Academic literature on the topic 'Differences entre sexe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Differences entre sexe"
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Lee, Yeonjung, Fengyan Tang, Kevin H. Kim, and Steven M. Albert. "Exploring Gender Differences in the Relationships between Eldercare and Labour Force Participation." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 34, no. 1 (January 29, 2015): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980814000543.
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RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné la relation réciproque entre les soins des parents et la participation au marché du travail, afin de déterminer si (1) la prestation de soins est liés à l’emploi subséquent; (2) un emploi est lié à la prestation de soins subséquente; (3) la participation de la prestation de soins et la population travaillant a montré une relation réciproque à travers le temps; et (4) s’il existe des différences entre les sexes dans ces relations. Pour l’analyse, nous avons utilisé la modélisation par équation structurelle. L’échantillon de l’étude comprenait les enfants adultes de 51 ans et plus, vivant avec des parents ou beaux-parents. Aucune relation de réciprocité a été trouvée entre la prestation de soins et la participation de la population active, mais des différences de sexe étaient évidentes. Femmes soignantes en 2006 étaient moins susceptibles de travailler en 2008, bien que le statut d’emploi n’ était pas liée à la prestation de soins subséquente. En revanche, les hommes qui travaillaient en 2008 étaient moins susceptibles d’être engagés dans la prestation de soins en 2010, bien que la prestation de soins n’était pas liée à l’état de l’emploi subséquent. Ces résultats suggèrent que le sexe joue un rôle important dans la relation entre la prestation de soins et la participation au marché du travail.
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Johansson, S. Ryan. "Welfare, mortality, and gender. Continuity and change in explanations for male/female mortality differences over three centuries." Continuity and Change 6, no. 2 (August 1991): 135–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000001314.
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L'espérance de vie à la naissance est souvent employée comme index de la prospérité relative de différentes populatoins. Mais dans ce cadre les écarts entre la longévité féminine/masculine sont anormaux. Les femmes ont été et sont encore moins privilégiées que les hommes, pourtant elles vivent plus longtemps. Cette situation a fait croître l'idée que les femmes ont d'immenses avantages biologiques sur les hommes. Mais des données historiques peuvent être utilisées pour démontrer que dans la tranche d'âge de 3 à 55 ans des entrecroisements très prononcés de déces ont eu lieu quant aux taux de mortalité féminine/masculine aux âges spécifiques. Pour justifier cette variabilité historique il faut les remplacer par d'autres plus complexes, qui examinent comment des types de comportement influencés par la culture et propres au sexe, exposés à différents milieux de maladie, se traduisent biologiquement par des taux de mortalité propres à l'age. Lorsqu'on rend justice à la complexité biologique et culturelle, on peut expliquer comment des niveaux inférieurs de bien-être relatif peuvent produire des taux de mortalité inférieurs pour des populations désavantagées dans certains climats de maladie.
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Kuzel, Paul, Andrei I. Metelitsa, Douglas C. Dover, and Thomas G. Salopek. "Epidemiology of Sebaceous Carcinoma in Alberta, Canada, from 1988 to 2007." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 16, no. 6 (November 2012): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347541201600610.
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Background: The epidemiology of sebaceous carcinoma (SC) has not previously been examined in a Canadian population. Objective: To determine the epidemiologic trends of SC in Alberta, Canada, from 1988 to 2007. Methods: This study was a population-based, retrospective, epidemiologic analysis of SC in Alberta over a 20-year span. Results: Over the study period, the age-standardized SC incidence increased from 0.22 per 100,000 to 0.65 per 100,000. Sebaceous carcinoma is a cancer that predominantly affects the elderly (over 85% of cases were in persons 60 years or older). Interestingly, the face (37.7% of cases), not the eyelids (26.2% of cases), was the most frequently affected site overall. Gender-specific trends reflected a slight male predominance (1.4:1) and significant differences in anatomic distribution between the sexes. Conclusion: For unexplained reasons, there has been a threefold increase in SC incidence in Alberta over the last two decades. In addition, there are significant gender-specific differences in the anatomic distribution of SC. Contexte: L'épidémiologie du carcinome sébacé (CS) n'a jamais fait l'objet d'étude au Canada. Objectif: L'étude visait à déterminer les tendances épidémiologiques du CS en Alberta, au Canada, de 1988 à 2007. Méthodes: Il s'agit d'une analyse épidémiologique, rétrospective, fondée sur la population, du CS, en Alberta, sur une période de 20 ans. Résultats: Au cours de la période à l'étude, l'incidence du CS normalisée selon l'âge est passée de 0.22 pour 100,000 à 0.65 pour 100,000. Le carcinome sébacé est un cancer qui touche surtout les personnes âgées (plus de 85% des cas se comptaient parmi les personnes de 60 ans et plus). Point intéressant, la région le plus souvent touchée, dans l'ensemble, était la face (37.7% des cas), et non les paupières (26.2% des cas). Les tendances propres à chaque sexe ont révélé une fréquence légèrement plus élevée chez les hommes que chez les femmes (1.4/1) et des différences importantes entre les sexes quant à la répartition anatomique du siège des lésions. Conclusion: Pour des raisons inconnues, l'incidence du CS a triplé en Alberta au cours des deux dernières décennies. De plus, il existe des différences importantes entre les sexes quant à la répartition anatomique du CS.
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Crespo, Manuel, and Jean B. Hache. "Adaptation a un environnement en mutation: Accords et dissensions dans le secteur de l’enseignement postsecondaire quebecois." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 20, no. 1 (April 30, 1990): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v20i1.183665.
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La crise budgetaire a mene a de pressantes interrogations sur la politique de democratization des institutions d’enseignement postsecondaire, sur l’adequation entre leurs programmes et les besoins du marche et sur leur dependence a l’egard des dinances de l’Etat. A partir des perceptions de gestionnaires, cette recherché decrit les zones de consensus et de dissention dance les choix des insitutions d’enseignement postsecondaire quebecoises de langue francaise et de langue anglaise. Les gestionnaires de ces institutions d’entendent sur des objectifs d’adapation a l’environnement. Cependant, contrairement a l’oreintation des gestionnaires universitaires, leurs homologues des cegeps poursuivent ces objectifs en s’alignant advantage sur les priorities gouvernementales et en liberalisant leurs politiques d’admission. Certaines differences dans les choix institutionnels apparaissent selon la langue de l’institution. En general, les analyses trivariees en controlant le sexe, l’age et la scolarite des repondants, ne se sont pas averees significatives. L’article conclut sure une discussion des consequences possibles des choix institutionnels.
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Cooper, Joseph N., Tiffany J. Davis, and Shaun Dougherty. "Not So Black and White: A Multi-Divisional Exploratory Analysis of Male Student-Athletes’ Experiences at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Institutions." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 1 (March 2017): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0015.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and quality of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) male student-athletes’ college experiences across race, sport, and divisional classifications. In recent years, the NCAA and its member institutions have faced intense scrutiny regarding the purpose of intercollegiate athletics within their educational missions. Additional concerns have been levied at the NCAA for persistent academic performance gaps along gender and racial lines across all divisions. However, limited research has engaged in multidivisional analyses of male student-athletes across racial groups and sport types. Using data from the 2006 NCAA GOALS study viewed through the lens of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the current study examined differences in male student-athletes’ experiences across racial groups, type of sport involvement, and divisional classifications. Key findings indicated salient differences between the social experiences across divisional and sport type classifications as well as significant differences between the academic experiences of Black and non-Black male student-athletes. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.Le but de cette étude était d’examiner la nature et la qualité des expériences scolaires des étudiants-athlètes masculins de la National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) en fonction de la race, du sport et la division de pratique. Récemment, la NCAA et ses institutions membres ont dû faire face à un examen minutieux concernant l’adéquation du sport interuniversitaire avec leurs missions éducatives. Des inquiétudes additionnelles ont été exprimées par la NCAA par rapport à la persistance des écarts en termes de réussite académique en fonction du sexe et de la race dans l’ensemble des divisions. Cependant, rares sont les travaux ayant proposé des analyses multidivisionnelles sur les étudiants-athlètes en fonction des groupes raciaux et des types de sports. En s’appuyant sur les données de l’étude NCAA GOALS de 2006, et au prisme de la théorie des systèmes écologiques de Bronfenbrenner, la présente étude a examiné les différences entre les expériences des étudiantsathlètes en fonction des groupes raciaux, du type d’investissement sportif et de la division de pratique. Les principaux résultats montrent des différences saillantes entre les expériences sociales en fonction du type de sport et du niveau de pratique mais aussi des différences significatives entre les expériences académiques des étudiants noirs et non-noirs. Les implications politiques et pratiques sont discutées.
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Yanes Pérez, Maritel, Luis Roberto Canto Valdés, and Dora Elia Ramos Muñoz. "Víctimas de homicidio en el sureste mexicano 2010–2017." Regions and Cohesion 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2020.100205.
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*Full article is in SpanishEnglish abstract: Homicide is a demographic, social, economic, legal, health problem that affects the quality of life of the population, erodes the economy and citizen security, causes fear and generates impunity. The main victims in Mexico are young people and this research focuses on the integrated southeast including five states: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán. This research addresses the phenomenon in question, the variations in 2010-2017 homicide rates and their relation to the gender of the victim, identifying different types and modalities of homicides. The authors highlight differences in gender conditions and victimization typologies, which can help to generate homicide prevention strategies in the Mexican southeast.Spanish abstract: El homicidio es un problema demográfico, social, económico, jurídico y de salud que afecta la calidad de vida de la población, erosiona la economía y la seguridad ciudadana, provoca temor y genera impunidad. Las principales víctimas en México son jóvenes. Esta investigación se centra en el sureste mexicano integrado por cinco entidades federativas: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Yucatán. La investigación verifica el fenómeno en cuestión, los cambios en las tasas de homicidios de 2010 al 2017 y la relación según el sexo de la víctima, identificando diferentes tipos y modalidades de homicidios. Los autores aportan la diferencia de condiciones de género y distintas modalidades de victimización, lo que puede contribuir a generar estrategias preventivas de los homicidios en el sureste mexicano.French abstract: Les homicides sont un problème démographique, social, économique, juridique et sanitaire qui affecte la qualité de vie de la population, a des impacts négatifs sur l’économie et la sécurité des citoyens, suscite la peur et un climat d’impunité. Au Mexique, les principales victimes en sont des jeunes. Cette recherche porte sur le sud-est mexicain composé par cinq états: le Campeche, le Chiapas, le Quintana Roo, le Tabasco et le Yucatán. Elle examine le phénomène en question, l’évolution du taux d’homicides entre 2010 et 2017 et sa relation avec le sexe de la victime, à partir de l’identification de différents types et modalités d’homicides. Les auteurs présentent les conditions de genre et les différentes formes de victimisation, ce qui peut contribuer à l’élaboration de stratégies de prévention des homicides dans le sud-est du Mexique.
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Ferreira, Mauro, and Maria Tereza Silveira Bohme. "Sex differences on children’s motor performance influence of body adiposity." Revista Paulista de Educação Física 12, no. 2 (December 20, 1998): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5904.rpef.1998.139544.
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Diferenças sexuais no desempenho motor (DM) de crianças são atribuídas a fatores biológicos e ambientais. Entretanto, a significância relativa de um ou outro fator necessita de maior investigação. Neste estudo, procurou-se analisar a magnitude da influência do fator biológico adiposidade corporal (AC) sobre as diferenças sexuais no desempenho em tarefas motoras que envolvem o deslocamento de todo o corpo. Participaram do estudo crianças na faixa etária de sete a nove anos, sendo 36 de cada sexo e pertencentes à Escola de Aplicação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (EA-FEUSP). Foram coletadas as medidas de peso corporal (PC), estatura (EST) e dobras cutâneas medidas em oito locais. Posteriormente, calculou-se um índice de adiposidade subcutânea geral (ADG) através da somatória (mm) das dobras cutâneas mensuradas. Foram aplicados os testes de flexão e extensão dos braços em suspensão na barra fixa modificado (FEB) para membros superiores, e de salto em distância parado (SDP) para membros inferiores. O teste t de “Student” constatou diferenças entre os sexos na variável ADG, superior para o sexo feminino, e nas variáveis FEB e SDP, superior para o sexo masculino. As equações de regressão linear considerando a variável independente (ADG) e dependentes (FEB e SDP) foram comparadas entre os sexos através do teste de paralelismo entre retas de regressão e de interceptos no eixo Y. O resultado dessa análise indicou similaridade entre os sexos na relação entre ADG e os dois testes de DM. Concluiu-se que a AC foi inversamente relacionada ao DM. No entanto, essa variável biológica parece contribuir de modo pouco significativo para explicar as diferenças sexuais no DM de crianças em tarefas que envolvem o deslocamento do corpo todo
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Rekkas, Marie. "Gender and Elections: An Examination of the 2006 Canadian Federal Election." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 4 (December 2008): 987–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908081134.
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Abstract. The existing literature on gender effects in the electoral process offers little evidence of significant gender vote share differentials. In this paper it is shown that for the 2006 Canadian federal election, once candidate campaign spending is introduced into the model with appropriate flexibility in the vote share responsiveness across genders, significant differences are found to exist between male and female candidates. The findings suggest that, for equal levels of spending, male incumbents have a vote share advantage relative to female incumbents, though this vote share advantage is found to diminish with increased expenditures. Female non-incumbent candidates, on the other hand, have a vote share advantage over male non-incumbent candidates for higher levels of expenditure and this advantage was found to increase with increased expenditures.Résumé. Les écrits traitant des effets du genre dans le processus électoral offrent peu de preuves d'un écart significatif dans le pourcentage des voix selon le genre. Cet article montrera que, dans le contexte des élections fédérales canadiennes de 2006, une fois que les dépenses de campagne des candidats sont introduites dans le modèle avec la flexibilité adéquate sur la réceptivité du pourcentage des voix selon les genres, on découvre que des différences significatives existent entre les candidats masculins et féminins. Le résultat des recherches montre que pour des dépenses équivalentes, les titulaires masculins ont un avantage sur le pourcentage des voix par rapport aux titulaires de sexe féminin bien qu'il s'avère que cet avantage diminue lorsque les dépenses augmentent. D'autre part, les candidates féminines non-titulaires ont un avantage sur le pourcentage des voix par rapport aux candidats masculins non-titulaires quand les dépenses sont plus élevées et cet avantage s'avère augmenter lorsque les dépenses augmentent.
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Menkes-Bancet, Catherine, David de Jesús-Reyes, and Itzel A. Sosa-Sánchez. "Jóvenes en México: ¿existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en su inicio sexual y uso del condón?" Papeles de Población 25, no. 100 (June 30, 2020): 183–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2019.100.17.
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El artículo analiza las características del inicio sexual de los jóvenes mexicanos de 12 a 29 años de edad, así como los factores que se relacionan con mayor uso de métodos anticonceptivos, en particular del uso del condón, enfatizando el rol de las desigualdades de género sobre las prácticas sexuales. Se analizó el inicio sexual de los jóvenes en distintos contextos, comparando entre sexos. También se estudió el uso de los métodos anticonceptivos en la primera relación sexual. Para conocer los factores sociodemográficos relacionados con el uso de un preservativo, se estimaron dos modelos de regresión logística estratificados por sexo. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de la Juventud 2010.* Los resultados muestran diferencias por sexo tanto en la edad de inicio sexual, como en las características de la pareja y en los significados dados al inicio sexual. Asimismo, los jóvenes con estereotipos de género más tradicionales incrementan la probabilidad de inicio sexualmente a edades más tempranas, y tienen menor probabilidad de protegerse de un embarazo no planeado y de una infección de transmisión sexual.
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Fernández-Garcia, Angel Iván, Jose Maria Gimenez-Egido, and Gema Torres-Luque. "Differences in Grand Slam competition statistics between professional and U-18 players according to the sex. [Diferencias en las estadísticas de competición de Grand Slam entre jugadores profesionales y Sub-18 según el género]." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 17, no. 63 (January 1, 2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2021.06303.
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The aim of the study was to determine the differences in competition statistics between professional and under-18 (U-18) players by sex. A total of 546 official matches of Grand Slam were selected (268 male and 278 female). The data was obtained from the official website of the tournaments. Different variables related to match time, serve, return and winners-unforced errors were analysed. Descriptive analysis and a Mann-Whitney U test to analyse the differences between professional players and U-18 players were performed. Likewise, to estimate which variables obtained the greatest significant differences was conducted a discriminant analysis. ATP players played longer sets and matches, had a better serve performance and hitting more winners than U-18 male players. Junior male players increased their return effectivity and hit fewer unforced errors than ATP players (p< 0.001). WTA players hit less double faults, had a better percentage of first serve-in and hit more winners than U-18 female players. Junior female hit less unforced errors than WTA players (p< 0.001). Moreover, the key differences between professional and junior players both males and females were the number of winners and unforced errors per set. Further, the match time and aces hitting were key factors that differentiated ATP players from U-18 male players. These data would be help coaches to design junior’s trainings programs, improving their performance based on key professional stage factors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Differences entre sexe"
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Fraisse, Geneviève. "La difference des sexes recherches sur une forme de la connaissance." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0110.
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Penser la difference des sexes ne releve d'aucun champ de recherche deja constitue. En philosophie, la difference des sexes n'est pas reconnue comme objet philosophique. La recherche menee depuis plus de vingt ans a eu pour objectif de produire des elements de savoir propres a constituer ce champ. En traversant l'histoire de la pensee feministe de l'epoque contemporaine j'ai tente de repondre a des questions de definition: definition de la raison des femmes, de la citoyennete moderne, de l'emancipation politique. Faire l'histoire de la pensee renvoyait alors necessairemment a une lecture genealogique de la modernite: il fallait comprendre l'exclusion des femmes de la respublica au lendemain de la revolution francaise, voir l'enchainement logique de leur inclusion, et deceler l'issue de cette dynamique sous le terme de "discrimination". La lecture de la modernite indique clairement la difficulte a donner un contenu au mot "egalite" des sexes. Or l'analyse de la modernite permet aussi de lire attentivement les philosophes. Avec le savoir historique et son analyse politique, l'abord de la philosophie de ces deux derniers siecles montre comment la difference des sexes intervient dans le travail de la pensee: "la question des femmes" et de leur egalite renvoie les philosophes a une lucidite des enjeux tres interessante; plus meme, la difference des sexes apparait comme un operateur non negligeable dans la dynamique de la fin de la metaphysique. Penser la difference des sexes peut ainsi devenir un objectif philosophique. La reprise de la tradition explique comment l'eros et l'amour tinrent lieu d'une pensee sur les sexes, et indique par la meme la double place de la difference des sexes dans l'histoire de la pensee: comme difference premiere a partir de quoi l'humanite se pense, comme un moyen d'echange dans la pensee. Ainsi la difference sexuelle est non pas ce qui est pense, mais ce avec et a partir de quoi on pense. L'ensemble de mes travaux releve d'une recherche d'intelligibilite, construction d'un champ epistemologique et genealogie de la moderniteThe notion of sexual difference does not belong to an already constituted field of research. In philosophy, it is not recognized as a philosophical object. In the last twenty years, my research's main objective has been the production of the epistemological conditions necessary for the constitution of such a field. Through the history of modern and contemporary feminist thought i have tried to answer questions of definition: the definitions of women's reason, of modern citizenship, of political emancipation. Dealing with the history of thought requires a genealogical reading of modernity: my purpose was to understand how women have been excluded from the res publica in the wake of the french revolution, and then how they have been at the same time included and discriminated against. My reading of modernity clearly shows how difficult it is to give a content to the notion of "equality" of the sexes. My analysis of modernity also allows and calls for an attentive reading of the major philosophers. Such a reading shows how the difference of the sexes intervenes in the very process of philosophical thought: the "women's question" raises interesting stakes for philosophers, while the difference of the sexes appears as an important operator in the dynamic process of the end of metaphysics. Thinking through the difference of the sexes thus becomes a philosophical objective. Western philosophical tradition both shows how eros and love have been used as a way to think about the sexes and, consequently, how philosophy has envisaged the place of sexual difference in its own history. In fact, the difference of the sexes intervenes in two ways in philosophical thought: first as a primal difference through which humanity thinks about itself, and second as a means of exchange within thought itself. For philosophers, sexual difference is thus not an object of thought but rather an origin and a means through which thought is produced
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Maltese, François. "Effets d’une situation de comparaison sociale dans les différences liées au sexe en rotation mentale : Une étude avec des jumeaux dizygotes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3045/document.
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Le test de rotation mentale (TRM) est robuste pour faire émerger une grande différence de sexe en faveur des hommes. Il existe un stéréotype, communément admis, de moins bonnes performances des femmes en aptitude spatiale. Deux théories explicatives cohabitent. La première, biologique, est liée à une masculinisation du cerveau des garçons sous l'action des androgènes durant la vie fœtale. Dans cette hypothèse, et en raison d'un transfert d'hormones supposé durant la vie intra-utérine, les femmes qui ont un cojumeau doivent avoir des performances meilleures que celles ayant une cojumelle (Vuoksimaa et al., 2010). L'autre hypothèse, que nous défendons, suppose que les différences de sexe au TRM peuvent être socialement construites ou activées par des éléments du Contexte évaluatif et ceci quel que soient les compétences des personnes. Nous avons, pour la première fois dans une étude gémellaire, confronté ces deux hypothèses. Des paires de jumeaux jeunes adultes dizygotes de même sexe (DZMS), 23 paires d'hommes et 34 paires de femmes, et de sexe différent (DZSD), 62 paires, ont passé un TRM informatisé dans deux conditions expérimentales où l'exactitude des réponses et les temps de réponse sont enregistrés. Dans une condition, les consignes du test rendent la situation de comparaison au cojumeau possible (CSP) : « vous et votre jumeau ferez le même test aujourd'hui », dans l'autre condition (CSI) la comparaison est rendue improbable : « vous et votre jumeau ferez des tâches différentes ». Nos résultats n'accréditent pas la théorie biologique et sont en faveur d'une explication en termes d'interférence du stéréotypeThe mental rotation test (MRT) is the most robust test revealing that men outperform women. Two major causes have been proposed for explaining the origin of this difference. The first focused on brain masculinization under the action of androgen during the fetal development. Vuoksimaa et al., (2010) showed that dizygotic opposite-sex female have greater performances than dizygotic same-sex female. For the second hypothesis, sex difference is mainly due to social regulation factors and stereotype threat interaction. We test here this second hypothesis. In a twin design we tested, for the first time, these two causal explanations. Same-sex dizygotic young adult pairs (23 pairs of males and 34 pairs of females), and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs (62 pairs) took a computerized MRT in two experimental co-action conditions. In the first condition, the experimental situation make the co-twin comparison possible (CSP): “you and your co-twin do the same test today”, and in the other experimental condition called, improbable comparison situation (CSI), they are told that: “you and your co-twin do different test today”. Accuracy and responses time where analyzed. Our results do not support the biological model but, in contrary, support the social regulation and stereotype threat model
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Bencivenga, Rita. "Femmes et hommes face à l’ordinateur : histoires du développement d’une relation positive." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100212/document.
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Lorsqu’on parle de l’usage de l’ordinateur par des personnes adultes, il est classique que soient évoquées un certain nombre de disparités femmes/hommes qui mettent notamment l’accent sur une relation plutôt négative des femmes à l’ordinateur. Les études réalisées visant à proposer des moyens pour diminuer ces disparités se basent le plus souvent sur des informations recueillies auprès de professionnel-le-s ou expert-e-s ; ce qui laisse dans l’ombre une grande partie des utilisateurs/trices ordinaires. On dispose donc de peu d’informations sur ces personnes qui, sans être expertes ou professionnelles, apprécient l’ordinateurs et l’utilisent régulièrement sans hésiter. C’est à ces personnes que la présente thèse a choisi de s’intéresser. Son objectif principal est de collecter des informations concernant ce qui fonde la relation positive à l’ordinateur, que développent des femmes et hommes qui en font un usage régulier mais non professionnel. Dans ce but, vingt-cinq entretiens narratifs ont été réalisés. Prenant appui sur une comparaison intersexe, les analyses réalisées explorent l’existence d’éventuelles disparités femmes/hommes et le rôle potentiel que joue le genre, appréhendé en tant que système hiérarchisant de normes de sexe. Les résultats montrent que ces relations positives s'appuient, pour les femmes comme pour les hommes, sur les mêmes éléments et que l’influence du genre dépend des enjeux de pouvoirs et de la reconnaissance des situations considérées comme défiant l’imaginaire qui voit les hommes plus proches de la technologie que les femmesWhen we talk about adults using computers, inequalities between women and men very often emerge, and particular emphasis is placed on the negative relationship which women supposedly have with computers. Studies on ways of reducing these inequalities have often been based on information collected by IT professionals or expert users. This leaves out the majority of normal users (both women and men). Therefore we have very little information on people who, although they are not experts or professionals, appreciate computers and use one regularly and confidently. This thesis is aimed at this particular group of people. The main objective was to gather information on how women and men who are regular but non-professional users can form positive relationships with ICT computers. Twenty-five narrative interviews were conducted with this aim in mind. Based on a comparison between the sexes, the study explores potential inequalities between women/men and examines the potential role of gender, that is, a “hierarchical system of norms for each sex”. The results show that positive relationships are based on the same aspects for both women and men. The influence of gender depends on power games and on recognising situations which defy the imagination, in which men are much closer to technology than women
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Brun, Josette. "Le veuvage en Nouvelle-France, genre, dynamique familiale et stratégies de survie dans deux villes coloniales du XVIIIe siècle, Québec et Louisbourg." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57459.pdf.
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Dehdarirad, Tahereh. "Women in science and higher education: A bibliometric approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401503.
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The main objective of this thesis work is to assess and map international research concerning gender in science and higher education. To do this, two different studies were designed: first, to examine the development and growth of scientific literature on women in science and higher education, and, second, to map and analyse the structure and evolution of the scientific literature on gender differences in higher education and science, focusing on factors related to differences. For the first study, development and growth of scientific literature on women in science and higher education, a total of 1415 articles and reviews published between 1991 and 2012, were extracted from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database. For the second study, mapping the evolution of scientific literature on gender differences, the data set comprised a corpus containing 651 articles and reviews published between 1991 and 2012, extracted from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database.
The methodology and procedures employed included standard bibliometric indicators and laws (e.g., Price’s, Lotka’s, and Bradford’s laws), Relative Intensity Index (RII) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII). Data sets in the second study were evaluated for different time periods; co- word analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were undertaken.
The results of these studies suggest an upward trend in both the number of papers, and also the number of authors per paper. However, this increase in the number of authors was not accompanied by an increase in international collaboration. Interest in gender differences in science extends to many authors (n = 3064), countries (n = 67), and research areas (n = 86). The data showed a high dispersion of the literature with a small set of core journals focused on the topic. The research area with the highest frequency of papers was Education and Educational Research.
The results also indicated a significant increase in the number of themes over the years. Furthermore, the fact that gender differences in science and higher education have been considered by specific research disciplines, suggests important research-field-specific variations.El principal objetivo de esta tesis consiste en evaluar y mapear la investigación internacional sobre género en ciencia y educación superior. Para ello, se han diseñado dos estudios: por un lado, el análisis del desarrollo y crecimiento de la literatura científica sobre la participación de las mujeres en la ciencia y la educación superior, y, por otro lado, el análisis de la estructura y evolución de la literatura científica sobre diferencias de género en educación superior y ciencia, haciendo especial hincapié en los factores que se hallan detrás de estas diferencias. Para el primer estudio, centrado en el desarrollo y crecimiento de la literatura científica sobre la participación de las mujeres en la ciencia y la educación superior, se extrajeron un total de 1.415 artículos y revisiones publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2012 en la base de datos Web of Science de Thomson Reuters. Para el segundo estudio, enfocado en la evolución de la literatura científica sobre diferencias de género, el conjunto de datos comprende un corpus de 651 artículos y revisiones publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2012 en la base de datos Web of Science de Thomson Reuters. La metodología y procedimientos empleados incluyen indicadores y leyes bibliométricas estándar (por ej. Price, Lotka y Bradford), el Índice Relativo de Intensidad (RII) y el Índice de Desigualdad de Género (GII). El conjunto de datos del segundo estudio se evalúa en diferentes períodos de tiempo, a partir de un análisis de co-ocurrencia de palabras y de agrupamiento jerárquico. Los resultados de estos análisis muestran una tendencia al alza tanto en el número de artículos como en el número de autores por artículo. Sin embargo, este aumento en el número de autores no se ve acompañado de un aumento en la colaboración internacional. Los resultados ponen también de relieve cómo el interés en el estudio de las diferencias de género en la ciencia y en la educación superior se extiende a muchos autores (n = 3.064), países (n = 67) y áreas de investigación (n = 86). Los datos muestran también una gran dispersión de la literatura con un pequeño conjunto de revistas especializadas en el tema, siendo el área de “Educación e Investigación para la Educación” el área con más trabajos. Los resultados también indican un aumento significativo del número de temas analizados a lo largo de los años. Asimismo, el hecho que las diferencias de género en ciencia y educación superior hayan sido objeto de estudio de diferentes disciplinas sugiere importantes variaciones en campos de estudio específicos.
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Montalban, Castilla José. "Addressing Inequalities in Education : Need-Based Grants, Gender Differences and School Choice." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0155.
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Cette thèse rassemble des recherches sur trois sources d’inégalités éducatives en Espagne, à différents niveaux d’éducation (préscolaire, primaire, secondaire et supérieur). Ces recherches tentent d’évaluer l’impact causal de politiques de grande ampleur sur l'efficacité et l'équité des systèmes éducatifs. Le premier chapitre porte sur les effets de l'aide financière aux étudiants défavorisés, dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur. Les programmes nationaux d’aide financière (bourses) aux étudiants défavorisés couvrent une grande partie des étudiants et représentent une part non négligeable des budgets alloués à l’enseignement supérieur. En s’intéressant à une réforme du système de bourses en Espagne qui modifie les exigences académiques nécessaires pour bénéficier des aides, on tente d’identifier l’effet de ces exigences académiques, à niveau de bourse donné, sur les performances des étudiants, leur propension à abandonner ou réussir leurs études. Pour cela, on utilise des micro-données administratives sur l'univers des candidats aux bourses dans une grande université. En exploitant les discontinuités dans la formule d’éligibilité, on trouve des effets positifs marqués de l’association d’exigences académiques élevées aux bourses, sans aucun effet négatif sur le décrochage. Les étudiants sont plus fréquemment présents aux examens de fin d’année, leur moyenne générale comme leur taux de réussite y sont plus élevés, et ils ont moins souvent besoin de passer des rattrapages. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact des conditions d’examen, dans le primaire et le secondaire, sur les performances académiques selon le genre. Les conditions d’examen académique elles-mêmes ont néanmoins fait l’objet de peu d’attention dans cette littérature. Ce chapitre s’intéresse précisément aux différences de performance entre garçons et filles qui apparaissent lorsque l’environnement de l’examen est modifié. Pour cela, ce chapitre analyse une intervention aléatoire concernant l’ensemble des élèves de 6e et 10e années dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). Les écoles de la région ont été assignées de façon aléatoire dans deux groupes devant administrer leurs examens de façon différente: en interne, où les élèves étaient évalués par des enseignants de l’école vs. en externe, où des enseignants extérieurs venaient effectuer les tests. Lorsque l’examinateur est externe, les filles performent moins bien que les garçons, notamment dans les matières où elles performent généralement moins bien à la base. Les données d’une enquête additionnelle sur le stress, la confiance en soi et le degré d’effort indiquent que ces performances relatives découlent d’une moins bonne gestion du stress provoqué par un environnement non familier. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation entre choix de l’école et ségrégation scolaire, dans le contexte de l'éducation préscolaire. Ce chapitre vise à élargir cette littérature en étudiant comment la régulation publique affecte les décisions des familles et la ségrégation des enfants entre les écoles, dans le cadre du Mécanisme de Boston. Ce chapitre analyse deux réformes à grande échelle, entreprises dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). En particulier, on exploite ici une réforme interdistricts qui a largement élargi l’univers des choix possibles pour les familles. Son impact est mesuré en combinant une event study first difference entre cohortes avec une différence de différences. Grâce à des données uniques sur les candidatures des familles auprès des différentes écoles, ce chapitre montre que les familles ont candidaté à des écoles plus éloignées de leur domicile. La reforme produit des effets différenciés, avec les parents les plus éduqués et n’étant pas immigrés réagissant le plus fortement (en termes absolus). Les résultats indiquent un déclin de la ségrégation par niveau d’éducation des parents mais une croissance de cette ségrégation entre enfant de parents immigrés et non-immigrésThis dissertation gathers evidence on three sources of education inequalities across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education) in the context of Spain. It revolves around the causal effects of large-scale educational policies on the efficiency and equity of educational systems.The first chapter focuses on the effects of financial aid for disadvantaged students in the context of higher education. National financial aid programs for disadvantaged students cover a large fraction of college students and represent a non-negligible component of the public budget. Using a reform in the Spanish need-based grant program, this paper tests the causal effect of receiving the same amount of grant under different intensities of academic requirements on student performance, degree completion and student dropout. I use administrative micro-data on the universe of applicants to the grant in a large university. Exploiting sharp discontinuities in the grant eligibility formula, I find strong positive effects of being eligible for a grant on student performance when combined with demanding academic requirements, while there are no effects on student dropout. Students improve their final exam attendance rate, their average GPA in final exams, and their probability of completing the degree. They also reduce the fraction of subjects that they have to retake. The second chapter centers on the gender differences in academic performance due to the testing-environment, in the context of primary and secondary education. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating how the organization of student testing may influence the relative performance of male and female students. This paper analyzes the gender gap in test scores that arises as a result of differential responses by boys and girls to the testing environment. To that end, we exploit a unique randomized intervention on the entire population of students in the 6th and 10th grades in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The intervention assigned schools to either internally or externally administered testing. We find that girls do worse than boys in exams that are externally administered, especially in male-dominated subjects. Additional survey evidence on stress, self-confidence, and effort suggests that lower relative female performance in externally administered tests results from a lower ability to cope with stressful situations as a result of less familiarity with the testing environment.The third chapter studies the relationship between school choice priorities and school segregation in the context of preschool education. This work aims at broadening the scope of market design questions to school choice by examining how government-determined school choice priorities affect families’ choices and pupil sorting across schools in the context of the Boston Mechanism. We use two large-scale school choice reforms in the school choice priority structure undertaken in the region of Madrid (Spain) as a source of variation. In particular, we exploit an inter-district school choice reform that widely expanded families’ choice set of schools. We combine an event study first difference across cohorts and a Difference-in-Difference design to identify the impact of the reforms. Using unique administrative data on parents’ applications to schools, this paper shows that families reacted to the reform exerting higher inter-district choice and applying to schools located further away from home than before the reform. We find distributional effects of the reform concluding that parents from the highest education levels and parents of non-immigrant students were those who reacted the most in absolute terms. We find a decrease in school segregation by parental education and an increase in school segregation by immigrant status
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Niang, Mouhamadou Moustapha. "Differences in unemployment between males and females in France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2020/document.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse novatrice des différences de niveau de chômage entre les hommes et les femmes, en tenant compte, en plus du taux, d'autres dimensions importantes de la question qui ont des répercussions en matière de bien-être pour les individus et la société dans laquelle ils vivent. Elle se compose de trois chapitres contributifs.Le chapitre II propose une extension de la mesure des différences de niveaux chômage entre les hommes et les femmes sur la base de l'indice de Shorrocks. Cet indice prend en compte, en plus du taux de chômage, de la durée moyenne et de l'inégalité dans la distribution des durées de chômage. Le chapitre III part des résultats du chapitre II et propose une analyse purement empirique de l'écart entre les sexes dans le chômage en France. Il examine en outre les différences entre les sexes dans le taux de chômage, la durée moyenne de chômage et la distribution des durées de chômage. Le chapitre fournit également une analyse de la réduction des écarts entre sexes dans le chômage, ainsi qu'une analyse comparative de trois différentes méthodes de décomposition: Yun, Taylor décomposition et Oaxaca. Le chapitre IV présente une analyse de la différence entre les sexes dans le nombre d'épisodes de chômage (vulnérabilité face au chômage) et la distribution de ces épisodes dans la force de travail (répartition inégale de la perte de bien-être engendrée par le chômage). L'importance de la question réside dans le fait que le chômage répétitif peut causer un travail moins bien rémunéré et des emplois précaires et donc conduire à la pauvreté et à l'exclusion socialeThe thesis provides a novel analysis of the differences in unemployment between males and females, taking into account, in addition to the rate, other important aspects of unemployment that have welfare implications for both individuals and the society where they live. It consists of three contributive chapters.Chapter 2 proposes a measurement of the differences in unemployment between males and females based on an index by Shorrocks. The latter is estimated by quarter for France during the period 2003:1 to 2008:3 using three different methods: synthetic cohort method, Salant's method and a method using directly the interrupted durations. The first method uses the interrupted durations to obtain an estimate of the distribution of completed durations while the Salant method do the same but assume that the labour market is in a steady state. Chapter 3 builds from Chapter 2's results and proposes a purely empirical analysis of the gender gap in unemployment in France. It examines in addition to the gender differences in the unemployment rate, the gender differences in mean duration and distribution of durations. The chapter also provides a comparative analysis of different methods of regression-based decomposition. It finishes with an analysis of the reduction of the gender gap in unemployment in France between 2003 and 2008 Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the gender difference in the number of unemployment spells and the distribution of these spells across the labour force. The importance of the matter relates to the fact that a repetitive unemployment may cause lower paid work and unstable jobs and therefore lead to poverty and social exclusion
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Studzińska, Anna. "Gender differences in perception of sexual harassment." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20052/document.
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Cette thèse présente une série de 6 études qui s’articule autour de la perception du harcèlement sexuel (HS), de la perception de la souffrance des victimes du HS et de la perception des auteurs du HS. De nombreuses études démontrent que les hommes peuvent devenir les victimes de HS (ex. Kearney et Rochlen, 2011 ; Waldo, Berdahl, et Fitzgerald, 1998). Cependant, la perception du HS par des personnes qui ne l’ont pas subis, semble être loin de la réalité. Je fais l’hypothèse que 1. La perception sociale de la souffrance des hommes victimes de HS est perçue comme moindre en comparaison de celle des femmes victimes HS. 2A. Par rapport aux auteurs de HS avec une victime féminine, les auteurs de HS dont la victime est masculine, sont mieux évalués. Suite aux résultats obtenus dans l’étude 4, j’ai proposé une alternative à l’hypothèse 2A (2B), que les auteures de HS féminins sont mieux évaluées. Les résultats soutiennent les hypothèses que la perception des individus impliqués dans le HS dépend de leur sexe. Les victimes féminines sont perçues comme ayant plus de souffrance que les victimes masculines. Les auteurs masculins sont perçus comme moins agentiques et moins respectables que les auteurs féminines et méritent une punition plus sévère. Quand la colère des participants détermine la relation entre le sexe de la victime et la perception de l’auteur, l’auteur de HS sur une femme est perçu comme étant plus coupable, méritant une punition plus sévère et étant moins un agent moralThis thesis presents a series of six studies which concentrate on the perception of sexual harassment (SH) and the perception of victims and perpetrators of SH. Numerous studies show that men can become victims of SH and suffer from SH (ex. Kearney et Rochlen, 2011; Waldo, Berdahl, et Fitzgerald, 1998), however the lay perceptions of SH seem to be far from the reality. I hypothesized that:1o. In social perception the suffering of male victims of SH is less severe than that of female victims 2A. The perpetrators whose victims are female are evaluated worse than those whose victims are male Due to the results obtained in Study 4, I suggested an alternative to hypothesis 2A (2B) namely, that the female perpetrators of SH are evaluated better. The results support the hypothesis that the perception of the victims and perpetrators of SH depends on their sex. Female victims are perceived as suffering more than the male victims. Male perpetrators are seen as less agentic and less respectable than female perpetrators and deserving a higher punishment. When participant's anger mediates the relationship between the victim’s sex and the perception of the perpetrator, the perpetrator of SH on a woman is perceived as guiltier, deserving a higher punishment and as being less of a moral agent
Załączona rozprawa przedstawia serię badań dotyczących społecznej percepcji molestowania seksualnego (MS), percepcji cierpienia ofiar molestowania oraz percepcji sprawców molestowania. MS to każde niepożądane zachowanie werbalne lub niewerbalne odnoszące się do seksualności lub płci adresata, które skutkuje naruszeniem jej godności, poprzez tworzenie „onieśmielającej, wrogiej, poniżającej, upokarzającej lub agresywnej atmosfery” (Śledzińska-Simon, 2011). W przedstawionych badaniach odwołuję się do typologii MS zaproponowanej przez Fitzgerald, Gelfand i Drasgow (1995), a następnie poszerzonej przez Waldo, Berdahl i Fitzgerald (1998). W typologii tej wyróżniono trzy rodzajów MS są to: 1. przymus seksualny (sexual coercion) – grożenie ofierze lub zapewnianie ofiary, że jeśli zgodzi się na kontakt seksualny, otrzyma pewne przywileje (np. awans, lepszą ocenę na egzaminie) lub uniknie negatywnych konsekwencji (np. zwolnienie z pracy, ocena niedostateczna) 2. niepożądane zainteresowanie seksualne (unwanted sexual attention) – częste dotykanie ofiary lub napastliwe próby stworzenia intymnego lub seksualnego związku z ofiarą 3. molestowanie z uwagi na przynależność do danej płci (gender harassment): 3a. obsceniczne komentarze (lewd comments) – na przykład: żarty odnoszące się do seksualności; obraźliwe komentarze na temat wyglądu lub życia seksualnego; pokazywanie pornograficznych zdjęć 3b. wymuszanie zachowań zgodnych ze stereotypową rolą płciową (enforcement of gender role) – na przykład: żarty z mężczyzny, który bierze zwolnienie w celu zajmowania się dzieckiem; komentarze skierowane do kobiety, że powinna robić sobie makijaż, żeby wyglądała bardziej kobieco 3c. negatywne komentarze dotyczące danej płci (negative gender related remarks) - na przykład: powiedzenie, że wszyscy mężczyźni myślą tylko o jednym; stwierdzenie, że kobiety nie nadają się do zarządzania
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Silva, Ana Consuelo Alves da. "Dores do corpo e dores da alma : o estigma da tuberculose entre homem e mulheres acometidos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251754.
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Orientador: Leticia Bicalho CanedoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T15:43:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AnaConsueloAlvesda_D.pdf: 8650595 bytes, checksum: 63aeac6298ee32f85d1162088ab1e9ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivos investigar se a terapêutica de isolamento dos acometidos pela tuberculose, no início do século XX, contribuiu para a estigmatização dos doentes; se o estigma relacionado a esta doença está presente atualmente; se há diferenças entre homens e mulheres para lidar com este estigma; e se há, diante das possíveis diferenças, repercussões distintas na condução e conclusão do tratamento. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu um estudo de caso e a aplicação de entrevistas com doentes de tuberculose. O estudo de caso foi realizado na cidade de São José dos Campos, a qual se tornou referência para o tratamento da tuberculose, na "era sanatorial", a partir da leitura e análise das publicações jornalísticas do início do século passado. As entrevistas foram realizadas com homens e mulheres que trataram da tuberculose no ambulatório de referência do município de Jacareí e do complexo hospitalar da UNICAMP. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o isolamento prescrito por médicos no início do século XX como um dos recursos importantes para a cura da tuberculose contribuiu para a sobrecarga de alguns emblemas depreciativos atribuídos aos doentes, intensificando o estigma da doença. A análise sugere ainda que homens e mulheres, pelo distinto processo de socialização, lidam diferentemente com a doença, o que reflete desde o modo como buscam por um tratamento até como o conduzem. Enquanto os homens apresentam a debilitação física como queixa primordial no adoecimento por tuberculose, para as mulheres o estigma apresenta-se como a primeira e mais constante queixa, perdurando mesmo após a conclusão do tratamento.
Abstract: This survey aimed to investigate if the isolation therapy of those affected by tb in the beginning of the 20th century contributed to the stigmatization of patients, if the stigma of this illness is still present, if there are differences between men and women in dealing with this stigma, and if there are, in front of possible differences,distinct repercussions in carrying on and concluding the tratment. The methodology used envolved survey of case and applying interviews with tb patients. The survey of case was developed in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, which became a reference for tb treatment in the beginning of the last century, from the reading and analysis of news publications of that time. Interviews were taken with men and women who were treated of tb in the reference clinic in the city of Jacarei and in the medical facilities of UNICAMP (University of Campinas). The results achieved suggest that the isolation, prescribed by doctors in the beginning of the last century as one of the important resources to the cure of tb, contributed with the overcharge of some depreciating symbols attributed to tb patients intensifying the stigma of this illness.The analysis also suggests that men and women, due to distinct process of socialization, deal with the illness differently, which reflects from how they seek for treatment to how they carry it on.While men have as major complaint about being ill of tb phisical debility, with women the stigma is the first and most constant complaint, lasting even after treatment is concluded.
Doutorado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Doutor em Educação
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Vandersmissen, Marie-Hélène. "Mobilité géographique et professionnelle des femmes dans la région urbaine de Québec, 1977-1996." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/NQ56847.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Differences entre sexe"
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1933-, Lloyd Barbara B., ed. Sex and gender. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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1933-, Lloyd Barbara B., ed. Sex and gender. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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Sex differences in cognitive abilities. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1992.
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Sex differences in cognitive abilities. 3rd ed. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2000.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Acorn and Oak." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0021.
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To Parse The Subtle Distinctions between Europe and America must strike observers from other parts of the globe as an exercise in the narcissism of minor differences. Like twins keen to differentiate themselves, some nations eagerly distinguish among countries that are, seen globally, much of a muchness. During the cold war, the unity of the North Atlantic nations against the Soviet empire was obvious. But after the fall of the Berlin Wall, new antagonisms emerged. Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Afghanistan, Israel: these are the immediate bones of contention. The larger issue has been the role of the United States, the one remaining superpower, as its regnum is tested by Middle Eastern wars, Russian saber rattling, and Chinese aspirations to great power status. Perhaps, as some Europeans argue, the United States has become a rogue state, unilaterally exempting itself from the strictures of mutual dependence in an increasingly interwoven world. Perhaps, as some Americans reply, Europeans live in a cloud-cuckoo land where conflict is considered ultimately to be based on misunderstandings, not real differences, and talk can therefore replace guns. These are geopolitical debates we need not enter into here. We are concerned, however, with the geopoliticians’ frequent and facile elisions between internal and external politics. Because Americans own guns, they like to go to war. Because they drive big cars, they need to secure oil supplies in the Middle East. Because they are religious, they see themselves as crusaders. Because continental Europeans do not have functioning armies and refuse to pay for any, they turn foreign policy into a talking shop. Because they spend their money on social benefits, they cannot afford to defend themselves and must therefore appease the aggressors. Because of their own traumatic past, they refuse to acknowledge the continuing reality of evil in the world. In this book, I have shown that, in almost every quantifiable respect, the United States and Western Europe approximate each other. Earlier, I have accounted for some of the ways that social scientists have tried, and failed, to typologize differences between Europe and America.
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Pontón, Gonzalo. "La acotación como texto." In «Entra el editor y dice»: ecdótica y acotaciones teatrales (siglos XVI y XVII). Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-304-5/003.
Full textAbstract:
The comparison between Lope de Vega’s autograph stage directions and the corresponding printed versions in his Partes de comedias shows significant textual differences, which demonstrate at least two important facts: 1) the textual instability of the stage directions – copyists and compositors don’t see the stage directions as texts to be copied literally and in their integrity, and 2) the existence of a pattern of intervention by the printers, with the purpose of adapting the stage directions to the act of reading, in different and not always systematic ways. This paper tackles these issues, tries to delineate the specific problems raised by the editing of stage directions, and suggests some lines of action.
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"Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks." In Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks, edited by Alexander G. Andrews and Robert J. Foy. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874073.ch24.
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Abstract.—Spiny dogfish <em>Squalus acanthias </em>biomass has increased in the Gulf of Alaska, yet little is known about the ecological niche that dogfish fill in this ecosystem. Trophic position is an important indicator of the ecological role of an organism. To explore the trophic position of dogfish we analyzed the nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios of 60 dogfish from five locations between Washington and the Gulf of Alaska. The mean δ<sup>15</sup>N values for dogfish ranged from 12.0‰ (central Gulf of Alaska) to 13.4‰ (Howe Sound, British Columbia) and the mean δ<sup>13</sup>C values ranged from –21.3‰ (Yakutat Bay, Alaska) to –17.9‰ (Puget Sound, Washington). Sites to the north tended to be significantly depleted in the heavy isotopes of both nitrogen and carbon. The differences in nitrogen isotope ratios among sites were attributed to potential changes in dogfish feeding behavior and trophic position. Differences in carbon isotope ratios suggested that dogfish utilize different food webs along the northeastern Pacific Ocean shelf. Additionally it was hypothesized that feeding differentially in offshore versus inshore food webs or targeting pelagic versus benthic prey species may explain the isotopic variability. These results are preliminary and require additional tests before conclusions can be made about the trophic position of dogfish in this region. Future work will explore stable isotope variability at lower trophic levels to test the hypothesis that entire food webs are isotopically shifted owing to differences in isotopic fractionation at the base of the food web. Also, trophic level differences among dogfish size classes and between sexes will be explored among a greater diversity of locations to better describe the ecological consequences of increased biomass of dogfish in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
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Bennett, Peggy D. "Eye expressions." In Teaching with Vitality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673987.003.0027.
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At times we do not want to show the tension or turmoil we are experiencing. We choose to “save face” with an expression that is best for the situation, but it may differ from what we feel. Our intent is not to be disingenuous or manipulative; it is to give our best to the encounter. We rarely get to see our own eye expressions, so we may not know our usual range of expressiveness. The opposites of hard eyes and soft eyes can provide some images. Hard eyes are squinted, tense, and strongly focused on the target. Often the forehead is creased. Hard eyes portray intensity, anger, frustration, threat, or disagreement, and they do not normally invite interaction. Pain, bright lights, intense thinking, and eye fatigue can cause us to display hard eyes. Soft eyes are relaxed, rounded, and gently open; the look is thoughtful and inquisitive. Softness can be seen in the skin surrounding the eyes, conveying gentleness, calm, and comfort. Soft eyes are described in martial arts and horse riding as breathing in through your eyes to calm your entire body. Neutral eyes are mildly focused and reveal no emotion other than attentiveness. More soft than hard, neutral eyes convey an expression that is alert and observant, but perhaps unreadable. Are you able to identify your habitual eye expressions? Feeling the different eye expressions we display can be key to projecting the messages we want to project. Whether intentional or not, eye expressions can intimidate and demand. They can soothe and support. And they can project unreadable neutrality. Most of us need to look in a mirror to become familiar with our eye expressions. We need to see and feel the differences as we experiment with hard eyes, soft eyes, and neutral eyes. We need to practice so that we can display eye expressions that do not necessarily match our mood or temper, but do reflect the nonverbal messages we want to send. The goal of intentional eye expressions is to project the messages we want to project. There are times when we want to show what is best for the situation rather than what we are feeling in the moment.
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Keats, Jonathon. "Microbiome." In Virtual Words. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0006.
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Sequencing the 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome took thirteen years and cost $3 billion. Yet even before the genome was released in 2003, scientists were beginning to question whether an index of our DNA, however exhaustive, would genetically encapsulate Homo sapiens . One of the most articulate skeptics was Joshua Lederberg, a Nobel Prize–winning biologist who pioneered the field of bacterial genetics in the 1950s, while Watson and Crick were discovering the double helix. Lederberg publicly expressed his reservations in the year 2000, amid rampant hype about the Human Genome Project including a Clinton White House press conference. “Just as scientists study entire ecological systems to see how the various parts interact,” he wrote in a syndicated editorial, “we must regard the human body as an extended genome. Its parts consist of the nuclear DNA genome (karyome), a chondriome (mitochondria), and what I call the microbiome: the menagerie of the body’s attendant microbes. We must study the microbes that we carry within us and on our surfaces as part of a shared embodiment.” Lederberg coined the term microbiome to echo the older word genome and to establish a sort of equivalence. If anything, his claim on behalf of single-cell organisms was understated. The average body is host to an estimated 100 trillion microbes, ten times the number of human cells. These microorganisms span some twenty-two phyla, with more than six hundred species living in the mouth and 150 species on each palm. Taken together that adds up to vast genetic diversity: human DNA contains approximately 23,000 genes. The microbiome may contain as many as 23 million. Were these microbes mere fellow travelers the numbers would make no difference. (Because of their minuscule size microorganisms comprise less than 2 percent of our body mass.) What makes them significant from a human perspective—and makes their genetic legacy inseparable from ours—is that they perform essential functions in concert with human cells, facilitating digestion, for instance, and also aiding the immune system.
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Hamburg, David A., and Beatrix A. Hamburg. "Growing Up in the Twenty-First Century." In Learning to Live Together. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157796.003.0006.
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During the twentieth century, within only a moment of evolutionary time, human ingenuity has produced an unprecedented vast increase in the destructive power of the human species. It is now possible to inflict immense damage on almost all countries everywhere and pose the threat of annihilation of the entire world. Shortly, there will be no part of the earth so remote that a committed group cannot do immense damage to itself and others far away. The events of September 11, 2001, in New York,Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania have made this clear. Like it or not, conflicts have become everyone’s business. The idea that countries and people should be free to conduct their quarrels on their own terms, no matter how deadly, is outmoded in the nuclear age and in a global world where local hostilities can rapidly become international ones with devastating consequences. Similarly, the notion that tyrants are free to commit atrocities on their own peoples is becoming obsolete, albeit with plenty of resistance. Today, the human species is engaged in an increasingly dangerous proliferation of lethal weaponry, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons of mass destruction, as well as the worldwide, wall-to-wall spread of deadly small arms. At the same time, in all parts of the world, we also see evidence of abundant prejudice, hatred, and threats of mass violence. Sadly, the historical record is full of every sort of slaughter based on invidious distinctions of religion, ethnicity, nationality, and other perceived group differences. This record confirms a part of our unique human heritage, one that we will address in more depth in the pages to follow as we seek to learn lessons from our past and search to find ways of overcoming human predispositions to violence in a technological and global era. In a contemporary world full of hatred and violence, widespread knowledge and understanding of deadly conflicts past and present, as well as paths to conflict resolution and prevention of deadly conflict, are an urgent agenda. Such an agenda deserves major educational efforts—not only in schools and universities, but also in community organizations, religious institutions, the media, and the public health system.
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Brass, Daniel J. "A Social Network Perspective on Human Resources Management." In Networks in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159509.003.0019.
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It is, of course, highly appropriate that the study of personnel and human resources management in fact focuses on individuals in organizations; and, it is to the credit of my industrial/organizational psychology friends that so much progress has occurred in the recruitment, selection, training, appraisal, compensation, and career development of employees. However, to focus on the individual in isolation, to search in perpetuity for the elusive personality or demographic characteristic that defines the successful employee is, at best, failing to see the entire picture. At worst, it is misdirected effort continued by the overwhelming desire to develop the perfect measurement instrument. There is little doubt (at least in my mind) that the traditional study of personnel and human resources management has been dominated by the perspective that focuses on the individual or the organization in isolation. We are, of course, continually reminded of the need for an interactionist perspective; that is, that the responses of actors are a function of both the attributes of the actors and their environments (cf. Schneider, 1983). Although our research sometimes seems to ignore this dictum, the predominant model in human resources management has been one of matching the characteristics of the worker with the characteristics of the organization (Betz, Fitzgerald, & Hill, 1989). The characteristics of the organization, or more recently, the organization’s strategy (Snell, 1992; Wright & McMahan, 1992), defines the relevant individual attributes to be considered in recruitment, selection, training, appraisal, and compensation and promotion. Even with this “matching model,” the environment is little more than a context for individual interests, needs, values, motivation, and behavior. Beginning with Cattell and Binet, our human resources management task has been to develop methods of measuring these individual differences. I do not mean to suggest that individuals do not differ in their skills and abilities and their willingness to use them. I, too, revel in the tradition of American individualism. I will not dismiss the dispositional approach or the lure of “macro organizational psychology” (Staw & Sutton, 1993) to suggest that individuals are merely the “actees” rather than the actors (Mayhew, 1980).
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Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman. "Transport and External Field Effects." In An Introduction to Nonlinear Chemical Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096705.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Thus far, we have implicitly assumed that chemical species move only by diffusion. In fact, a number of external forces can affect mass transport, with significant and interesting effects on chemical waves. In this chapter, we consider three types of fields: gravitational, electric, and magnetic. These always exist, though their magnitudes are usually very small. As we shall see, small fields can have surprisingly large effects. Gravity is a ubiquitous force that all living and chemical systems experience. People largely ignored the profound effect that living with gravity has upon us until humans spent significant time in space. Bone loss and changes to the vascular systems of astronauts (Nicogossian et al., 1994) are still not well understood. Eliminating the effects of gravity is not easy. Enormous cost and effort have been expended to simulate gravity-free conditions in drop towers, parabolic airplane flights, or in Earth orbit. A simple calculation seems to suggest that gravity should have negligible influence on chemical reactions. The mass of a molecule is on the order of 10-26 kg, which translates into a gravitational force of about 10-25 N. We can compare this with the force of attraction between the electron and the proton in a hydrogen atom, which is of the order 10-8 N. Even allowing for shielding effects, the electrostatic forces that cause chemical bonds to be made and broken will always be many orders of magnitude stronger than gravitational forces. So gravity does not affect the fundamental atomic and molecular interactions, but it can drastically alter the macroscopic transport of heat and matter through convection, or macroscopic fluid motion. Natural convection is the movement of fluid as the result of differences in density, so that denser fluid sinks and less dense fluid rises. This motion is resisted by the viscosity of the medium, which acts like friction does in slowing the motion of solids. The study of convection is an entire area of physics, and we will touch only on a few aspects. The reader is referred to some excellent texts on the subject (Tritton, 1988; Turner, 1979).
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Dryfoos, Joy G. "Common Concepts of Successful Prevention Programs." In Adolescents at Risk. Oxford University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.003.0018.
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The review of four major fields—prevention of delinquency, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and school failure (in Chapters 9 to 12)—yielded about 100 different programs that appear to have potential for changing behavioral outcomes. Most of the selected programs reported evaluation data that showed improvements in social behavior or school achievement or reductions in substance abuse or unprotected sexual intercourse. However, 20 of the programs were included as examples of new interventions based on proven theories of behavioral change but with incomplete evaluations. These programs represent a cross-section of thousands of efforts to change the lives of children and youth in all parts of the country. In each chapter, the programs were loosely categorized by type. Among all the models discussed, about 10 percent fell into the category of early child or family intervention, 60 percent were school-based interventions, and 30 percent community-based or multiagency programs. Among the school-based programs, one-third involved specialized curricula, one-third provided nonacademic services in schools, and one-third dealt with school organization or were alternative schools. As we will see, the successful programs share a number of common elements, more than might be expected given the extensive differences in size, complexity, goals, and level of documentation. Among the program models are those directed at very small groups of selected high-risk children and those directed at an entire school or community. Some of the programs had a single purpose (smoking prevention), while others had multiple goals (dropout and pregnancy prevention). Some were offered at one site, while others were multisite. The criterion of primary prevention was loosely applied; some of the most successful models combined identification and counseling or teaching of potential high-risk children with treatment of those who already had the problem. The evaluation of some of the programs accepted here as models was admittedly less than ideal, demonstrating only short-term effects with imperfect control groups. However, for other models, the evaluation meets scientific standards. More than half of the evaluations were carried out by the “designers” of the programs, typically testing their own curricula in schools.
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Beerling, David. "The flourishing forests of Antarctica." In The Emerald Planet. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192806024.003.0013.
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By arriving at the South Pole on 14 December 1911, the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) reached his destination over a month ahead of the British effort led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912). As Scott’s party approached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, they were devastated to see from afar the Norwegian’s black flag. On arrival, they discovered the remains of his camp with ski and sledge tracks, and numerous dog footprints. Amundsen, it turned out, had used dogs and diversionary tactics to secure victory while the British team had man-hauled their sledges. These differences were not lost on The Times in London, which marked the achievement with muted praise, declaring it ‘not quite in accordance with the spirit of fair and open competition which hitherto marked Antarctic exploration’. Exhausted, Scott and his men spent time the following day making scientific observations around the Pole, erected ‘our poor slighted Union Jack’, and photographed themselves in front of it (Plate 11). Lieutenant Bowers took the picture by pulling a string to activate the shutter. It is perhaps the most well known, and at the same time the saddest picture, of the entire expedition—a poignant image of the doomed party, all of whom look utterly fed up as if somehow sensing the fate awaiting them. The cold weather, icy wind, and dismal circumstances led Scott to acerbically remark in his diary: ‘Great god! This is an awful place and terrible enough to have laboured to it without the reward of priority.’ By this time, the party had been hauling their sledges for weeks, and all the men were suffering from dehydration, owing to fatigue and altitude sickness from being on the Antarctic plateau that sits nearly 3000m above sea level. Three of them, Captain Oates, Seaman Evans, and Bowers, were badly afflicted with frostbitten noses and cheeks. Ahead lay the return leg, made all the more unbearable by the crippling psychological blow of knowing they had been second to the Pole. After a gruelling 21-day trek in bitterly cold summit winds, the team reached their first cache of food and fuel, covering the distance six days faster than it had taken them to do the leg in the other direction.
Conference papers on the topic "Differences entre sexe"
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Akopov, Garnik V. "CONTEMPLATION: THE RATIO OF CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact010.
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"In psychological science, the concept of contemplation is not included in the most important categories of psychology, such as activity, consciousness, personality. The dictionary meanings of the term “contemplation” are ambiguous. In psychology, in addition to the categorical analysis of contemplation (S.L. Rubinstein) and its attribution to fundamental concepts (A.V. Brushlinsky), there are also interpretations of contemplation, which are synonymous to intuition (A. Bergson) and meditation (V.F. Petrenko, Han F. De Wit), insight (preconceptual thinking - T.K. Rulina), mystical states (W. James, P.S. Gurevich). Contemplation, unlike intuition, meditation and insight, does not have a previous reportable history. In our studies, contemplation is considered as an unconscious mental phenomenon that exists in the forms of a process, state, and also the properties of an individual (contemplative personality). Not coinciding with the processes of attention, memory, perception, thinking, etc., contemplation, however, is activated on their basis. The difference lies in the uncontrollability of this process, since its contents are not presented to consciousness. Therefore, contemplation is also different from dreams, experiences, intentions and other internally substantive mental phenomena. Despite the fact that consciousness does not have access to the content of contemplation (access-consciousness), the process itself is realized by man. In this we see the difference between contemplation as unconscious activity and Freudian understanding of the unconscious. Other differences are: involuntary entry and random exit from the state of contemplation; emotional equipotentiality of contemplation, i.e. the invariability of the emotional background of contemplation from the beginning to the exit from it. In ontogenesis, contemplation is most clearly represented in infancy, in youth, and in old age, as well as during periods of age and other life crises. Reminiscences of students record the age range from 11 to 17 years as the most saturated with contemplation; least at the age of 6-8 years (L.S. Akopian). Contemplation as an unconscious activity periodically replaces purposeful activity, contributing to the maturation, correction, transformation of the person’s life meanings in their micro-, meso- and macro-macro dimensions. Contemplation also fulfills the function of partially liberating oneself from an excess of affairs, concerns, plans, aspirations, and other forms of conscious activity. The development of practice-oriented forms of actualization of contemplation will expand the range of psychotherapeutic methods."
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Alonso García, Eusebio. "El espacio público en Le Corbusier. Evolución de su pensamiento y de sus estrategias formales." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.1012.
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Resumen: Se analiza el papel del espacio público en diferentes obras de Le Corbusier, en sus diferentes categorías –paisaje, espacio urbano, colectivo, comunitario, de encuentro y relación, social, circulatorio, etc. – y en su implicación en las estrategias formales y espaciales. Articularemos estas reflexiones en tres apartados. El primero incidirá en la relación o identificación que se produce entre paisaje y espacio público en sus propuestas urbanísticas en las décadas de los años veinte y treinta. En el segundo apartado contrastaremos las diferencias y similitudes entre dos proyectos, UHM y Ronchamp, entendidos a veces como contradictorios pero en cuya solución proyectual resulta determinante el diseño y ubicación de los espacios colectivos de encuentro y relación de la comunidad; y ello a pesar de sus diferencias programáticas. En el tercer apartado veremos la interacción con el paisaje urbano que establece la dialéctica entre arquitectura y ciudad en dos proyectos de los últimos años, Centro de Artes Visuales Carpenter y Hospital de Venecia. Esta breve selección de edificios y proyectos, dentro de la dilatada producción de Le Corbusier, permitirá, por su adscripción temática y cronológica, establecer una adecuada perspectiva temporal en la compresión del tema y su evolución. Abstract: It is analysed the role of the public space in different works of Le Corbusier, in their different categories - landscape, urban space, collective, community, meeting and relationship, social, circulatory, etc. - and their involvement in formal and spatial strategies. We are going to distribute these reflections into three sections. The first will affect the relationship or identification that occurs between landscape and public space in its urban planning proposals in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s. In the second section, we will contrast the differences and similarities between two projects, UHM y Ronchamp, sometimes understood like contradictory but in whose design solution is determining the design and location of collective spaces of encounter and relationship of the community; and it occurs despite their functional differences. In the third section we will see the interaction with the urban landscape that the dialectic between architecture and town sets in two projects of last years, Carpenter Visuals Arts Center and Venice Hospital. This brief selection of buildings and projects, within the extensive production of Le Corbusier, will allow, by its thematic and chronological affiliation, to establish a suitable temporal perspective in the understanding of the subject and its evolution. Palabras clave: espacio público; interrelación; paisaje; infraestructura; contexto; ciudad. Keywords: public space; interface; landscape; infrastructure; context; town. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1012
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Trip, M. D., V. Manger Cats, and J. Vreeken. "PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF SPONTANEOUS PLATELET AGGREGATION IN SURVIVORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DURING FOUR YEARS FOLLOW UP." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643013.
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Platelet aggregation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. We studied the prognostic value of the presence of spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) after myocardial infarction in 165 patients during a four years follow up period. Shortly after infarction 78 (47%) showed SPA and 87 (53%) showed no SPA. There were no differences in sex, age, infarct size or localisation and subsequent treatment between both groups. Patients in the SPA-positive group remained predominantely positive and patients in de SPA-negative group negative during the entire follow up period.In the SPA-positive group 25(32%) cardiac events (12 × cardiac death, 13× non fatal recurrent infarction) occurred.In the SPA-negative group 13(15%) cardiac events ( 5× cardiac death, 8× non fatal recurrent infarction) occurred (p < 0.01)In conclusion: the presence of spontaneous platelet aggregation after myocardial infarction is associated with a higher risk for fatal or non fatal recurrent myocardial infarction.
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Rink, T. J. "CALCIUM IN PLATELET ACTIVATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644772.
Full textAbstract:
Studies with calcium ionophores, permeabilised platelets, and platelets containing fluorescent calcium indicators quin2 and fura-2 have shown that elevation [Ca2+]i is an effective trigger for shape-change, aggregation, secretion and release of TxA2; and that elevation of [Ca2+]i is an important part of a complex “activation cascade” set up by natural agonists combining with their surface receptors. We have used calcium ionophores to impose [Ca2+]i changes, monitored by indicator dyes, to construct [Ca2+]i/function relationships for shape-change, secretion, aggregation, arachidonic acid release, TxA2 production, and myosin phosphorylation in intact platelets(e.g.1,2). Some of these functions can also be studied by analagous experiments using Ca2+-buffers to set known [Ca2+]i in permeabilised platelets. Our ability to monitor and modulate [Ca2+]i with fluorescent indicators has also allowed us to see what happens when [Ca2+]i changes are greately reduced or even absent and to investigate other pathways of intracellular activation. We think that formation of diacyl glycerol and activation of protein kinase-C can explain, some, but not all, of the cell activation that some agonists can apparently evoke at or near resting [Ca2+]i, and that combined or synergistic actions of Ca2+ and other intracellular mediators is the usual basis for physiological activation(3). Most agonists seem to promote both Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrahe and discharge from intracellular organelles, presumably the dense tubular system. The available evidence fits with the prevailing idea that Ins 1,4,5 P3 formed by agonist evoked hydrolysis of PIP2, is the internal messenger for Ca2+ release. Our kinetic measurements of [Ca2+]i transients require that optimal concentrations of InsP3 are formed within 250 milliseconds(4,5). The question of whether ADP receptors in human platelets are directly coupled with PIP2 breakdown remains contentious. Probably they do, weakly, and the differences from most other receptors are quantitative rather than qualitative. We do not understand the mechanisms of agonist-evoked Ca2+-entry; there is now plenty of evidence that argues against a role for membrane depolarisation and voltage-gated Ca channels, including some recent work with ionic substitution(5). Stopped-flow fluorescence analysis of [Ca2+]i rises in fura-2-loaded human platelets reveals some intriguing new insights(4,5). With thrombin, vasopressin and PAF at optimal concentrations, there is a highly reproducible delay before the signal starts to rise, which is approximately 250msec in the absence of external calcium compared to 190msec in the presence of external calcium. This suggests that Ca entry leads internal release, and gives ample time for complex coupling mechanisms for both processes.The delay with ADP, in the presence of external calcium, is much smaller suggesting a different coupling mechanism for Ca entry.
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Hofele, Julia, Guido Link, and John Jelonnek. "DIELECTRIC MONITORING OF THE PAN FIBER STABILIZATION PROCESS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9788.
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Carbon fiber composites are key components of future lightweight applications. But, due to the energy intensive production of carbon fibers, the final material costs are not competitive if compared to steel or aluminum even though the mechanical properties are superior [1]. Hence, a new approach is necessary. Microwave heating might be the solution [2]. For the successful design of an appropriate system, the knowledge of the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of the raw material together with the chemical process during the production is mandatory. The production process starts from the Polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN fiber) and consists of two major stages: the initial stabilization and the final carbonization. The most significant energy saving is expected at the stabilization stage [3]. The dielectric properties of conventionally stabilized PAN fibers and virgin PAN fibers were measured at room temperature in a TM010-mode cylindrical cavity using the cavity perturbation method. The measured differences in the dielectric constants and the material densities of both fibers (see Table 1) leads to the assumption that the change in the dielectric properties can be followed during the stabilization process and allows controlling the chemical reaction. Currently a system is set up that enables the in-situ recording of the chemical reaction during the stabilization process by using conventional heating. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the setup. The PAN fibers are located in a quartz tube. The conventional heating bases on the controlled flow of hot air. Thermocouples measure the temperatures at the entry and the exit points of the hot air. It is expected that the data acquired from the measurements will provide useful information about the reaction kinetics, which is important for the design of a microwave assisted stabilization process.
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Sommerfeld, M., and D. Bro¨der. "Imaging and Pulse Light Velocimetry Applied to Bubbly Flows (Keynote)." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45794.
Full textAbstract:
Bubbly flows are of great importance in many technical areas, such as chemical engineering or biotechnology. Generally, bubbly flows are operated at relatively high gas volume fractions, resulting in strong interactions between bubbles and complex unsteady flow structures, as for example in a bubble column. A detailed experimental analysis of these phenomena can however only be performed using optical measurement techniques. For this purpose methods of pulse-light velocimetry (PLV) were extended for reliable applications in bubbly flows. Two approaches were developed namely a large scale PIV (particle image velocimetry) which may be applied for velocity measurements of both phases over an entire cross-section of a bubble column and a small scale PLV which provides detailed information on the flow structure in a bubble swarm and additionally yields the bubble size. The PIV system for the large scale flow analysis consists of a pulsed Nd-YAG Laser to produce a light sheet over the entire cross-section of the bubble column (diameter 140 mm). In order to determine the velocity of the fluid phase fluorescing tracer particles were added. For recording the scattered light of the bubbles and the fluorescing light of the tracer two CCD-cameras in a non-perpendicular arrangement were used, each having an appropriate optical filter. Hence, simultaneous velocity measurement of both phases were possible with a reliable discrimination between the phases. Using a fully automated traversing system the time-averaged flow field in the entire column was recorded (Bro¨der & Sommerfeld 2002 a). With this optical arrangement it was not possible to determine the bubble size, since in a light sheet the bubbles appear on the image only through their glair points. However, by employing a pulsed background illumination using a LED array, shadow images of the bubbles can be recorded. In order to realise this approach, only one CCD-camera was required, which however was equipped with a macro-lens yielding a small depth of focus (in this case about 4 mm). Hence, the image plane was not produced by a light sheet, but determined by the depth of focus of the macro-lens. For evaluating the bubble phase properties only sharply depicted bubbles were considered by using an edge detecting Sobel-filter as illustrated in Fig. 1. This method allowed to determine an equivalent bubble diameter based on their cross-section. Furthermore, other relevant parameters such as bubble orientation and bubble aspect ratio were evaluated. The bubble velocity was obtained using particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). A typical result of the aspect ratio of the bubbles as a function of their size is shown in Fig. 2. Bubbles below 1 mm are spherical as expected. A further increase of bubble size is coupled with a linear increase of the aspect ratio up to bubble sizes of about 1.8 mm. This result coincides with the findings of Duineveld (1994). For bubble sizes between 2 and 5 mm a slight decrease of the aspect ratio is found. With the same approach also images of tracer particles could be recorded simultaneously in the considered image plane (see Fig. 3a)), produced by back-lightning and a macro lens with a small depth of focus. For separating out-of-focus tracer particles from the image a filter called Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) was used (Bro¨der & Sommerfeld 2002 b). The velocity field of the tracer was obtained with the PIV-technique using a hybrid approach combining the fast MAD (maximum absolute difference) and the accurate MQD (maximum quadratic difference) approaches. The later was developed by Gui & Merzkirch (1996, 2000). Hence, the flow structure within a bubble swarm (Fig. 3b)) could be determined and analysed. The above described method was also applied for measurements in a special laboratory loop reactor for analysing bubble coalescence.
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Mishra, Shubham, and Vinil Reddy. "High Accuracy Estimation of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Using Crosswell Electromagnetics." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206266-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Unconventional resources, which are typically characterized by poor porosity and permeability are being economically developed only after the introduction of hydraulic fracturing (HF) technology, which is required to stimulate the hydrocarbon flow from these impermeable/tight reservoir rocks. Since 1960, HF has been extensively used in the industry. HF is the process of (1) injecting viscous gel fluids through the wellbore into the subterranean hydrocarbon formation, at high pressures sufficient enough to exceed tensile strength of the rock and hydraulically induce cracks/fractures (2) followed by injecting proppant-laden fluid into the open fractures and packing up the fracture with proppant pack, after the injected fluid leaks off into formation. The resultant proppant pack keeps the induced fracture propped open and thus creates a highly conductive flow path for the hydrocarbon to flow from the far-field subterranean formation into the wellbore. Most the modern wells in unconventional reservoirs are horizontal/near-horizontal wells that are completed with large multiple HF treatments across the entire length of the horizontal wellbore (lateral), to increase the reservoir contact per well. Productivity of these wells is dictated by the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), which is dependent on the number of fractures and conductive hydraulic fracture surface area of each fracture that is propped open. Therefore, estimation of the hydraulic fracture geometry (HFG) dimensions has become very critical for any unconventional field development. Key dimensions are hydraulic fracture length, height, and orientation, which are required to assess the optimum configuration of fracturing, well completion, and reservoir management strategy to achieve maximum production. Designs can be assessed based on HFG observations, and infill well trajectories, spacing, etc. can be planned for further field development. This workflow proposes a method to estimate and model all or at least two parameters of HFG in predominantly horizontal or nearly horizontal wells by use of interwell electromagnetic recordings. The foundation of this workflow is the difference in salinity, or more precisely resistivity, of the fracturing fluid and the resident fluid (hydrocarbon or formation water). The fracturing fluid is usually significantly less resistive than the hydrocarbon that is the dominant resident fluid where fracturing is usually conducted, or less resistive than the formation water in case the HF occurs in high water saturation regions. Therefore, the resistivity contrast between the two fluids will demarcate the boundary of hydraulic fractures and thus help in precisely modeling some or all parameters of HFG. The interwell recordings can be interpreted along a 2D plane between the two wells, one of them bearing the transmitter and the other with the receiver. The interpretations along a 2D plane can be used to calibrate a 3D unstructured HF model, thereby introducing a reliable calibration input that did not exist before. There can be multiple such 2D planes as more than one well can have a receiver, and, in that case, the 3D HF model has more calibration data and is even more precise. The reason this workflow significantly improves precision in HFG estimation and modeling is that it provides the ability to demarcate only the open portion of the HF and not the entire volume where pumping fluid entered, which would include parts that closed too quickly to contribute to the production from the well. Today, the industry, by its best methods, can only see the entire rock volume that broke due to fracturing, although significant parts of that broken volume might not be contributing to the production and thus are irrelevant in the 3D models upon which important decisions such as production forecast and project economics are based.