-link density (CLD) values of the compounds. The viscosity of the blends played a key role on AlCl3 curing of the compounds. As a general rule, the ΔTorque and CLD values tended to increase with diene monomer content of the EPDM. A high reduction in ΔTorque values was observed after 3 months of aging at room temperature. The oil incorporation was beneficial to cure parameters in the following order: oleic acid, paraffin oil, no oil, and aromatic oil, respectively. The EPDM–SBR weight ratios of 50:50 and/or 60:40 were demonstrated to be desired blend ratios.

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Valenti, B., A. Turturro, S. Losio, L. Falqui, G. Costa, B. Cavazza, and M. Castellano. "Styrene–diene block copolymers as embedding matrices for polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films." Polymer 42, no. 6 (March 2001): 2427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00616-9.

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40

Ao, Yu-Hui, Shu-Lin Sun, Zhi-Yong Tan, Chao Zhou, Na Xu, Kai Tang, Hai-Dong Yang, and Hui-Xuan Zhang. "Polymer Blends of PBT and PP Compatibilized by Epoxidized Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber." Polymer Bulletin 58, no. 2 (November 21, 2006): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-006-0682-4.

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41

Hutchins, Gudrun A. "Solvent-assisted osmium staining of butyl acrylate and ethylene-propylene-diene in a styrene acrylonitrile matrix." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150332.

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In order to optimize the toughening effect of elastomers in engineering polymers, it is necessary to characterize the size, morphology and dispersion of the specific elastomer within the polymer matrix. For unsaturated elastomers such as butadiene or isoprene, staining with osmium tetroxide is a well established procedure. The residual carbon-carbon double bond in these materials is the reactive site and forms a 1,2-dilato complex with the OsO4. Incorporation of osmium tetroxide into the elastomer not only produces sufficient contrast for TEM, but also crosslinks the elastomer sufficiently so that ultramicrotomy can be accomplished at room temperature with minimal distortion.Blends containing saturated elastomers such as butyl acrylate (BA) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) cannot be stained directly with OsO4 because effective reaction sites such as C=C or -NH2 are not available in sufficient number. If additional reaction sites can be introduced selectively into the elastomer by a chemical reaction or the absorption of a solvent, a modified, two-step osmium staining procedure is possible.

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42

Toft, Jostein, Olav M. Kvalheim, Terje V. Karstang, Alfred A. Christy, Karstein Kleveland, and Arne Henriksen. "Analysis of Nontransparent Polymers: Mixture Design, Second-Derivative Attenuated Total Internal Reflectance FT-IR, and Multivariate Calibration." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (June 1992): 1002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124457.

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The composition of nontransparent polymers has been predicted from the fingerprint region in the mid-IR. The polymers were analyzed by the Horizontal Attenuated Total internal Reflection (HATR) FT-IR technique. The polymers were blends of three different master batches: (1) a polymer of ethylene with carbon black, (2) a co-polymer of ethylene and propylene monomers, and (3) an ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer. A calibration set was defined by use of mixture design. Partial least-squares (PIS) regression was used to calculate models for prediction of the relative concentrations of each master batch (one at a time). Second-derivated IR profiles normalized to 100% were used as predictive variables. Two alternative criteria were compared for optimizing the predictive ability of the calibration models: (1) squared prediction error of all the calibration samples, and (2) prediction error of replicated calibration samples of the centerpoint in the design only. The latter criterion turned out to be the more useful for the purpose of this study. This is because the centerpoint represents the target sample of the blending process. The one-component PLS models, suggested by the latter optimization criterion, gave predictions within 1% of the stated relative concentrations and with standard deviations from 0.5 to 1.3% for all three master batches.

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(Vilsan) Nituica, Mihaela, Aurelia Meghea, Dana Gurau, and Maria Daniela Stelescu. "PP/EPDM Polymeric Compounds Dynamically Cured Compatibilized and Reinforced with Nanoclay." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.3.5024.

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This paper presents the development of dynamically cured polymer composites and nanocomposites based on plastomer - PP (polypropylene) and EPDM elastomer (ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer) compatibilized and reinforced with nanometric particles-MMT (montmorillonite, chemically modified layered clay) in two stages, by extrusion-granulation and mixing. Nanoparticles increase the thermal resistance of dynamically cured polymer nanocomposites. By means of compatibilization and dynamic curing, elastomer particles - EPDM are more easily dispersed in the mixture. The materials obtained were tested physicomechanically (Melt Flow Index) and morpho-structurally (FT-IR and DSC).

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44

Khanal, Santosh, Alina Shakya, Goerg H. Michler, Boulos Youssef, Jean M. Saiter, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Preparation and Characterization of Epoxidised and Acrylated Styrene/Isoprene/Styrene (SIS) Triblock Block Copolymer Based Nanocomposites." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 28 (May 23, 2013): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8112.

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In this work, a commercially available Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS)triblock copolymer was modified into epoxidised version (ESIS)using performic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The epoxidised sample was further acrylated to prepare acrylated version (ASIS). The nanocomposites of each sample (SIS, ESIS and ASIS) were prepared using boehmite nanoparticles as filler by solution casting method. The polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM investigations revealed that that the epoxidation of the diene block enhanced the dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix while the segregation of the nanoparticles towards the interface of the immiscible polymers was observed in the acrylated block copolymer based nanocomposite. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8112 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 28, 2011 Page: 84-88 Uploaded Date: May 24, 2013

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Maréchal, E., and E. S. Wilks. "Generic source-based nomenclature for polymers(IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173091511.

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The commission has already published two documents on the source-based names of linear copolymers and nonlinear polymers; however, in some cases this nomenclature leads to ambiguous names. The present document proposes a generic source-based nomenclature that solves these problems and yields clearer source-based names. A generic source-based name comprises two parts:polymer class (generic) name followed by a colon 2) the actual or hypothetical monomer name(s), always parenthesized in the case of a copolymerThe formula, the structure-based name, the source-based name, and the generic source-based name of the polymer are given for each example in the document. In some cases, only generic source-based give unambiguous names, for example, when a polymer has more than one name or when it is obtained through a series of intermediate structures. The rules concern mostly polymers with one or more types of functional group or heterocyclic system in the main chain, but to some extent they are also applicable to polymers with side-groups, carbon-chain polymers such as vinyl or diene polymers, spiro and cyclic polymers, and networks. Prepared by a Working Group consisting of R. E. Bareiss (Germany), R. B. Fox (USA), K. Hatada (Japan), K. Horie (UK), A. D. Jenkins (UK), J. Kahovec (Czech Republic), P. Kubisa (Poland), E. Maréchal (France), I. Meisel (Germany), W. V. Metanomski (USA), I. Mita (Japan), R. F. T. Stepto (UK), and E. S. Wilks (USA)

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Biglova, R. Z., V. P. Malinskaya, G. E. Zaikov, and K. S. Minsker. "Polymer-analogous conversions of olefin and diene oligomers as an advanced way of synthesizing stabilizers for halogen-containing polymers." Polymer Degradation and Stability 51, no. 3 (March 1996): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)00163-8.

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47

Liu, Yajing, Meng Gao, Jie Li, and Ben Zhong Tang. "Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Polycoupling of Phenylpyrazole and Internal Diynes: A New Polymerization Route for Atom-Economical Synthesis of Poly(pyrazolylnaphthalene)s." MRS Proceedings 1613 (2014): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.152.

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ABSTRACTA new route for atom-economical synthesis of functional polymers was developed. Oxidative polycoupling of 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole with 4,4’-(α,ω-alkylenedioxy) bis(diphenylacetylene)s and 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis[4-(phenylethynyl)phenyl]ethene, respectively, were catalyzed by [Cp*RhCl2]2, 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene and copper(II) acetate in dimethylformamide under stoichiometric imbalance conditions, affording soluble poly(pyrazolylnaphthalene)s in satisfactory yields (isolation yield up to 82%) with high molecular weights (Mw up to 35700). All the polymers were thermally stable, losing little of their weight at high temperatures of 323–422 oC. They possessed good film-forming property and their thin solid films showed high refractive indices (RI = 1.747–1.593) in a wide wavelength region of 400−1000 nm. The polymer carrying tetraphenylethene unit displayed a phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission and showed enhanced light emission in the aggregated state.

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48

Jung, Jae Kap, Young Il Moon, Gyung Hyun Kim, and Nae Hyung Tak. "Characterization of Dielectric Relaxation Process by Impedance Spectroscopy for Polymers: Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer." Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815492.

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We invented a dispersion analysis program that analyzes the relaxation processes from dielectric permittivity based on a combination of the Havriliak–Negami and conductivity contribution functions. By applying the created program to polymers such as nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), several relaxation processes were characterized: an α process due to segmental motions of the C-C bond, an α′ process attributed to fluctuations in the end-to-end dipole vector of the polymer chain, the conduction contribution by the filler observed above room temperature, and secondary relaxation processes β and γ of motion for the side group in NBR. In the EPDM specimen, the β process associated with the rotational motion of the side groups, the α process associated with the relaxation of local segmental motion, and the αβ process associated with the origin of the β process at high temperatures above 305 K were observed. The Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars effect and conduction contribution were also presented. The molecular chains responsible for the relaxation processes were assigned by building molecular models of the two polymers. The temperature dependence of the relaxation strength and the shape parameters that characterize the process were investigated. From the temperature-dependent relaxation analysis, the merged αβ process, activation energy, and glass transition temperature were determined and compared.

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49

Huntink, N. M., R. N. Datta, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "Addressing Durability of Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 476–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547833.

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Abstract The developments on long-term protection of rubber against aerobic aging are reviewed. Although conventional antidegradants such as N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) are still the most widely used antidegradants in rubber, there is a trend and demand for longer-lasting and non-staining products. The relatively low molecular weight (MW) antioxidants have undergone an evolutionary change towards higher molecular weight products with the objective to achieve permanence in the rubber polymer, without loss of antioxidant activity. In the last two decades, several approaches have been evaluated in order to achieve this objective: attachment of hydrocarbon chains to conventional antioxidants in order to increase the MW and compatibility with the rubber matrix; oligomeric or polymeric antioxidants; and polymer bound or covulcanizable antioxidants. The disadvantage of polymer bound antioxidants was tackled by grafting antioxidants on low MW polysiloxanes, which are compatible with many polymers. New developments on antiozonants have focused on non-staining and slow migrating products, which last longer in rubber compounds. Several new types of non-staining antiozonants have been developed, but none of them appeared to be as efficient as the chemically substituted p-phenylenediamines. The most prevalent approach to achieve non-staining ozone protection of rubber compounds is to use an inherently ozone-resistant, saturated backbone polymer in blends with a diene rubber. The disadvantage of this approach, however, is the complicated mixing procedure needed to ensure that the required small polymer domain size is achieved.

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50

Ashok, Neelesh, Meera Balachandran, and Falix Lawrence. "Organo-modified layered silicate nanocomposites of EPDM–chlorobutyl rubber blends for enhanced performance in γ radiation and hydrocarbon environment." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 23 (March 14, 2018): 3219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318763504.

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In this work, blends of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber and chlorobutyl rubber were reinforced with organo-modified layered silicate (nanoclay) to enhance their performance in radiation as well as hydrocarbons environments. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites increased (up to 57%) and solvent transport coefficients decreased (by 30%) with increasing nanoclay content. The enhancement in properties was attributed to the dispersion of nanoclay platelets in the ethylene propylene diene monomer–chlorobutyl rubber blends and the chemical interaction between nanoclay and the polymer which were confirmed by morphological and spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The effect of nanofiller content on the mechanical properties, solvent uptake and thermal degradation of blends exposed to gamma radiation was investigated by irradiating the nanocomposites with gamma rays for cumulative doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 MGy. The ethylene propylene diene monomer–chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites with 5 phr nanoclay had the best retention of mechanical properties and solvent sorption coefficients on exposure to radiation. Depending on the dose of cumulative radiation exposure, chain scission and/or crosslinking occurred in the nanocomposites, resulting in varying degrees of changes in properties.

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