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1
Ajabshir, Sahar. "The Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Status in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3649.
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The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 4000 IU and 6000 IU of daily vitamin D3 supplementation for 3 months and 6 months on 8-hydroxy-2`-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and glycated albumin (GA%) among a group of individuals with T2D and hypovitaminosis D. Furthermore, this study investigated the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII), C-reactive protein (CRP), 8-OHdG, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), GA% and insulin. Ninety participants were recruited by community outreach and were screened. Sixty-eight participants met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and completed the study. DII for each individuals was calculated based on the values obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Measurements of variables were conducted at baseline, after 3 months and after 6 months of supplementation. Serum CRP, 8-OHdg, GA%, HbA1c and insulin were measured by enzymatic immunoassay methods. Mixed model was used to compare treatment groups. Covariates in the adjusted model included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), insulin, HbA1c, years with type 2 diabetes, perceived stress, physical activity, and sun exposure. Mean age was 54.94± 7.93 years.A multivariable linear regression model adjusted for age, gender, waist circumference, and fasting plasma glucose was used to test for the linear trend between DII and CRP, 8-OHdG, GA% and insulin.The unadjusted model showed no significant associations between quartiles of DII, CRP, HbA1c and GA%. A significant inverse association was observed between the fourth DII quartile and insulin level (p=0.030). There was a significant association between SBP and DII in Q4 (p=0.029).The unadjusted mean ± SD for 8-OHdG levels at baseline, after 3 and 6 months were 8068.94 ± 2158.13 pg/mL, 9462.22 ± 2403.89 pg/mL, and 7412.69 ± 2031.68 pg/mL, respectively. The unadjusted mixed model showed no difference between the 4000 and 6000 IU groups regarding the oxidative stress and GA%. Interactions between time and treatment were not significant. The model showed a statistically significant difference in 8-OHdG level between baseline and 3 months (PP=0.015), and from 3 months to 6 months (P=0.039), but not from baseline to 6 months (P= 0.488). The results of the present study showed daily oral supplementation with higher doses of vitamin D for 6 months may have beneficial effects on oxidative stress and glycemic status among a group of individuals with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory dietary patterns may be associated with increased risk of hyperinsulinemia and hypertension among individuals with T2D and hypovitaminosis D.
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Clark, W. Andrew, and Michelle E. Johnson. "Reinforcing Nutrition and Core Science Fundamentals Through a Multi-Semester Research Project." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2510.
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Leyse, Ruth Louise 1939. "Perceptions of the metaparadigm of clinical dietetics: Conceptual delineation of phenomena relevant to the discipline." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282590.
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The purpose of this study was to validate the proposed Metaparadigm of Clinical Dietetics. The proposed Metaparadigm of Clinical Dietetics is the most abstract level of the profession's body of knowledge and is a statement of seven domains of concern. The seven domains are Reference Person, Human Condition, Practitioner Actions/Attitudes, Practitioner Environment, Client Actions/Attitudes, Client Environment and Nutraceuticals and are characterized by ninety-four knowledge topics. A further purpose was to determine comparative relevance of these ninety-four knowledge topics to other health professionals and nutritional scientists. A descriptive-correlational-factor-analytical design was used for this study. An expert panel of clinical dietetic practitioners and an extensive literature review were used to develop the mailed survey instrument. A random sample of five hundred clinical dietitians was selected from members of thirteen clinical Dietetic Practice Groups of The American Dietetic Association. One hundred thirty-six surveys were returned for a response rate of twenty-seven percent.
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Sarver, Anna Naegle. "The Effect of Religiosity and Spirituality on Transformatinal Leadership Characteristics of Hospital Food and Nutrition Managers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/251.
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Effective leadership in the field of dietetics is becoming increasingly vital in a rapidly changing world. A determination of factors which impact leaders and their followers is essential. This study was designed to examine the relationship between religiosity and spirituality and transformational leadership characteristics of hospital food and nutrition managers as rated by self as well as by those directly supervised by the managers. The influence of religious and spiritual beliefs on the workplace and workplace practices was also examined. Respondents were selected from the American Hospital Association database. Hospitals from 250 to 499 beds were included. Directors of Foodservice and Nutrition Services as well as Clinical Nutrition Managers were asked to participate, along with those they directly supervise. Of managers who initially agreed to participate, 129 (72%) were included in the final analysis, along with 530 of their subordinates. Variables examined included the influence of religiosity/ spirituality on the workplace and workplace actions of respondents, issues relating to trust, self- and employee-rated transformational characteristics of managers, demographics, job related factors, and religiosity and spirituality of managers and employees. Frequency data was collected for virtually all questions on the survey instrument. General Linear Model (GLM), Pearson's Correlation, and the Means Procedure were all used as appropriate to examine the relationships between the variables of interest. The religiosity and spirituality of managers and their employees were not related to perceived transformational leadership characteristics of managers. Both managers and employees with higher levels of religiosity and spirituality were more influenced by (and demonstrated through their actions) religious and spiritual beliefs in the workplace. Transformational leadership was related to other variables examined, such as the type of manager, job enjoyment of managers and employees, as well as issues relating to trust between managers and employees. There were also significant differences seen between manager perceptions of their transformational leadership characteristics and employee perceptions of their managers. Managers rated themselves consistently higher on all individual Transformational Leadership Scales, as well as the summed Transformational Leadership Score, than did their employees. These differences were all highly significant based on the Means Procedure.
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Seher, Christin L. Seher. "The 'Making' and 'Unmaking' of the Dietetics Professional: A Feminist Poststructural Policy Analysis of Dietetics Boss Texts." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1542132046504298.
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Paciarotti, Ilenia. "The nutritional risks of children with cancer." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2013. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7369.
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Nutrition is a major concern in paediatric cancer, increasing the risk of co-morbidities, affecting tolerance of therapies and influencing survival. Despite this, very few studies have aimed to identify the nutritional risks of children treated for cancer in the western world. A unique retrospective study was therefore proposed to assess the degree of nutritional risk in paediatric cancer using the need for nutrition support (NS) as a proxy for high nutritional risk. Of 168 patients, seventy four (44%) required NS of whom 50 (67%) and 24 (33%) had solid and haematological malignancies. These findings underline the common need for NS in this childhood cancer cohort. A prospective study was consequently designed to assess the effect of cancer and its treatment on nutritional status, using commonly used assessment techniques. Measurements were taken regularly at six time points over a period of up to 18 months. 26 patients, 18 (69%) male and 8 (31%) female (median age 5.1; IQR 2.3, 7.9) volunteered for the study. At recruitment and during the first three months of treatment, those with solid tumour demonstrated nutritional deprivation, low BMI (median 25.5, IQR 5.5-60.5; median 18.0, IQR 7.5-54.2 respectively), low fat mass %(median 76.3, IQR 48.5-99.1; median 70.8, IQR 62.6-124.8 respectively), low energy intake (median kcal/d 1200, IQR 866-1970; median 1305 kcal/d, IQR 901-1488) and a high need for NS. In contrast, those with haematological cancer demonstrated an excess BMI (median 66.0, IQR 41.5-82.2; median 79.5; IQR 70- 94.2 respectively), high fat mass % (median 102.0, IQR 78.6- 153.0; median 129.4, IQR 96.5-202.6,respectively) and excessive energy intake (median kcal/d 2076; IQR 1453-2525, median kcal/d 1078, IQR 919-1206 respectively) These results suggest that children undergoing cancer therapy are at high risk of both undernutrition and obesity and they indicate apparent differences in nutritional risk according to diagnosis and treatment.
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Revuelta, Iniesta Raquel. "The determinants of nutritional risk in paediatric cancer." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2015. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7375.
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The five-year survival rates of paediatric cancer patients have improved considerably in the last 40 years with the implementation of more intensive and progressive treatments. Consequently attention is shifting to the reduction of treatment-related sequelae during and after the completion of therapy. Malnutrition and vitamin D inadequacy are a major concern as they are thought to increase the risk of short- and long-term complications in this population. Furthermore, emerging evidence has found a protective role of antioxidants and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, which are common long-term complications in survivors of paediatric cancer. Therefore, this thesis aimed to investigate the nutritional status (NS), vitamin D, antioxidants and oxidative stress levels, as well as DHA and EPA levels of paediatric cancer patients. Potential factors that may contribute to the development of malnutrition in this population were also investigated. A prospective cohort-study of SE Scottish children aged <18 years, diagnosed with and treated for cancer between Aug 2010-Jan 2014 was performed. Clinical and nutritional data were collected at defined periods up to 36 months. NS was assessed using anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analyisis (BIA), plasma micronutrients and dietary intake. DHA, EPA, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress were measured at baseline and 6 months between April 2013-Jan 2014. Paediatric cancer was stratified by treatment risk (high, medium and low) and by diagnostic criteria. The primary outcome was malnutrition defined as body mass index (BMI) according to UK growth chart centiles; underweight (<2.3rd), overweight (85-95th) and obese (>95th). Vitamin D status was defined by the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines (2011); inadequacy (<50nmol/L). Eighty-two patients [median(IQR) age 3.9(1.9-8.8) years; 56% males)] were recruited. At diagnosis, the prevalence of undernutrition was 13%, overweight 7% and obesity 15%. TSF identified the highest prevalence of undernutrition (15%) and the lowest of obesity (1%). BMI [p<0.001; 95% CI (1.31-3.47)] and FM (BIA) [p<0.05; 95% CI (0.006-0.08)] significantly increased after 3 months of treatment, whilst FFM (BIA) [p<0.05; 95% CI (-0.78-(-0.01)] significantly decreased during the first three months and these patterns remained until the end of the study. High-treatment risk significantly contributed to undernutrition during the first three months of treatment [p=0.04; 95% CI (-16.8-(-0.4)] and solid tumours had the highest prevalence of undernutrition [BMI (17%)]. Vitamin D inadequacy was highly prevalent (64%; 42/65) at both baseline and during treatment (33-50%) and those children who were not supplemented had the lowest vitamin D levels at every stage with median(IQR) levels ranging from 32.0(21.0-46.5)nmol/L to 45.0(28.0-64.5)nmol/L. Paediatric cancer patients had high levels of oxidative stress and low levels of DHA and EPA, especially at baseline. Antioxidant status remained steady at 6 months, however antioxidant capacity increased slightly. Finally, antioxidant levels, antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress and EPA and DHA did not statistically differ between children receiving nutritional support and those who were not. Arm anthropometry (or BIA) alongside appropriate nutritional supplementation should be implemented in clinical practice due to the high risk of malnutrition (undernutrition and obesity), the changes in body composition (increase in fat mass and reduction in lean mass) and vitamin D inadequacy, as well as the low levels of EPA and DHA seen in this paediatric cancer cohort.
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Fernandez, Gaxiola Ana Cecilia. "A survey of nutrition and aging research in Brazil, Chile and Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3310.
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Information on nutrition and aging research in Brazil, Chile and Mexico was compiled. The questionnaire was adapted from one published by the United Nations Population Fund. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) provided the initial contact list. A search of online library databases was also done. Databases yielded a total of 149 journal articles, 21 books, 9 dissertations and 17 theses on nutrition and aging published between 1983 and 2000. The information showed that nutrition and aging is an area in the process of policy and program development and that aging is an important public health issue because of the current and projected growth of this population group. In line with the PAHO goal of improving the possibilities for healthy aging, this study may help strengthen the integration of multidisciplinary nutrition and aging research with public health policy.
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Molnar, Joseph Andrew, Mary Jane Underdown, and W. Andrew Clark. "Nutrition and Chronic Wounds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2496.
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Significance: Nutrition is one of the most basic of medical issues and is often ignored as a problem in the management of our chronic wound patients. Unfortunately, malnutrition is widespread in our geriatric patients even in nursing homes in developed countries. Attention to basic nutrition and providing appropriate supplements may assist in the healing of our chronic wounds.
Recent Advances: Recent research has revealed the epidemiology of malnutrition in developed countries, the similarities to malnutrition in developing countries, and some of the physiologic and sociologic causes for this problem. More information is now available on the biochemical effects of nutrient deficiency and supplementation with macronutrients and micronutrients. In some cases, administration of isolated nutrients beyond recommended amounts for healthy individuals may have a pharmacologic effect to help wounds heal.
Critical Issues: Much of the knowledge of the nutritional support of chronic wounds is based on information that has been obtained from trauma management. Due to the demographic differences of the patients and differences in the physiology of acute and chronic wounds, it is not logical to assume that all aspects of nutritional support are identical in these patient groups. Before providing specific nutritional supplements, appropriate assessments of patient general nutritional status and the reasons for malnutrition must be obtained or specific nutrient supplementation will not be utilized.
Future Directions: Future research must concentrate on the biochemical and physiologic differences of the acute and chronic wounds and the interaction with specific supplements, such as antioxidants, vitamin A, and vitamin D.
10
Middaugh, Amanda Lyn. "Evaluating Effectiveness of an Undergraduate Dietetics Curriculum." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29860.
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Assessment is necessary in many programs to be certain that expected outcomes are being met. Without curriculum evaluation, higher education faculty would be unaware if students are competent in the skills and knowledge that the faculty thought they were teaching. New curriculum competencies related to dietetics are introduced every five to seven years from the Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE). CADE establishes the minimum requirements of foundation knowledge, skills, and
competencies for institutions to train entry level dietitians. Even though a variety of criteria have been proposed to evaluate curricula, no common model or format is used because of the differences in each program, college, or university. The purpose of this study is to evaluate North Dakota State University's (NDSU) dietetics program through students' understanding and knowledge as demonstrated by the change in pretest and post-test scores to ensure they are meeting competencies. The Dietetics Program Assessment Test is made up of questions contributed by each instructor in the dietetics program at NDSU regarding their particular area of expertise. The effectiveness was assessed by comparing students' Dietetics Program Assessment pretest scores, taken during sophomore year, with their post-test scores, taken during senior year. This evaluation was used to determine if pretest scores predict program course grades or if high pretest results indicate a more successful student. Therefore, the scores could be used as a selection criterion for acceptance into the dietetics program if there is a strong correlation. Results from students in the Coordinated Program in Dietetics (CPD) were compared to those in the Didactic Program in Dietetics (DPD) and those not accepted into either program to see if there is a difference between the groups. The test was also divided into dietetics core content areas (community nutrition, medical nutrition therapy/clinical, food service, basic nutrition/lifespan, and management) to see if there was an area in which students were scoring poorly. Pretests were taken by 122 pre-dietetics students; of these, 46 were admitted into the CPD, 29 were admitted into the DPD, and 47 were not admitted into either program. A paired t-test found there to be a significant difference (p<0.0001) between individual mean
pretest scores and post-test scores, which means students' knowledge about the area of dietetics had greatly improved through courses throughout each program. A t-test found there was not a significant difference between either the pretest scores (p=0.9847) or the post-test scores (p=0.4263) of those in the CPD and DPD programs. In all of the core dietetics content areas the average percentage of correct questions improved from the pretest to the post-test, and each content area had a similar improvement, roughly a 25 percentage point increase. Using an exact Kendall's Tau Test to examine the association
between pretest score and final course grades, no significant difference was found in all of the core dietetics courses expect for Food Selection and Preparation Principles (HNES 261) (p=0.0324). In conclusion, since no one content area on the post-test appears to be lacking more than any other, it would appear that the students are learning from all courses. Due to the lack of association between all core dietetics course grades and pretest scores along with the small sample size, pretest scores should not currently be used alone or as one of the selection criterion for admittance into either dietetics programs.
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Garza, Melody. "Knowledge, behaviors, and beliefs of nannies regarding nutrition for children in their care." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3590.
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Nannies impact the development of children; however, research is nonexistent regarding their influence on children’s eating habits. The purpose of this study was to examine nannies’ nutrition knowledge, feeding behaviors, and beliefs about children and eating. In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, 83 nannies responded to an electronic survey. Respondents were White (94%, n=78), females (100%, n=83) and full-time employees (73.2%, n=60) of one family (82.1%, n=64). Nannies’ mean raw score was 24 out of 32 points resulting In 75% correct in nutrition knowledge. No significant correlations were found between scores and age (p=.51), education (/?=.73), or employment years (/?=.47). Responses to interaction statements indicated more authoritarian (35.8%, n=24) and indulgent (32.8%, n=22) feeding styles towards children than authoritative (14.9%, n=10) or uninvolved (16.4%, n=ll). Nannies believed that parents/guardians (66%, n=45) had the greatest influence on children’s eating habits, however, perceived they had high influence (79.4%, n=54). Although nannies exhibited average nutrition knowledge, their authoritarian and indulgent feeding styles may result in poor nutritional habits for the children. While it is important for nannies to attend nutrition education sessions, it is vital for nannies to obtain knowledge on how the various feeding styles affect a child’s nutrition.
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Al, Moosawi Suzana. "Effect of polyphenols on glucoregulatory biomarkers, blood pressure and lipid profile in overweight and obese subjects." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2010. http://etheses.qmu.ac.uk/256/.
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This thesis describes a series of in vitro, animal and humans studies conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of polyphenol-rich green coffee bean extract (GCBE) and dark chocolate (DC) on biomarkers of glucose metabolism, lipid profile and blood pressure (BP) in overweight and obese individuals. Green coffee and Theobroma cacao bean extracts were found to be rich in polyphenols and to act as effective free radical scavenging compounds in vitro. A potential role for GCBE in inhibiting pancreatic lipase was identified in vitro. Preliminary human studies revealed a differential effect of GCBE and DC on fasting glucose, total cholesterol, BP and urinary glucocorticoids. Accordingly, consumption of 200mg GCBE containing 90mg chlorogenic acid (CGA) twice daily for 14 days by healthy overweight and obese volunteers reduced systolic BP (P=0.043), urinary free cortisone (P=0.0015) and waist circumference (-0.78cm; P=0.013) but raised salivary cortisone (P=0.042) without significantly affecting capillary fasting glucose, total cholesterol or urinary antioxidant excretion (P>0.05). The ability of CGA to differentially regulate cortisol metabolism was further highlighted in male C57BL6 mice wherein daily administration of a diet containing 0.15% CGA for 17 days marginally increased cortisol in kidney (P=0.108; eta2=0.26) and reduced hepatic cortisol (P=0.219; eta2=0.14). In the preliminary single-blind randomised cross-over DC study, 2-week consumption of 20g DC containing 500mg or 1000mg polyphenols by overweight and obese individuals produced equal reductions in capillary fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic BP. This was further confirmed by the long-term placebo-controlled trial wherein ingestion of 20g DC (500mg polyphenols) for 4 weeks reduced fasting glucose (P=0.028), insulin resistance (P=0.005), systolic (P=0.020), diastolic BP (P=0.008) and improved insulin sensitivity (QUICKI, P=0.04; revised-QUICKI, P=0.026) and urinary antioxidant capacity (total phenolics, P=0.046; ferric-reducing capacity, P=0.048) without significantly affecting lipid profile (P>0.05). A particular contribution of the main study is the finding that overweight and obese individuals respond more effectively to polyphenol-rich DC, compared to lean individuals, but more adversely to polyphenol-deficient placebo. The latter was marked by the rise in fasting insulin, insulin resistance and salivary cortisol. In conclusion, this thesis supports a role for polyphenol-rich GCBE and DC in counteracting overweight and obesity-related complications. The role of GCBE and CGA in modulating glucocorticoid metabolism emerges as a novel and potentially relevant field of research to the prevention of overweight and obesity-related complications.
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Wallace, Joanne. "Investigating the effects of common dietary isoflavones on breast cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and potassium channel activity." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2013. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7364.
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Epidemiological evidence suggests that due to its high isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) content a diet rich in soy could protect against breast cancer, particularly tumours expressing oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα+). Isoflavones are weakly oestrogenic, and have other wide ranging cellular activities. Contradictory in vitro evidence means that isoflavones’ mechanism(s) of action remain to be elucidated. ERα+ MCF7 and ERα-/ERβ+ MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and apoptosis were quantified at a range of achievable serum concentrations of genistein or daidzein (0.01nM to 31.6μM) with or without pre-/post-menopausal 17β-oestradiol (E2) levels (1nM and 1pM). Additionally, cell volume regulation and macroscopic K+ current modulation by isoflavones and E2 in MCF7 cells were investigated. In MCF7 cells isoflavones (≥1μM) induce apoptosis, even in the presence of E2, but this did not reverse the synergistic effect of postmenopausal E2 and isoflavones on proliferation. Isoflavones slightly reduced MDA-MB-231 proliferation at all concentrations, dropping dramatically at 31.6μM. This response was partially maintained in the presence of postmenopausal E2. Isoflavones also induced markers of apoptosis. Treating MCF7 with 1nM E2 or 1μM genistein resulted in cell swelling, and a significant increase in whole cell current (E2 only), indicating a proliferative response. Conversely, treatment with 31.6μM genistein resulted in shrinkage, and inhibition of outward K+ current (not statistically significant). Daidzein treatment inhibited current to a lesser extent. Co-treatment with K+ channel blockers indicated the hEAG channel as a potential molecular target of genistein in MCF7. These results suggest that in ERα+ breast cancers, isoflavones may act by inducing apoptosis, shrinkage, and inhibition of hEAG current. There was no evidence suggesting that isoflavones reduce E2-promoted ERα+ cancer cell proliferation. Importantly, the inhibition of K+ channel activity by isoflavones represents a novel target for anti-cancer therapies. However, even low levels of isoflavones may be beneficial chemotherapeutic agents against ERα-/ERβ+ breast cancer, indicating an urgent requirement for further characterization of the effects of isoflavones in these breast cancers.
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Higginson, Catherine Susan. "Consumer use of the nutritional label on food packages : a cognitive task analysis." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2000. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7374.
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The nutrition label on a food package is intended to provide the consumer with information about the nutritional composition of a foodstuff, enabling him/her to make an informed choice about whether or not to buy it. This study explored how consumers use the nutrition label on food packages, including how they use it to make healthy food choices. Verbal protocol analysis was used to collect data from ten subjects. Four subjects were 'nutrition experts'; six had no specialist nutrition knowledge. Data were collected while subjects undertook each of three tasks: everyday shopping in a supermarket; shopping in a supermarket for the 'healthiest version' of nine common types of food; and answering questions designed to stimulate specific label use tasks. Nutrition label use during everyday shopping trips was minimal. Only sixteen instances of nutrition label use were identified during the purchase of 212 products. When subjects were asked to shop for the healthiest version of foods, nutrition label information was used for 78% of product choice decisions. Fat and energy were the most popular types of nutrient information accessed. Information per 100 grams was accessed almost twice as often as per serving information. Seventy percent of nutrition label use tasks were product comparisons, and compensatory choice heuristics were favoured to assist choice. Experts accessed information about a wider range of nutrients, used per 100 grams information more, and undertook a wider range of tasks. During the label use tasks subjects accessed appropriate information from labels but answered many of the questions incorrectly, indicating a lack of internal standards against which to compare nutrient levels. Experts did not perform better than non-experts. More education is needed to enable consumers to use nutrition labels effectively. In particular, they need standards or benchmarks to help them judge relative amounts of nutrients better.
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Anthony, Jean-Paul. "The inhibitory properties, and mode of action, of plant essential oils and fruit extracts on protozoan parasites." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2008. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7382.
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The main aims and objectives of this study was to determine if plant essential oils (PEOs) and polyphenol-rich fruit extracts (PRFEs) could reduce the viability of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and Cryptospordium parvum oocysts in vitro. All PEOs tested reduced epimastigote and trophozoite viability at a concentration of 0.02% v/v, with titrations of the PEOs showing a concentration dependant decrease in viability. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of PEOs demonstrated that myrtle and elemi oil were the most active PEOs (trophozoites = 0.005% v/v; epimastigotes = 0.00125% v/v) with the terpenes, α-pinene and limonene, constituents of these oils, being responsible for their action. Incubation of palmarosa oil and its terpene, geraniol, with C. parvum oocysts caused the almost complete excystation of oocysts (in the presence of increased temperature and time), with geranium oil and its terpene, citronellol, being nearly as effective. PRFEs reduce trophozoite viability, with 4 members of the Rosaceae Family causing complete reduction at 167 μg ml-1, possibly through their ellagitannin content. Cloudberry extract was found to have an MIC comparable to the drug metronidazole (67 μg ml-1). The historical use of blueberries for the treatment of diarrhoeal diseases was demonstrated by the ability of blueberry PRFE, pressed juice and drink to kill trophozoites. Protein expression was both inhibited and upregulated in several proteins in whole cell lysates of PEO treated trophozoites, indicating a supplemental intracellular mode of action. Both PEOs and PRFEs cause morphological changes to epimastigotes and trophozoites through flagellar truncation and internalisation, swelling and rounding of the cell body, cytoplasmic condensation and the formation of large membrane protrusions. These indicate an action on the membrane itself with possible changes in osmoregulation. Both PEOs and PRFEs can be considered to be candidates for novel drug discovery for the treatments of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis and American trypanosomiasis.
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Sommerville, Jill. "Integrating components of energy intake in impaired glucose tolerant and type 2 diabetic populations." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2008. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7365.
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Objective: During feeding there is an integrated 'whole body' response which endeavours to maintain energy homeostasis. The integrated response consists of sensory, postingestive, postabsorptive and cognitive feedback which exerts control over ingestive behaviour. It is accepted that when an imbalance in this integrated response occurs and may promote an increased fat mass and ultimately can lead to obesity which is known to play an important role in the development of IGT and type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the integrated responses of a test meal to determine any differences between IGT, type 2 diabetics and controls in their integrated response mechanisms. This knowledge may be important in both predicting the onset of these diseases and in the treatment of them. Research Design and Methods: IGT and type 2 diabetics with a BMI greater than 30 were recruited together with a group of healthy controls. The study assessed habitual energy intakes and energy expenditure in all groups. All participants' height, weight, BMI and WHR were measured. A taste test assessed the sensory component of food intake. The metabolic response and parallel changes in appetite to the meal were recorded at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Results: Control participants had significantly lower weight (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), waist (p<0.01) and hip (p<0.01) measurements compared to IGT and the type 2 diabetic groups. Habitual diet diaries indicated a lower sugar intake in the type 2 diabetic group compared with IGT and control groups. Percentage protein intake was significantly lower in control participants (14.4%, p<0.05) compared to IGT (17.2%) and type 2 diabetics (18.5%). Activity diaries highlighted an indication of increased strenuous/physical activity in the control participants compared to IGT participants however, this was not statistically significant. The control group showed greater sensitivity to PROP followed by type 2 diabetics and then IGT participants (p<0.05). Throughout the study the control participants rated themselves the most hungry compared to IGT (p<0.05) and type 2 diabetics (p<0.01) respectively and controls were also the least satiated (p<0.05). There was no difference in fullness ratings. Control participants rated prospective consumption the highest compared to IGT and then type 2 diabetics (p<0.05) respectively. The differences in EE measured by calorimetry when normalised for body weight indicated that IGT (p<0.01) and type 2 diabetic participants (p<0.01) had significantly lower EE than control participants. CHO oxidation rates were significantly lower in IGT and type 2 diabetics (p<0.05). Investigating the blood parameters showed no differences in plasma ghrelin responses, that IGT participants had the highest overall plasma glucose (p<0.01) and insulin (p<0.05) responses. Conclusions: It is clear that there are subtle differences in the pathways of energy balance in IGT and type 2 diabetics compared to controls; including sensitivity to taste, subjective feelings of appetite, EE, oxidation rates and differing blood parameters. Taste appears to be an important contributor to the sensory control of food intake and is associated with an increased sugar intake. Furthermore, differences between IGT and type 2 diabetics demonstrate that the degree of management of the disease can influence the effectiveness of the metabolic pathways controlling food intake. It is not clear which component is the most influential in the control of food intake and it is likely that the synergistic effects are what potentiate the diseases and make them difficult to combat.
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Campbell, Craig. "Talk about homeopathy : discursive strategies as ways to continually marginalise homeopathy from mainstream acceptance." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2009. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7366.
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Traditionally, quantifiable research into homeopathy has largely focused on its effectiveness compared to forms of mainstream medicine. The effect of such comparisons is that homeopathy is commonly constructed as not being demonstrably effective. It becomes discredited, demarcated and downgraded as an alternative ‘type’ of practice, subsequently marginalised in terms of mainstream acceptance. Qualitative studies concerned with homeopathy and focusing on notions of personal credibility, demarcation and the marginal are primarily concerned with practitioners’ perspectives, where views are taken for granted and regarded as representative of accurate events. Thus, no study has focused on and investigated social constructions of homeopathic practice derived from practitioners, and their patients, in the semi-structured interview and in the context of the homeopathic consultation. Here, I identify and fill a gap in the literature which is currently under-represented. The corpus of twenty practitioners, seventeen patients and five homeopathic consultations drawn from interview and consultation contexts were recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. The innovative analytical framework is informed by discursive psychology perspectives that focus on accounts as action. Discourse analysis (DA) led to new, original and significant findings about how interpersonal experiences in relation to homeopathic practice are contingently formulated and constituted in interaction and configured over broader discourses. The analytical chapters show how talk about homeopathy is presented via four discursive strategies: by using the communicative competencies and descriptions they do, the participants’ factual accounts function to enhance their own individual credibility and that of their practices, defend their practices and attend to the notion of personal accountability as a discursive practice. For those advocates for homeopathy, managing their personal credibility is accomplished only through sensitive ways of accounting. This reflects the way in which homeopathic practice is located in a culture of scepticism, as an alternative, contested and controversial ‘type’ of practice positioned on the fringe of the modern medical market. Demonstrating an understanding of homeopathy and their expectations of it as a form of treatment, participants draw upon dichotomised categories attributed to notions of mainstream medicine and homeopathy, combined with various discursive devices to add persuasiveness to their descriptions. Overall, the originality of the research lies in the application of the innovative interactional DA framework, its broad range of participants and unique findings from within the field of homeopathy. With several implications, it forms a unique interdisciplinary, theoretical, and methodological contribution to the DA literature. It has practical implications for future policy makers, in the education and training of practitioners, and offers ways to approach future research in homeopathic encounters and in parallel health-related encounters such as other CAM therapies, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Notably, the transferability of the findings has wider implications for the understanding of other contested, controversial and new medical practices in the ways that mainstream medicine is the taken-for-granted, accepted yardstick for practice. In making this distinction, the paradoxical boundaries of what is and what is not acceptable is seen as a central issue to members’ mutually intelligible sense-making practices in everyday medical encounters.
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Murdoch, Julie M. "The effect of alcohol toxicology in the form of different alcohol drinking patterns on a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2011. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7380.
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Introduction: The amino acid homocysteine has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), as elevated levels induce atherosclerosis, through a direct effect on arterial tissue. In alcohol dependent individuals an association between plasma homocysteine levels and alcohol consumption has been found (Bleich et al. 2000d). However this link has not been explored in individuals who have a range of nondependent alcohol drinking patterns. This fact has informed the design of the present work. Material and Methods: A convenience sample of abstainers (N=7), non-dependent drinkers (N=28) and alcohol dependent individuals (N=18) was recruited. Alcohol consumption was recorded using questionnaires and diaries. All study participants’ biological samples were analysed for the following biomarkers: plasma homocysteine (HPLC); serum folate and vitamin B12 (competitive immunoassay); serum Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (N-Latex immunoassay); urinary creatinine (colorimetric assay) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFRC677T) polymorphism (Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)). Results: There was no association between alcohol consumption during drinking days and plasma homocysteine levels in non-dependent drinkers. However when this group was categorised according to pattern of consumption, plasma homocysteine levels were found to be lower in abstainers (median 5.60 μmol/l), but higher in sessional drinkers (median 7.15 μmol/l) and alcohol-dependent individuals (median 7.89 μmol/). The mutant MTHFR(C677T) polymorphism when present was associated with an increase in plasma homocysteine levels, which correlated with alcohol consumption (R=0.975). CDT levels were found to be elevated in both sessional and alcohol-dependent individuals at baseline (median 2.68% and 5.95% respectively) compared with abstainers (2.16%). Additionally there was a linear relationship between the number of drinking days in a week and a positive CDT result, in a sample of sessional drinkers (R=0.98). Discussion: The work undertaken has shown that sessional drinking and alcohol dependence does increase homocysteine levels in comparison to abstainers. This may have important implications in relation to CVD risk. Additionally new evidence of the utility of CDT as a biomarker of alcohol consumption within a sample of sessional drinkers, has been identified.
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Farhat, Grace. "Effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on anthropometric, nutritional, biochemical and physiological markers in normal weight and overweight adults." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2014. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7371.
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Polyphenols are phytochemicals widely available in plants. Dark chocolate (DC) is a high source of polyphenols, particularly flavanols. Studies previously reported a beneficial effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate (PRDC) on insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress, while its effects on blood pressure, serum lipid levels and inflammation remain unclear. In addition, a research area regarding the effect of PRDC on body weight control emerged recently. Two investigations were carried out. Study I (61 participants) looked at the effect of PRDC on insulin sensitivity in normal weight and overweight adults, while Study II (14 participants) investigated the effect of PRDC on body weight in overweight individuals. Volunteers received 20g of either PRDC (500mg of polyphenols) or placebo DC (low in polyphenols) daily for 4 weeks (Study I) or 12 weeks (Study II). Anthropometric measures and blood, saliva and urine samples were taken. Results showed that 4 weeks of PRDC supplementation decreased insulin levels (p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.003), and increased QUICKI (p<0.001), but had no significant impact on glucose levels (p=0.16). However, participants administered placebo DC showed an increase in insulin (p=0.014), HOMA-IR (p=0.003), TG (p= 0.008), glucose (p=0.041) and BMI (p=0.007) levels and a decrease in QUICKI (p=0.013). No significant changes in blood pressure, other serum lipid levels or glucocorticoid hormones were noted in both groups. In study II, there was an increase in BMI in the whole study population (p=0.046) with no significant difference between groups. Results indicate a potential implication of PRDC in the prevention of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Findings also highlight the detrimental effects of placebo DC, and propose the analysis of polyphenol content of different DC brands in the market. The increase in BMI and other markers only in the placebo group after four weeks, suggests that PRDC may counteract the adverse effects of fat and energy in the diet. However, the increase in BMI in both groups after 12 weeks implies further investigations to test the counteracting effect of PRDC over the long term.
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Jones, Jacklyn. "An exploratory study to determine the relationship between levels of habitual activity and nutritional status, functional status, dietary intake and fatigue in older adults." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2015. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7372.
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Introduction: Scotland has an ageing population which has significant implications for health and social care services. Encouraging older people to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviours has the potential to maintain a person’s functional ability, increase healthy life years and thus has the potential to enable older people to live at home independently for longer. Recommendations for levels of activity have been produced for older adults but whether these are being achieved is currently unknown. Levels of activity are influenced by many factors including nutritional and functional status, dietary intake and fatigue but as yet the relationship between these parameters and habitual activity has not been established. Therefore the aims of this study were 1) to determine the relationship between levels of habitual activity and nutritional status, functional ability, dietary intake, and levels of fatigue in older adults and 2) to inform physical activity targets for the aging population. Methods: Older adults were recruited from a range of social and leisure facilities across central Scotland. Habitual activity was measured continuously for seven consecutive days using an activPALTM accelerometer. Nutritional status (BMI, waist circumference (WC), tricep skinfold and mid arm muscle circumference) was measured using ISAK methodology. Functional status (handgrip dynamometry, sit to stand (STS), six minute walk (6MW) and gait speed (m/s)) was measured along with dietary intake using a seven day unweighed diet diary. In addition levels of fatigue were measured using the Multi-dimensional Fatigue Inventory. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis was utilised to establish relationships between levels of habitual activity and markers of nutritional status, functional status and dietary intake. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was utilised to establish the relationship between levels of habitual activity and levels of fatigue. Partial correlation analysis was used to establish the influence of age and gender on these relationships. Results: Forty four (21m, 23f) healthy older adults were recruited and completed the study. Participants were found to spend a mean±sd 551 ± 88 min in sedentary behaviour daily which equates to 61±10% awake time being sedentary. They took 8721 ± 3585 steps daily and spent 108±38 min stepping, 253±78 min standing and 1080±103 min sitting or lying each day. Percent time in sedentary behaviour was positively associated with BMI (r=.302, p=.049), WC (cm) (r=.302, p=.049), percent energy intake from fat (r=.535, p<.001) and saturated fat (r=.381, p=.011) and was negatively associated with 6MW (m) (r=-.445, p=.002) and % energy from non-milk extrinsic sugar (r=-.314, p=.038). Total weekly time in moderate intensity activity accumulated in blocks of at least 10 minutes was positively associated with 6MW (r=0.321, p=.041), daily protein intake (g) (r=.350, p=.025) and mean daily vitamin D intake (μg) (r=.404, p=.009) and was negatively associated with STS (r=-.321, p=.041). Age but not gender influenced the relationships. Conclusion: This is the first study to report objectively measured levels of sedentary behaviour where habitual activity was measured continuously over seven days and sedentary behaviour was considered during waking hours only in a Scottish older adult population. Recommendations for physical activity were not consistently met and there is therefore some indication that current recommendations for sedentary behaviour and physical activity should be reviewed. However activity cannot be considered in isolation as many factors influence this including nutritional status, functional status, dietary intake and levels of fatigue.
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Lawton, Kirstie. "The impact of a healthy eating intervention : a comparative, longitudinal observation of dietary intake, knowledge and behaviour in council sector nursery school children and their parents in Edinburgh." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2016. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7376.
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Good nutrition is essential for optimal growth and functional development in children. Research indicates that the preschool years are essential for encouraging children to develop a taste for healthy food. Scotland’s obesity rates are amongst the highest in the world, and in areas of low socio-economic status, obesity and related conditions are considered to be most prevalent. It is also widely reported that areas of deprivation are related to poor dietary intake. In 2004, Edinburgh Community Food Initiative (ECFI) was responsible for initiatives that were based on ECFI’s ‘provide and promote’ philosophy, combining health promotion activities with the provision of fresh fruit and vegetables to schools, child and family centres and community centres in the most disadvantaged communities of Edinburgh. Funding was acquired from the Big Lottery Fund to initiate a citywide health initiative in the nursery school setting called ‘the Pip Project’. The aim of this research was to identify dietary intake at baseline in pre-school children and their parents from council sector nurseries, and to observe changes in dietary intake and behaviour over a period of 20 months, comparing dietary intake of children and their parents from areas of lower socio-economic status who received the Pip project interventions to those from areas of higher socio-economic status, who did not. Dietary intake was recorded using a 5 day diet diary at three time points; prior to nursery school attendance (August 2005), at completion of year one (June 2006), and two months prior to leaving nursery (April 2007). A questionnaire was also completed to determine knowledge and dietary behaviour at baseline (August 2005) and at the end of the research period (April 2007). Baseline intake was compared to the National Diet and Nutrition Surveys for adults and for children aged 1.5 to 4.5 years, the Payne and Belton Edinburgh preschool dietary survey, the Food Standards Agency Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey, and the standards devised by UK Scientific Advisory Committee for Nutrition (SACN). Results at baseline were comparable to results from other national surveys. Research indicated that all adults were aware of the 5 a day message and 80 % thought that 400 g was ‘just right’ or ‘not enough’. Adults, and particularly those from the lower SES group, had clear knowledge of what constituted one portion of fruit or vegetables and did not report any barriers to healthy eating, however at baseline fruit and vegetable intake was 260 g/d, which was significantly lower (p = < 0.05) than the recommended 400 g/d and intakes were significantly less (p = < 0.05) in the lower SES group (219.5 g/d compared with 297.5 g/d in the higher SES group). Minimal increase was seen in fruit and vegetable intake of adults from the lower SES group, who consumed significantly less (p = < 0.05) than adults from the higher SES group by the end of the 20 month research period; children from the lower SES increased their intake by 1 portion (82 g) per day but still consumed less than the children from the higher SES group by stage 3 (203 g/d compared to 253 g/d). At baseline, the diet was balanced for adults and children in terms of % energy from CHO and fat, but mean intakes of both NME sugar and saturated fat were greater than the recommended maximum intake of 11 % total food energy. Mean intake NME sugar in children was 17.9 %; intakes were greater in the higher SES group (19.5 % compared to 16.6 %). Mean intakes were also significantly greater (p = < 0.05) in the parents from the higher SES group (15.2 % compared to 11 %). Mean intakes of NME sugar in parents decreased in both groups over the 18-month duration of the study but mean intakes in children remained high throughout the research period. Saturated fat intakes increased in adults from both SES groups, but were higher in the lower SES group at all stages. There was no change in mean saturated fat intake over time in children from the higher SES group, but mean intake decreased in children from the lower SES group (from 16.2 % to 14.1 %). Mean intake of NSP increased in both parents and children, but remained below the recommended 18 g/d throughout the study. With the exception of iron, mean intakes of all micronutrients for parents were greater than the RNI in both groups. Iron intake was lower than the RNI (14.8 mg/d) at all stages. At baseline intakes were lowest in the lower SES group (9.3 mg/d compared to 11.4 mg/d); 11 participants consumed less than the LRNI (8 mg/d), eight of whom from the lower SES group (73 % of participants). Mean intakes increased in the lower SES group by 3.7 mg/d over the duration of the study but neither group reached the RNI at any stage. At baseline, children met the RNI for all micronutrients, and there were no significant differences between groups. Overall the diet of children, particularly from the lower SES group, improved over the duration of the study, although salt and NME sugar intake did not decrease over time. Further research is required to investigate the best methods to improve diet in families with young children, with particular emphasis on reducing % energy from NME sugar and saturated fat, reducing salt intake and increasing fruit, vegetable and NSP intake.
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Schyma, Jan. "An investigation into the effectiveness of homeopathy in improving perceived well being and quality of life in the 55+ age group." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2010. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7379.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of homeopathy in improving perceived health and well being in the 55+ age group. Homeopathy is defined as a complex intervention including the homeopathic remedy, the therapeutic relationship and participant choices about self care. The literature on health care for the 55+ age group suggests growing concern about the need to find ways of improving the health and quality of life of older people. Smallwood (2005) suggests that homeopathy and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) may contribute to improvement in the health and well being of older people in our society. Research has been carried out into the use of homeopathy to improve health and well being, but has not focused on homeopathy as a complex intervention or its use for the 55+ age group. A mixed methodology was chosen for this research study based on a pragmatic approach. An embedded design was used, with qualitative measures as the primary source of data and quantitative measures as the secondary source. Twenty participants were recruited and received homeopathic treatment. Their response to treatment was recorded in interview transcripts, case notes, the practitioner‟s reflective journal, and results from Measure Your Own Medical Outcomes Profile (MYMOP) and SF-36 questionnaires. The practitioner was also the researcher. The participants in this study clearly identified the outcomes and the nature of the experience. 18 out of 20 participants noted a definite or limited improvement in their health which they associated with homeopathic treatment. Additionally, participants valued the opportunity to review life experiences, to make connections between life events and health issues and the resulting increase in self awareness. They reported benefits that were consistent with classical homeopathic philosophy and practice, and other research studies into homeopathic treatment. Their evidence confirmed that homeopathy provided a healing experience both physically and emotionally which met the complex needs of participants in the study, and potentially future health care needs of this age group.
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Mehrotra, Shilpee. "An evaluation of the impact of introducing a breakfast club on nutritional status and cognitive function in lower social class primary school children." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2005. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7363.
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Breakfast has been shown to increase the supply of glucose to the brain which improves short-term memory. On waking hepatic glycogenolysis is the major buffer against short-term (12-18 hrs) fasting. The higher ratio of brain weight to liver weight in the child (1.4 - 1.6 versus 0.73 for the adult) and the 50% greater metabolic rate per unit brain weight in the child, places a greater demand on the child's glycogenic stores during a short fast as compared to the adult. Few school breakfast studies have examined the effect of different breakfasts on cognitive performance. This study investigated the nutritional differences of a habitual breakfast consumed at hom (NBC) and breakfast served at a breakfast club in (BC) school and the effect of these breakfasts on cognitive performance. Subjects were primary school children aged 7-11 years old in Scotland. When baseline cognitive performance scores were compared to scored at data collections 2,3 and 4 there were more significantly pronounced improvements for the NBC group than the BC group (p < 0.001). There were significantly greater numbers of children eating a cooked breakfast in the BC group and significantly higher numbers of children eating a cereal breakfast in the NBC group. As a result breakfasts of the BC group were higher in fat (MUFA and PUFA) (p < 0.01) and lower in percentage energy from carbohydrate than the NBC group. Positive correlations existed between percentage energy from carbohydrate and percentage energy from starch and cognitive test performance (p < 0.01). This suggests that a breakfast higher in % energy from carbohydrate such as a cereal breakfast benefits short-term memory, by supplying the brain with readily available supply of glucose it's primary and preferred fuel. This results of this research provide evidence for the requirement of guidelines to ensure that breakfasts served at school will both assist learning in morning lessons and be in-line with healthy eating recommendations.
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Ferrington, Linda. "The acute and long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') upon cerebral and cerebrovascular serotonergic processes." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2004. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7368.
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The amphetamine derivative 3,4,-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") is a recreational drug of abuse, particularly popular among young people with whom it has formed a well-established sub-culture. MDMA is popular for its euphoria-inducing and mild stimulant properties and its popularity continues to rise despite a number of well-publicised cases of MDMA-associated fatalities and evidence of MDMA-induced acute toxicity. MDMA is known to produce an acute efflux of serotonin (5-HT) release in the brains of experimental animals, in which a marked behavioural response is also demonstrated. In the long-term MDMA causes specific neurotoxic damage to serotonergic nerve terminals, a phenomenon which is not demonstrated in other neurotransmitters. MDMA use has been associated with long-term adverse effects on both psychological and physiological health and this may represent a major public health problem given the 2 million people who use the drug in the UK alone. However, there is a perceived imbalance between the relative number of those who use MDMA and the serious adverse effects of the drug and it is possible that these may occur in a more susceptible sub-population of users. This thesis involves in vivo work using the Dark Agouti (DA) rat strain which is known to be more susceptible to MDMA and which may therefore provide an insight in this more susceptible sub-population of human MDMA users. The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that a single exposure to MDMA (15mg.kg-1) has a significal effect upon local cerebral glucose utilisation (LCMRglu) and local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) in DA rats both acutely and in the longer-term. This work demonstrates that this single dose of MDMA is neurotoxic to serotonergic neurons, inducing up to 80% depletion of serotonergic nerve terminals 6 weeks later. Furthermore, data generated from pharmacological challenges upon animals treated with MDMA 6 weeks earlier demonstrates the existence of compensatory mechanisms which act to normalise LCMRglu and LCBF, despite the persistence of serotonergic depletion. Thus this thesis extends the currently available information regarding acute and long-term effects of MDMA in a vulnerable sub-population of users and also proposes potential theories for the mechanisms of action by which pharmacological compensation for these long-term effects of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity may occur. In addition this thesis examines the effects of previous exposure to MDMA upon physiological challenges that might realistically be encountered by human users of the drug. The nature of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity suggests that human users of MDMA may suffer from untreatable chronic psychosis, and this thesis lends support to the view that currently available first line anti-depressant therapies may not be useful in the treatment of this sub-section of the population.
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Norris, Carina. "Nutrient content of different types of lunchtime meal, and their contribution towards the overall daily nutrient intakes of 11-14-year-old schoolchildren from two schools in Scotland." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2010. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7378.
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Introduction Due to concern regarding the quality and health implications of schoolchildren’s diets, large amounts of funding have been invested into improving school canteen lunches. However, children may also have packed lunches, or ‘street’ lunches (those purchased outside school). This study was undertaken to ascertain whether canteen lunches are nutritionally superior to packed and street lunches, the contribution of the lunch types towards total nutritional intake, and whether children who eat nutritionally poor lunches compensate with food consumed at other times. Method During 2007 and 2008, dietary intake data was collected from 332 children aged 11 - 14, from two secondary schools in Fife, Scotland. Using 5-day estimated intake food diaries, data from 1,532 days was collected. Nutrient intake and density for 9 nutrients (plus fruit/vegetables) included in the Scottish Nutrient Standards for School Meals (2003) were compared with the Scottish Nutrient Standards for School Lunches (for lunchtimes) and Dietary Reference Values (for the whole day). Comparisons were undertaken between canteen, packed and street lunches, and between days including them. Results Many children ‘flitted’ between canteen, packed and street lunches on different days. Some children also consumed food from more than one lunch type on a single day. Dietary quality was poor; intakes of non starch polysaccharide, iron, and fruit and vegetables (at lunchtime and over the whole day) were of particular concern. When canteen lunches were consumed, the diet was closest to guidelines. However, many dietary targets remained unmet. When street lunches were consumed, the diet was furthest from the guidelines. This was the case both at lunchtime and over the whole day. There was some compensation for poor lunchtime nutrient intake by foods eaten at other times during the day. However, this was not as great as noted by previous studies, and many significant differences between the lunch types existed at the end of the day. Conclusion Due to the superior nutritional quality of canteen lunches compared with the other options available, and the contribution of canteen lunches towards overall nutrient intake, children should be encouraged to have canteen lunches.
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Smith, Sara. "The effect of a 12 month intradialytic exercise intervention on function, quality of life, nutritional status and clinical status." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2010. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7377.
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Haemodialysis (HD) patients are reported to have low levels of physical function, poor quality of life, protein energy wasting and inflammation, which negatively impact on morbidity and mortality. Exercise has previously been used as an intervention in HD patients; however the majority of previous studies have been of short duration and utilised moderate or high intensities requiring individual supervision of each exercise session. These studies recruited young patients with low levels of comorbidity and primarily focused on changes in VO2max/peak. This limits the ability to generalise findings to the wider prevalent HD population. The aims of the present study were therefore to determine whether a low to moderate intensity intradialytic exercise intervention with broad applicability, could over a 12 month period improve functional status and in turn quality of life, nutritional status and clinical status in a prevalent HD population in Scotland. Patients were recruited from NHS Fife, to a non-randomised controlled study and followed a progressive intradialytic aerobic exercise programme. One exercise session was conducted with individual supervision and two sessions with general supervision from dialysis staff. Outcome measures included measures of function (sit to stand, timed up and go, and handgrip), quality of life (SF36v2), nutritional status (anthropometric measurements, dual frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, dietary intake and appetite) and clinical status (dialysis adequacy, biochemistry, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure, medications). Measurements were taken at 6 time points: -1, 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. 25 patients (mean age 56 + 11.4 years) volunteered for the intervention and 13 patients (mean age 60.8 + 14.6 years) volunteered as controls. At baseline groups demonstrated functional impairment, poor quality of life, and low fat free mass and had evidence of low grade inflammation. 25 patients completed 3 months of the exercise intervention, 20 completed 6 months, 16 completed 9 months and 13 patients completed 12 months. Of the 13 control patients 6 remained at 3 months and 5 at 6 months. In the exercise group, significant improvements were observed in all measures of function and 6 out of 8 physical and psychosocial quality of life domains. Anthropometric measures of fat free mass increased. Clinical status improved significantly seen as reductions in systolic blood pressure and prescribed erythropoietin stimulating agent doses. These improvements were observed in the intervention group at 3 and 6 months. No improvements were observed in the control group. Improvements in the majority of outcome measures were also seen in the intervention group at 6 and 12 months. These results suggest that the introduction of a low to moderate intensity intradialytic exercise programme requiring minimal individual supervision is feasible and provides clinically significant improvements in function from 3 months onwards. Such improvements are accompanied by higher quality of life scores and improved aspects of nutritional and clinical status.
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Carroll, Sarah. "A randomised controlled trial investigating the influences of food form and energy density on appetite, satiation and satiety in healthy adults." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2014. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7373.
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Background: Texture and energy density are two physical properties of foods known to impact on eating behaviour. For those with mastication and/or deglutition disorders; diets which have their texture altered are prescribed. Further these texture modified diets may be energy enriched in an effort to optimise the opportunity for individuals prescribed them to meet their required energy intakes. However there is insufficient evidence supporting this strategy. No well controlled studies have been conducted evaluating these alterations (made in line with clinical guidelines), which specifically investigates their impact on eating behaviour. As such despite their intention to facilitate food and energy intakes it is unknown if these diets are in fact fit for purpose. Objective: To investigate the effect of texture modification, and/or energy enrichment of a standard meal developed to meet current recommendations for meal provision in hospitals on appetite parameters and food and energy intakes at a single eating occasion, in healthy adults. Design: A single blind, randomised crossover within-subjects design, where on four occasions 33 healthy adults consumed a test meal at lunch until satiation (i.e. meal termination) was reached whilst rating their appetite parameters. The meal had its texture and/or energy density altered to compare the effects of food form and energy density on appetite and satiation. The quantity of meal consumed was calculated using a plate wastage method. Subsequent intakes were recorded in a food diary to determine the effect of the treatments on satiety and identify any evidence of energy compensation. Food (g) and energy intakes (kcal) consumed during the feeding session were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Test meal energy intakes (kcal) were significantly higher with energy enrichment of both meals (standard texture (ST); 315 kcal and texture modified (TM); 303 kcal (p=0.001)). Area under the curve (AUC) did not differ between meals for hunger, fullness, or desire to eat however palatability was significantly reduced with texture modification. Regardless of the composition and quantity consumed at the test meal, post-meal energy and macronutrient intakes remained the same across all days. Evidence of partial energy compensation was revealed (15 % (ST) and 22% (TM)) thus energy intakes remained higher over the day for both (260 kcal and 225 kcal respectively) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Enriching a meal, suitable for provision in a hospital setting results in significantly greater energy content without impacting on rated palatability. In a well-controlled, healthy sample, this enriched meal was sufficient to increase energy intakes (kcal) at an individual eating occasion for both ST and TM meals without affecting absolute food intake (g) or appetite responses (between meals) at the testing session. Incomplete subsequent energy compensation resulted in daily energy intakes remaining significantly higher with consumption of the enriched meals. Thus energy enrichment at a single meal, appropriate for provision for patients requiring a “Texture C” diet appears to be a suitable method to optimise short term energy intakes, in a healthy sample not confounded by disease state. Further investigation into enrichment of these meals in a clinical setting is justified.
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Ibegbu, Augustine. "The effects of hypoxia on neuronal cell signalling." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2009. https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7367.
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Hypoxia adversely affects cells and tissues, and neuronal cells in particular have been shown to be more susceptible to the injurious effects of hypoxia i.e. they may begin to die when oxygen supply is reduced or completely eliminated. Cannabinoid (CB1) receptor and opioid (μ, δ and κ) receptor agonists have been shown to elicit several central nervous system (CNS) effects, mediated via G protein-coupled receptors. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to study the effect of hypoxia on neuronal cell signalling and the consequent neuroprotectant effects of cannabinoid and opioid receptor agonists against hypoxia in the rat cortical neuronal cell line (B50) in culture. The B50 cells cultured in hypoxic conditions were treated and concurrently cultured with cannabinoid and opioid receptor agonists to determine the effects of these drugs on hypoxia-induced changes using downstream signalling activities such as cellular morphogenesis, growth, proliferation, differentiation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, second messenger (cAMP) and extracellular signalregulated kinases (ERK1/2) quantification, to assess the level of cellular damage and injury, repair and protection. Cortical B50 cells were cultured in either a normal incubator (21%O2; 5% CO2) as the normoxic control group, or a hypoxic incubator (5%O2; 5% CO2) as the experimental group. Three cannabinoid agonists [Win55,212- 2 mesylate (Win), anandamide or arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), and 2- arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)] and three opioid agonists [DAMGO (μ), DSLET (δ) and ICI-199,441 hydrochloride (κ)], were selected and administered to the cells as treatment group for 48 hours after 48 hours of initial culture for a total of 96 hours of culture and pre-treatment group treated at 0 hour for a total of 96 hours in hypoxic conditions at concentrations of 10nM, 50nM and 100nM for cannabinoid agonists, and 10μM, 50μM and 100μM for opioid agonists. Neuronal viability, proliferation, differentiation and second messenger activity were assessed using morphological same-field assessment, LDH leakage, cellular proliferation assay, second messenger (cAMP) assay, and phospho-ERK1 & 2 assay and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (DbcAMP) induced differentiation method. Levels of G-protein coupled receptor (cannabinoid, CB1 and mu opioid, MOR) mRNAs were assessed using the RT-PCR method. The results showed that hypoxia induced a 4-fold increase in LDH leakage from B50 cells cultured in hypoxia when compared to the cells xxviii cultured in normoxic conditions (440% versus 100%, respectively; p<0.05). Cannabinoid receptor agonist treatment was able to reduce the LDH release in hypoxic cells to between 2-to 4-folds: 100nM AEA (69%), 100nM 2-AG (103%) and 10nM Win (217%), when compared to untreated hypoxic B50 cells (440% versus cannabinoid treated; p<0.05). The results of opioid administration showed a 3-fold decrease in the level of LDH leakage in B50 cells cultured in hypoxia when compared to untreated hypoxic cells (587%). The results of hypoxic treated B50 cells with opioid agonists are 100μM ICI-199,441 (318%); 50μM DSLET (339%) and 50μM DAMGO (352%) (p<0.05; untreated hypoxia versus opioid treated). The result of cAMP quantification in B50 cells in culture showed a reduction in cAMP concentration in untreated hypoxic B50 cells when compared to normoxic cells (0.7 pmol/ml versus 3.0 pmol/ml; p<0.05). Cannabinoid treated hypoxic cells showed increases in cAMP concentration: 2-AG 10nM (3.5 pmol/ml), 50nM (3.1 pmol/ml) and 100nM (0.9 pmol/ml), (p<0.05; Cannabinoid treated versus hypoxia untreated). The cAMP concentration in B50 cells treated in hypoxia with opioid agonist, ICI 199,441 hydrochloride, was significantly increased when compared to untreated hypoxic B50 cells (0.7 pmol/ml). The treatment with ICI 199,441 hydrochloride are 10μM (10.0 pmol/ml), 50μM (3.15 pmol/ml) and 100μM (1.15 pmol/ml), (p<0.05; opioid treated versus hypoxia untreated). The result of phospho-ERK1&2 assay in B50 cells showed decrease in phospho-ERK1&2 in untreated hypoxic cells when compared to normoxic untreated cells (6.0 units/ml versus 87.0 units/ml; p<0.05). The result of cannabinoid treated hypoxic cells showed increases in phospho-ERK1&2 when compared with the hypoxic untreated B50 cells: Win 10nM (98 units/ml), Win 100nM (27 units/ml), AEA 10nM (62 units/ml), AEA 100nM (60.5 units/ml), 2-AG 10nM (45 units/ml) and 2-AG 100nM (68 units/ml) (cannabinoid treated versus untreated hypoxia; p<0.05). The phospho-ERK1&2 in hypoxic B50 cells treated with opioid showed increase with DAMGO 10μM (22 units/ml), DSLET 10μM (16 units/ml) and ICI 199,441 hydrochloride 10μM (23.5 units/ml) (P<0.05; opioid treated versus hypoxia untreated). The result showed a decrease in cellular proliferation in untreated hypoxic cells when compared to the normoxic cells (7x106 cells/ml versus 20x106 cells/ml; p<0.05), while cannabinoid and opioid treatments was able to increase cell proliferation in hypoxic treated cells with: Win 10nM (11x106 cells/ml), AEA 100nM (12x106 cells/ml) and 2-AG 100nM (13.8x106 cells/ml), DAMGO 10μM (16x106 cells/ml), DSLET 10μM (20x106 cells/ml) and ICI xxix 199,441 100μM (21.5x106 cells/ml) when compared to hypoxic untreated cells (7x106 cells/ml) (hypoxia untreated versus hypoxia treated; p<0.05). Some of these changes were shown to be concentration-dependent between the normal and hypoxic B50 neurons, and between treated and untreated hypoxic B50 cells in culture, while the CB1 and MOR mRNA levels showed no appreciable change. The results show that B50 neuronal cells are susceptible to damage and injurious effects of hypoxia, as are most brain cells, while the results of the administration of cannabinoid and opioid agonists suggest that these agents have some potential therapeutic and protective benefits in the treatment and prevention of hypoxia-induced toxicity in neuronal B50 cells in culture. This could be of potential benefit in the treatment and protection against hypoxia-related neurodegenerative diseases and disorders such as stroke, dementias, ageing, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Hansen, Cory Ann. "New Fruit and Vegetable Offerings and Challenges Increased Lunch-Time Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Fourth-Graders." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/121.
Full textAbstract:
Facilitating nutritional improvement in schools is an important strategy for reversing the alarming trends of overweight and undernourishment currently observed among children in the United States. Compared to national recommendations, many people in the United States under-consume nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study was to determine if various school-based interventions can increase fruit and vegetable consumption among 75 fourth-graders. Interventions included fruit and vegetable challenges, offering a new variety of fruit, and classroom nutrition education. To assess intake, photographs of students' school lunch trays were taken pre- and post-consumption and then analyzed to determine consumption. Differences in mean intake across time were examined and paired t-test analyses were used to assess if observed differences were statistically significant. Compared to baseline intakes, the variety intervention significantly increased mean fruit and vegetable consumption (p<0.001). The 'challenges' also increased intakes, however, the increase was not consistently significant (p=0.014 to 0.824). The education intervention was not associated with significant increases (p=0.642). Thus, schools should be encouraged to offer new varieties of fruits and vegetables.
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Welborn, Sarah E. "Comparison of Obesity Bias, Attitudes, and Beliefs among Undergraduate Dietetic Students, Dietetic Interns, and Practicing Registered Dietitians." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1104.
Full textAbstract:
The obesity epidemic in the United States is increasing, and health concerns are also on the rise as they are directly related to obesity. Even though the majority of Americans are overweight or obese, prejudice and weight bias continue to be prevalent and socially accepted in a culture that tolerates discrimination towards these individuals. Health care providers, including registered dietitians, are not exempt from instigating bias towards obese patients causing a decrease in the level of care that they receive. The main purpose of this study was to compare attitudes, beliefs, and bias concerning obesity among undergraduate dietetic students, dietetic interns, and practicing registered dietitians. The data were reported directly by participants. No significant difference was found between fat phobia scores of students, interns, and dietitians. However, it was found that obesity bias decreased slightly as one moved through the dietetics profession. Also, Body Mass Index and fat phobia scores were negatively correlated.
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Cuy, Castellanos Diana, Haozhou Pu, and Rachel Piero. "Development and implementation of an evaluation tool for measuring Cultural Competency learning activities in Health and Sport Science undergraduate students." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/ijhse/vol8/iss1/3.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the diversity within the healthcare system, it is important to promote cultural competency in healthcare providers. The integration of pedagogical approaches to cultural competency into health-related programs cannot be understated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to examine the student engagement in cultural competency-related activities within health-related degree programs and determine the relationship between engagement and cultural competency. Participants of the study included first- and fourth-year undergraduate students studying within a health-related program at a mid-sized, private university in the Midwestern US. Participants completed a cultural competency inventory questionnaire which included activities identified from prior studies that facilitated cultural competency learning. They also completed The Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence For Healthcare Professionals -Student Version (IAPCC-SV, 2009); a measure of cultural competency. Using the exploratory factor analysis, the Cultural Learning Inventory (CLI) indicated a 4-factor construct with adequate construct detection. Overall, three of the four CLI constructs were positively associated with overall cultural competency. Further, first-year students had lower CLI and cultural competency scores compared to fourth year students. In conclusion, promoting learning activities and programs can positively impact future cultural competency in health-related professionals.
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Zetterquist, Jessica Beesley. "Effect of Upward Feedback on the Gap Between Manager and Subordinate Perception of Manager Behavior." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2523.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To assess the effect of upward feedback on the perception gap of manager-rated and subordinate-rated managerial behavior scores using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).
Design: Phase I questionnaires assessed the use of upward (subordinate to manager) feedback and were used to form Feedback and Comparison groups. Phase II questionnaires included feedback, attitudinal, and demographic questions and the MLQ. MLQ scores were compared between the two groups.
Subjects/setting: Directors of Food and Nutrition Services and Clinical Nutrition Managers and their respective subordinates in a hospital setting.
Statistical analyses performed: General Linear Model (using SAS Version 9.2, Cary, NC) was used to determine the relationships between MLQ scores and questions of interest.
Results: Upward feedback practices in both the Feedback and Communication groups did not correspond to the Phase I reports. Feedback managers did not have higher MLQ scores based on feedback group, manager tenure, and manager implementation of feedback. Managers whose subordinates who enjoyed their jobs had higher subordinate-rated MLQ scores.
Conclusions: Policies and practices of upward evaluation methods are not clear and need to be studied further in a hospital dietetics setting.
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Ramirez, Copa Beatriz Julia. "The Effectiveness of Consuming Fortified Foods (API) with iron on the anemia ferropriva in resident students to great altitude of the rural area of the Departemento of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5426.
Full textAbstract:
In many countries, the health and the development of a great number of people are compromised by the insufficient distribution of micro-nutrients. The deficiency of iron is one of the things that to a large extent contributes to the high rates of death and maternal and childhood mortality, affecting also a great percentage of school aged children. Bolivia, along with the majority of underdeveloped countries, presents high prevalence of anemia in the students. Recent studies confirm that anemia nutrients are a problem of public health of great magnitude to rural and urban level (Fernández et al, 1994). Before this situation the project to UNITE - UMSA through a diagnosis carried out in Viacha (Prov. Ingavi - La Paz) in 1996 on the eating situation and nutrition of families determined that the food sources of iron consumption dropped, for which one of the recommendations of said study was to carry out interventions such as to supplement and to fortify food with iron. In that context, the need to distribute a school breakfast constituted by a food (api or flour of purple corn) fortified with iron has been seen and to measure the effect that has the consumption of that food on the nutritional state of iron in the students. The api is a food that can be fortified with iron, apart from having a good contribution of energy, it is accessible economically to the population of the altiplano Bolivian and is preferred for the children. The distribution of the api fortified with iron would be able to reduce the prevalence of anemia in the students of the rural area. The present study, will measure the effect of the consumption of api fortified with iron on the iron deficiency anemia of the students of the rural area of the region altiplánica Irpa Small, province Ingavi of the department of La Paz.
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Salazar, Donis Sandra Liseth. "Application of dietary guidelines for Guatemala in three rural communities of Chiquimula." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5434.
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In Guatemala, nutritional problems are directly related to the difficulty to purchase food fit for human consumption due to low family incomes as well as low nutritional education. This situation motivated the realization of the present study whose main objective was to apply the dietary guidelines for Guatemala in three rural communities of Chiquimula. All three communities were previously aided by Benson Institute efforts to promote changes in eating behavior. The sample was comprised of mothers from the El Pinalito, El Guayabo, and Maraxco communities of the department of Chiquimula. There were eight mothers, four literate and four illiterate, from each community. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first, the access to, availability of, and consumption of food were determined through individual interviews with the mothers being studied. Phase two consisted of determining family diet characteristics through an initial interview with the mothers studied. These data, along with those from the first phase, served to identify foods to include in the graph of dietary guidelines (graph of the family food pot) of each community. This phase also included the development of a training plan on the Dietary Guidelines, which was aimed at the mothers being studied. In the third phase, a training plan was developed taking the data from phase two into account. Seven days after the training, a behavioral test was conducted to determine the feasibility of implementing the seven recommendations of the dietary guidelines. This was done through a final interview with the mothers in the study. The results indicate that families in these communities have a daily consumption of soft drinks and candy that negatively influences their quality of food intake and nutrition. In addition, it was found that the typical food for these families are ticucos (bean tamales), a food resource available to this population. However, the graph of the family pot from each community reflects a monotonous diet which agrees with results from other studies. From the behavioral test results obtained, it was apparent that two to three mothers from each of the three communities had problems following the second recommendation regarding the consumption of vegetables and herbs. Five mothers from both the El Guayabo and Maraxco communities also had problems following the third recommendation which was about fruit consumption. Lastly, one mother from Maraxco could not follow recommendations five or six regarding consumption of milk and consumption of meat, respectively. The inability to follow the second recommendation may be due to the fact that not all members of a family may like herbs and vegetables. Furthermore, the other recommendations that weren’t able to be followed may be due to the fact that the items are not easily accessible due to high prices, low family incomes, low local production, and poor seasonality. At the end of the study, the number of samples from the El Pinalito and El Guayabo villages decreased, affecting the comparison between the three communities. However, the community that adopted the majority of eating behaviors in relation to the dietary guidelines for Guatemala was El Pinalito, followed by El Guayabo, and lastly Maraxco. It was also found that it was more difficult for those with lower education to adopt good eating habits due to their inability to understand the importance of doing so. The same thing happened with the older mothers being studied which may be due to the fact that they have a harder time making changes. It was most difficult for the older illiterate mothers to adopt the changes in eating behavior, compared to the younger literate mothers.
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Day, Jennifer. "Identifying and Reducing Risk of the Female Athlete Triad in Division 1 Athletes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5031.
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Physically active females, or female athletes, are at risk for the condition knownas the female athlete triad (Triad). The Triad is made up of three components that are distinctly separate, but intertwined: consuming inadequate energy for how much they are exercising, poor bone health, and problems with their menstrual periods. When female athletes don’t consume enough energy for how much they exercise, there can be hormonal imbalances, causing the body to conserve energy from some important functions including menstruation, and increased bone turnover resulting in a higher risk of stress fractures and early osteoporosis. Female athletes at risk for the Triad have ahigher risk of being injured, and don’t have the energy that they need to perform physically. To combat the Triad, we performed assessments to see how many female athletes were at risk for the Triad in Division I female athletes, and were surprised at the high number that were at risk for the Triad. We provided nutrition information and interventions aimed to decrease female athlete’s risk for the Triad. We also developed anew, quick method for female athletes, or busy individuals, to track their diet using the video feature on their cell phones. The benefits of providing nutrition information to the female athletes included: increasing their knowledge about the Triad, and things that they could do to prevent the Triad. The interventions did cause behavior change in some female athletes to increase how much energy they were consuming, decreasing their risk for the Triad.
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Zhang, Yang. "Pregenomic and Genomic Effects of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3." DigitalCommons@USU, 2015. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4551.
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Vitamin D is hydroxylated to form several active metabolites, of these, 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the most studied stimulatory product. It is now accepted that 1,25(OH)2D3 mediates its rapid actions on the control of phosphate homeostasis through its membrane receptor 1,25D3-MARRS (membrane associated rapid response steroid binding) protein. Another metabolite, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] has been reported to be inhibitory with respect to calcium and phosphate absorption in intestine. Previous work in this laboratory has indicated that 24,25(OH)2D3 inhibits phosphate uptake in isolated intestinal cells and perfused duodenal loops and in vivo. This thesis further tested the hypothesis that the actions of 24,25(OH)2D3 on phosphate homeostasis are physiologically important. Catalase has been identified as a binding protein for 24,25(OH)2D3. We determined the localization of catalase in the presence and absence of steroid, monitored catalase mRNA levels related to gene 24,25(OH)2D3 gene transcription regulation. We studied the effects of the two isomers of 24,25(OH)2D3 on localization of catalase in chicken enterocytes over a time course of 15 sec to 60 min. It was demonstrated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is the effective metabolite for catalase redistribution in vitro. We also studied the effects of vitamin D on catalase and phosphate uptake in chicken intestinal cells. It was once again demonstrated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is the effective metabolite for decreasing phosphate uptake and catalase gene expression. These combined results lead us to conclude that 24,25(OH)2D3 is an important hormone in phosphate homeostasis in chick intestinal epithelial cells.
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Arellano, Guido. "Implementacion and Strengthening of Family Orchards for the Diversification of the Diet and to Improve the Consumption of Vegetables and Available Fruits in the Communities of the Rinconada and Cuambo in the Period 2001-2002." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5330.
Full textAbstract:
The general objective of this investigation was to implement and strengthen family orchards for the diversification of the diet and improvement of the consumption of vegetables and fruits available in the communities of the Rinconada and Cuambo. They collaborated in the implementation and strengthening of the family orchards and by means of focal group techniques determined the readiness, seasonal variance, and alimentary habits of the available vegetables and fruits. They made 10 nutritive preparations in each community in participating shops with the foods that were harvested in the orchards and with the help of consistent educational material as 2 three-page leaflets about the “Importance†of Iron in the Daily Diet†and “Importance of Vitamin A in the Daily Diet,†mothers were trained. Among the principle results they were able to determine that the women were very interested in having family orchards, since it allowed them to have fresh vegetables without the need of going to the market. The majority of families have gardens and orchards for both vegetables and fruits. In the community of the Rinconada they cultivate yellow carrot, chard, cabbage, and onion. In the community of Cuambo, tomato kidney, pepper, onion paitena, and pickle any time of the year are cultivated. Families from the Rinconada have more orchards with fruit than those of the Cuambo which produce tree tomato, taxo, and blackberries. In Cuambo they produce banana, papaya, watermelon, mango, lime, avocado, guava and custard apple. The vegetables and fruits most ready, determined through focal groups, are the same ones that are produced in the orchards and families from both communities don’t have the habit of buying vegetables in the market. In Rinconada, the cultivations are seasonal and the surpluses of the harvests are wasted because they have not applied appropriate elaboration and conservation techniques. All the families in the communities investigated like all the vegetables and fruits that they harvest in their family gardens, the vegetables preferably added to soups and very little to salads. The majority of mothers in these communities know that these foods are important to eat every day if they want to grow strong and prevent illness. However, these mothers don’t know how to prepare, for which reason they proceeded to prepare recipes that were adapted to the habits and tastes of the consumers, the same ones that were accepted in the communities, this action helped to increase the consumption of vegetables in the different times of eating, like in lunch and dinner in the two communities, where few families eat breakfast. The consumption of fruits is minimal in Rinconada, and in Cuambo the situation improves as long as they consume it during different times of eating.
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Bulbul, Kanak. "Influence of Change in pH on Whey Expulsion from Cheddar Cheese Curds made from Recombined Concentrated Milk." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7440.
Full textAbstract:
The Western Dairy Center at Utah State University funded this project to investigate cheese research using concentrated milks. Concentrated milk was provided by the South Dakota State University and starter culture for this study was prepared and donated by Vivolac Cultures Corporation, Greenfield, Indiana.
The project initiated as a continuation of a previous study on effects of protein concentration, coagulum cut size and set temperature on curd moisture loss kinetics while stirring during cheesemaking. It was aimed at determining the extent to which pH drop prior to draining and final cheese moisture when using microfiltered concentrated milk.
We performed twelve cheesemaking trials using recombined milk from micellar casein concentrate, cream and skim milk according to a modified cheddar cheese-make procedure. Four different levels of starter cultures were used to achieve different acidification rates for pH change during cheesemaking. The amount of starter culture added had significant effect on moisture of cheese at whey drainage, moisture and pH of cheese. Thus, it can be said that the pH drop that occurs during the cheesemaking increases rate and extent of whey expulsion.
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Savoie, Roskos Mateja R. "The Role of Farmers' Market Incentives on the Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Food Security Status of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participants." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4895.
Full textAbstract:
Socioeconomic status strongly impacts food choices and eating patterns of both adults and children. Low-income individuals tend to eat diets high in calories and fat, and low in nutrient dense foods such as fruits and vegetables. Barriers such as cost, access, availability, and knowledge are commonly reported reasons for limited intake of fruits and vegetables. Low-income individuals are more likely to experience food insecurity, which can also limit the consumption of nutrient dense foods. As a result, low-income individuals are at an increased risk for obesity and chronic diseases.
Farmers’ market incentives were found to significantly increase food security status among program participants and although fruit and vegetable consumption among those participants did increase, the change was not statistically significant for fruit and most types of vegetables. However, mean carotenoid levels were found to increase among participants who received an 8-week intervention that included weekly farmers’ market incentives. Data collected through qualitative interviews indicates that farmers’ market incentives helped participants overcome barriers associated with poor fruit and vegetable intake. Furthermore, parents expressed value in the opportunity for children to select, purchase, prepare, and consume fruit and vegetables purchased at the farmers’ market. However, qualitative and quantitative data suggest that farmers’ market incentive programs would have greater participation if individuals were not required to match their federal nutrition assistance benefits. Further research should be conducted using a completely randomized design and larger sample sizes to determine changes in fruit and vegetable intake among participants of farmers’ market incentive programs. The combination of nutrition education and farmers’ market incentives should be investigated to determine if program participants would further benefit from a combination of two intervention strategies.
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Georgian, Martha Elena. "Increasing Fluid Intake in Nursing Home Residents by Offering Larger Portions with Medications." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3578.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to determine if offering larger portions of fluids with medications, i.e., at “med pass,” would increase fluid intake in nursing home residents.
In a Latin square design, thirty-four residents of a 180-bed nursing facility received 4 and 8 oz servings of water and juice during distribution of medication. Fluid remains were weighed after 90 minutes. Larger portions and juice offerings were both found to increase fluid intake. Average fluid intakes increased from 80 to 140 mL when 8 oz servings of fluid were served instead of 4 oz servings (ps <.01). When juice was served in place of water, average intakes increased from 90 to 130 mL (ps <.01). Evaluation of the interaction between portion size and fluid type revealed that juice potentiated the increased intakes seen with 8 oz portions of fluid (ps <.01). Providing larger servings of fluid and offering juice with medications can be effective strategies to increase fluid intake in nursing home residents.
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Fondren, Casie L. "Folate supplementation and coronary heart disease risk in subjects with type-2 diabetes." FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3341.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) correlated to total homocysteine (tHcy) levels among Hispanics (25.6%) and non-Hispanic whites (74.4%) with type-2 diabetes. The charts of 39 subjects with type-2 diabetes were selected from one physician’s caseload for a convenience sample. This endocrinologist has been supplementing his patients with 1-3 mg of folic acid daily if their tHcy levels were > 13 pmol/L. We found a significant difference (p < .001) between tHcy levels at baseline, follow-up I and follow-up II with a mean total reduction of 4 pmol/L.
The results indicated that tHcy levels could be reduced by 1-2 mg folic acid daily in 2-8 months in subjects with type-2 diabetes. The recommendation generated from this study’s findings is that a folic acid supplement be consumed as part of a long-term management regimen for type-2 diabetics.
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Forsythe, Grace Williams. "Infant feeding practices and growth outcomes of Rastafarian children." FIU Digital Commons, 1987. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3336.
Full textAbstract:
This study was undertaken to determine Rastafarian infancy and childhood feeding practices and to analyze the effects of this vegan diet on the nutrient intake and growth of Rastafarian infants and children.
The Rastafarian cult originated in Jamaica, West Indies. Rastafarians have special religious, dietary and social guidelines, including many dietary prohibitions. The daily spiritual ritual includes smoking marijuana. Forty children of immigrant Rastafarians living in Miami were assessed to analyze their vegan diet and its effects on their nutrient intake and growth. All children had been breast-fed for an average of two years in conjunction with the early addition of foods. Bush teas were preferred to soy formulas and were used medicinally.
Excluding the three infants, the children were grouped according to age; one to three years old, n=ll; four to six years old, n=16; over six years, n=10. Among all groups, calories, calcium and B12 intakes were below 100% of the RDA. In the two older groups, B12 intake was less than 67% of the RDA and in the oldest group, calories were also less than 67% of the RDA.
Z-scores were used to compare anthropometric data obtained at various ages. Although weights, lengths and weight of length were above the means, there was a negative correlation of weight for length with age. Growth percentile categories for weight, weight for length, and triceps skinfold decreased with age.
The B12 intake and weight of one to three year olds were correlated (p=.01). Among four to six year olds, there was a correlation between B12 intake and both length (p=.01) and weight for length (p=.04). Among the oldest group, there are a negative correlation between B12 and weight (p=.O4); calories and length (p=.O3); and calories and weight for length (p=.006).
Sub-optimal nutrient intakes of B12, calories and calcium in this population are similar to findings in other vegan groups.
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Törnqvist, Erika. "Patienternas upplevelse av att följa FODMAP : Patients experience of eating according to FODMAP." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-151449.
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ABSTRACT Background Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common functional gastrointestinal disease affecting an average of 5-10% of the population. IBS cannot be cured, but proper treatment can alleviate the symptoms. FODMAP diet has proven to be the most effective treatment, which means reducing the intake of foods that the intestine has difficulty to digest. Objective The study aims at investigating IBS patients' experiences of following FODMAP dietary treatment. Method Six individual qualitative interviews were conducted with patients at a clinic in a suburb north of Stockholm. The purpose of the interviews was to get a person's view of their experiences with FODMAP dietary treatment. The interviews were recorded electronically and then verbally transcribed. The transcripts were then analyzed according to Granheim and Lundman's content analysis. Results Individuals who suffer from IBS have various kinds of constraints, their symptoms hindered their everyday lives and their social life, which affected relationships with relatives negatively. Those who did not get enough support from their close relatives experienced loneliness and found the FODMAP treatment more difficult to follow. FODMAP treatment required drastic dietary changes and symptoms were obtained when wrong food was consumed and it made that treatment felted difficult sometimes. Planning and purchasing were experienced as time consuming and complicated. The participants mentioned that they felt a sense of uncertainty for trying new foods, which meant that the diet often became monotonous.Conclusion It was clear that this patient group is in need of support from several different directions. With frequent healthcare contact, patients would gain increased knowledge about their illness. This would contribute to reduced risk of recurrent symptoms and the compliance of treatment would be increased. More support would help patients find tools to simplify their everyday lives. Healthcare professionals could also be able to provide adequate education for relatives, which would increase understanding of the disease and its treatment.
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Schwartz, Aaron Kyle. "THE EFFECT OF A NUTRITION EDUCATION PROGRAM ON NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE, DIETARY INTAKE, BODY COMPOSITION AND PERCEIVED SPORT PERFORMANCE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/foodsci_etds/21.
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Nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, body composition and perceived sport performance were measured before and after an eight week nutrition intervention. The sample consisted of eleven male high school football athletes aged 14-18 years old. Baseline nutrition knowledge was higher than anticipated but fruit and vegetable intake was low. As a result of the nutrition intervention, vegetable intake improved from 0.94 servings per day to 2.02 servings per day (p=0.02). Of the eleven subjects in the study, eleven conceded to both performing and feeling better as a result of the nutrition intervention. The present study suggests that a nutrition intervention can improve dietary intake and perceived sport performance among adolescent athletes.
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Delgadillo, Barriga Sandra Carola. "Creation of three nutritional mixes based on amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and other Andean crops for school-aged children (Cochabamba-Bolivia)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5356.
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In Bolivia we have three very valuable Andean grains: amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinua), and canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), which combined with cereals and legumes can become a complete and balanced food in order to combat the malnutrition that is so widespread in our region. In this study, various nutritional mixes were formulated, based on amaranth and other Andean crops, and the three best were chosen according to nutrition, palatability, and cost. They were: Andean Baby Food, Mixicereal, and Amaranth Cookie, which have an amino acid complement between 79% and 100% and give satisfactory amounts of protein, energy, and minerals for school-aged children. Afterward, the biological quality of the three foods was determined through biological evaluation studies, determining weight gain to be between 64.26 and 87.28, digestibility between 60% and 78%, and PER between 1.75 and 2.36. The cost of the three final products was less than 0.08 cents of an American dollar for every 100 grams of mix. Finally, sensory analyses were performed on the three products with 90 children, from 5 to 9 years old, from two rural schools in Quillacollo province, Cochabamba, and a preference for Mixicereal was observed. Based on these results, we conclude that the three mixes studied are excellent nutritional complements, with high biological value, sensory acceptability, and within the means of a population with scarce economic resources.
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Kadamne, Jeta Vijay. "Effect of High Intensity Ultrasound on the Crystallization Behavior of Interesterified Fats." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6964.
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The process of partial hydrogenation produces trans fats and the fats that undergo this process are called partially hydrogenated fats (PHF). Clinical studies have shown a strong association between PHF and coronary heart diseases. In 2015 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration removed the Generally recognized as safe or "GRAS" status of PHF. These fats were used in confectionary, margarines, shortenings, doughnuts, cookies, cakes, etc. The PHF serve a function in food by providing a higher shelf life and a desired harder structure due to their higher melting point. Hence, the food industry is currently looking for PHF alternatives which serve the function but have no harmful health effects. One of the alternatives to replace PHF is to use interesterified fats that have a low level of saturation that makes them healthier. However, these new fats are too soft with restricted use in many food applications. In this study, we explored the use of high intensity ultrasound (HIU) to improve the functional properties of interesterified fats and make them harder. Our study showed that HIU formed small crystals in these fats and increased their viscosity. The results from this study on the flavor release from the interesterified fats showed that the physical structure and hence the amount of solid fat in the sample affected its flavor perception. The solid fats had higher flavor perception than the liquid fat samples. The goal of this study is to improve the functionality of the interesterified fats using HIU and understand the flavor release from these fats to make substitution in food products easier.
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Shroff, Siddhi Lalit. "IMPACT OF THE HEALTHY HUNGER-FREE KIDS ACT ON CHANGES IN THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF SCHOOL LUNCH MENUS AND IMPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE-BASED NUTRITION EDUCATION ON PROMOTING STUDENT IDENTIFICATION OF FOODS HIGH IN PHYTOCHEMICALS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/33.
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Concern that youth do not have enough fruit and vegetable intake lead to two strategies implemented to influence intake in the school environment: the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) and Fighting with Food: Battling Chemical Toxicity with Good Nutrition program (FF), which could influence phytochemical content and knowledge regarding phytochemicals, respectively. Individual food logs (n=468) were assessed upon completion of FF curriculum to determine whether students were able to correctly apply their nutrition knowledge regarding FF. Menus from one district were analyzed pre-HHFKA and post-HHFKA in elementary (n=156), middle (n=171), and high schools (n=171), for change in the frequency of fruit and vegetables, and for changes in select phytochemical and vitamin content. In food logs, students correctly identified fighting foods 71% of the time. School menus showed an increase in dark green, red/orange vegetables, with significant increases in carotenoid and flavonol content. Results suggest students are applying their nutrition knowledge. Also, more variety of fruit and vegetables are being offered, despite lack of a robust increase in all phytochemicals, which can help to lower inflammation and oxidative stress. Both strategies have the potential to work together as a multi-level intervention that can encourage more fruit and vegetable consumption among youth.
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Johnson, Michelle E., Eileen M. Cress, Kailey Riddle, Kaitlyn Webb, and W. Andrew Clark. "Protein Fortification of a Typical Biscuit Recipe." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2505.
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Johnson, Michelle E., W. Andrew Clark, S. E. Dahlman, W. D. Elrod, and C. M. Stanage. "Betalain in Beets Enhance Antioxidant Activity in Hummus." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2515.
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Clark, W. Andrew. "Falls and Vitamin D." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2528.
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