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Journal articles on the topic 'Diene polymere'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sha, Ye, Zhihua Shen, Huan Jia, and Zhenyang Luo. "Main-Chain Ferrocene-Containing Polymers Prepared by Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization: A Review." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 9 (July 13, 2020): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824666191227111804.

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Ferrocene, the crown of metallocene family, is widely studied as a functional unit in electrochemical and catalytic applications due to its sandwich structure. Ferrocene moieties can be embedded into the polymer backbone, leading to main-chain ferrocenecontaining polymers. These polymeric materials combine the unique functionalities of iron center with the processabilities of polymers. As one of the choice polymerization techniques, acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization serves as a versatile method to prepare main-chain ferrocene-containing polymers under mild conditions using α,ω-dienes as monomers. This paper overviews main-chain ferrocene-containing polymers prepared by ADMET polymerization. Advances in the design, synthesis and applications of this class of organometallic monomers and polymers are detailed.

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2

Quirk, Roderic P., and Rajeev Bhatia. "Alkyllithium-Initiated Polymerization of Trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene and Copolymerization with Styrene." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536248.

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Abstract The results reported herein established the complexity of the alkyllithium-initiated anionic homopolymerization, styrene copolymerization and styrene block copolymerization of 1,3,5-hexatriene in comparison to the controlled, predictable behavior observed with dienes. As a result of 1,6- and 1,2-enchainment, conjugated diene units are formed along the polymer backbone which can react with the living carbanionic centers to produce branched polymers as indicated in Equation (1). The general effect of solvent on microstructure, as indicated by infrared spectral analyses, is analogous to that of dienes in that 1,2-addition is increased in polar versus hydrocarbon solvents. The observation of branching reactions suggests that conjugated trienes may be useful as branching agents for copolymerizations or linking reactions analogous to the behavior of divinylbenzenes.

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3

Bode, Helge B., Axel Zeeck, Kirsten PlÃ¯Â¿Â½ckhahn, and Dieter Jendrossek. "Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 3680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3680-3685.2000.

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ABSTRACT Streptomyces coelicolor 1A and Pseudomonas citronellolis were able to degrade synthetic high-molecular-weight poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and vulcanized natural rubber. Growth on the polymers was poor but significantly greater than that of the nondegrading strain Streptomyces lividans 1326 (control). Measurement of the molecular weight distribution of the polymer before and after degradation showed a time-dependent increase in low-molecular-weight polymer molecules forS. coelicolor 1A and P. citronellolis, whereas the molecular weight distribution for the control (S. lividans 1326) remained almost constant. Three degradation products were isolated from the culture fluid of S. coelicolor 1A grown on vulcanized rubber and were identified as (6Z)-2,6-dimethyl-10-oxo-undec-6-enoic acid, (5Z)-6-methyl-undec-5-ene-2,9-dione, and (5Z,9Z)-6,10-dimethyl-pentadec-5,9-diene-2,13-dione. An oxidative pathway from poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) to methyl-branched diketones is proposed. It includes (i) oxidation of an aldehyde intermediate to a carboxylic acid, (ii) one cycle of β-oxidation, (iii) oxidation of the conjugated double bond resulting in a β-keto acid, and (iv) decarboxylation.

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4

Boiko, V. P., and V. K. Grishchenko. "Chain termination in diene polymerization in alcohol solution under hydrogen peroxide." Polymer journal 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2016): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.38.01.061.

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5

Boiko, Vitaly, and Vladimir Grishchenko. "Hydrogen peroxide as a chain transfer agent in the radical diene polymerization." Polymer journal 40, no. 1 (April 22, 2018): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.40.01.046.

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6

Zeng, Fu-Rong, Qi-Lin Zhu, and Zi-Long Li. "Sequential Modification of ADMET Polyketone via Oxime Chemistry and Electrophilic Alkoxyetherification." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 6 (2018): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18120.

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Post-polymerization modification is a facile and efficient method for the generation of diverse functional polymers. Herein, polymer-based molecular arrays were obtained by using sequential modification. First, periodic polyketone P0 was synthesized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω-diene M0. Oxime chemistry was employed in the functionalization of the ketone moieties of P0 using three commercially available alkoxyamine hydrochlorides. Finally, electrophilic alkoxyetherification, a four-component reaction, was employed in the modification of alkene groups on polymer main chains using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), tetrahydrofuran, and fluorinated carboxylic acid. Complete conversion of reactive sites was observed in both steps, and the two modification reactions exhibited excellent compatibility. The thermal properties of the polymers as thermal stability, and glass transition and melting behaviours were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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7

Zhang, Cheng, Hui Li, Jizheng Wang, Yongfang Zhang, Yan Qiao, Dazhen Huang, Chong-an Di, Xiaowei Zhan, Xiaozhang Zhu, and Daoben Zhu. "Low-bandgap thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-polymers for high-performance solar cells with significantly enhanced photocurrents." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 21 (2015): 11194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02376a.

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8

Ali, Amjad, Muhammad Khurram Tufail, Muhammad Imran Jamil, Waleed Yaseen, Nafees Iqbal, Munir Hussain, Asad Ali, Tariq Aziz, Zhiqiang Fan, and Li Guo. "Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072037.

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The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.

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9

Ding, Liang, Wei Song, Ruiyu Jiang, and Lei Zhu. "Macrocycle-based topological azo-polymers: facile synthesis and unusual photoresponsive properties." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 46 (2017): 7133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01743f.

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Macrocycle-based topological azo-polymers with unusual photosensitive properties were synthesized via a selective acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of different monomers using an acrylate-functionalized cyclic azo-polymer as a chain stopper prepared from a linear precursor by “click” cyclization reaction, which will open a new perspective in photoinduced materials.

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10

Guo, Xiangyao, and G. L. Rempel. "Catalytic hydrogenation of diene polymers." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 63, no. 3 (December 1990): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(90)85120-7.

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11

Guo, Xiangyao, P. J. Scott, and G. L. Rempel. "Catalytic hydrogenation of diene polymers." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 72, no. 2 (March 1992): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(92)80045-i.

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12

Petcher, Samuel, Douglas J. Parker, and Tom Hasell. "Macroporous sulfur polymers from a sodium chloride porogen—a low cost, versatile remediation material." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 12 (2019): 2142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00477g.

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Sulfur has an affinity for Hg. By polymerising and crosslinking elemental sulfur with dienes, it can be formed into a stable polymer. A salt template method to create porosity in these polymers is reported, and shown to improve the Hg capture.

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13

Abitha, V. K., Ajay Vasudeo Rane, Rane Uday, Nikesh Samarth, Amit Vasudeo Rane, and Vinayak Kamble. "Studies in Effect of Nano Aluminium Trihydroxide Concentration on Flame Retardant Properties of Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber." Advanced Engineering Forum 14 (October 2015): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.14.3.

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The science and technology of synthetic polymers has undergone explosive growth in the last few decades and the number of different polymeric materials in our built environment increases almost daily. All organic polymers burn and thus entail some measure of fire hazard in some situations. With increasing awareness of the nation’s fire problem it has become evident that the problems associated with flammability of polymeric materials must be attacked and solved. With the large number of polymers in commercial use. Problems of flammability and fire retardation are complex and multifaceted properties have to be developed, or existing polymers must be modified by addition of fire-retardant compounds. EPDM Rubber has many attractive properties such as low shrinkage, ease of cure and processing, excellent moisture, solvent and chemical resistance, good mechanical and electrical properties, as well as ease of modification to optimize the properties. However flammability is a major limitation in area requiring high flame resistance. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) due to its flame retardancy property is widely used as non reinforcing filler in wires and cable compound along with silica and carbon black. In this study carbon black is fully replaced by nano ATH to make environment friendly rubber products. However, the dispersion of nano particles in rubber is remarkably poor and hence techniques like melt mixing, solution mixing and master batching of nano ATH with EVA (Ethylene- vinyl acetate) are used to improve the dispersion of nano ATH particles in EPDM elastomers. In the current study we have used melt mixing for improving the dispersion of nano ATH and excellent results were obtained with optimum loading of nano ATH.

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14

Huntink, N. M., R. N. Datta, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "Addressing Durability of Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 476–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547833.

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Abstract The developments on long-term protection of rubber against aerobic aging are reviewed. Although conventional antidegradants such as N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (IPPD) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) are still the most widely used antidegradants in rubber, there is a trend and demand for longer-lasting and non-staining products. The relatively low molecular weight (MW) antioxidants have undergone an evolutionary change towards higher molecular weight products with the objective to achieve permanence in the rubber polymer, without loss of antioxidant activity. In the last two decades, several approaches have been evaluated in order to achieve this objective: attachment of hydrocarbon chains to conventional antioxidants in order to increase the MW and compatibility with the rubber matrix; oligomeric or polymeric antioxidants; and polymer bound or covulcanizable antioxidants. The disadvantage of polymer bound antioxidants was tackled by grafting antioxidants on low MW polysiloxanes, which are compatible with many polymers. New developments on antiozonants have focused on non-staining and slow migrating products, which last longer in rubber compounds. Several new types of non-staining antiozonants have been developed, but none of them appeared to be as efficient as the chemically substituted p-phenylenediamines. The most prevalent approach to achieve non-staining ozone protection of rubber compounds is to use an inherently ozone-resistant, saturated backbone polymer in blends with a diene rubber. The disadvantage of this approach, however, is the complicated mixing procedure needed to ensure that the required small polymer domain size is achieved.

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15

Hogan, Terrence E., Yuan-Yong Yan, William L. Hergenrother, and David F. Lawson. "Lithiated Thiaacetals as Initiators for Living Anionic Polymerization of Diene Elastomers: Polymerization and Compounding." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539402.

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Abstract Polybutadiene and poly(butadiene-co-styrene) elastomers were prepared in high conversions using 2-lithio-2- methyl-1,3-dithiane as the initiator. Polymers were readily prepared with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.05 to 1.26 and a Mn of up to 208 kg/mol. The replacement of the 2-methyl substituent with phenyl, trimethylsilyl or 4-dimethylamino phenyl also gave active initiators that incorporated at the head of the chain. However, initiation rates appeared to vary somewhat with the structure of the initiators. The polymerizations obtained are in all cases controlled and apparently living with the live chain ends capable of further reactions. The initiators could be generated prior to addition to the polymerization mixture or by an in-situ procedure. Model studies gave evidence that the dithiane chain end can be opened under cure conditions and react with unsaturation present in the polymer chain. Several of the product polymers were found to impart improved hysteresis to carbon and silica-filled rubbery vulcanizates possibly through an endlinking mechanism.

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16

Le, Duy, Chanatip Samart, Suwadee Kongparakul, and Kotohiro Nomura. "Synthesis of new polyesters by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of bio-based α,ω-dienes prepared from eugenol and castor oil (undecenoate)." RSC Advances 9, no. 18 (2019): 10245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01065c.

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17

Yang, Fan, Deping Qian, Ahmed Hesham Balawi, Yang Wu, Wei Ma, Frédéric Laquai, Zheng Tang, Fengling Zhang, and Weiwei Li. "Performance limitations in thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based polymer:ITIC solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 35 (2017): 23990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp04780k.

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Three thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based conjugated polymers were applied in non-fullerene solar cells, in which the polymer PTPDBDT provided a high photovoltage but a low quantum efficiency. This was caused by the large phase separation in the bulk-heterojunction as confirmed by systematic studies.

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18

Tanaka, Yasuyuki. "Control of microstructure in diene polymers." Kobunshi 40, no. 2 (1991): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.40.88.

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19

Lu, Jinni, and Patrick H. Toy. "Multifunctional organic polymeric catalysts and reagents." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 3 (September 10, 2012): 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-04-13.

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A series of polystyrenes bearing multiple different functional groups has been synthesized, and these materials have been used as catalysts and reagents in a variety of organic reactions. Polymers functionalized with various combinations of amine, phenol, phosphine, and thiourea groups have been prepared in both non-cross-linked (soluble) and cross-linked (insoluble) formats. Reactions catalyzed by these polymers include Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH), alkyne to 1,3-diene isomerization, and decarboxylative Doebner–Knoevenagel reactions. Furthermore, Wittig and tandem Wittig/reduction reactions have been performed using heterogeneous polymeric reagents possessing a combination of amine and phosphine groups.

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20

Żak, Patrycja, and Cezary Pietraszuk. "Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (February 4, 2019): 310–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.28.

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This mini-review summarizes the applications of olefin metathesis in synthesis and functionalization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials. Three types of processes, i.e., cross metathesis (CM) of vinyl-substituted POSS with terminal olefins, acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) copolymerization of divinyl-substituted POSS with α,ω-dienes and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of POSS-substituted norbornene (or other ROMP susceptible cycloolefins) are discussed. Emphasis was put on the synthetic and catalytic aspects rather than on the properties and applications of synthesized materials.

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21

Maréchal, E., and E. S. Wilks. "Generic source-based nomenclature for polymers(IUPAC Recommendations 2001)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173091511.

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The commission has already published two documents on the source-based names of linear copolymers and nonlinear polymers; however, in some cases this nomenclature leads to ambiguous names. The present document proposes a generic source-based nomenclature that solves these problems and yields clearer source-based names. A generic source-based name comprises two parts:polymer class (generic) name followed by a colon 2) the actual or hypothetical monomer name(s), always parenthesized in the case of a copolymerThe formula, the structure-based name, the source-based name, and the generic source-based name of the polymer are given for each example in the document. In some cases, only generic source-based give unambiguous names, for example, when a polymer has more than one name or when it is obtained through a series of intermediate structures. The rules concern mostly polymers with one or more types of functional group or heterocyclic system in the main chain, but to some extent they are also applicable to polymers with side-groups, carbon-chain polymers such as vinyl or diene polymers, spiro and cyclic polymers, and networks. Prepared by a Working Group consisting of R. E. Bareiss (Germany), R. B. Fox (USA), K. Hatada (Japan), K. Horie (UK), A. D. Jenkins (UK), J. Kahovec (Czech Republic), P. Kubisa (Poland), E. Maréchal (France), I. Meisel (Germany), W. V. Metanomski (USA), I. Mita (Japan), R. F. T. Stepto (UK), and E. S. Wilks (USA)

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22

Huang, Yuan Ming, and Qing Lan Ma. "Design of Novel Conjugated Polymer Poly(cyclopenta-1,3-Diene)." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.662.

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A novel linear conjugated polymer, poly(cyclopenta-1,3-diene), is designed. The electronic structures of poly(cyclopenta-1,3-diene) is calculated with extended Hückel tight binding program. The calculated band gap of the polymer is about 1.1 eV, which suggests this kind of conjugated polymer can be used in infrared optoelectronic devices.

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23

Willoughby, Bryan G. "The Cure of Carboxy-terminated Diene Polymers and the Role of a Polymer-supported Catalyst." British Polymer Journal 18, no. 4 (July 1986): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980180414.

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24

Ullah, Mohammad Shahid, Sadia Afrin Chhanda, and Shinichi Itsuno. "ADMET Polymerization of Dimeric Cinchona Squaramides for the Preparation of a Highly Enantioselective Polymeric Organocatalyst." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050591.

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Under the acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) reaction condition, the C3-vinyl groups of cinchona alkaloids readily react with each other to form a C-C bond. A novel type of cinchona alkaloid polymers was synthesized from dimeric cinchona squaramides using the Hoveyda-Grubbs’ second-generation catalysts (HG2) by means of ADMET reaction. The chiral polymers, containing cinchona squaramide moieties in their main chains, were subsequently employed as catalysts for the enantioselective Michael reaction to give the corresponding chiral adducts in high yields with excellent enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. Both enantiomers from the asymmetric Michael reaction were distinctively prepared while using the polymeric catalysts, possessing pseudoenantiomeric structures. The catalysts were readily recovered from the reaction mixture and recycled several times due to the insolubility of the cinchona-based squaramide polymers.

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25

Araya-Hermosilla, Esteban, Alice Giannetti, Guilherme Macedo R. Lima, Felipe Orozco, Francesco Picchioni, Virgilio Mattoli, Ranjita K. Bose, and Andrea Pucci. "Thermally Switchable Electrically Conductive Thermoset rGO/PK Self-Healing Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030339.

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Among smart materials, self-healing is one of the most studied properties. A self-healing polymer can repair the cracks that occurred in the structure of the material. Polyketones, which are high-performance thermoplastic polymers, are a suitable material for a self-healing mechanism: a furanic pendant moiety can be introduced into the backbone and used as a diene for a temperature reversible Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimide. The Diels-Alder adduct is formed at around 50 °C and broken at about 120 °C, giving an intrinsic, stimuli-responsive self-healing material triggered by temperature variations. Also, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added to the polymer matrix (1.6–7 wt%), giving a reversible OFF-ON electrically conductive polymer network. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity is activated when reaching temperatures higher than 100 °C, thus suggesting applications as electronic switches based on self-healing soft devices.

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26

Yamada, T., T. Okumoto, H. Ohtani, and S. Tsuge. "Structural Characterization of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubbers by High-Resolution Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538250.

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Abstract Ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers (EPDMs) are now used for various purposes because of their excellent resistance to ozone, weather, and heat. Therefore, many kinds of EPDMs are provided as commercial polymers. Consequently, reliable methods for the structural characterization of EPDM have been needed in the fields of material development, process control, and quality assurance of the cured products. The iodine value method is generally used to determine the diene content in EPDMs. However, it is too time consuming to be a routine method. Until now, spectroscopic methods such as IR and NMR are generally used for the study of the composition and the sequence length distributions in EPDMs. Levine and Haines determined the content of ethylidenenorbornene (ENB) in ethylene-propylene-ethylidenenorbornene rubbers (ENB-EPDMs) by IR. Florence and Loustalot investigated ethylene-propylene-1.4-hexadiene rubbers by NMR. However, these spectroscopic methods often encountered the difficulties in the analysis of vulcanized rubbers since they were insoluble and usually contained many kinds of additives such as curing agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, and fillers. On the other hand, owing to the recent development of excellent pyrolyzers and highly efficient fused-silica capillary columns, pyrolysis-gas chromatography (PyGC) has become a powerful tool to give unique information about structures of high polymers. Furthermore, PyGC is advantageous to the practical analysis of insoluble polymeric materials such as vulcanized rubbers.

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27

Tanaka, Yasuyuki. "Recent Advances in Structural Characterization of Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 325–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538561.

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Abstract One of the main targets of the structural characterization of elastomers so far has been the correlation of the polymerization conditions with the properties of the resulting polymers. The first step is the analysis of polymer structure, such as the chemical composition of copolymers, isomeric structure of diene polymers, degree of branching, extent of modification, functionality of end groups, amounts of abnormal groups, tacticity, and so on. Progress in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) makes possible the second step, which is the structural characterization of polymer chains, such as the sequence distribution of comonomer units in copolymer, isomeric units in diene polymers, configurational sequences in vinyl polymers, head and tail arrangement of monomer units. Recent development of FT-NMR spectroscopy, high-field spectroscopy from 300 MHz to 600 MHz at 1H-NMR, solid-state 13C-NMR, and two-dimensional NMR has facilitated a more detailed analysis of these structural features. The complexity of the structure of elastomers, which is derived from highly controlled copolymerization processes, leads to the widespread application of modern FT-NMR spectroscopy. It may reasonably be said that a fair number of structural problems in elastomers has been solved by NMR analysis. The high sensitivity of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has enabled one to determine trace structural changes in elastomers. Coupled on-line techniques such as gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry combined with pyrolysis, liquid chromatography-NMR, and gel permeation chromatography-FT-IR will be powerful tools for the characterization of elastomers. Progress in analytical instruments has stimulated the development of high-performance elastomers, the synthesis of new speciality elastomers, and the elucidation of mechanisms for property enhancements. The use of modern instruments and a combination of ordinary methods of structural analysis have satisfied needs to some extent. However, a newer method of structural characterization is always desired in order to achieve higher orders of information. for example, the characterization of inhomogeneity along the polymer chain and between the polymer chains has become an important problem, especially in polymer blend systems. As to the former problem, spectroscopic methods provide only limited information. Although the NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies are very powerful tools for the analysis of short sequence distributions, it is difficult to characterize the distribution of long sequences and hybrid systems containing random and blocked sequences along the polymer chain. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is one of the most popular techniques for the analysis of molecular-weight distribution. However, it provides complicated information including molecular-weight distribution and chemical-composition distribution in the case of copolymers. Recent progress of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has provided a new powerful tool for the structural characterization of copolymers. It is appropriate to review the recent advances in structural characterization of elastomers, especially the characterization of microstructure of polymer chains, from the viewpoints of methodology and applicability of new methods. As to the NMR analysis of elastomers, reviews are available. Here, considerable attention is focused on the procedures for the assignment of signals, because the applicability of a NMR method is based on the reliability of the signal assignments. The other topics are selected to provide direct information for polymer synthesis or polymer properties.

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28

Ohrdorf, Karl-Heinz, Thomas Birr, and Helmut Flachberger. "Einarbeitung von Nanoclay in Polyolefine mittels Planetwalzenextruder." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 165, no. 10 (October 2020): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-020-01050-6.

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ZusammenfassungAls aktive Füllstoffe in Polymeren zum Einsatz gelangende Organoclays werden durch Kationenaustausch aus natürlichen Natrium-Bentoniten hergestellt, für die es in Europa keine industriell verwertbaren Lagerstätten gibt. Am Lehrstuhl für Aufbereitung und Veredlung der Montanuniversität Leoben konnte ein für diese Anwendung gleichwertiger Organoclay aus europäischen Kalzium-Bentoniten entwickelt werden.Die Einarbeitung eines idealerweise vollständig exfolierten Organoclays in nichtpolare Polymere wie Polypropylen und Polyethylen gilt als sehr schwierig. Dafür sind eine schlechte Kompatibilität und die Neigung zur Re-Agglomeration der mineralischen Partikel verantwortlich.Die Exfolierung von schichtpaketartigen Füllstoff-Agglomeraten erfordert sehr hohe Scherkräfte beim Compoundieren bei latenter Gefahr, dass dabei das Polymer geschädigt werden kann.Erste Compoundierversuche mit einem Doppelschneckenextruder brachten nicht den gewünschten Effekt. Der hier beschriebene Planetwalzenextruder zeigte eindeutige Verbesserungen bei der Dispergierung der Agglomerate. Eine zufriedenstellende Exfolierung konnte aber auch hier nicht erzielt werden.Es konnte nicht erklärt werden, warum sich der Füllstoff mit einem d98 < 5 µm beim Eintrag in ein homopolymeres Polypropylen zu Aggregaten mit einem ca. 60-fach größeren Durchmesser zusammenballt, während dies beim Polyethylen nicht geschieht.Die erwarteten Verbesserungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften wie E‑Modul und Zugfestigkeit wurden auch bei höheren Füllgraden nicht erreicht.

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Moon, Young Il, Jae Kap Jung, and Ki Soo Chung. "Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy in Synthetic Rubber Polymers: Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406059.

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The dielectric permittivity of synthetic rubber polymers, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), with both frequency and temperature variations, was thoroughly investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The spectrum versus frequency of DRS was analyzed with the semiempirical Havriliak–Negami formula and conductivity contribution by employing the newly developed “dispersion analyzer” analysis program. The main dielectric relaxations called the α- and β-processes, associated with the cooperative motion of chains in polymers, were discovered in the low-temperature region. In the high-temperature region, we found Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) relaxation associated with polymer interfacing and normal-mode (α’) relaxation responsible for end-to-end dipole vector motion. The activation energies of schematic molecular chains responsible for the relaxation processes were obtained with the information about its motional mode. The glass transition temperature and dipole moment for the side group were also determined and compared with those from previous studies. In the EPDM specimen, the peaks of α- and β-relaxation merged at high temperature and were separated with decreasing temperature. The first observations of both merging and splitting were consistent with the results on the temperature dependency of the relaxation strength. Both contour mapping and three-dimensional plots for the two rubbers provide visual information for the distribution and mapping of relaxation.

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30

OKUDERA, Masahito, Yuuji KAWAMURA, Yasuhiro SHIBATA, and Hiroaki KOUZAI. "Photodegradation of Diene Polymers Sensitized by Quinones." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 78, no. 11 (2005): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.78.419.

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31

Gómez, Fernando J., and Kenneth B. Wagener. "Germanium-containing polymers via acyclic diene metathesis." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 592, no. 2 (December 1999): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00558-6.

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32

Sauty, Nicolas F., Lucas Caire da Silva, Michael D. Schulz, Chip S. Few, and Kenneth B. Wagener. "Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization and precision polymers." Applied Petrochemical Research 4, no. 2 (February 19, 2014): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-014-0045-2.

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33

Toft, Jostein, Olav M. Kvalheim, Terje V. Karstang, Alfred A. Christy, Karstein Kleveland, and Arne Henriksen. "Analysis of Nontransparent Polymers: Mixture Design, Second-Derivative Attenuated Total Internal Reflectance FT-IR, and Multivariate Calibration." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 6 (June 1992): 1002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924124457.

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The composition of nontransparent polymers has been predicted from the fingerprint region in the mid-IR. The polymers were analyzed by the Horizontal Attenuated Total internal Reflection (HATR) FT-IR technique. The polymers were blends of three different master batches: (1) a polymer of ethylene with carbon black, (2) a co-polymer of ethylene and propylene monomers, and (3) an ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer. A calibration set was defined by use of mixture design. Partial least-squares (PIS) regression was used to calculate models for prediction of the relative concentrations of each master batch (one at a time). Second-derivated IR profiles normalized to 100% were used as predictive variables. Two alternative criteria were compared for optimizing the predictive ability of the calibration models: (1) squared prediction error of all the calibration samples, and (2) prediction error of replicated calibration samples of the centerpoint in the design only. The latter criterion turned out to be the more useful for the purpose of this study. This is because the centerpoint represents the target sample of the blending process. The one-component PLS models, suggested by the latter optimization criterion, gave predictions within 1% of the stated relative concentrations and with standard deviations from 0.5 to 1.3% for all three master batches.

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Tavtorkin, A. N., I. F. Gavrilenko, N. N. Kostitsyna, S. A. Korchagina, M. S. Chinova, A. V. Shlyakhtin, I. E. Nifant’ev, A. M. Vagizov, and G. R. Khusainova. "Synthesis of Diene–Styrene (Co)polymers Modified by Myrcene-Based Diene Polar Monomers." Polymer Science, Series B 61, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1560090419010111.

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35

Bergbreiter, David E., Li Ban Chen, and Rama Chandran. "Recyclable polymer-bound lanthanide diene polymerization catalysts." Macromolecules 18, no. 6 (November 1985): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00148a002.

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36

Estagy, Sara, Saeed Ostad Movahed, Soheil Yazdanbakhsh, and Majid Karim Nezhad. "STUDY OF THE FRIEDEL–CRAFT CO-CURING OF ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 540–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83801.

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ABSTRACT Polymer blends are mixtures of at least two macromolecular species, polymers, and/or copolymers. A good blend should have strong interphases between different parts of the constituent polymers. To improve adhesion and miscibility of EPDM and SBR in their blends, a Lewis acid, AlCl3, was used to form EPDM-g-SBR copolymer through Friedel–Craft reactions. The effects of blend AlCl3 content, the diene monomer content of the EPDM, the EPDM–SBR weight ratio in the blend, the room temperature aging of the blend, and the type of the oil in the blend on cross-link reactions were studied. The results showed that an increase in AlCl3 content, up to 2 phr in the formulation, was beneficial to ΔTorque (difference between minimum and maximum torque in cure trace) and cross-link density (CLD) values of the compounds. The viscosity of the blends played a key role on AlCl3 curing of the compounds. As a general rule, the ΔTorque and CLD values tended to increase with diene monomer content of the EPDM. A high reduction in ΔTorque values was observed after 3 months of aging at room temperature. The oil incorporation was beneficial to cure parameters in the following order: oleic acid, paraffin oil, no oil, and aromatic oil, respectively. The EPDM–SBR weight ratios of 50:50 and/or 60:40 were demonstrated to be desired blend ratios.

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37

Yue, Dongmei, Xinpeng Wei, Xunzhang Wang, Weimin Wang, and Liqun Zhang. "HYDROGENATED BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE-BUTYLACRYLATE RUBBER AND ITS PROPERTIES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88997.

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ABSTRACT Butadiene-acrylonitrile-butylacrylate rubber (BNBR), which is synthesized by copolymerization of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and butyl acrylate, retains excellent properties of oil resistance and heat resistance because of the introduction of -CN, -COOR in the polymer. However, the presence of a lot of carbon-carbon double bonds (-C=C-) could lead to deterioration of material properties such as thermal stability and ozone resistance. To improve the properties of unsaturated elastomers, further chemical modification of diene-based polymers is very critical. Hydrogenation is a useful chemical modification method that can improve the thermal stability of diene-based polymer. BNBR was hydrogenated by homogenous hydrogenation using the Wilkinson catalyst RhCl(PPh3)3 in xylene. The effects of catalyst concentrations, reaction times, and hydrogen pressures on the conversion and product selectivity were discussed. The degree of hydrogenation was measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of hydrogenated and nonhydrogenated copolymers was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CCD camera was used to characterize the ozone resistance of hydrogenated copolymer (HBNBR). The results obtained by TGA and the CCD camera show that the maximum saturation level is a critical factor for improvement of thermal stability and the ozone resistance of HBNBR.

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38

Biglova, R. Z., V. P. Malinskaya, G. E. Zaikov, and K. S. Minsker. "Polymer-Analogous Conversions of Olefin and Diene Oligomers in Synthesis of Stabilizers for Halogen Containing Polymers." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 31, no. 1-4 (January 1996): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914039608029373.

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39

Khanal, Santosh, Alina Shakya, Goerg H. Michler, Boulos Youssef, Jean M. Saiter, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "Preparation and Characterization of Epoxidised and Acrylated Styrene/Isoprene/Styrene (SIS) Triblock Block Copolymer Based Nanocomposites." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 28 (May 23, 2013): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8112.

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In this work, a commercially available Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS)triblock copolymer was modified into epoxidised version (ESIS)using performic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and formic acid. The epoxidised sample was further acrylated to prepare acrylated version (ASIS). The nanocomposites of each sample (SIS, ESIS and ASIS) were prepared using boehmite nanoparticles as filler by solution casting method. The polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM investigations revealed that that the epoxidation of the diene block enhanced the dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymer matrix while the segregation of the nanoparticles towards the interface of the immiscible polymers was observed in the acrylated block copolymer based nanocomposite. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v28i0.8112 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 28, 2011 Page: 84-88 Uploaded Date: May 24, 2013

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40

Oliveira, Verônica da Silva, Elen Diana Dantas, Anna Thereza de Sousa Queiroz, Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira, Marcelo de Sousa da Silva, Patricia Garcia Ferreira, Fernando de Carvalho da Siva, Vitor Francisco Ferreira, and Ádley Antonini Neves de Lima. "Novel Solid Dispersions of Naphthoquinone Using Different Polymers for Improvement of Antichagasic Activity." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121136.

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IVS320 (3a,10b-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-5,10-dione) is a naphthoquinone that has low solubility in aqueous medium, a physical behavior that limits its biological activities, considering that compounds from this class have several activities. In this work, solid dispersions (SDs) prepared between IVS320 and polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were developed using physical mixture (PM), kneading (KN), and rotary evaporation (RE) methods. Dispersions were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, in vitro antiparasitic activity in Trypanosoma cruzi Y strains was evaluated. Physical-chemical characterization demonstrated the formation of SDs through the interaction of IVS320 with polymeric matrices. SDs of IVS320-polymer presented a significant potentiation of antichagasic activity, with inhibitory growth around 62% (IVS320-HPMC/RE), 55% (IVS320-PEG/RE), and 85% (IVS320-PVP/RE), while pure IVS320 showed a value of 48% for the highest concentrations evaluated (50 µg/mL).

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41

Barón, Máximo, Karl-Heinz Hellwich, Michael Hess, Kazuyuki Horie, Aubrey D. Jenkins, Richard G. Jones, Jaroslav Kahovec, et al. "Glossary of class names of polymers based on chemical structure and molecular architecture (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 6 (May 5, 2009): 1131–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rec-08-01-30.

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This document defines class names of polymers based on the class names of starting monomers and characteristic features of the chemical constitution of polymer molecules (macromolecules), i.e., class names that have gained general acceptance in the polymer and material literature, science and technology as well as in public. The glossary is divided into three parts: Source-based class names, which identify common classes of starting monomers such as "acrylic", "diene", "phenolic", "vinylic". Class names based on chemical structure, which identify characteristic groups in the main chains (backbones) of the polymer molecules such as (i) inter-unit groups derived from functional groups, e.g., "amide", "ester", "ether"; (ii) a specific group of atoms, e.g., "alkenylene", "siloxane", "sulfone"; (iii) ring structures, e.g., "benzimidazole", "benzoxazole", "quinoxaline". Class names based on molecular architecture, which identify mainly the overall shapes of polymer molecules through the type of their graphical representation such as "linear", "branched", "dendritic", "comb". Each part of the glossary is arranged in a non-hierarchical alphabetical order. Each entry provides: (a) the polymer class name; (b) its definition; (c) specific or generic examples including IUPAC names and a structure or graphical representation; (d) relations to other polymer classes and subclasses; (e) notes on the inclusion or exclusion of borderline cases. An alphabetical index of all class names is included.

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42

Liu, Yajing, Meng Gao, Jie Li, and Ben Zhong Tang. "Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Polycoupling of Phenylpyrazole and Internal Diynes: A New Polymerization Route for Atom-Economical Synthesis of Poly(pyrazolylnaphthalene)s." MRS Proceedings 1613 (2014): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.152.

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ABSTRACTA new route for atom-economical synthesis of functional polymers was developed. Oxidative polycoupling of 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole with 4,4’-(α,ω-alkylenedioxy) bis(diphenylacetylene)s and 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis[4-(phenylethynyl)phenyl]ethene, respectively, were catalyzed by [Cp*RhCl2]2, 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopenta-1,3-diene and copper(II) acetate in dimethylformamide under stoichiometric imbalance conditions, affording soluble poly(pyrazolylnaphthalene)s in satisfactory yields (isolation yield up to 82%) with high molecular weights (Mw up to 35700). All the polymers were thermally stable, losing little of their weight at high temperatures of 323–422 oC. They possessed good film-forming property and their thin solid films showed high refractive indices (RI = 1.747–1.593) in a wide wavelength region of 400−1000 nm. The polymer carrying tetraphenylethene unit displayed a phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission and showed enhanced light emission in the aggregated state.

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43

Hutchins, Gudrun A. "Solvent-assisted osmium staining of butyl acrylate and ethylene-propylene-diene in a styrene acrylonitrile matrix." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150332.

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In order to optimize the toughening effect of elastomers in engineering polymers, it is necessary to characterize the size, morphology and dispersion of the specific elastomer within the polymer matrix. For unsaturated elastomers such as butadiene or isoprene, staining with osmium tetroxide is a well established procedure. The residual carbon-carbon double bond in these materials is the reactive site and forms a 1,2-dilato complex with the OsO4. Incorporation of osmium tetroxide into the elastomer not only produces sufficient contrast for TEM, but also crosslinks the elastomer sufficiently so that ultramicrotomy can be accomplished at room temperature with minimal distortion.Blends containing saturated elastomers such as butyl acrylate (BA) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) cannot be stained directly with OsO4 because effective reaction sites such as C=C or -NH2 are not available in sufficient number. If additional reaction sites can be introduced selectively into the elastomer by a chemical reaction or the absorption of a solvent, a modified, two-step osmium staining procedure is possible.

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44

Jung, Jae Kap, Young Il Moon, Gyung Hyun Kim, and Nae Hyung Tak. "Characterization of Dielectric Relaxation Process by Impedance Spectroscopy for Polymers: Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer." Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815492.

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We invented a dispersion analysis program that analyzes the relaxation processes from dielectric permittivity based on a combination of the Havriliak–Negami and conductivity contribution functions. By applying the created program to polymers such as nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), several relaxation processes were characterized: an α process due to segmental motions of the C-C bond, an α′ process attributed to fluctuations in the end-to-end dipole vector of the polymer chain, the conduction contribution by the filler observed above room temperature, and secondary relaxation processes β and γ of motion for the side group in NBR. In the EPDM specimen, the β process associated with the rotational motion of the side groups, the α process associated with the relaxation of local segmental motion, and the αβ process associated with the origin of the β process at high temperatures above 305 K were observed. The Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars effect and conduction contribution were also presented. The molecular chains responsible for the relaxation processes were assigned by building molecular models of the two polymers. The temperature dependence of the relaxation strength and the shape parameters that characterize the process were investigated. From the temperature-dependent relaxation analysis, the merged αβ process, activation energy, and glass transition temperature were determined and compared.

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45

Yang, Yue, and Valerie V. Sheares. "Synthesis of disubstituted amine-functionalized diene-based polymers." Polymer 48, no. 1 (January 2007): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.064.

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46

Nagahama, Sadamu, Toshihiro Tanaka, and Akikazu Matsumoto. "Supramolecular Control over the Stereochemistry of Diene Polymers." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 29 (July 19, 2004): 3811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200453738.

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47

Nagahama, Sadamu, Toshihiro Tanaka, and Akikazu Matsumoto. "Supramolecular Control over the Stereochemistry of Diene Polymers." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 29 (July 19, 2004): 3899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200453738.

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48

Wang, Fosong, Hai Jiang, Xiaojiang Zhao, and Xiabin Jing. "Iodine doping and electrical conduction of diene polymers." Synthetic Metals 42, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91894-g.

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49

Kresge, Edward N. "SCIENCE AND SERENDIPITY IN POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER DEVELOPMENT." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525682.

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Abstract Polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene plus other monomers are now widely used in many diverse applications. Major research and development efforts have led to thermoplastic polyolefin soft automobile bumpers, modifiers for lubricating oils, and fast extrusion grades of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymers. These and other successful commercial innovations depend on the tools of the basic science of structure–property relationships, proper needs assessments, sound engineering, and good management. These tools have been largely provided by my colleagues at ExxonMobil Chemical, customers, and universities and I thank them profoundly. Several historical commercial developments are discussed, including thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers based on ethylene–propylene copolymer–isotactic–polypropylene blends, shear stable viscosity modifiers based on ethylene–propylene copolymers, bimodal molecular weight and compositional distribution EPDM to control rheological characteristics, and diene structure and interchain distribution. In addition, the ongoing research on nanocomposites for tire innerliners based on isobutylene polymers and clay is reviewed. The roles of polymer science, serendipity, and lost opportunity costs on innovation are also discussed.

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50

Krappitz, Tim, Florian Feist, Iris Lamparth, Norbert Moszner, Hendrik John, James P. Blinco, Tim R. Dargaville, and Christopher Barner-Kowollik. "Polymer networks based on photo-caged diene dimerization." Materials Horizons 6, no. 1 (2019): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh00951a.

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