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Journal articles on the topic 'Dietary Reference Intakes'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

TRUMBO, PAULA, ALLISON A. YATES, SANDRA SCHLICKER, and MARY POOS. "Dietary Reference Intakes." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101, no. 3 (March 2001): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00078-5.

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YATES, ALLISON A., SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, and CAROL W. SUITOR. "Dietary Reference Intakes." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98, no. 6 (June 1998): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00160-6.

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3

Barr, Susan I. "Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes in dietary assessment and planning." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-020.

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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used for assessing and planning diets of individuals and groups. Assessing individual intakes is complicated by the fact that neither the individual's usual nutrient intake nor their individual requirement is known. However, the degree of confidence that intakes are adequate or excessive can be estimated. Assessing diets of groups requires information on the group's usual nutrient intake distribution, which can be obtained by statistically adjusting 1 d intake distributions to remove within-person variability. For most nutrients with an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the group prevalence of inadequate intakes can be approximated by the percent whose usual intakes are less than the EAR. However, the prevalence of inadequacy cannot be determined for nutrients with an Adequate Intake (AI). The goals of planning are a low risk (for individuals) or low prevalence (for groups) of inadequate or excessive nutrient intakes. For individuals, these goals are met by planning intakes that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or AI, are below the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). For groups, planning involves estimating a "target" usual intake distribution with an acceptably low prevalence less than the EAR and greater than the UL, planning menus to achieve the target distribution, and assessing the results.Key words: nutrition assessment, dietary planning, nutrient adequacy.

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Barr, Susan I. "Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-019.

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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are nutrient reference standards used for planning and assessing the diets of apparently healthy Canadians and Americans. The development of DRIs reflects a joint initiative by the United States and Canada to update, expand on, and replace the former Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Americans. DRIs include the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The EAR is the average daily intake level that meets the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group, whereas the RDA is set at a level that will meet the requirements of almost all (97%-98%) individuals in that life stage and gender group. An AI is a recommended intake level that is thought to meet the needs of almost all healthy individuals, and is set when there are insufficient data to establish an EAR (and therefore an RDA). The UL represents a threshold above which adverse effects of excessive intake may increase. In addition to these DRIs, macro nutrients have an Acceptable Macro nutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) and, for energy, an Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is described.Key words: nutrient reference standards, nutrient requirements, nutrient toxicity.

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5

&NA;. "NEW DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES." Nutrition Today 33, no. 6 (November 1998): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-199811000-00008.

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Murphy, Suzanne P., and Mary I. Poos. "Dietary Reference Intakes: summary of applications in dietary assessment." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 6a (December 2002): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002389.

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AbstractObjective:To summarise the applications and appropriate use of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) as guidance for nutrition and health research professionals in the dietary assessment of groups and individuals.Design:Key points from the Institute of Medicine report, Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment, are summarised in this paper. The different approaches for using DRIs to evaluate the intakes of groups vs. the intakes of individuals are highlighted.Results:Each of the new DRIs is defined and its role in the dietary assessment of groups and individuals is described. Two methods of group assessment and a new method for quantitative assessment of individuals are described. Illustrations are provided on appropriate use of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the Adequate Intake (AI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) in dietary assessment.Conclusions:Dietary assessment of groups or individuals must be based on estimates of usual (long-term) intake. The EAR is the appropriate DRI to use in assessing groups and individuals. The AI is of limited value in assessing nutrient adequacy, and cannot be used to assess the prevalence of inadequacy. The UL is the appropriate DRI to use in assessing the proportion of a group at risk of adverse health effects. It is inappropriate to use the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or a group mean intake to assess the nutrient adequacy of groups.

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7

Arens, Ursula. "Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in Dietary Planning." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 17, no. 3 (June 2004): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277x.2004.00522.x.

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8

Ishimi, Yoshiko. "Dietary Reference Intakes and Nutrient Reference Values." Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 69, no. 4 (2016): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4327/jsnfs.69.145.

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9

Fulgoni, Victor L., and Greg D. Miller. "Dietary Reference Intakes for food labeling." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1215S—1216S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1215s.

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10

Fitzgerald, Angela L., David R. Maclean, and Paul J. Veugelers. "Dietary reference intakes: A comparison with the Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 63, no. 4 (December 2002): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/63.4.2002.176.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the newly released dietary reference intakes with the 1990 Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey and identify characteristics that influence compatibility with these new recommendations. For each of 17 nutrient recommendations, we calculated the proportion of participants who consumed intakes within the recommended range. We constructed a score reflecting overall compatibility between the new recommendations and the Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey data. Using this score as the dependent variable, we conducted multivariate regression analysis to evaluate the importance of demographic and behavioural factors for compatibility with the dietary reference intakes. Results indicate that compatibility with the dietary reference intakes was poor among Nova Scotians, particularly for magnesium, vitamins C and E, and macronutrients. Compatibility was lower among females than among males, and differed independently by age, body mass index, socioeconomic factors, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Dietary intervention is needed in Nova Scotia. Reduced fat intake and increased intake of specific vitamins should be promoted. We recommend that nutrition education campaigns coinciding with the introduction of the dietary reference intakes in Nova Scotia target younger people, those of lower socioeconomic background, smokers, and those who are obese.

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11

Rodríguez-Bernal, Clara L., Rosa Ramón, Joan Quiles, Mario Murcia, Eva M. Navarrete-Muñoz, Jesús Vioque, Ferran Ballester, and Marisa Rebagliato. "Dietary intake in pregnant women in a Spanish Mediterranean area: as good as it is supposed to be?" Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2012): 1379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003643.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess food and nutrient intakes and compliance with nutritional recommendations in pregnant women according to selected sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study based on data from the INMA-Valencia cohort (Spain), which recruited pregnant women between 2004 and 2005. Information on maternal sociodemographics and anthropometry was collected. Dietary intake was assessed through an FFQ. Intakes of foods were compared with Spanish food-based dietary guidelines. Intake inadequacy for nutrients was assessed using the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US Institute of Medicine.SettingValencia, Spain.SubjectsWe studied 822 pregnant women who had information on dietary intake during their first trimester of pregnancy.ResultsMore than 50 % of pregnant women did not meet the guidelines for cereals and legumes; reported intakes of carbohydrates, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were below recommendations and exceeded the total fat intake according to dietary references. Dietary inadequacy for folate, Fe and vitamin E ranged from 99 % to 68 %. Vegetable intake was related to age only. Younger and less educated women showed lower intakes of protein and n-3 fatty acids and higher intakes of trans-fatty acids as well as greater inadequacy for micronutrients. Spanish women reported lower intakes of fruit and carbohydrates and higher intakes of protein, total fat, SFA, MUFA and n-3 fatty acids compared with their foreign-born counterparts.ConclusionsWomen in the studied area have inadequate intakes of several nutrients relevant during pregnancy. Age, education and country of origin are factors significantly related to dietary intake and adequacy.

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12

Padovani, Renata Maria, Jaime Amaya-Farfán, Fernando Antonio Basile Colugnati, and Semíramis Martins Álvares Domene. "Dietary reference intakes: aplicabilidade das tabelas em estudos nutricionais." Revista de Nutrição 19, no. 6 (December 2006): 741–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732006000600010.

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As avaliações de dietas e o planejamento de consumo são atividades tradicionalmente realizadas por meio da comparação de médias de ingestão contra valores de referência de energia e nutrientes, seja para indivíduos ou grupos. Limitações de ordem técnica devem ser levadas em conta, sem as quais se pode chegar a conclusões equivocadas quanto ao atendimento das necessidades nutricionais. As Recomendações Nutricionais propostas pelo Institute of Medicine dos Estados Unidos, em conjunto com a agência Health Canada, a partir de 1997, conhecidas como Dietary Reference Intakes, representam um novo paradigma para o estabelecimento de indicadores nutricionais de consumo, ao aperfeiçoarem o uso do conceito de risco na avaliação de dietas. Fontes de erro intra ou interindividuais, devidas à variabilidade de padrão de consumo e decorrentes da distribuição das necessidades na população, aliadas a um pequeno número de dias de observação, têm grande impacto sobre a confiabilidade da análise. Por esta razão devem orientar a utilização dos valores, que foram organizados em tabelas com as quatro categorias de nutrientes, publicadas entre 1997 e 2005. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo destacar algumas características de aplicação e consolidar os valores diários de Tolerable Upper Intake Level, Adequate Intake e Recommended Dietary Allowance, facilitando a consulta por parte de profissionais e estudantes da área de nutrição.

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13

TABATA, Izumi, Naoyuki EBINE, Yukiko KAWASHIMA, Kazuko ISHIKAWA-TAKATA, Shigeho TANAKA, Mitsuru HIGUCHI, and Yutaka YOSHITAKE. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Energy." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S26—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s26.

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14

KIDO, Yasuhiro, Fujiko SHIZUKA, Yoshiharu SHIMOMURA, and Takashi SUGIYAMA. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Protein." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S36—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s36.

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15

EZAKI, Osamu, Yoshihiro MIYAKE, Shinichi SATO, and Hiroyasu ISO. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Fat." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S44—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s44.

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16

MORITA, Akemi, Nobuo YOSHIIKE, Hidemi TAKIMOTO, Megumi TSUBOTA-UTSUGI, Hiroko KODAMA, Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Takashi SUGIYAMA, et al. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Lifestage." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S103—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s103.

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17

Kris-Etherton, Penny M., Jessica A. Grieger, and Terry D. Etherton. "Dietary reference intakes for DHA and EPA." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 81, no. 2-3 (August 2009): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.011.

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18

Schümann, Klaus. "Dietary reference intakes for trace elements revisited." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 20, no. 1 (May 2006): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.007.

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19

MONSEN, ELAINE R. "Dietary Reference Intakes for The Antioxidant Nutrients." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 100, no. 6 (June 2000): 637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00189-9.

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20

Cunningham, Eleese. "Questions related to the dietary reference intakes." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103, no. 9 (September 2003): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(03)01065-4.

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21

ROCK, CHERYL L. "Dietary Reference Intakes, Antioxidants, and Beta Carotene." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98, no. 12 (December 1998): 1410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00317-4.

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22

Bier, Dennis M., and Walter C. Willett. "Dietary Reference Intakes: resuscitate or let die?" American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104, no. 5 (October 12, 2016): 1195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.144469.

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23

YAMADA, Kazuhiko, Nobuyo TSUBOYAMA-KASAOKA, Toshinao GODA, Kyoko SAITO, Toshikazu YAMANOUCHI, Tetsuji YOKOYAMA, Osamu CHONAN, Eri IMAI, Makiko NAKADE, and Seiichiro AOE. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Carbohydrates." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S53—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s53.

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UENISHI, Kazuhiro, Yoshiko ISHIMI, Kazutoshi NAKAMURA, Hiroko KODAMA, and Takatoshi ESASHI. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Macrominerals." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S83—S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s83.

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YOSHIDA, Munehiro, Shigeshi KIKUNAGA, Jun YAMAUCHI, Megumi TSUBOTA-UTSUGI, Hiroko KODAMA, Akemi MORITA, and Takatoshi ESASHI. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Microminerals." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, Supplement (2012): S91—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.s91.

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26

Gregorič, Matej, Katja Zdešar Kotnik, Igor Pigac, and Mojca Gabrijelčič Blenkuš. "A Web-Based 24-H Dietary Recall Could Be a Valid Tool for the Indicative Assessment of Dietary Intake in Older Adults Living in Slovenia." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092234.

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The methodology used in dietary surveys could, to a large extent, follow the instructions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), where 24-h dietary recall (24HDR) is recommended for (sub) population studies. However, it is necessary to examine the suitability of 24HDR for indicative dietary intake in older adults. This study aimed to compare participants’ dietary intakes with the recommendations and to compare dietary intakes derived from a 24HDR using an OPEN web-based application to those obtained from reference weighed food records (WFRs). Forty-nine Slovenian residential home residents completed both assessments, and a comparison with dietary reference values was performed. Estimates from these two methods were compared and the correlations between them were assessed. The findings revealed that dietary intakes derived from the WFR method mostly differed from the recommended intakes. The 24HDR underestimated dietary intake compared to the WFR for 66% of monitored parameters, while 75% of these parameters were correlated, mostly at a moderate level (0.3–0.69). In conclusion, the diets of residential home residents in this study mostly differed from recommendations. Both methods for dietary intake assessment provided comparable results for most of the monitored parameters in expected deviations. A web-based 24HDR could be a valid tool for the indicative assessment of dietary intake in older adults. However, further validations are required.

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TSUBOYAMA-KASAOKA, Nobuyo, Asuka TAKIZAWA, Megumi TSUBOTA-UTSUGI, Makiko NAKADE, Eri IMAI, Akiko KONDO, Kazue YOSHIDA, Nagako OKUDA, Nobuo NISHI, and Hidemi TAKIMOTO. "Dietary Intake of Nutrients with Adequate Intake Values in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 59, no. 6 (2013): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.584.

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MATEOS-MARCOS, Sonia, María Pilar VILLENA-ESPONERA, and Rafael MORENO-ROJAS. "Nutritional assessment of Esmeraldan adult population (Ecuador)." Revista de Nutrição 30, no. 6 (December 2017): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652017000600006.

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ABSTRACT Objective To analyse the nutritional status of the adult population in Esmeraldas by means of anthropometric measurements, the input of macro and micronutrients in the diet, and the adequacy estimation of nutrient intake by hispanic Dietary Reference Instakes along with the sex and the age influence. Methods Nutrient intake data were obtained by personal interview with the application of two 24 hour recalls (weekend and weekday). The anthropometric indicators analysed were body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure. Nutriplato version 2.0 software was used for the two 24-hours food recall surveys data processing, and for the respective calculations of macronutrients, micronutrients and Dietary Reference Intakes. Means and standard deviations were calculated for anthropometry, nutrient intakes and Dietary Reference Instakes. The General Linear Model was applied to identify differences in relation to nutrient intakes considering sex, profession, body mass index, group, origin and day of the week as factors. Results Statistical analysis showed significant differences mainly in carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, iodine, and vitamin E. Dietary intakes were compared with the Federación Española de Sociedades de Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética Dietary Reference Intakes requirements and calcium, potassium, iodine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin D, vitamin E, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are below the Dietary Reference Instakes in all ages and gender subgroups. The anthropometric results obtained indicated that 67.0% of the population were overweight and obese, the 87.7% of the adults suffered from prehypertension and the waist circumference indicated that 73.0% of the subjects were established in the range of high risk of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion Priority nutrition actions and interventions are needed to be developed in Esmeraldas adult population.

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Joung, Hyojee, Jin-Sook Yoon, Seul Ki Choi, Sangah Shin, Young-Sun Choi, Oran Kwon, and Namsoo Chang. "Application of Dietary Reference Intakes for Codex Nutrient Reference Values." Korean Journal of Nutrition 42, no. 4 (2009): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.4.366.

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Arsenault, Joanne E., and Kenneth H. Brown. "Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.5.1011.

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Johnson, Brittany V. B., and John M. Mayer. "Evaluating Nutrient Intake of Career Firefighters Compared to Military Dietary Reference Intakes." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061876.

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The primary goals of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are to plan and assess nutrient intakes to promote health, reduce chronic disease, and prevent toxicity. Firefighters have unique nutrient needs compared to the public due to their job demands. The military provides the only published guidance for tactical athletes’ nutrient needs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether firefighters were meeting the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRI). A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of career firefighters (n = 150, 37.4 ± 8.4 year-old males) employed in Southern California. Data were gathered during baseline assessments from a Federal Emergency Management Agency-funded Firefighter Wellness Initiative. Participants were asked to log their food and beverage consumption over a 72-h period. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, 95% confidence intervals) were calculated for all participant characteristics and average three-day nutrient intakes. A 95% confidence interval compared their nutrient intake to MDRI to identify differences in nutrient intakes, significance accepted at p = 0.05. Compared to MDRI reference values, firefighters consumed an inadequate amount of total calories, linolenic and alpha-linolenic fatty acid, fiber, vitamins D, E, and K, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and carbohydrates. Vitamin D, magnesium, and potassium had the greatest shortcomings (95.3%, 94.0%, and 98.7%, respectively, under MRDA). Thus, firefighters are not meeting the established MDRI for several key nutrients required to promote health, improve performance, and reduce chronic disease. Dietitians and health care providers may use the results of this study to help design health promotion programs for this population. Future research should develop a customized reference intake for firefighters.

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32

Aggett, P. J., J. Bresson, F. Haschke, O. Hernell, B. Koletzko, H. N. Lafeber, K. F. Michaelsen, et al. "Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs), Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), and Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) are not “Recommended Intakes”." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &amp Nutrition 25, no. 2 (August 1997): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199708000-00022.

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33

Mensink, G. B. M., R. Fletcher, M. Gurinovic, I. Huybrechts, L. Lafay, L. Serra-Majem, L. Szponar, et al. "Mapping low intake of micronutrients across Europe." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 755–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451200565x.

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Achieving an understanding of the extent of micronutrient adequacy across Europe is a major challenge. The main objective of the present study was to collect and evaluate the prevalence of low micronutrient intakes of different European countries by comparing recent nationally representative dietary survey data from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. Dietary intake information was evaluated for intakes of Ca, Cu, I, Fe, Mg, K, Se, Zn and the vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E and folate. The mean and 5th percentile of the intake distributions were estimated for these countries, for a number of defined sex and age groups. The percentages of those with intakes below the lower reference nutrient intake and the estimated average requirement were calculated. Reference intakes were derived from the UK and Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. The impact of dietary supplement intake as well as inclusion of apparently low energy reporters on the estimates was evaluated. Except for vitamin D, the present study suggests that the current intakes of vitamins from foods lead to low risk of low intakes in all age and sex groups. For current minerals, the study suggests that the risk of low intakes is likely to appear more often in specific age groups. In spite of the limitations of the data, the present study provides valuable new information about micronutrient intakes across Europe and the likelihood of inadequacy country by country.

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34

Takimoto, Hidemi, and Shino Imai. "Applying the “Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015) ”." Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 69, no. 4 (2016): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4327/jsnfs.69.139.

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35

Takimoto, Hidemi, Kouichi Hirota, Nobuyo Tsuboyama- Kasaoka, and Akemi Morita. "The Origin of Dietary Reference Intakes in Japan." Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 78, Supplement (December 1, 2020): S60—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.78.s60.

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36

MacFarlane, Amanda J., Mary E. Cogswell, Janet M. de Jesus, Linda S. Greene-Finestone, David M. Klurfeld, Christopher J. Lynch, Karen Regan, and Sedigheh Yamini. "A report of activities related to the Dietary Reference Intakes from the Joint Canada-US Dietary Reference Intakes Working Group." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy293.

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Bailey, Lynn B. "Dietary Reference Intakes for Folate: The Debut of Dietary Folate Equivalents." Nutrition Reviews 56, no. 10 (April 27, 2009): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01662.x.

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38

MONSEN, ELAINE R. "New Dietary Reference Intakes Proposed to Replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96, no. 8 (August 1996): 754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00209-x.

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39

Kobayashi, Shuhei. "Recommended Dietary Allowances for the Japanese (6th revision). Dietary Reference Intakes." Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 57, no. 6 (1999): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.57.333.

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40

Ito, Tomoko, Kumpei Tanisawa, Ryoko Kawakami, Chiyoko Usui, Kaori Ishii, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Shizuo Sakamoto, Isao Muraoka, Koichiro Oka, and Mitsuru Higuchi. "Micronutrient Intake Adequacy in Men and Women with a Healthy Japanese Dietary Pattern." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010006.

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This study examined the relationship between a healthy Japanese dietary pattern and micronutrient intake adequacy based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015 (DRIs-J 2015) in men and women. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1418 men and 795 women aged 40–87 years, who participated in the Waseda Alumni’s Sports, Exercise, Daily Activity, Sedentariness, and Health Study. Dietary patterns were derived from principal component analysis of the consumption of 52 food and beverage items, which were assessed by a validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Micronutrient intakes were quantified using the dietary reference intakes score (DRIs-score) for 21 micronutrients (based on DRIs-J 2015). The healthy dietary pattern score was significantly and positively correlated with the intakes of all 21 micronutrients used for constructing the DRIs-score in men and in women (each, p < 0.001). In both sexes, the healthy dietary pattern scores were strongly and positively associated with DRIs-scores (in men: ρ = 0.806, p < 0.001; in women: ρ = 0.868, p < 0.001), and the DRIs-scores reached a plateau around the highest tertile of the healthy dietary pattern score. These results indicate that a healthy Japanese dietary pattern is associated with adequate micronutrient intakes based on the DRIs-J 2015 in both men and women.

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Yang, Jiaomei, Shaonong Dang, Yue Cheng, Huizhen Qiu, Baibing Mi, Yufen Jiang, Pengfei Qu, et al. "Dietary intakes and dietary patterns among pregnant women in Northwest China." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002159.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe nutrient intakes, characterize dietary patterns and analyse their associations with sociodemographic characteristics among pregnant women in Shaanxi, China.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional survey.SettingTwenty counties and ten districts in Shaanxi Province of Northwest China, 2013.SubjectsWomen (n 7462) were recruited using a stratified multistage random sampling method to report diets during pregnancy, at 0–12 months (median 3 months; 10th–90th percentile, 0–7 months) after delivery.ResultsPregnant women had higher intakes of fat, niacin and vitamin E than the nutrient reference values, while most micronutrients such as vitamin A, folate, Ca and Zn were reportedly low. Women in the highest education, occupation and household income groups had higher nutrient intakes than those in the lowest groups. Nutrient intake differences also existed by geographic area, residence and maternal age at delivery. Three dietary patterns were identified: balanced pattern, vegetarian pattern and snacks pattern. Participants with high balanced pattern scores tended to be better educated, wealthier, 25–29 years old at delivery, working outside and living in urban areas and central Shaanxi. Women with high scores on the vegetarian pattern and snacks pattern tended to be in low balanced pattern score groups, and had lower nutrient intakes than those in the high balanced pattern score groups.ConclusionsThe study suggested that pregnant women in Shaanxi, China had low intakes of most nutrients such as vitamin A, folate and Ca. Dietary patterns and most nutrient intakes varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Targeted programmes are needed to improve dietary intakes and dietary patterns among sociodemographically disadvantaged groups.

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Mackerras, Dorothy, and Ingrid Rutishauser. "24-Hour national dietary survey data: how do we interpret them most effectively?" Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 6 (September 2005): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005720.

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AbstractObjectiveTo illustrate the effect of common mistakes when using 24-hour national dietary survey data to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes.DesignRaw data on nutrient intake from the Australian 1995 National Nutrition Survey were adjusted for within-person variance using standard techniques and corrected for underreporting using the criteria of Goldberg et al. The distributions for six nutrients were compared with current dietary reference values from the UK, USA and Australia.SettingA national sample of the Australian population with a 61.4% response rate.ResultsAdjusting for within-person variance reduced the range of nutrient intakes to 66–80% of the raw data range and the proportion with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) by up to 20%. Excluding underreporters further reduced the proportion below the EAR by up to 10%. Using the dietary reference values from different countries also resulted in some markedly different estimates. For example, the prevalence of low folate intakes ranged from <1 to 92% for adult women depending on the reference used. Except for vitamin A and protein, the prevalence of low intakes was invariably higher for women than for men.ConclusionsEstimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes based on raw 24-hour survey data are invariably misleading. However, even after adjustment for within-person variance and underreporting, estimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes may still be misleading unless interpreted in the light of the reference criteria used and supported by relevant biochemical and physiological measures of nutritional status.

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Sales, Cristiane H., Mariane de M. Fontanelli, Diva A. S. Vieira, Dirce M. Marchioni, and Regina M. Fisberg. "Inadequate dietary intake of minerals: prevalence and association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 2 (January 23, 2017): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516004633.

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AbstractThis cross-sectional, population-based study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary mineral inadequacies among residents in urban areas of Sao Paulo, to identify foods contributing to mineral intake and to verify possible associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and mineral intake. Data were obtained from the 2008 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 1511; mean age 43·6 (sd 23·2), range 14–97 years). Dietary intake of minerals was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes methods. Associations between mineral intake and baseline factors were determined using multiple linear regression. Na, Ca and Mg showed the highest dietary inadequacies. Some age/sex groups had lower intakes of P, Zn, Cu and Se. Rice, beans and bread were the main foods contributing towards mineral intake. Female sex was negatively associated with K, Na, P, Mg, Zn and Mn intakes. All age groups were positively associated with the intakes of K, P, Mg and Mn. Family income above one minimum wage was positively associated with Se intake. Living in a household whose head completed ≥10 years of education was positively associated with Ca and negatively associated with Na intake. Former smoker status was negatively associated with Ca intake. Current smoker status was inversely associated with K, Ca, P and Cu intakes. Sufficient physical activity was positively associated with K, Ca and Mg intakes. Overall, the intakes of all major minerals were inadequate and were influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.

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Carmichael, Suzan L., Chen Ma, Marcia L. Feldkamp, and Gary M. Shaw. "Comparing Usual Dietary Intakes Among Subgroups of Mothers in the Year Before Pregnancy." Public Health Reports 134, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918821078.

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Objective: The quantity and quality of dietary intake among women of reproductive age has important public health implications for nutritional status during pregnancy. We described dietary intake during the year before pregnancy among a large, diverse group of US mothers. Methods: We examined data from 11 109 mothers who gave birth from 1997 through 2011 and participated in a population-based case-control study, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, as controls (mothers who had babies without major birth defects). We examined whether subgroups of mothers at elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes were more likely than their reference groups to have high dietary intake (>90th percentile of intake) or low dietary intake (<10th percentile of intake). We examined dietary intake of 22 nutritional factors, which were estimated from responses to a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Participants who were aged <20, were nulliparous, had <high school diploma or <$20 000 annual household income, were non-Hispanic black, were underweight or obese, did not intend to become pregnant, did not take folic acid–containing vitamin supplements, or smoked had worse dietary intakes than their reference groups. For example, 17.5% of participants aged <20 had a low score on the diet quality index and 5.3% had a high score (vs expected values of 10%). Participants who were aged ≥35, were Hispanic, or had prepregnancy diabetes tended to have better dietary intakes than their reference groups. Maternal overweight and prepregnancy hypertension had few significant associations. Conclusions: Strategies are needed to ensure optimal nutrition among all childbearing women.

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Whiting, Susan J. "Symposium overview. Dietary Reference Intakes: considerations for physical activity." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-002.

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The following series of papers comprise a symposium on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), which are the new dietary recommendations for North Americans, that was presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. The process of developing the DRIs has been an enormous undertaking resulting, thus far, in 12 book-length reports spanning from 1997 to 2004. It was therefore timely to review the recommendations, describe the considerations for physical activity that went into setting the recommendations, and, where possible, indicate how the DRIs may be applied to athletes.Key words: Dietary Reference Intakes, macronutrients, micronutrients, physical activity.

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Uemura, Hirokazu, Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano, Miwa Yamaguchi, Mariko Nakamoto, Mineyoshi Hiyoshi, and Kokichi Arisawa. "Association between dietary calcium intake and arterial stiffness according to dietary vitamin D intake in men." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 8 (September 5, 2014): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002153.

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Studies on the associations of dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes with arterial stiffness are scarce. In the present study, these associations were evaluated in Japanese men. Data from a total of 535 eligible men, aged 35–69 years, who participated in the baseline survey of a cohort study in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, and underwent brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) measurements were analysed. ba-PWV is a measure of arterial stiffness and is recognised as a marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage. Information regarding the cohort's lifestyle characteristics including dietary behaviour over the past year was obtained from a structured self-administered questionnaire. Dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method and divided into quartiles; the highest quartile was used as the reference. General linear models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes and ba-PWV values adjusted for probable covariates. The association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was further evaluated using similar general linear models stratified by dietary vitamin D intake (median or below/above median). Dietary Ca intake was found to be significantly inversely associated with ba-PWV after adjusting for probable covariates (P for trend = 0·020). However, no such association was observed between dietary vitamin D intake and ba-PWV. The inverse association between dietary Ca intake and ba-PWV was striking in subjects with higher dietary vitamin D intake. However, no association was found in subjects with lower dietary vitamin D intake. These results indicate that adequate dietary Ca and vitamin D intakes may be protective against the development of arterial stiffness in Japanese men.

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Korczak, Renee, and Joanne L. Slavin. "Definitions, regulations, and new frontiers for dietary fiber and whole grains." Nutrition Reviews 78, Supplement_1 (July 30, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz061.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to review the definitions and regulations for dietary fiber and whole grains worldwide and to discuss barriers to meeting recommended intake levels. Plant foods, such as whole grains, that are rich in dietary fiber are universally recommended in dietary guidance. Foods rich in dietary fiber are recommended for all, but dietary recommendations for whole grains and dietary fiber depend on definitions and regulations. Official recommendations for dietary fiber in the United States and Canada are denoted by dietary reference intakes (DRIs), which are developed by the Institute of Medicine. An adequate intake (AI) for dietary fiber was based on prospective cohort studies of dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease risk that found 14 grams of dietary fiber per 1000 kilocalories protected against cardiovascular disease (CVD). This value was used to set AIs for dietary fiber across the life cycle based on recommended calorie intakes. Actual intakes of dietary fiber are generally about half of the recommended levels. Recommendations for whole grain intake are equally challenging, as definitions for whole grain foods are needed to set recommendations. The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that half of all grain servings be whole grains, but usual intakes are generally less than 1 serving per day, rather than the recommended 3 servings per day. Scientific support for whole grain recommendations is based on the same prospective cohort studies and links to CVD protection used to inform dietary fiber guidance. Thus, dietary fiber is a recommended nutrient and whole grains are a recommended dietary pattern in dietary guidance in North America and around the world. Challenges for attaining recommended intakes of dietary fiber and whole grains include low-carbohydrate diets, low-gluten diets, and public health recommendations to avoid processed foods.

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Westerkamp, Elke A., Siobhan C. Strike, and Michael Patterson. "Dietary intakes and prevalence of overweight/obesity in male non-dysvascular lower limb amputees." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 43, no. 3 (January 20, 2019): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364618823118.

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Background: Lower limb amputees are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease compared to non-amputees. Dietary intake, a major determinant of cardiovascular disease risk, has not previously been studied in this group. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate dietary intakes and prevalence of overweight/obesity in adult lower limb amputees. Study design: A cross-sectional survey was used to investigate the dietary intake and prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults with lower limb amputations living in the United Kingdom. Method: Dietary intakes of male adult lower limb amputees ( n = 46, non-dysvascular) were assessed using food frequency questionnaires and results were compared to dietary reference values in the United Kingdom. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was assessed through body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio and compared to the general population according to the Health Survey for England 2011. Results: Dietary intake risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as sugars (22.01%), total fat (34.87%), saturated fat (12.72%) and sodium (2660.10 mg/day) were significantly higher ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.043, p < 0.001; p < 0.001; respectively) than the dietary reference values. A high prevalence (82.8%) of overweight/obesity was found with a significantly higher body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio ( p = 0.027; p = 0.001; respectively) compared to the Health Survey for England 2011. Conclusion: High intakes of sugars, dietary fats, sugars and salts, combined with high prevalence of overweight/obesity observed in lower limb amputees are concerning. These findings suggest that greater emphasis on dietary intakes should be considered for rehabilitation programmes. Clinical relevance Findings highlight poor dietary habits in lower limb amputees with respect to fat, sugar and salt intake, also high levels of overweight/obesity. Considering greater emphasis on dietary intake and including lifestyle changing interventions in rehabilitation programmes for lower limb amputees may lower the risk of obesity and CVD.

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Gibson, Sigrid, and Alison Boyd. "Associations between added sugars and micronutrient intakes and status: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 1 (July 8, 2008): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508981484.

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Added sugars are often viewed as ‘empty calories’, negatively impacting micronutrient intakes, yet reviews consider the evidence inconclusive. This study aimed to quantify associations between dietary added sugars (as a percentage of energy) and micronutrient intake and biochemical status in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Using data from 1688 British children aged 4–18 years who completed 7 d weighed dietary records in 1997, micronutrient intakes were examined across quintiles of added sugars. After excluding low energy reporters, mean dietary intakes of most nutrients exceeded the reference nutrient intake, except for zinc. Compared with quintile 1 (9 % added sugars), high consumers in quintile 5 (23 % added sugars) had micronutrient intakes ranging from 24 % lower to 6 % higher (mean 14 % lower). Zinc intakes in quintile 1 v. quintile 5 averaged 93 % v. 78 % of reference nutrient intake; magnesium 114 % v. 94 %; iron 115 % v. 100 %; and vitamin A 111 % v. 92 %, respectively. Plasma levels of magnesium, zinc and carotenoids did not vary across quintiles, but weak negative correlations were observed with serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Plasma selenium was inversely correlated with added sugars (r − 0·17; P < 0·0001) but there was no association with glutathione peroxidase. The impact of added sugars on micronutrient intakes appears modest overall but may have relevance for children consuming inadequate amounts of nutrient-rich foods coupled with a diet high in added sugars (approximately 23 %). Further work is needed to explore the impact of different sources of added sugars and to refine assessments of inadequate intakes and status.

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Slater, Kaylee, Megan E. Rollo, Zoe Szewczyk, Lee Ashton, Tracy Schumacher, and Clare Collins. "Do the Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women Attending Public Hospital Antenatal Clinics Align with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Recommendations?" Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082438.

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The maternal diet influences the long-term health status of both mother and offspring. The current study aimed to compare dietary intakes of pregnant women compared to food and nutrient recommendations in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) and Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Usual dietary intake was assessed in a sample of women in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy attending antenatal outpatient clinics at John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales (NSW). Dietary intake was measured using the Australian Eating Survey, a validated, semi-quantitative 120-item food frequency questionnaire. Daily food group servings and nutrient intakes were compared to AGHE and NRV targets. Of 534 women participating, none met the AGHE recommendations for all food groups. Highest adherence was for fruit serves (38%), and lowest for breads and cereals (0.6%). Only four women met the pregnancy NRVs for folate, iron, calcium, zinc and fibre from food alone. Current dietary intakes of Australian women during pregnancy do not align with national nutrition guidelines. This highlights the importance of routine vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy, as intakes from diet alone may commonly be inadequate. Future revisions of dietary guidelines and pregnancy nutrition recommendations should consider current dietary patterns. Pregnant women currently need more support to optimise food and nutrient intakes.

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