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1
Fraisse, Geneviève. "La difference des sexes recherches sur une forme de la connaissance." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0110.
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Penser la difference des sexes ne releve d'aucun champ de recherche deja constitue. En philosophie, la difference des sexes n'est pas reconnue comme objet philosophique. La recherche menee depuis plus de vingt ans a eu pour objectif de produire des elements de savoir propres a constituer ce champ. En traversant l'histoire de la pensee feministe de l'epoque contemporaine j'ai tente de repondre a des questions de definition: definition de la raison des femmes, de la citoyennete moderne, de l'emancipation politique. Faire l'histoire de la pensee renvoyait alors necessairemment a une lecture genealogique de la modernite: il fallait comprendre l'exclusion des femmes de la respublica au lendemain de la revolution francaise, voir l'enchainement logique de leur inclusion, et deceler l'issue de cette dynamique sous le terme de "discrimination". La lecture de la modernite indique clairement la difficulte a donner un contenu au mot "egalite" des sexes. Or l'analyse de la modernite permet aussi de lire attentivement les philosophes. Avec le savoir historique et son analyse politique, l'abord de la philosophie de ces deux derniers siecles montre comment la difference des sexes intervient dans le travail de la pensee: "la question des femmes" et de leur egalite renvoie les philosophes a une lucidite des enjeux tres interessante; plus meme, la difference des sexes apparait comme un operateur non negligeable dans la dynamique de la fin de la metaphysique. Penser la difference des sexes peut ainsi devenir un objectif philosophique. La reprise de la tradition explique comment l'eros et l'amour tinrent lieu d'une pensee sur les sexes, et indique par la meme la double place de la difference des sexes dans l'histoire de la pensee: comme difference premiere a partir de quoi l'humanite se pense, comme un moyen d'echange dans la pensee. Ainsi la difference sexuelle est non pas ce qui est pense, mais ce avec et a partir de quoi on pense. L'ensemble de mes travaux releve d'une recherche d'intelligibilite, construction d'un champ epistemologique et genealogie de la moderniteThe notion of sexual difference does not belong to an already constituted field of research. In philosophy, it is not recognized as a philosophical object. In the last twenty years, my research's main objective has been the production of the epistemological conditions necessary for the constitution of such a field. Through the history of modern and contemporary feminist thought i have tried to answer questions of definition: the definitions of women's reason, of modern citizenship, of political emancipation. Dealing with the history of thought requires a genealogical reading of modernity: my purpose was to understand how women have been excluded from the res publica in the wake of the french revolution, and then how they have been at the same time included and discriminated against. My reading of modernity clearly shows how difficult it is to give a content to the notion of "equality" of the sexes. My analysis of modernity also allows and calls for an attentive reading of the major philosophers. Such a reading shows how the difference of the sexes intervenes in the very process of philosophical thought: the "women's question" raises interesting stakes for philosophers, while the difference of the sexes appears as an important operator in the dynamic process of the end of metaphysics. Thinking through the difference of the sexes thus becomes a philosophical objective. Western philosophical tradition both shows how eros and love have been used as a way to think about the sexes and, consequently, how philosophy has envisaged the place of sexual difference in its own history. In fact, the difference of the sexes intervenes in two ways in philosophical thought: first as a primal difference through which humanity thinks about itself, and second as a means of exchange within thought itself. For philosophers, sexual difference is thus not an object of thought but rather an origin and a means through which thought is produced
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Maltese, François. "Effets d’une situation de comparaison sociale dans les différences liées au sexe en rotation mentale : Une étude avec des jumeaux dizygotes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3045/document.
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Le test de rotation mentale (TRM) est robuste pour faire émerger une grande différence de sexe en faveur des hommes. Il existe un stéréotype, communément admis, de moins bonnes performances des femmes en aptitude spatiale. Deux théories explicatives cohabitent. La première, biologique, est liée à une masculinisation du cerveau des garçons sous l'action des androgènes durant la vie fœtale. Dans cette hypothèse, et en raison d'un transfert d'hormones supposé durant la vie intra-utérine, les femmes qui ont un cojumeau doivent avoir des performances meilleures que celles ayant une cojumelle (Vuoksimaa et al., 2010). L'autre hypothèse, que nous défendons, suppose que les différences de sexe au TRM peuvent être socialement construites ou activées par des éléments du Contexte évaluatif et ceci quel que soient les compétences des personnes. Nous avons, pour la première fois dans une étude gémellaire, confronté ces deux hypothèses. Des paires de jumeaux jeunes adultes dizygotes de même sexe (DZMS), 23 paires d'hommes et 34 paires de femmes, et de sexe différent (DZSD), 62 paires, ont passé un TRM informatisé dans deux conditions expérimentales où l'exactitude des réponses et les temps de réponse sont enregistrés. Dans une condition, les consignes du test rendent la situation de comparaison au cojumeau possible (CSP) : « vous et votre jumeau ferez le même test aujourd'hui », dans l'autre condition (CSI) la comparaison est rendue improbable : « vous et votre jumeau ferez des tâches différentes ». Nos résultats n'accréditent pas la théorie biologique et sont en faveur d'une explication en termes d'interférence du stéréotypeThe mental rotation test (MRT) is the most robust test revealing that men outperform women. Two major causes have been proposed for explaining the origin of this difference. The first focused on brain masculinization under the action of androgen during the fetal development. Vuoksimaa et al., (2010) showed that dizygotic opposite-sex female have greater performances than dizygotic same-sex female. For the second hypothesis, sex difference is mainly due to social regulation factors and stereotype threat interaction. We test here this second hypothesis. In a twin design we tested, for the first time, these two causal explanations. Same-sex dizygotic young adult pairs (23 pairs of males and 34 pairs of females), and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs (62 pairs) took a computerized MRT in two experimental co-action conditions. In the first condition, the experimental situation make the co-twin comparison possible (CSP): “you and your co-twin do the same test today”, and in the other experimental condition called, improbable comparison situation (CSI), they are told that: “you and your co-twin do different test today”. Accuracy and responses time where analyzed. Our results do not support the biological model but, in contrary, support the social regulation and stereotype threat model
3
Bencivenga, Rita. "Femmes et hommes face à l’ordinateur : histoires du développement d’une relation positive." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100212/document.
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Lorsqu’on parle de l’usage de l’ordinateur par des personnes adultes, il est classique que soient évoquées un certain nombre de disparités femmes/hommes qui mettent notamment l’accent sur une relation plutôt négative des femmes à l’ordinateur. Les études réalisées visant à proposer des moyens pour diminuer ces disparités se basent le plus souvent sur des informations recueillies auprès de professionnel-le-s ou expert-e-s ; ce qui laisse dans l’ombre une grande partie des utilisateurs/trices ordinaires. On dispose donc de peu d’informations sur ces personnes qui, sans être expertes ou professionnelles, apprécient l’ordinateurs et l’utilisent régulièrement sans hésiter. C’est à ces personnes que la présente thèse a choisi de s’intéresser. Son objectif principal est de collecter des informations concernant ce qui fonde la relation positive à l’ordinateur, que développent des femmes et hommes qui en font un usage régulier mais non professionnel. Dans ce but, vingt-cinq entretiens narratifs ont été réalisés. Prenant appui sur une comparaison intersexe, les analyses réalisées explorent l’existence d’éventuelles disparités femmes/hommes et le rôle potentiel que joue le genre, appréhendé en tant que système hiérarchisant de normes de sexe. Les résultats montrent que ces relations positives s'appuient, pour les femmes comme pour les hommes, sur les mêmes éléments et que l’influence du genre dépend des enjeux de pouvoirs et de la reconnaissance des situations considérées comme défiant l’imaginaire qui voit les hommes plus proches de la technologie que les femmesWhen we talk about adults using computers, inequalities between women and men very often emerge, and particular emphasis is placed on the negative relationship which women supposedly have with computers. Studies on ways of reducing these inequalities have often been based on information collected by IT professionals or expert users. This leaves out the majority of normal users (both women and men). Therefore we have very little information on people who, although they are not experts or professionals, appreciate computers and use one regularly and confidently. This thesis is aimed at this particular group of people. The main objective was to gather information on how women and men who are regular but non-professional users can form positive relationships with ICT computers. Twenty-five narrative interviews were conducted with this aim in mind. Based on a comparison between the sexes, the study explores potential inequalities between women/men and examines the potential role of gender, that is, a “hierarchical system of norms for each sex”. The results show that positive relationships are based on the same aspects for both women and men. The influence of gender depends on power games and on recognising situations which defy the imagination, in which men are much closer to technology than women
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Brun, Josette. "Le veuvage en Nouvelle-France, genre, dynamique familiale et stratégies de survie dans deux villes coloniales du XVIIIe siècle, Québec et Louisbourg." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57459.pdf.
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5
Dehdarirad, Tahereh. "Women in science and higher education: A bibliometric approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401503.
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The main objective of this thesis work is to assess and map international research concerning gender in science and higher education. To do this, two different studies were designed: first, to examine the development and growth of scientific literature on women in science and higher education, and, second, to map and analyse the structure and evolution of the scientific literature on gender differences in higher education and science, focusing on factors related to differences. For the first study, development and growth of scientific literature on women in science and higher education, a total of 1415 articles and reviews published between 1991 and 2012, were extracted from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database. For the second study, mapping the evolution of scientific literature on gender differences, the data set comprised a corpus containing 651 articles and reviews published between 1991 and 2012, extracted from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database.
The methodology and procedures employed included standard bibliometric indicators and laws (e.g., Price’s, Lotka’s, and Bradford’s laws), Relative Intensity Index (RII) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII). Data sets in the second study were evaluated for different time periods; co- word analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were undertaken.
The results of these studies suggest an upward trend in both the number of papers, and also the number of authors per paper. However, this increase in the number of authors was not accompanied by an increase in international collaboration. Interest in gender differences in science extends to many authors (n = 3064), countries (n = 67), and research areas (n = 86). The data showed a high dispersion of the literature with a small set of core journals focused on the topic. The research area with the highest frequency of papers was Education and Educational Research.
The results also indicated a significant increase in the number of themes over the years. Furthermore, the fact that gender differences in science and higher education have been considered by specific research disciplines, suggests important research-field-specific variations.El principal objetivo de esta tesis consiste en evaluar y mapear la investigación internacional sobre género en ciencia y educación superior. Para ello, se han diseñado dos estudios: por un lado, el análisis del desarrollo y crecimiento de la literatura científica sobre la participación de las mujeres en la ciencia y la educación superior, y, por otro lado, el análisis de la estructura y evolución de la literatura científica sobre diferencias de género en educación superior y ciencia, haciendo especial hincapié en los factores que se hallan detrás de estas diferencias. Para el primer estudio, centrado en el desarrollo y crecimiento de la literatura científica sobre la participación de las mujeres en la ciencia y la educación superior, se extrajeron un total de 1.415 artículos y revisiones publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2012 en la base de datos Web of Science de Thomson Reuters. Para el segundo estudio, enfocado en la evolución de la literatura científica sobre diferencias de género, el conjunto de datos comprende un corpus de 651 artículos y revisiones publicadas entre los años 1991 y 2012 en la base de datos Web of Science de Thomson Reuters. La metodología y procedimientos empleados incluyen indicadores y leyes bibliométricas estándar (por ej. Price, Lotka y Bradford), el Índice Relativo de Intensidad (RII) y el Índice de Desigualdad de Género (GII). El conjunto de datos del segundo estudio se evalúa en diferentes períodos de tiempo, a partir de un análisis de co-ocurrencia de palabras y de agrupamiento jerárquico. Los resultados de estos análisis muestran una tendencia al alza tanto en el número de artículos como en el número de autores por artículo. Sin embargo, este aumento en el número de autores no se ve acompañado de un aumento en la colaboración internacional. Los resultados ponen también de relieve cómo el interés en el estudio de las diferencias de género en la ciencia y en la educación superior se extiende a muchos autores (n = 3.064), países (n = 67) y áreas de investigación (n = 86). Los datos muestran también una gran dispersión de la literatura con un pequeño conjunto de revistas especializadas en el tema, siendo el área de “Educación e Investigación para la Educación” el área con más trabajos. Los resultados también indican un aumento significativo del número de temas analizados a lo largo de los años. Asimismo, el hecho que las diferencias de género en ciencia y educación superior hayan sido objeto de estudio de diferentes disciplinas sugiere importantes variaciones en campos de estudio específicos.
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Montalban, Castilla José. "Addressing Inequalities in Education : Need-Based Grants, Gender Differences and School Choice." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0155.
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Cette thèse rassemble des recherches sur trois sources d’inégalités éducatives en Espagne, à différents niveaux d’éducation (préscolaire, primaire, secondaire et supérieur). Ces recherches tentent d’évaluer l’impact causal de politiques de grande ampleur sur l'efficacité et l'équité des systèmes éducatifs. Le premier chapitre porte sur les effets de l'aide financière aux étudiants défavorisés, dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur. Les programmes nationaux d’aide financière (bourses) aux étudiants défavorisés couvrent une grande partie des étudiants et représentent une part non négligeable des budgets alloués à l’enseignement supérieur. En s’intéressant à une réforme du système de bourses en Espagne qui modifie les exigences académiques nécessaires pour bénéficier des aides, on tente d’identifier l’effet de ces exigences académiques, à niveau de bourse donné, sur les performances des étudiants, leur propension à abandonner ou réussir leurs études. Pour cela, on utilise des micro-données administratives sur l'univers des candidats aux bourses dans une grande université. En exploitant les discontinuités dans la formule d’éligibilité, on trouve des effets positifs marqués de l’association d’exigences académiques élevées aux bourses, sans aucun effet négatif sur le décrochage. Les étudiants sont plus fréquemment présents aux examens de fin d’année, leur moyenne générale comme leur taux de réussite y sont plus élevés, et ils ont moins souvent besoin de passer des rattrapages. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact des conditions d’examen, dans le primaire et le secondaire, sur les performances académiques selon le genre. Les conditions d’examen académique elles-mêmes ont néanmoins fait l’objet de peu d’attention dans cette littérature. Ce chapitre s’intéresse précisément aux différences de performance entre garçons et filles qui apparaissent lorsque l’environnement de l’examen est modifié. Pour cela, ce chapitre analyse une intervention aléatoire concernant l’ensemble des élèves de 6e et 10e années dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). Les écoles de la région ont été assignées de façon aléatoire dans deux groupes devant administrer leurs examens de façon différente: en interne, où les élèves étaient évalués par des enseignants de l’école vs. en externe, où des enseignants extérieurs venaient effectuer les tests. Lorsque l’examinateur est externe, les filles performent moins bien que les garçons, notamment dans les matières où elles performent généralement moins bien à la base. Les données d’une enquête additionnelle sur le stress, la confiance en soi et le degré d’effort indiquent que ces performances relatives découlent d’une moins bonne gestion du stress provoqué par un environnement non familier. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation entre choix de l’école et ségrégation scolaire, dans le contexte de l'éducation préscolaire. Ce chapitre vise à élargir cette littérature en étudiant comment la régulation publique affecte les décisions des familles et la ségrégation des enfants entre les écoles, dans le cadre du Mécanisme de Boston. Ce chapitre analyse deux réformes à grande échelle, entreprises dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). En particulier, on exploite ici une réforme interdistricts qui a largement élargi l’univers des choix possibles pour les familles. Son impact est mesuré en combinant une event study first difference entre cohortes avec une différence de différences. Grâce à des données uniques sur les candidatures des familles auprès des différentes écoles, ce chapitre montre que les familles ont candidaté à des écoles plus éloignées de leur domicile. La reforme produit des effets différenciés, avec les parents les plus éduqués et n’étant pas immigrés réagissant le plus fortement (en termes absolus). Les résultats indiquent un déclin de la ségrégation par niveau d’éducation des parents mais une croissance de cette ségrégation entre enfant de parents immigrés et non-immigrésThis dissertation gathers evidence on three sources of education inequalities across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education) in the context of Spain. It revolves around the causal effects of large-scale educational policies on the efficiency and equity of educational systems.The first chapter focuses on the effects of financial aid for disadvantaged students in the context of higher education. National financial aid programs for disadvantaged students cover a large fraction of college students and represent a non-negligible component of the public budget. Using a reform in the Spanish need-based grant program, this paper tests the causal effect of receiving the same amount of grant under different intensities of academic requirements on student performance, degree completion and student dropout. I use administrative micro-data on the universe of applicants to the grant in a large university. Exploiting sharp discontinuities in the grant eligibility formula, I find strong positive effects of being eligible for a grant on student performance when combined with demanding academic requirements, while there are no effects on student dropout. Students improve their final exam attendance rate, their average GPA in final exams, and their probability of completing the degree. They also reduce the fraction of subjects that they have to retake. The second chapter centers on the gender differences in academic performance due to the testing-environment, in the context of primary and secondary education. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating how the organization of student testing may influence the relative performance of male and female students. This paper analyzes the gender gap in test scores that arises as a result of differential responses by boys and girls to the testing environment. To that end, we exploit a unique randomized intervention on the entire population of students in the 6th and 10th grades in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The intervention assigned schools to either internally or externally administered testing. We find that girls do worse than boys in exams that are externally administered, especially in male-dominated subjects. Additional survey evidence on stress, self-confidence, and effort suggests that lower relative female performance in externally administered tests results from a lower ability to cope with stressful situations as a result of less familiarity with the testing environment.The third chapter studies the relationship between school choice priorities and school segregation in the context of preschool education. This work aims at broadening the scope of market design questions to school choice by examining how government-determined school choice priorities affect families’ choices and pupil sorting across schools in the context of the Boston Mechanism. We use two large-scale school choice reforms in the school choice priority structure undertaken in the region of Madrid (Spain) as a source of variation. In particular, we exploit an inter-district school choice reform that widely expanded families’ choice set of schools. We combine an event study first difference across cohorts and a Difference-in-Difference design to identify the impact of the reforms. Using unique administrative data on parents’ applications to schools, this paper shows that families reacted to the reform exerting higher inter-district choice and applying to schools located further away from home than before the reform. We find distributional effects of the reform concluding that parents from the highest education levels and parents of non-immigrant students were those who reacted the most in absolute terms. We find a decrease in school segregation by parental education and an increase in school segregation by immigrant status
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Niang, Mouhamadou Moustapha. "Differences in unemployment between males and females in France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2020/document.
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Cette thèse propose une analyse novatrice des différences de niveau de chômage entre les hommes et les femmes, en tenant compte, en plus du taux, d'autres dimensions importantes de la question qui ont des répercussions en matière de bien-être pour les individus et la société dans laquelle ils vivent. Elle se compose de trois chapitres contributifs.Le chapitre II propose une extension de la mesure des différences de niveaux chômage entre les hommes et les femmes sur la base de l'indice de Shorrocks. Cet indice prend en compte, en plus du taux de chômage, de la durée moyenne et de l'inégalité dans la distribution des durées de chômage. Le chapitre III part des résultats du chapitre II et propose une analyse purement empirique de l'écart entre les sexes dans le chômage en France. Il examine en outre les différences entre les sexes dans le taux de chômage, la durée moyenne de chômage et la distribution des durées de chômage. Le chapitre fournit également une analyse de la réduction des écarts entre sexes dans le chômage, ainsi qu'une analyse comparative de trois différentes méthodes de décomposition: Yun, Taylor décomposition et Oaxaca. Le chapitre IV présente une analyse de la différence entre les sexes dans le nombre d'épisodes de chômage (vulnérabilité face au chômage) et la distribution de ces épisodes dans la force de travail (répartition inégale de la perte de bien-être engendrée par le chômage). L'importance de la question réside dans le fait que le chômage répétitif peut causer un travail moins bien rémunéré et des emplois précaires et donc conduire à la pauvreté et à l'exclusion socialeThe thesis provides a novel analysis of the differences in unemployment between males and females, taking into account, in addition to the rate, other important aspects of unemployment that have welfare implications for both individuals and the society where they live. It consists of three contributive chapters.Chapter 2 proposes a measurement of the differences in unemployment between males and females based on an index by Shorrocks. The latter is estimated by quarter for France during the period 2003:1 to 2008:3 using three different methods: synthetic cohort method, Salant's method and a method using directly the interrupted durations. The first method uses the interrupted durations to obtain an estimate of the distribution of completed durations while the Salant method do the same but assume that the labour market is in a steady state. Chapter 3 builds from Chapter 2's results and proposes a purely empirical analysis of the gender gap in unemployment in France. It examines in addition to the gender differences in the unemployment rate, the gender differences in mean duration and distribution of durations. The chapter also provides a comparative analysis of different methods of regression-based decomposition. It finishes with an analysis of the reduction of the gender gap in unemployment in France between 2003 and 2008 Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the gender difference in the number of unemployment spells and the distribution of these spells across the labour force. The importance of the matter relates to the fact that a repetitive unemployment may cause lower paid work and unstable jobs and therefore lead to poverty and social exclusion
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Studzińska, Anna. "Gender differences in perception of sexual harassment." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20052/document.
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Cette thèse présente une série de 6 études qui s’articule autour de la perception du harcèlement sexuel (HS), de la perception de la souffrance des victimes du HS et de la perception des auteurs du HS. De nombreuses études démontrent que les hommes peuvent devenir les victimes de HS (ex. Kearney et Rochlen, 2011 ; Waldo, Berdahl, et Fitzgerald, 1998). Cependant, la perception du HS par des personnes qui ne l’ont pas subis, semble être loin de la réalité. Je fais l’hypothèse que 1. La perception sociale de la souffrance des hommes victimes de HS est perçue comme moindre en comparaison de celle des femmes victimes HS. 2A. Par rapport aux auteurs de HS avec une victime féminine, les auteurs de HS dont la victime est masculine, sont mieux évalués. Suite aux résultats obtenus dans l’étude 4, j’ai proposé une alternative à l’hypothèse 2A (2B), que les auteures de HS féminins sont mieux évaluées. Les résultats soutiennent les hypothèses que la perception des individus impliqués dans le HS dépend de leur sexe. Les victimes féminines sont perçues comme ayant plus de souffrance que les victimes masculines. Les auteurs masculins sont perçus comme moins agentiques et moins respectables que les auteurs féminines et méritent une punition plus sévère. Quand la colère des participants détermine la relation entre le sexe de la victime et la perception de l’auteur, l’auteur de HS sur une femme est perçu comme étant plus coupable, méritant une punition plus sévère et étant moins un agent moralThis thesis presents a series of six studies which concentrate on the perception of sexual harassment (SH) and the perception of victims and perpetrators of SH. Numerous studies show that men can become victims of SH and suffer from SH (ex. Kearney et Rochlen, 2011; Waldo, Berdahl, et Fitzgerald, 1998), however the lay perceptions of SH seem to be far from the reality. I hypothesized that:1o. In social perception the suffering of male victims of SH is less severe than that of female victims 2A. The perpetrators whose victims are female are evaluated worse than those whose victims are male Due to the results obtained in Study 4, I suggested an alternative to hypothesis 2A (2B) namely, that the female perpetrators of SH are evaluated better. The results support the hypothesis that the perception of the victims and perpetrators of SH depends on their sex. Female victims are perceived as suffering more than the male victims. Male perpetrators are seen as less agentic and less respectable than female perpetrators and deserving a higher punishment. When participant's anger mediates the relationship between the victim’s sex and the perception of the perpetrator, the perpetrator of SH on a woman is perceived as guiltier, deserving a higher punishment and as being less of a moral agent
Załączona rozprawa przedstawia serię badań dotyczących społecznej percepcji molestowania seksualnego (MS), percepcji cierpienia ofiar molestowania oraz percepcji sprawców molestowania. MS to każde niepożądane zachowanie werbalne lub niewerbalne odnoszące się do seksualności lub płci adresata, które skutkuje naruszeniem jej godności, poprzez tworzenie „onieśmielającej, wrogiej, poniżającej, upokarzającej lub agresywnej atmosfery” (Śledzińska-Simon, 2011). W przedstawionych badaniach odwołuję się do typologii MS zaproponowanej przez Fitzgerald, Gelfand i Drasgow (1995), a następnie poszerzonej przez Waldo, Berdahl i Fitzgerald (1998). W typologii tej wyróżniono trzy rodzajów MS są to: 1. przymus seksualny (sexual coercion) – grożenie ofierze lub zapewnianie ofiary, że jeśli zgodzi się na kontakt seksualny, otrzyma pewne przywileje (np. awans, lepszą ocenę na egzaminie) lub uniknie negatywnych konsekwencji (np. zwolnienie z pracy, ocena niedostateczna) 2. niepożądane zainteresowanie seksualne (unwanted sexual attention) – częste dotykanie ofiary lub napastliwe próby stworzenia intymnego lub seksualnego związku z ofiarą 3. molestowanie z uwagi na przynależność do danej płci (gender harassment): 3a. obsceniczne komentarze (lewd comments) – na przykład: żarty odnoszące się do seksualności; obraźliwe komentarze na temat wyglądu lub życia seksualnego; pokazywanie pornograficznych zdjęć 3b. wymuszanie zachowań zgodnych ze stereotypową rolą płciową (enforcement of gender role) – na przykład: żarty z mężczyzny, który bierze zwolnienie w celu zajmowania się dzieckiem; komentarze skierowane do kobiety, że powinna robić sobie makijaż, żeby wyglądała bardziej kobieco 3c. negatywne komentarze dotyczące danej płci (negative gender related remarks) - na przykład: powiedzenie, że wszyscy mężczyźni myślą tylko o jednym; stwierdzenie, że kobiety nie nadają się do zarządzania
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Silva, Ana Consuelo Alves da. "Dores do corpo e dores da alma : o estigma da tuberculose entre homem e mulheres acometidos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251754.
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Orientador: Leticia Bicalho CanedoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivos investigar se a terapêutica de isolamento dos acometidos pela tuberculose, no início do século XX, contribuiu para a estigmatização dos doentes; se o estigma relacionado a esta doença está presente atualmente; se há diferenças entre homens e mulheres para lidar com este estigma; e se há, diante das possíveis diferenças, repercussões distintas na condução e conclusão do tratamento. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu um estudo de caso e a aplicação de entrevistas com doentes de tuberculose. O estudo de caso foi realizado na cidade de São José dos Campos, a qual se tornou referência para o tratamento da tuberculose, na "era sanatorial", a partir da leitura e análise das publicações jornalísticas do início do século passado. As entrevistas foram realizadas com homens e mulheres que trataram da tuberculose no ambulatório de referência do município de Jacareí e do complexo hospitalar da UNICAMP. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o isolamento prescrito por médicos no início do século XX como um dos recursos importantes para a cura da tuberculose contribuiu para a sobrecarga de alguns emblemas depreciativos atribuídos aos doentes, intensificando o estigma da doença. A análise sugere ainda que homens e mulheres, pelo distinto processo de socialização, lidam diferentemente com a doença, o que reflete desde o modo como buscam por um tratamento até como o conduzem. Enquanto os homens apresentam a debilitação física como queixa primordial no adoecimento por tuberculose, para as mulheres o estigma apresenta-se como a primeira e mais constante queixa, perdurando mesmo após a conclusão do tratamento.
Abstract: This survey aimed to investigate if the isolation therapy of those affected by tb in the beginning of the 20th century contributed to the stigmatization of patients, if the stigma of this illness is still present, if there are differences between men and women in dealing with this stigma, and if there are, in front of possible differences,distinct repercussions in carrying on and concluding the tratment. The methodology used envolved survey of case and applying interviews with tb patients. The survey of case was developed in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, which became a reference for tb treatment in the beginning of the last century, from the reading and analysis of news publications of that time. Interviews were taken with men and women who were treated of tb in the reference clinic in the city of Jacarei and in the medical facilities of UNICAMP (University of Campinas). The results achieved suggest that the isolation, prescribed by doctors in the beginning of the last century as one of the important resources to the cure of tb, contributed with the overcharge of some depreciating symbols attributed to tb patients intensifying the stigma of this illness.The analysis also suggests that men and women, due to distinct process of socialization, deal with the illness differently, which reflects from how they seek for treatment to how they carry it on.While men have as major complaint about being ill of tb phisical debility, with women the stigma is the first and most constant complaint, lasting even after treatment is concluded.
Doutorado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Doutor em Educação
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Vandersmissen, Marie-Hélène. "Mobilité géographique et professionnelle des femmes dans la région urbaine de Québec, 1977-1996." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/NQ56847.pdf.
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Lindahl, Lisbeth B. "Gender and age related developmental processes during infancy." Göteborg, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008620427&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Lovell, Rachel E. "Gender differences in the patterns and consequences of occupational-career interruptions a comparative analysis of the United States, Sweden, and Poland /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1187024582.
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Thompson, Ashley. "Mémoires du Cambodge." Paris 8, 1999. http://octaviana.fr/document/174487320#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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Il est question de la memoire, de ce qu'elle rappelle ou oublie, entre des etudes feminines et un certain cambodge. On se penche sur l' <
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Fondimare, Elsa. "L'impossible indifférenciation : le principe d'égalité dans ses rapports à la différence des sexes." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100070.
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La crainte d’une indifférenciation entre les sexes qui serait portée au nom du principe d’égalité est aujourd’hui prégnante dans les discours politiques et juridiques. L’ouverture du mariage aux couples de même sexe, la lutte contre les stéréotypes de genre ou encore la facilitation de la procédure de changement de sexe sont autant de réformes qui ont suscité de fortes réactions opposées à la remise en cause de la différence des sexes en droit. Il est vrai que le principe d’égalité des sexes a progressivement été construit, tout au long du XXe siècle, comme une exigence d’indifférenciation entre les sexes, notamment à travers l’affirmation d’un principe de non-discrimination en raison du sexe. En ce sens, le rapport du principe d’égalité à la différence des sexes a peu à peu été envisagé comme un rapport d’opposition. Toutefois, et c’est un point fondamental, ce projet politique d’indifférenciation rattaché au principe d’égalité des sexes butesur l’impossibilité pour le droit de remettre en cause la différence des sexes. Le droit ne peut en effet se passer de la différence des sexes, pour deux raisons essentielles : d’une part, le droit prend en compte la différence des sexes pour lutter contre les inégalités de fait ; d’autre part, le droit est lui-même producteur de la différence des sexes, par les règles de l’état civil et de la filiation. Les rapports entre le principe d’égalité et la différence des sexes apparaissent ici contradictoires : d’un côté, l’évolution de la conception de l’égalité conduit à admettre la différence des sexes en vue de remettre en cause les inégalités de genre (rapport d’admission) tandis que, de l’autre, la différence des sexes est exclue d’une analyse en termes d’égalité, confortant les fondements des inégalités de genre (rapport d’exclusion)Many political and legal discourses express today the fear that the equality principle would threaten the difference of sexes. Reforms such as the opening of marriage to same-sex couples, the fight against gender stereotypes or the facilitation of the sex reassignment procedure, generated strong reactions that offer vigorous resistance in order to maintain the difference of sexes in law. It is true that the equality principle has been constructed, throughout the 20thcentury, as an exigence of neutrality between the sexes, particularly through the statement of the non-discrimination principle. Therefore, the link between the equality principle and the difference of sexes has been built as a relation of opposition. However, such a political project comes up against the impossibility for the law to put an end to the difference of sexes. In fact, the law cannot depart from gender, for two main reasons: firstly, the law takes into account the difference of sexes in order to tackle inequalities; secondly, the law itself produces the difference of sexes, through the rules dealing with civil status and filiation. The relations between the equality principle and the difference of sexes appear here contradictory: on the one hand, the evolution of the conception of equality leads to admit the difference of sexes in order to deal with gender inequalities (relation of admission) whereas, on the other hand, the difference of sexes is excluded from an analysis in terms of equality, reinforcing the basis of gender inequalities (relation of exclusion)
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Wright, Sarah R. "Online fantasy sports : an opportunity for women to enter the arenas of sports and technology? /." Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/wrights/sarahwright.pdf.
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Oprea, Alina Daniela. "La variable sexo y las calificaciones en ELE." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46502.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate if there is a difference between the grades of boys and girls inSpanish as a foreign language within the Swedish secondary school and what are some of thereasons for the existence of such differences.For this purpose we have used the following method: we have analyzed the research reportsprepared by the Delegation for gender equality in schools in Sweden (which aim to collect anddisseminate knowledge and stimulate discussion on gender equality in Swedish schools) and wehave collected supposed qualities of girls and boys that might influence their academicperformance; we have made a survey based on those assumptions.This questionnaire study was conducted with 158 students representing 3 secondary schools. Thequestionnaire contains, in addition to the personal information and the grade of each student, 20affirmations which measure students levels of agreement or disagreement (Likert ordinal scale).The results show that girls get better grades than boys. They also show that girls have easier forSpanish as a foreign language than boys; that more girls (36%) than boys (22%) consider to workharder and spend more time at work in the same subject; that when it comes to the instrumentalintrinsic motivation and the gender of the students we have observed that statistically significantcorrelation does exist. The girls would be more motivated than boys by practical factors such as thegrade of access to high school.
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Hizmeri, Fernández Julio. "Otro modo de estar en la relación educativa. La investigación del movimiento de autorreforma italiana de la escuela como una experiencia de transformación personal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387818.
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Bajo el título «Otro modo de estar en la relación educativa. La investigación del movimiento de autorreforma italiana de la escuela como una experiencia de transformación personal», esta investigación da cuenta de una viaje de exploración y de autoexploración que siguiendo a Simons y Masschelein (2006), podríamos nombrar como «educativo o formativo». Se trata, por tanto, de una indagación que remite a una experiencia en educación, el Movimiento de autorreforma italiana de la escuela, donde lo más importante es la dimensión educativa o formativa de la actividad misma, o sea, mi experiencia de transformación personal.
El Movimiento de autorreforma de la escuela italiana es un movimiento que nace como un espacio simbólico y relacional, político y pedagógico distinto para mirar de otro modo a la escuela y hacer política en y con ella. A menudo acompañada del adjetivo «gentil», la autorreforma de la escuela define la iniciativa femenina que hace ya años había dado vida a la Pedagogía de la diferencia sexual, caracterizada no por la voluntad de confrontarse u oponerse a la violencia de las transformaciones impuestas desde las alturas, sino más bien por la capacidad de mediar pacíficamente por otro sentido de la enseñanza que en parte ya existe. Así, el motivo principal de la tesis que ha llevado a este movimiento experiencial o viaje formativo de exploración y autoexploración, ha sido transitar, apreciar y aproximarme narrativamente al movimiento de autorreforma de la escuela y al pensamiento y la pedagogía de la diferencia sexual que me muestran otro modo de estar en la relación educativa. Para ello, he tomado la figura de pasaje y pasión (Larrosa, 2009) para configurar mi experiencia formativa o educativa, es decir, para dar cuenta de lo que me fue pasando (pasión) en el tránsito o recorrido (pasaje), trayéndola a la mano a partir de una profundización narrativa (Contreras, 2015).Under the title «Another way of being in the educational relation. The investigation of the Italian self-reform movement of the school as an experience of personal transformation», this investigation account for a trip of exploration and self-exploration that following to Simons and Masschelein (2006), we might name as «educational or formative». It refers, therefore, to an inqury that comply with an experience in education, the Movement of Italian self-reform of the school, where the most important thing is the educational or formative dimension of the activity itself, or rather, my experience of personal transformation. The Movement of self-reform of the Italian school is a movement that is born as a symbolic and relational, political and pedagogic different setting to look differently at the school and to do politics in and with her. Often accompanied of the «gentile» adjective, the self-reform of the school defines the feminine initiative that already years ago had given rise to the Pedagogy of the sexual difference, characterized not only for the will to confront or to be opposed to the violence of the transformations imposed from the heights, but rather for the aptitude to struggle pacifically for another sense of the education that partly already exists. This way, the principal target of the research that has led to this experiencial movement or formative trip of exploration and self-exploration, has been to walk through, to estimate and to come closer narratively to the self-reform movement of the school and to the thought and the pedagogy of the sexual difference which shows another way of being in the educational relation. In order to achieve this, I have taken the figure of passage and passion (Larrosa, 2009) to shape my formative or educational experience, that is to say, to give account of what I have been going through (passion) in the transition or walk (passage), bringing it to the hand from a «narrative deepening» (Contreras, 2015).
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Guapo, Vinicius Guandalini. "Investigação de fatores implicados na diferença entre os sexos no reconhecimento de expressões faciais: emoção despertada e fases do ciclo menstrual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17148/tde-22022013-091339/.
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As diferenças entre os sexos e o impacto dos hormônios sexuais no processamento emocional normal e patológico destacam-se na investigação do dimorfismo sexual na frequência, diagnóstico e terapêutica de patologias psiquiátricas. Transtornos depressivos e ansiosos não apenas são mais comuns em mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens, como parecem ser influenciados pelas concentrações hormonais séricas das mulheres em diferentes fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Ao mesmo tempo, o sexo e as concentrações dos hormônios sexuais, mostram influência na função do cérebro em uma diversidade de tarefas cognitivas e emocionais. O reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas tem sido visto como função de extrema importância na adaptação social do indivíduo e existem evidências de que esteja relacionado com o desenvolvimento de transtornos psiquiátricos. Já foi demonstrado que esta tarefa é influenciada pelo sexo do indivíduo e seu ambiente hormonal, no entanto, a literatura carece de resposta sobre os mecanismos pelos quais estas diferenças acontecem. Em dois experimentos buscamos maior entendimento de como se dão as diferenças entre os sexos no reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas (raiva, asco, medo, tristeza, surpresa e alegria). No experimento 1, 33 voluntários saudáveis do sexo masculino e 30 do sexo feminino foram testados quanto à acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões faciais, ao tipo de erro ao realizar esta tarefa e à emoção despertada durante este reconhecimento. No experimento 2, 24 voluntárias saudáveis foram testadas quanto à acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões faciais em três diferentes fases do ciclo menstrual: fase folicular precoce (primeiro ao quinto dia do ciclo), periovulatória (décimo segundo ao décimo quarto dia do ciclo), e lútea (vigésimo primeiro ao vigésimo terceiro dia do ciclo), em delineamento cruzado. Foi realizada dosagem sanguínea de estradiol, progesterona e testosterona ao final de cada sessão experimental, com o intuito de confirmar a fase do ciclo das voluntárias e buscar possíveis correlações entre esses hormônios e o processamento de expressões faciais. Utilizou-se análise de contraste na avaliação do desempenho no reconhecimento de todas as emoções básicas com o desempenho no reconhecimento da emoção alegria. No experimento 1, raiva e medo em faces femininas foram reconhecidos com maior acurácia por mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os sexos quanto à emoção despertada durante a visualização de expressões faciais. O experimento 2 mostrou que o reconhecimento das emoções asco e tristeza em faces masculinas variou de maneira significativa durante as fases do ciclo menstrual. As mulheres na fase lútea obtiveram maior acurácia no reconhecimento de expressões de asco em comparação com a fase folicular precoce, enquanto o desempenho no reconhecimento de tristeza foi maior na fase periovulatória do que na fase lútea. Os resultados sugerem que as diferenças entre homens e mulheres na capacidade de reconhecer emoções não estejam relacionadas à valência da emoção despertada nos indivíduos durante o processamento emocional. A modulação do reconhecimento de expressões faciais pelas fases do ciclo menstrual aponta que este seja um dos fatores implicados nas diferenças entre os sexos nesta tarefaThe impact of sex and sexual hormones in the normal and pathological emotional processing has reached unique importance in the investigation of sexual dimorphism in prevalence, diagnostic features and therapeutics of psychiatric disorders. Depressive and anxiety disorders are not only more common in women compared to men, but they also seem to be influenced by the hormonal status of women at different stages of the reproductive cycle. At the same time, the sex of the subject and the level of sex hormones have been suggested to play a role in brain function in a variety of emotional and cognitive tasks. The recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions has been recognized not only as of extreme importance in social adjustment as there is also evidence of its relation to the development of psychiatric disorders. It has been shown that this task is influenced by the sex and hormonal status of subjects, however, the literature shows a gap in explanations about how these differences occur. In two experiments we sought a better understanding of how sex differences in facial expressions recognition of basic emotion (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, happiness and neutral) happens. In experiment 1, 33 male and 30 female healthy volunteers were tested for accuracy in the recognition of facial expressions, the type of error when performing this task as well as the emotion aroused during this recognition. In experiment 2, 24 healthy female volunteers were tested for accuracy in the recognition of facial expressions in 3 different phases of menstrual cycle, early follicular (days 1 to 5), periovulatory phase (days 12 to 14) and luteal phase (days 21 to 23), in a crossover study design. Volunteers were tested for blood levels of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone at the end of each experimental session in order to confirm cycle phase and look for possible correlations between hormones and processing of facial expressions. We used contrast analysis in the recognition of each basic emotion against the recognition of happiness. In experiment 1, anger and fear, in feminine faces, were more accurately recognized by women in comparison to men. No significant differences among sexes were found on the emotion aroused while viewing facial expressions. Experiment 2 showed that the recognition of the emotions disgust and sadness, in male faces, varied significantly during the menstrual cycle phases. Women in luteal phase showed greater accuracy in recognizing expressions of disgust than when in early follicular phase whereas the recognition of sadness were more accurate during periovulatory phase than during luteal phase. These results suggest that differences between men and women in the ability to recognize emotions are not related to the valence of the emotions aroused in the subjects during emotional processing. This study also showed that the role played by the menstrual cycle in the ability to recognize facial expressions points to this feature as an important factor implicated in sex differences in this task.
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Rodrigues, Marta Alexandra Fernandes. "Estádios de motivação para o tratamento na dependência alcoólica – percursos individuais e género." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/1364.
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.Abandonar o uso de uma substância, está intrinsecamente ligado a uma série de comportamentos aos quais a motivação se encontra vinculada. Se o dependente de álcool foi em tempos visto como desprovido de força de vontade para mudar, hoje, à luz da abordagem motivacional é imbuído de poder de escolha no que respeita ao percurso que tem pela frente. Desta forma, pretendeu-se oferecer uma explicação teórica com aplicação prática, do processo de modificação intencional de comportamentos, à luz do Modelo Transteórico de Mudança de Prochaska e DiClemente (1992). Nesta investigação procurou-se caracterizar os percursos individuais até ao momento do pedido de ajuda, avaliar o estágio de motivação aquando da entrada para tratamento e caracterizar a amostra quanto a diferenças de sexo. Pretendeu-se clarificar estes aspectos através da exploração dos obstáculos e factores facilitadores para a procura de tratamento, no sentido da preservação dos momentos chave para a mudança e com o intuito de potencializar a eficácia das intervenções. Para o efeito, procedeu-se à realização de uma investigação de índole mista, quantitativa com os instrumentos: Short-form Alcohol Depende Data (SADD), Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) e qualitativa com uma entrevista semi-estruturada, numa população de 52 utentes da Unidade de Alcoologia do Porto, 30 do sexo masculino e 22 do sexo feminino. De forma sucinta, os resultados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de não se desvincular o background dos utentes do momento do pedido de ajuda, reforçam a importância de se adequarem as estratégias de intervenção ao estádio motivacional dos sujeitos e salientam que o reconhecimento e consciência das diferenças entre os sexos, pode ser usado como uma ferramenta na maximização da eficácia das intervenções. Esta investigação aponta também para a necessidade de se estabelecer um contacto com os utentes e realizar intervenções de forma o mais direccionada e específica possível. Treating a substance abuse is intrinsically linked to a series of behaviors associated with motivation. In the past, the substance abuser was seen as someone with no ability to change its condition, now-a-days however; motivation plays an important role in the treatment for alcoholism and allows the patient to choose the path to follow during the treatment. Following the Prochaska and DiClement’s Transtheorectical Model (1992), we tried to provide a theoretical explanation for the intentional behavior change of the patient, which could be applied in the clinical practice. In this research we aimed to characterize the individual paths that the patients followed, until the search for help and the enrollment in a rehabilitation program. The motivation stage at the beginning of the treatment, as well as the sex differences, were assessed and characterized. A clarification of these aspects was sought by examining the obstacles and the facilitating factors in the search for a treatment, in an attempt to preserve the key moments for the motivational change and potentiate the efficacy of the interventions. A mist, quantitative and qualitative research was conducted. For the quantitative research the following instruments were used: Short-form Alcohol Depende Data (SADD), Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and for the qualitative research, a semi-structured interview to 52 patients from Unidade de Alcoologia do Porto, 30 males and 22 females. Briefly, the obtained results show that one should avoid separating the patients’ background from the moment when they search for help, reinforcing the need to shape the intervention strategies to the motivational stage of the subjects. It also points out that the sex differences can be used as a tool for the maximization of the treatment efficacy. This research also brings some evidence for the need to establish contact with the patients and to perform directed and specific interventions. Abandonar el uso de una sustancia está intrínsecamente relacionado con un conjunto de comportamientos a los cuales la motivación se encuentra vinculada. Si el dependiente de álcohol que una vez fue visto como sin fuerza, hoy, a la luz del abordaje motivacional tiene el poder de escoja en lo que respecta a su percurso. Así, se pretende ofrecer una explicación teórica con aplicación práctica de lo proceso de modificación intencional de comportamientos, a la luz del Modelo Transteórico de cambios de comportamiento, por Prochaska e DiClemente (1992). En esta investigación, se busca caracterizar los percursos individuales hasta el momento del pedido de ayuda, avaliar el estadio de motivación en el momento inicial de tratamiento y caracterizar la muestra en diferencias de género. Se pretende clarificar eses aspectos a través de la exploración de los obstáculos y de los factores facilitadores de la busca de tratamiento, en el sentido de preservar los momentos clave en el cambio y con el intuito de potencializar la eficacia de las intervenciones. Para eso, se ha procedido a una investigación de índole mista, cuantitativa con los instrumentos: Short-form Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD), Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), y cualitativa con una entrevista semi-estructurada, en una populación de 52 usuarios de la Unidade de Alcoologia do Porto, 30 del sexo masculino y 22 del sexo femenino. De forma sucinta, los resultados obtenidos apuntan la necesidad de no se desvincular del background de los usuarios en el momento de lo pedido de ayuda, refuerzan la importancia de la adecuación de las estrategias de intervención a lo estadio motivacional de los sujetos y salientan que el reconocimiento y la consciencia de las diferencias entre sexos puede ser utilizado como una herramienta en la maximización de la eficacia de las intervenciones. Esta investigación apunta también para la necesidad de establecer un contacto con los usuarios y realizar intervenciones de la forma más direccionada y específica posible.
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Dubrovskaya, Anna. "Sortie d'une temporalité suspendue : entre le parental et le fraternel : le sujet en quête des repères oedipiens." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2017.
Full textAbstract:
La recherche concerne l'actualisation et le développement d'une épreuve clinique d'évaluation psychologique - le test 'les aventures de pattenoire' (corman, 1961). peu de travaux théoriques sont consacrés à cette épreuve, bien que largement utilisée par les psychologues ; elle n'a pas non plus été revue à la lumière de nouvelles approches en psychologie projective développées depuis sa création. toutefois on estime que ce test psychologique peut être particulièrement pertinent pour une évaluation de la personnalité de l'enfant dans le nouveau contexte social. le travail s'articulera autour de deux axes : le premier sera consacré à l'actualisation du test 'les aventures de pattenoire' (test pn), une réflexion concernant le mode d'administration de l'épreuve et la proposition d'un nouveau mode de dépouillement et d'analyse du protocole, notamment en version informatisée. le deuxième axe de mon travail de recherche proposera l'analyse de quelques questions relatives à la construction psychique que pose la nouvelle organisation du lien social, notamment les concepts d'identité, d'identification et des relations générationnelles. ceci aura pour objectif de mettre en évidence des modifications qui surviennent aujourd'hui dans la structuration psychique, notamment chez les enfants en période oedipienne. cette analyse appuiera également les développements du test pn lui-même comme une épreuve projective particulièrement intéressante dans la clinique infantile d'aujourd'huiThe current social link mutation raises multiple issues about its impact on the subjectivity processes. Considering this we studied identity’s construction of children and teenagers, and in particular oedipal problematic and connected questions: identifications, oedipal promise and temporality. Using projective tests (drawings and « Pattenoire Test ») these processeswere investigated among 5-15 years old French children. Peer figure appeared in our results as a main identification reference and relationship with parents keeps archaic pre-oedipal nature. This horizontal link complicates the access to the difference between the generations and to the psychical temporality as well. Thus Oedipus complex « bug » troubles the development of the «transitional» capacity which gives access to the creativity. Thisphenomenon is especially evident at the teenage, when subject has now to seek for new arrangements to get out of the temporality suspended to the relationship with parents in the imaginary register
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Bastos, Laura Caroline. "Estudo da associação entre estresse materno durante a gestação e o padrão de metilação em sangue de cordão umbilical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-28032018-084201/.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUÇÃO: Exposição a fatores ambientais e estresse durante o período intrauterino estão associados com alterações da trajetória do neurodesenvolvimento de forma sexo-dependente. Mecanismos epigenéticos estão envolvidos a esta associação. OBJETIVOS: Analisar de acordo com a exposição ao estresse na gestação o impacto do sexo e de alterações de metilação do DNA no sangue de cordão umbilical nas medidas antropométricas do neonato. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutadas 94 gestantes e aplicados questionários de medidas exposição ao estresse e fatores de risco durante a gravidez. A coleta de sangue do cordão umbilical seguiu protocolo padronizado. Para analisar o estresse foi utilizada análise de componentes principais (ACP) dos fatores de exposição avaliados: status socioeconômico, educação, ganho de peso, índice de massa corporal pré-gravídico, presença de doença psiquiátrica, estresse psicossocial durante a gravidez. Após o ACP fizemos análise de agrupamento por K-means. As análises de metilação foram realizadas utilizando Illumina Infinium Human Methylation450 (450K) BeadChip. Os dados foram analisados pelos pacotes Minfi e ChAMP (Chip Analysis Methylation Pipeline). A partir das posições diferencialmente metiladas (PDMs) foi feito análise de enriquecimento de processos biológicos com a ferramenta WebGestalt. Para avaliar impacto do sexo e alterações de metilação no desfecho antropométrico do neonato usamos modelos de análise linear de regressão múltipla. RESULTADOS: A coorte final para a avaliação do estresse foi composta por 89 pares mãe/recém-nascidos, sendo 50 meninas e 39 meninos. A ACP mostrou que os primeiros 3 componentes explicaram 60% da variabilidade da amostra. Sendo o primeiro componente (CP1) estresse psíquico, o segundo CP estresse social e o CP3 exposição a tóxicos. O biplot dos primeiros dois componentes sugeriu a separação das mães em dois grupos, confirmados pela análise de agrupamentos. Usando o ponto de corte de p-valor < 0,01 e deltabeta-valor>5%, encontramos 110 posições PDMs entre os grupos e restringindo este valor para p-valor < 0,01 e delta beta valor > 10% encontramos 13 PDMs. Usando apenas as crianças adequadas para idade gestacional fizemos análise de metilação diferencial entre os sexos. Foram encontradas 426 PDMs. Nenhuma das 13 PDMs encontradas entre os dois grupos pertenciam ao conjunto das PDMs entre sexos. No modelo de regressão linear multivariada controlando para sexo da criança e idade da mãe não encontramos nenhuma PDM associada aos desfechos antropométricos do neonato. Na análise estratificada por grupos os sítios cg24702040 (MAP3K21), cg21550016 (PAX8) foram estatisticamente significantes para perímetro abdominal e cg18706028 (CCKBR) e cg21550016 (PAX8) foram estatisticamente significantes para índice do perímetro cefálico para a idade. Este estudo sugere que o estresse materno independente do sexo pode afetar o crescimento fetal, mediado por respostas epigenéticas em genes relacionados à resposta ao estresse, regulação negativa da via de sinalização do receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico, biogênese da sinapse e processo apoptóticoBACKGROUND: Exposure to environmental factors and stress during the intrauterine period are associated with changes in the neurodevelopmental trajectory in a sex-dependent manner. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in this association. OBJECTIVES: Analyze according to exposure to stress during pregnancy the impact of sex and DNA methylation alterations on umbilical cord blood in the anthropometric measurements of the neonate METHODS: A total of 94 pregnant women were recruited and questionnaires were used to measure stress exposure and risk factors during pregnancy. Umbilical cord blood collection followed a standardized protocol. In order to analyze the stress, the principal components analysis (PCA) of the exposure factors evaluated were: socioeconomic status, education, weight gain, pre-gravid body mass index, presence of psychiatric illness, and psychosocial stress during pregnancy. After the PCA we did group analysis by k-means. Methylation analyzes were performed using Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 (450K) BeadChip. The data were analyzed by the Minfi and ChAMP (Chip Analysis Methylation Pipeline) packages. From the differentially methylated positions (DMPs) was made analysis of enrichment of biological processes with the tool WebGestalt. To evaluate gender impact and methylation alterations in the neonatal anthropometric outcome we used multiple regression linear analysis models. RESULTS: The final cohort for the evaluation of stress was composed of 89 mother/newborn pairs, being 50 girls and 39 boys. The PCA showed that the first 3 components accounted for 60% of the variability of the sample. Being the first component (PC1) psychic stress, the second PC social stress and PC3 exposure to toxic. The biplot of the first two components suggested the separation of the mothers into two groups, confirmed by cluster analysis. Using the cutoff point of p-value < 0.01 and delta beta-value > 5%, we found 110 DMPs between the groups and restricting this value to p-value < 0.01 and delta beta-value > 10 % we found 13 DMPs. Using only children suitable for gestational age we did differential methylation analysis between genders. There were 426 DMPs found. None of the 13 DMPs found between the two groups belonged to the pool of DMPs between the sexes. In the multivariate linear regression model controlling for child sex and age of the mother we did not find any DMP associated with the anthropometric outcomes of the neonate. In group-stratified analysis the cg24702040 (MAP3K21), cg21550016 (PAX8) sites were statistically significant for abdominal perimeter and cg18706028 (CCKBR) and cg21550016 (PAX8) were statistically significant for head cephalic circumference for age. This study suggests that maternal stress independent of sex can affect fetal growth, mediated by epigenetic responses in genes related to stress response, negative regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, biogenesis of the synapse and apoptotic process
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Palacín, Lois Maria. "La competición entre grupos de género : identidad, género y contexto grupal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31961.
Full textAbstract:
El trabajo que presentamos a continuación responde a motivaciones personales surgidas desde la experiencia profesional y docente en la Psicología de los Grupos y en su actividad de conducción y facilitación. El tema de las características propias de los participantes que promueven diferencias de grado, intensidad, saliencia, duración, etc, de fenómenos grupales, es uno de los problemas actuales en la investigación debido a sus consecuencias sobre el grado de conflicto (González, 1997), el aprendizaje (Mugny y Doise, 1983), el rendimiento (Peiró, 1987), etc.
¿Tanto puede afectar una distinta composición al desarrollo grupal? Esta idea hace pensar que atendiendo a las distintas composiciones de un grupo podemos maximizar o minimizar determinados aspectos básicos sobretodo por la trascendencia que el conocimiento de los procesos básicos puede tener en los ámbitos aplicados.
Si pensamos en una organización, en un contexto determinado, podemos optimizar el diseño a través de la idiosincrasia grupal concreta con la distribución adecuada de género en la composición grupal. Podemos tener la opción a manipular un grupo si comprobamos o no la relevancia de la variable en el proceso grupal, caracterizando un grupo con vías a propiciar óptimos resultados grupales y organizacionales.
El objetivo general de este trabajo consistirá en la comprobación de fenómenos empíricos de género, como proceso básico, en la conformación intra e intergrupal, y también verificar si la estructura de un grupo va a depender sistemáticamente tanto de su conformación intragrupal como intergrupal. Estructura y proceso deben considerarse como coordenadas básicas e inseparables a partir de las cuales se organiza y desarrolla la vida de grupo. Desde el punto de vista sistémico todo sistema vivo posee una estructura más o menos consistente definida por unos elementos y por un conjunto de procesos que poseen un movimiento dinámico, de ahí también el nombre de dinámica grupal como se ha conocido la Psicología de los Grupos, que hace que la estructura sea más o menos estable (MacGrath, 1970).
El conjunto de relaciones determina modos diferentes de relación (cooperación, competición) entre las unidades o sistemas (Estrategor, 1995). Sabemos, además, estrategias procesuales de mediación que propicien dinámicas de interacción más satisfactorias intrapersonal e intragrupalmente, es evidente, por tanto, que estructura y proceso interaccionan, e influencian mutuamente. La interacción grupal determinada e influida por las pertenencias categoriales sexo, raza, etc. nos permiten centrarnos en el proceso de interacción de la identidad de los miembros y la mayor o menor cooperación-competición grupal. Por tanto, las temáticas conceptuales de la investigación que desarrollamos vienen dadas por: la identidad, el género y las aportaciones cooperativas y su grado en el contexto grupal, como el título de la tesis indica.
Para ello planteamos este trabajo en siete capítulos con la siguiente estructura.
- En el primer capítulo ofrecemos, como primera aportación, una visión conceptual general a través de las fichas bibliográficas del Psychological Abstract de los principales descriptores utilizados en esta investigación. El análisis de diferencias y similitudes compartidas entre los descriptores de las fichas ha sido analizado mediante un instrumento que presentamos como novedad denominado "Biblo" realizado por Cornejo (1998). Su particular interés radica en proporcionar el panorama teórico desarrollado hasta el momento actual en torno a los conceptos utilizados y su interrelación o inexistencia de la misma. De esta manera valoramos los contextos de investigación donde se han trabajado específicamente, y analizar las lagunas teóricas por su ausencia.
- El segundo capítulo trata de ofrecer la conceptualización de la identidad personal y social desde las perspectivas teóricas relevantes. Las diferencias y semejanzas de las mismas, en relación a sus interrelaciones, sugerimos la influencia del género en su saliencia diferenciada en ambas identidades.
- En el capítulo tercero nos centramos en la variable género y su influencia en la identidad personal y social. Revisamos el estudio del género concretándolo en una visión psicosocial con el fin de analizar el papel del género en las investigaciones que se han realizado desde este punto de vista. El objetivo de esta revisión es clarificar la diferencia de identidad social y personal y la relación del género en forma distinta a la propuesta de Lorenzi-Cioldi, hace una década (1988).
- En el cuarto capítulo busca dar un nuevo sentido a los conceptos de cooperación y competición, no como antagónicos, sino como elementos pertenecientes a dimensiones distintas.
- En el capítulo quinto exponemos el lugar del estudio del género relacionado con los grupos, en temáticas como, el estatus social ocupado por ambos géneros, y la implicación de los grupos de alto y bajo estatus en la dinámica intra e intergrupal, así como la incidencia de mayoría y minoría desde el punto de vista étnico y de género.
- El capítulo sexto se refiere al planteamiento y el diseño de la investigación experimental. Realizamos una aportación desde la teoría de los juegos como situación idónea de experimentación de la realidad social, por sus características similares. Analizamos el papel del ordenador estructuralmente en la investigación psicosocial como metodología fundamental, capaz de aprehender la complejidad de dichos fenómenos.
- Finalizamos el trabajo con el capítulo de análisis, discusión de resultados y conclusiones.
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Kayser, Paulette. "La défaillance du sujet, le féminin : différence sexuelle et immémorial dans les écrits d'Emmanuel Lévinas." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081460.
Full textAbstract:
Dans ses premiers ecrits levinas designe la "difference pure" comme "feminin". Celui-ci n'est pas pense comme qualite de "la femme", mais comme ce qui ne se represente pas et echappe au discours philosophique qui a toujours tente de le reduire a "son" autre. Jusqu'a totalite et infini le feminin designe l'autre par excellence. A partir d'autrement qu'etre ou au dela de l'essence, cette notion disparait dans ses ecrits philosophiques alors qu'elle est rediscutee dans les commentaires talmudiques. "le feminin" obsede cependant les textes philosophiques ulterieurs. Dans autrement. . . Le sujet se decline au feminin, comme "vulnerabilite", "sensibilite", "hemorragie" pour l'autre. Bien que la difference sexuelle reste d'une part secondarisee dans ses textes, dans la mesure ou l'alterite sexuelle viendrait apres-coup, serait toujours precedee par "l'humain", levinas montre d'autre part clairement que la soi-disant "neutralite" du sujet philosophique est un leurre: il a toujours ete masculin. Lorsqu'il souligne que le sujet otage renvoie a une subjectivite plus ancienne que le savoir et le pouvoir, refoulee par la conscience, il se refere a un temps immemorial sur lequel le sujet est toujours en retard. La premiere partie de ce travail est consacree au feminin dans totalite. . . Et le temps et l'autre, tandis que la seconde partie met l'accent sur la subjectivite maternelle dans autrement. . . . Dans la troisieme partie "l'immemorial" est aborde comme temps qui destructure la triade passe/present/futur. A travers une lecture tenant compte des deplacements dans les textes de levinas, etpresentant des comparaisons ponctuelles avec d'autres penseurs (comme par exemple blanchot, deleuze, guattari, lacan et lyotard), la difference sexuelle s'avere irreductible a l'opposition binaire. Le temps de cette difference indique que ce n'est pas "la femme" qui vient apres-coup, mais "le sujet" et la hantise de l'identite et de l'entiteLevinas1 first writings identify the "pure difference" with the "feminine". The "feminine" is not conceived as attribute of "the woman" but stands for what can't be represented and escapes de philosophical discourse trying always to reduce the feminine to it's "other". Until totality and infinity, the feminine describes the other above all else. Since otherwise than being or beyond essence this notion disappears in his philosophical writings, but is being rediscussed in his talmudic comments. However the feminine is haunting the following writings. In otherwise. . . The subject has feminine attributes, such as "vulnerability", "sensitivity", "haemorrhage" for the other. Sexual difference is certainly, on one hand, secondarized in levinas' writings, since sexual altemity is coming afterwards, "the human" standing prior to it, but on the other hand levinas shows clearly that the so-called "neutrality" of the subject is a lure : it (he) has always been masculine. By insisting that the subject identified as hostage refers to a subjectivity elder than knowledge and power, which conscience represses, he refers to an immemorial time delaying the subject continuously. The first part of my work focuses on the feminine in totality. . . , the time and the other, whereas the second part is centred on maternal subjectivity in otherwise. . . In the third part the immemorial is discussed as time destructuring the past/present/future triad. Guiding displacements in levinas' writings and suggesting punctual comparisons with several other thinkers (as blanchot, deleuze, guattari, lacan and lyotard), sexual difference reveals itself as keeping on resistance to binary opposition. The immemorial time of this difference testifies that it is not "the woman" who comes afterwards, but "the subject" haunted by identity and entity
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Puente, Baliarda Diana. "Diferències entre dones i homes en el càncer de bufeta urinària: etiologia, clínica i pronòstic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7106.
Full textAbstract:
La present tesi avalua les diferències entre homes i dones quant a les característiques sociodemogràfiques i clínicopatològiques, procés diagnòstic, tractament i pronòstic en una sèrie de casos diagnosticats de novo de càncer de bufeta en 18 hospitals de 5 regions espanyoles (estudi EPICURO). També s'estudia l'associació entre tabac i risc de càncer de bufeta segons el sexe en un estudi agregat d'estudis cas-control europeus i nord-americans de càncer de bufeta.Es trobaren diferències entre sexes quant a la incidència de la malaltia, en algunes característiques anatomopatològiques dels tumors i quant a tractament. No es varen observar diferències entre sexes davant d'un mateix nivell d'exposició al tabac. També s'observaren diferències entre homes i dones quant al risc de recidivar i de progressar dels tumors vesicals superficials, però no en el risc de morir dels pacients amb tumors invasius.
The thesis evaluates differences related to sociodemographic and clinic-pathological characteristics, diagnostic tests, treatment and prognosis of bladder cancer patients newly diagnosed in 18 hospitals from 5 Spanish areas according to sex. The work also assess the association between tobacco and bladder cancer risk according to sex in a pooled analysis of case-control studies of bladder cancer from Europe and North America.
Differences between sex concerning disease incidence, pathological characteristics and treatment were observed. The relative risk of bladder cancer associated with tobacco was similar in both sex. Differences between men and women were observed regarding risk of recurrence and progression of their superficial tumors but not regarding risk of death because of an invasive tumor.
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Chumacero, Ruiz Amparo Silvana. "La experiencia de las mujeres que teje sentido en la relación educativa. Una investigación narrativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671952.
Full textAbstract:
El presente estudio narra el camino de transformación y aprendizaje que supone ahondar en la educación como experiencia. Se trata de una investigación narrativa que, desde un enfoque autobiográfico con aportes de la fenomenología-hermenéutica y el pensamiento de la diferencia sexual, pretende profundizar en los procesos vitales que movilizan el pensamiento de la experiencia y la influencia de éste en la relación educativa. Esta indagación se dio a partir del acompañamiento a la experiencia educativa de las mujeres en el máster en Estudios de la Libertad Femenina del Centro de Investigación de Mujeres Duoda (curso 2010-2011), y de mi propia experiencia como investigadora y como profesora, junto a la experiencia de mis estudiantes, de la Facultad de Educación de los Grados de Pedagogía y de Educación Social (desde el curso 2015-2016 hasta la actualidad).
Por tanto, es un tejido coral, a varias voces, que busca atender una captación singular del mundo de la experiencia pedagógica y de sus significados (Gadamer, 1977) para posibilitar y repensar otros modos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el proceso formativo universitario compuesto por lo que he llamado historias pedagógicas de mujeres, construidas a partir de mis diarios de campo, relatos de estudiantes y profesoras y, material recogido durante la investigación.
Utilizo la palabra historia porque es más precisa, ya que engloba sucesos, sujetos y contextos que se comparten sobre recorridos ocurridos, vividos y pensados en clave pedagógica en el transcurso de las clases. Son historias que hablan de sus/de nuestras vidas, historias que son ese “portal a través del cual una persona ingresa al mundo, y mediante el cual su experiencia del mundo se interpreta y se hace personalmente significativa” (Conelly & Clandinin, 2006, p. 477).
Las historias pedagógicas que aquí se narran invitan a pensar y profundizar el sentido de la educación y de las relaciones educativas que la sostienen y la significan. Buscan relatar el carácter vivo y libre de algunas prácticas docentes y profundizar en el estudio de la educación como experiencia, la diferencia sexual como fuente de saber y de aprendizaje, y sobre cómo el pensamiento de la experiencia deviene en aprendizaje. Para ello se pregunta: ¿qué valor educativo supone pensar la experiencia?, ¿qué sentido tiene considerar la experiencia como
fuente y como mediación para el aprendizaje?, ¿cómo se puede pensar la experiencia?, ¿por qué y para qué hacer pensamiento de la experiencia en la universidad?
El tejido de estas historias intenta dar cuenta de la experiencia que dibuja y desdibuja lugares para transitar el pensamiento, mostrando otros modos de estar en la relación educativa. Modos que se sustentan en momentos claves de la relación educativa (inicio, acompañamiento y cierre) y en cualidades como el cuidado, el reconocimiento, la confianza, el sentido del cuerpo y de la lengua que se habla, la conciencia de sí y la reflexión para acompañar los procesos de aprendizaje personales y conjuntos.This study narrates the path of transformation and learning that delving deeper into education as experience implies. It is a piece of narrative research that, from an autobiographical standpoint informed by phenomenology-hermeneutics and the thinking of sexual difference, seeks to go deeper into the life processes that are put into movement by the thinking of experience and its influence on the educational relationship. This research took place through the accompanying of the educational experience during the Master in Studies of Female Freedom at the Duoda Women’s Research Centre (academic year 2010- 2011), and my own experience as researcher and lecturer, together with the experience of my students, at the Faculty of Education in the Degrees of Pedagogy and Social Education (from the 2015-2116 academic year to the present day). It is, therefore, a choral weaving, one that seeks to pay attention to a singular catchment of the world of pedagogical experience and of its meanings (Gadamer, 1977) to make possible and rethink other ways of teaching and learning in the university formative process, made up of what I have called pedagogical stories of women, constructed on the basis of my field diaries, stories from students and lecturers, and material collected over the course of the research. I use the word story because it is more accurate, given that it includes happenings, subjects and contexts that are shared on journeys that took place, were lived and thought in a pedagogical key in the course of the classes. They are stories that speak of their/our lives, stories that are that “gateway through which a person goes into the world, and through which their experience of the world is interpreted and made personally meaningful” (Connelly & Clandinin, 2006, p. 477). The pedagogical stories that are narrated here invite us to think and look more deeply at the meaning of education and the educational relationships that sustain it and give meaning to it. They seek to relate the living and free character of some teaching practices and to go deeper into the study of education as experience, sexual difference as a source of knowledge and of learning, and, on how the thinking of experience becomes learning. In order to do this, the following is asked: What educational value does it have to think experience? What meaning does it have to consider experience as a source and as mediation for learning? How can experience be thought? Why do thinking of experience in the university and for what? The weaving together of these stories seeks to tell of the experience which brings in and out of focus places to transit thinking, showing other ways of being in educational relationship. Ways that are supported in key moments of the educational relationship (beginning, accompaniment and closure) and in qualities such as care, recognition, trust, the meaning of the body and the language that is spoken, the awareness of self and the reflection to accompany personal and shared processes of learning.
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Palma, Nuno Miguel Canto da. "Atividade física, obesidade e videojogos ativos na escola. Um estudo sobre hábitos e práticas de jogos em jovens do ensino básico e secundário." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18305.
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Atualmente, um novo conjunto de jogos suscita a atenção dos jovens: os videojogos ativos que combinam o jogo e a atividade física na vida quotidiana dos participantes. Trata-se de uma ferramenta que se encontra disponível no mercado e que pode ser utilizada para motivar os alunos a realizarem mais atividade física. Esta tese teve como objetivo conhecer e compreender o uso dos videojogos dos alunos de uma escola do 3° ciclo do ensino básico e secundário. Para isso, baseou-se no conhecimento dos hábitos, comportamentos, preferências e níveis de motivação destes jovens na prática destas tecnologias e na avaliação do impacto da atividade física regular com recurso ao uso de videojogos ativos em jovens alunos da escola, na condição de pré-obesos e obesos. O estudo contou com duas fases: a primeira, realizada através de uma investigação por inquérito à população estudantil de uma escola pública portuguesa e a segunda efetuada com recurso a um plano "single subject research”. Baseado nos resultados da primeira fase, a pesquisa revelou que a prática de videojogos ativos foi ligeiramente mais comum entre as raparigas do nos rapazes. Verificou-se que pouco mais de metade dos participantes com experiência em videojogos ativos utilizaram a consola Nintendo Wii para jogar e que os alunos jogam essencialmente pelo divertimento e desafio. Os resultados obtidos na segunda fase revelaram que a prática de videojogos ativos pode proporcionar um aumento da atividade física nos jovens, aumentando o seu nível de aptidão em relação à situação de repouso e elevando os níveis de perceção subjetiva do esforço. As atividades propostas e desenvolvidas com recurso a este tipo de videojogos interativos potenciaram o nível de satisfação dos jovens envolvidos neste estudo que se encontram em situação de obesidade ou de pré-obesidade que foram sempre por eles classificados como agradáveis. Assim, este revelou-se um trabalho promissor no que respeita à associação proveitosa de atividades de prazer e de lazer com a prática de videojogos ativos em jovens; ABSTRACT: Currently, a new set of games draws the young people1S attention: the active video games which combine physical activities and the players' everyday life. This is a commercially available tool and can be used to motivate students to exercise more. This dissertation aims at learning and understanding how and why elementary and high school students' use video games. ln order to achieve this goal, habits, behaviors, preferences and levels of motivation of these youngsters, when using these technologies, were studied. The impact of regular physical activities using active video games in obese and pre-obese students was also assessed. This study had two stages: the first derived from a research using an inquiry to the student population of a Portuguese public school; and the second one was developed with the help of a “Single subject research” plan. Based on the results of the first stage, the research revealed that playing active video games it is slightly more common among girl than boys. A little over half of the participants in the research with experience in active video games were found to be using Nintendo Wii and these played mostly for fun, as well as for the challenge. The second stage results showed that playing video games can provide an increase in young people1S physical activities and thus developing their competence, as opposed to resting, and raising the levels of subjective effort awareness. The suggested activities, which were carried on using this kind of interactive video games, foster the levels of satisfaction in the young people involved in this study who are considered obese or pre-obese and have always been regarded as pleasant. Thus, this was a promising task in what the combination of pleasure and leisure activities is concerned by engaging in active video gaming amongst young people.
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Le, Saux Pénault Elsa. "Éduquer à l'égalité des sexes en conduisant des recherches sur la littérature jeunesse : une recherche-action à l'école primaire." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100179/document.
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Cette thèse, qui s'appuie sur une une recherche-action, s'est intéressée à la façon dont des professeur-e-s des écoles peuvent s'approprier, puis s'emparer de la demande qui leur est faite d'éduquer leurs élèves à l'égalité des sexes. Le point de départ du travail qui a débuté au début de l'année scolaire 2014-2015, a été l'analyse, collective et en collaboration entre praticien- ne- s et chercheuse, des albums pour la jeunesse exploités ou à exploiter dans les classes dans l'optique de la mise en œuvre de cette éducation. Dans une démarche d'investigation pratique, les expérimentations dans les écoles ont visé à développer l'esprit critique des enfants quant aux stéréotypes de sexes véhiculés par les albums jeunesse et à leur implication dans les inégalités entre les sexes. Les enfants, en adoptant des techniques de "petits chercheurs" (observations, tris, utilisations de grilles d'analyse, statistiques, ...), ont été amenés à effectuer des recherches quantitatives et qualitatives sur les albums de leur école afin de cerner les représentations sexuées, leurs expressions et conséquences. La Recherche-Action a montré comment les enseignant-e-s en analysant les avancées de leurs élèves ont transformé leur vision de l'éducation à l'égalité des sexes et leur pratique professionnelle à ce sujetBased on an action-research approach, this thesis focuses on how teachers consider and embrace the injunctions to educate their students to gender equality. The starting point of this work began in 2014 when teachers and researchers collectively analyzed youth albums exploited or to be exploited in classrooms. Schools experiments aimed to develop the children’s critical thinking on gender stereotypes conveyed by children's books were also carried out. By adopting a "little scientists" technique (commenting, sorting, use of analysis grids, use of statistics, ...), the children were asked to perform quantitative and qualitative research on their school albums in order to identify gendered representations, their expressions and consequences. The action-research process has revealed how teachers, by analyzing the progress of their students, transformed their own vision of education to gender equality and their professional practice in this regard
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Ozcan, Berkay. "The effects of marital transitions and spousal characteristic on economic outcomes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7251.
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My dissertation aims to improve our understanding of why and how couple dynamics and marital transitions affect four critical economic outcomes: household savings, labour supply, transition to self-employment and income distribution. In all of my papers, behavior of the couple is at the center. First chapter analayzes the likelihood of starting a business and examines at the influence of marriage, its duration and the characteristics of the spouse on the probability to make a transition to entrepreneurship. In the second chapter, I take advantage of Irish Divorce Law introduced in 1996 as quasi-natural experiment for the rise in the risk of divorce and explain its effects on household savings behavior. The third chapterturns its attention to labour supply behaviour of the men on women experiencing a risk in the marital stability. Similarly, the last paper is also concerned about entry and exits from marriage, but it considers these phenomena together with the rise in female employment. Consequently, this chapter sheds light to the mechanisms through which changes in family types and labor supply decisions of women are actually leading to higher or lower inequality. Generally, my dissertation covers both substantive and methodological issues on several fields from inequality research to family demographics and entrepreneurship.Esta tesis tiene el objetivo de ampliar y perfeccionar nuestra comprensión de por qué y cómo la dinámica de pareja afecta cuatro críticos resultados económicos que están directamente realacionados con la desigualdad y la estratificación. Estos resultados son, respectivamente; ser autónomo, la oferta de trabajo, el ahorro de los hogares y la distribución del ingreso. A lo largo de la tesis, con la dinámica de pareja, concibo dos conceptos: en primer lugar implica formar parte de una pareja (es decir, tener una esposa/o con ciertas características) versus ser soltero/a y transiciones entre estos dos estados. Y la segunda se refiere a los cambios en el comportamiento de los esposos debido a un cambio de contexto, como un aumento en el riesgo de disolución de la pareja. Por consiguiente, analiza las implicaciones de estos dos conceptos en cada una de estas variables económicas. La tesis se utiliza una serie de grandes conjuntos de datos longitudinales de diferentes países (p.e. PSID, GSOEP, PHCE, Living in Ireland Survey) y estratégias econométricas. Estas características incluyen el análisis de supervivencia, las estimaciones de diff-en-diff, simulaciones y descomposiciones.
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Becker, Charity Dawn. "Constructing the mother-tongue, language in the poetry of Dionne Brand, Claire Harris, and Marlene Nourbese Philip." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ54604.pdf.
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Martin, Xavier. "Pascal Quignard : l'écriture, la souffrance, la différence sexuelle et la fusion amoureuse." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080005.
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Notre thèse propose un parcours au sein de l’œuvre de Pascal Quignard. Nous y mettons en évidence les difficultés, pour le critique universitaire, à construire une lecture qui ne soit pas une simple paraphrase de ce qu’écrit Quignard. L’écrivain, en effet, commente ce qu’il écrit et met, lui-même, en perspective tout ce qu’il publie. Notre lecture de Quignard n’est pas une approche érudite de l’œuvre de l’écrivain, elle est guidée par le souci de donner à lire les effets produits par les textes. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à l’articulation entre écriture et souffrance, le fait d’écrire est présenté comme un geste de survie qui permet de métamorphoser l’existence de l’auteur. Nous montrons comment des moments vécus par l’auteur sont sans cesse repris dans ses textes et structurent la construction de l’œuvre. Dans un deuxième temps, nous tentons de cerner la cosmogonie que met en place Quignard, il décrit les lois du vivant qui conditionnent notre rapport à la vie et à la sexualité. La différence sexuelle est présentée comme un absolu qui vient couper l’humanité en deux. Hommes et femmes sont fondamentalement différents pour Quignard, il consacre de nombreuses pages à expliquer la nature de cette différence. Nous essayons ensuite de comprendre la place de l’amour dans l’œuvre de l’auteur, l’amour apparaît comme une fusion qui permet aux individus de dépasser leurs propres limites. L’amour est aussi l’occasion de retrouvailles avec des sensations prénatales ; la mère, aimée et haïe, est une figure centrale de l’œuvre de Pascal QuignardIn our thesis we suggest a journey inside the works of Pascal Quignard. We bring to the fore the difficulties, for an academic critic, to build a reading that is not a simple paraphrase of what Quignard writes. The writer actually comments what he writes and give himself angles to everything he publishes. Our reading of Quignard is not an erudite approch of his works, it is willing to show some effects produced by the texts. In the first part, we take an interest in the articulation between writing and suffering. To write is presented as a survival gesture that allows a metamorphosis of the writer’s life. We show how moments lived by the author are constantly take up again in his texts and how they structure the construction of the works. In the second part, we try to grasp the cosmogony that Quignard creates, he describes the laws of life that conditions our relationship to life and sexuality. Sexual difference is presented as an absolute that cuts humanity in two. Men and women are fundamentally different according to Quignard, he devotes many pages to explain the nature of this difference. Finally, we try to understand the status of love in the works of Quignard, love appears to be a fusion that allows individuals to exceed their own limits. Love is a way to feel again antenatal sensations; the mother, loved and hated, is a key figure in the works of Pascal Quignard
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Maeda, Fernando Lourenço. "Investigando a participação do cônjuge nos cuidados ao paciente com dor lombar crônica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/15728.
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This study had as general goal investigate the perception of partner s support and the impact of the pain in the relationship as a couple of patients suffering of chronic lower back pain, of both gender, in ambulatory treatment in a big public hospital of São Paulo city. The study was made with 50 patients, where 25 were men and 25 were women, aged 35 to 65 years. The main used instruments were: social-demographic questionnaire, visual analogical scale of pain intensity, medical Outcomes study 36- item short form-health survey and semi directed interviews. The results demonstrated that all the participants of the study had the quality of their lives harmed, and that women showed intensity pain levels considered severe, whereas men obtained intensity pain levels considered moderate. 70% percent of the sample mentioned a negative impact on their sexual relations, due to their functional limitation and intensity of the pain, while the rest mentioned a marital adjustment when facing the symptoms of the pain. 86% of the sample mentioned perceiving their partners as supportive, being the helpful behavior considered the main way of support. The analysis of the results showed that the participants that had received partner s support, obtained better levels in the control of Vitality and Mental Health, when compared to the ones that had had no support. The conclusion of the results indicated that the chronic lower back pain causes a negative impact in the couple s relationship and that the partners support can work as a protection factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms, being this an important aspect to be considered in the health process of individual with chronic pain and in the planning of therapeutic procedures
Este estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar a percepção de apoio conjugal e o impacto da dor no relacionamento de casal de pacientes portadores de dor lombar crônica, de ambos os gêneros, em tratamento ambulatorial em um hospital de grande porte da rede pública da cidade de São Paulo. O trabalho foi realizado com 50 pacientes, sendo 25 homens e 25 mulheres, com faixa etária entre 35 e 65 anos. Os principais instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário Sócio-demográfico, Escala VAS de intensidade da dor, Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF 36 e Entrevista Semi-dirigida. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os participantes do estudo obtiveram qualidade de vida prejudicada, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram intensidade de dor considerada severa, enquanto os homens obtiveram intensidade de dor moderada. 70% da amostra relataram impacto negativo no relacionamento sexual, em decorrência da limitação funcional e gravidade da dor, enquanto que o restante referiu um reajustamento conjugal frente aos sintomas da dor. 86% da amostra relataram que percebem seus cônjuges como apoiadores, sendo que o comportamento solícito foi considerado o principal meio de apoio. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que os participantes que receberam apoio do cônjuge, obtiveram melhores índices nos domínios Vitalidade e Saúde Mental, quando comparados com aqueles que não receberam apoio. A conclusão dos resultados indicou que a dor lombar crônica causa impacto negativo no relacionamento de casal e o apoio conjugal pode funcionar como fator de proteção para sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade, sendo este um aspecto importante a ser considerado no processo da saúde dos indivíduos com dor crônica e no planejamento de condutas terapêuticas
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Kang, Pom-Seok. "L’influence du contexte social et culturel sur le concept de soi et les traits de personnalité." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20027/document.
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Les recherches récentes ont mis en évidence le rôle des processus de catégorisation et de comparaison sociale pour comprendre les similitudes et les différences de genre au niveau du concept de soi. Cette thèse propose un prolongement méthodologique et théorique de ces travaux afin d’en vérifier le bien-fondé et d’évaluer leurs implications éventuelles pour le développement d’une psychologie sociale de la personnalité. Ainsi, nous montrons d’abord qu’il existe des relations significatives entre les différents instruments visant à mesurer le concept de soi, confirmant la validité de ces instruments (étude 1). L’hypothèse d’une interaction « genre X culture » sur le concept de soi est alors examinée dans une étude comparant des étudiants français et coréens. Comme prévu, les résultats montrent que les différences de genre sur le soi, peu importe la mesure du concept de soi utilisée, sont plus importantes en France qu’en Corée du Sud. Les études 3, 4, et 5 cherchent ensuite à vérifier si de telles manifestations de la malléabilité du concept de soi en fonction des contextes peuvent également être obtenues en mesurant les traits de personnalité. Il est démontré qu’il existe des stéréotypes de genre sur les dimensions de la personnalité identifiées dans la théorie de la personnalité en cinq facteurs (étude 3, étude 4) et que le processus d’auto-stéréotypie proposé dans la théorie de l’auto-catégorisation (Turner, 1987) semble effectivement influencer la manifestation de certains traits de personnalité. Les études 4 et 5, en utilisant les paradigmes expérimentaux originaux, contribuent à mettre en évidence les conditions sous lesquelles les individus vont « changer » de personnalité en fonction de la situation. Ces premiers résultats permettent de conclure qu’il existe certains traits de la personnalité qui sont stables et qui ne changent pas selon la situation mais également qui se transforment de manière significative en fonction des interactions sociales et des processus de catégorisationRecent researches have highlighted the role of categorization and social comparison process in understanding the gender differences and similarities at the level of self-concept. This thesis proposes a methodological and theoretical extension of these works to verify their soundness and assess their possible implications for the development of social psychology of personality. Thus, we first show that there are significant relations between several instruments for the measure self-concept, in confirming the validity of these instruments (study 1). The hypothesis of an interaction “gender X culture” on self-concept is then examined in a study comparing French and Korean students. As expected, the results show that gender differences on self are, no matter what self-concept measures are used, bigger in France than in South Korea. Then the studies 3, 4, and 5 seek to ascertain whether such manifestations of the malleability of the self-concept in different contexts may also be obtained by the measure of the personality traits. It is shown that there are gender stereotypes on certain personality traits of the five-factor model (Study 3 Study 4) and that the self-stereotyping process proposed by the self-categorization theory (Turner, 1987) seems to actually influence the manifestation of personality traits. Studies 4 and 5, using the original experimental paradigms, help to highlight the conditions under which individuals will "change" their personality according to the situation where they find themselves. These results suggest that there exist certain personality traits stable and they do not change according to the situation but there also exist certain traits that vary significantly in accordance with social interaction and self-categorization process
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Bassas, Assumpta. "La trayectoria de tres artistas en el pasaje del conceptualismo en Cataluña: Silvia Gubern, Àngels Ribé y Eulàlia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387112.
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Este trabajo de investigación reconstruye y comenta la trayectoria artística de Silvia Gubern, Àngels Ribé y Eulàlia (Grau Donada), principalmente en la etapa de las llamadas “prácticas conceptuales”, a partir de fuentes primeras y documentales e introduciendo la voz y el relato de las artistas. Estas tres monografías incorporan también la recepción crítica y la valoración de la prensa especializada. La autora propone lecturas y reflexiones de estas prácticas artísticas y de la concepción de la creatividad de las artistas, vinculándolas a partir de las orientaciones que asume como guías teóricas del pensamiento de la diferencia sexual sobre la libertad de las mujeres en los 60 y 70. Mas allá de los marcos interpretativos “neutrales” que se ha utilizado para clasificar a estas artistas como conceptuales en la historia “modernista” del arte catalán y español, este trabajo de investigación pone las bases para leerlas a partir de genealogías de la creación y la creatividad orientadas por la sexuación del conocimiento en femenino.This research builds and discusses the artistic career of Silvia Gubern, Àngels Ribé and Eulàlia (Grau), mainly in the stage called "conceptual practices" from documentary sources and introducing the voice of the artists and biographic facts. These three monographs also incorporate critical reception and evaluation of the press and the art critics. The author points out the importance of reading those careers taking into account the perspective of the Italian and Spanish feminism of sexual difference. Beyond the "neutral" interpretive framework that has been used to classify them as conceptual artists in the modernist history of catalan avantgarde art, this thesis lays the foundation for reading women genealogies of creativity oriented by the female sexuation of knowledge and to explore women's freedom in history. Thus, conceptualism would not be a single framework to assess their contribution to the history of art. It is defined as a living moment in a much longer and complex creative itinerary, a stage in which many issues intersect, focusing on some core aspects such as sexual politics in the history of women in the 60s and 70s in Catalonia (Spain).
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Dumontet, Magali. "Féminisation, activité libérale et lieu d'installation : quels enjeux en médecine générale ? : Analyses micro-économétriques de l'offre de soins." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090023/document.
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Dans un contexte de grandes transformations de la médecine générale, cette thèse s’intéresse aux déterminants de l’offre de soins des médecins généralistes. Nous avons développé différentes stratégies micro-économétriques pour dans premier temps comprendre l’effet de la féminisation sur les revenus des médecins généralistes et plus particulièrement sur leurs comportements d’activité en termes de volume de soins fournis mais également de composition de l’activité. Dans un deuxième temps, nous cherchons à étudier les déterminants du choix du lieu d’installation des jeunes médecins généralistes, au sein d’une région et à identifier les leviers qui pourraient améliorer leur répartition sur le territoire. Nos résultats confirment que les femmes ont d’une part une offre de soins quantitativement plus faible que celle des hommes et que le contenu de leur offre est également différent. Toutefois, ils adoptent des comportements d’installation similaires. Les facteurs qui influencent le choix du lieu d’installation sont plutôt des caractéristiques du lieu, comme les caractéristiques associées à l’offre de soins, à la demande de soins, ou aux équipements. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche est, à travers une approche micro-économétrique, de mieux appréhender les préférences des médecins. Nous souhaitons comprendre ces préférences à travers les arbitrages travail/loisir du médecin et donc l’intensité de l’offre de travail (arbitrage entre nombre d’actes et durée de consultation), mais aussi selon les choix d’installation du médecin tant par le choix du lieu que par les modalités de cette installation, à savoir une activité libérale et ou salariée tout en sachant que ces décisions dépendent fortement des revenus espérés et donc de contextes différenciés de demande de soinsIn the context of changes of general practice (uneven distribution of young general practitioners (GPs) across the country, strong feminisation), this thesis focuses on the determinants of the outpatient care supply of general practitioners. Using different micro-econometric analyses, firstly we want to understand the impact of feminization on the incomes of general practitioners and specifically on their private practice behaviours in terms of volume of care provided but also composition of the activity (consultations, home visits). Secondly, we study the determinants of the practice location choice within the region and we identify the levers that could improve the distribution of GPs in the area. Our results confirm that female GPs provide fewer services than male GPs and they also have a different composition of private practice activity. However, we show that male and female GPs adopt a similar practice location choice. Factors characterizing the place of installation as the characteristics associated with the supply of care, the demand for care, or equipment influence the practice location choice
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Allard, Francis. "Associations entre la dépression et le décrochage scolaire en fonction du sexe : une étude longitudinale." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19121.
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Les résultats des quelques études examinant le lien entre la présence de symptômes dépressifs et le décrochage divergent. De telles divergences pourraient s’expliquer par certaines caractéristiques individuelles clés comme le sexe ou l’âge, qui pourraient modérer le lien entre les symptômes dépressifs et le décrochage. Cette étude a pour double objectif 1) d’évaluer le lien entre la présence de symptômes dépressifs mesurés à différents moments au secondaire et le décrochage scolaire, et 2) d’examiner les variations possibles en fonction du sexe. Des données auto-rapportées (sur la présence de symptômes dépressifs en secondaire 1, 2 et 3) et administratives (sur le décrochage scolaire) obtenues auprès d’une cohorte composée de 6272 jeunes du secondaire ont été utilisées. Les résultats révèlent qu’après l’inclusion de variables de contrôles importantes, il n’y a pas d’association entre la dépression et le décrochage scolaire. De plus, ils indiquent que le sexe ne joue pas de rôle modérateur, c’est-à-dire qu’il n’y a pas de lien entre la dépression et le décrochage ni chez les filles, ni chez les garçons. Ces résultats suggèrent que les conclusions divergentes des études précédentes sur le sujet pourraient refléter le manque de considération d’une variété, mais surtout d’un nombre suffisants de facteurs confondants. Ils réitèrent aussi l’importance des facteurs de risque déjà connus du décrochage et suggèrent que les interventions se centrant l’humeur dépressive doivent faire partie de programmes visant en parallèle d’autres problématiques plus étroitement associées au décrochage.Studies examining potential links between depressive symptoms and dropout have yielded inconsistent results. These inconsistencies could be explained by potential moderating effects of key individual characteristics, such as gender or age. This study has two main objectives: 1) to measure the association between depressive symptoms as measured at different grades during high school and dropout, and 2) to examine the possible impact of gender as a moderator variable. We used self-reported data to assess depressive symptoms in 7th, 8th and 9th grade and official administrative data to determine dropout status among a cohort of 6,272 high-school students. Results indicate that after controlling for a variety of potentially confounding variables, the association between depression and dropout was no longer significant. Furthermore, the analysis indicate that gender does not play a moderating role, meaning that there is no link between depression and dropping out among girls, nor boys. These results suggest that the conflicting results observed in the literature may reflect a difference in the variety and, more importantly, the number of variables used to control for confounding effect. Furthermore, the results reiterate the importance of known dropout risk factors for dropout and suggest that preventive interventions focusing on depressive symptoms should be part of larger programs also aiming at other factors more closely related to school dropout.
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Lemieux, Daphné. "Stratégies de résolution de conflits conjugaux et compétence sociale de l'enfant à l'âge préscolaire : l'effet modérateur du sexe de l'enfant." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18806.
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Les conflits dans les couples sont souvent perçus négativement et ayant un impact sur la qualité du couple et l'adaptation des enfants. En revanche, ce ne sont pas tous les conflits qui sont négatifs. En effet, dans un contexte où les parents utilisent des stratégies de résolution positives, les situations de conflits pourraient devenir un terrain d'apprentissage pour les jeunes enfants et leur permettent de réutiliser ces modèles afin d'être plus compétents socialement. La présente étude vise à évaluer le lien entre les stratégies de résolution de conflits conjugaux et la compétence sociale des enfants d'âge préscolaire en fonction du sexe du parent et du sexe de l'enfant. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 160 familles ayant un enfant âgé entre 4 et 6 ans. Il s'agit d'un devis de recherche transversal. Les résultats montrent que les stratégies de résolution des conflits conjugaux des parents sont marginalement liées au niveau de compétence sociale de l'enfant, mais ce, uniquement pour le père. En outre, le sexe de l'enfant modère marginalement ce lien, les garçons étant plus compétents lorsqu'exposés au rapport élevé des stratégies positives du père. Une différence significative a été observée entre les garçons et les filles quant à leur niveau de compétence sociale, les filles étant plus compétentes socialement que les garçons.In couples, conflict is often viewed negatively and affecting the quality of the relationship and children's adjustment. On the other hand, not all conflicts are negative. Indeed, in a context where parents use positive resolution strategies, conflicts can become a learning environment for young children and allow them to reuse these models to be more socially competent. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between marital conflict resolution strategies and the social competence of preschool children depending on the sex of the parent and the child's sex. Data were collected from 160 families with a child aged between 4 and 6 years old. This is a transversal research design. Results show marital conflict resolution strategies are marginally related to the level of social competence of the children, but only for the fathers. In addition, children's gender marginally moderate this relation, boys being more socially competent when more exposed to a high ratio of positive resolution strategies from their fathers. A significant difference was observed between boys and girls as to their level of social competence, girls being more competent socially than boys.
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Martinez, Romain. "Développement d'indicateurs biomécaniques en manutention et leur application dans l'étude des différences entre les sexes lors de levers de charges en hauteur." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25282.
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Les blessures musculo-squelettiques du membre supérieur représentent un problème de santé publique dans le secteur de la manutention. En plus d’affecter la qualité de vie du travailleur, ces lésions entraînent une perte de temps de travail et une augmentation des coûts de production. Alors que nous avons des évidences épidémiologiques que les femmes manutentionnaires sont plus nombreuses que les hommes à souffrir de douleurs à l’épaule, la littérature fait défaut d’indices biomécaniques qui expliquent l'origine de cette différence. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'améliorer l'évaluation des techniques de manutention du membre supérieur, avec trois objectifs spécifiques : (1) développer des indices cinématiques, électromyographiques et musculo-squelettiques synthétiques pour évaluer et différencier des techniques de manutention du membre supérieur ; (2) développer un logiciel libre d'analyse biomécanique ; et (3) utiliser les indices et le logiciel développés pour décrire les différences biomécaniques entre des femmes et des hommes manutentionnaires. Nous avons récolté des données de cinématique, d'électromyographie et de force sur 30 femmes et 30 hommes réalisant une tâche de manutention qui consistait à déplacer une boîte de 6 et 12 kg entre la hauteur des hanches et la hauteur des yeux. À partir de ces données, nous avons développé des indicateurs synthétiques : un indicateur cinématique utile pour identifier des techniques de manutention problématiques et plus généralement les fonctions articulaires ; des indicateurs électromyographiques qui permettent d'estimer la quantité d'activation musculaire et la co-contraction musculaire ; et des indicateurs musculo-squelettiques qui permettent d'estimer les contraintes musculaires totales et les contraintes appliquées à l'articulation glénohumérale. Nous avons implémenté ces indicateurs avec pyomeca, notre logiciel libre d'analyse biomécanique. Mis à disposition de la communauté biomécanique, pyomeca supporte des tâches utiles dans le quotidien d'un chercheur biomécanique, mais également des routines biomécaniques plus avancées, axées sur la mécanique du corps rigide et le traitement de signal. Ce dernier se démarque des logiciels biomécaniques existants parce que c'est une solution libre, conviviale, spécialisée et sûre. Nous avons ensuite appliqué les indices synthétiques pour décrire les différences biomécaniques entre les femmes et les hommes participant à notre expérimentation. L'indicateur cinématique a montré que les femmes employaient une technique de manutention moins sécuritaire, avec une plus grande contribution glénohumérale, une faible contribution des membres inférieurs et une boite plus éloignée du tronc. Ces différences de technique se sont répercutées sur les indicateurs électromyographiques et musculo-squelettiques, avec des activations musculaires deux fois plus importantes comparativement aux hommes et une moindre stabilité de l'articulation glénohumérale. Ces différences pourraient contribuer à expliquer la prévalence de blessure du membre supérieur plus élevée chez les femmes manutentionnaires. Cette thèse a donc permis de développer des indicateurs synthétiques et un logiciel libre d'analyse biomécanique qui pourraient permettre aux ergonomes d'évaluer l'exposition aux risques de blessures du membre supérieur pendant une tâche de travail dynamique. Appliqués à une population spécifique, ces indicateurs suggèrent qu'il est crucial d'accorder une attention particulière au sexe pendant l'évaluation d'une tâche de travail au-dessus des épaules.Work-related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders represent a public health challenge in the material handling industry. In addition to affecting the worker's quality of life, these injuries result in lost work time and increased production costs. While we have epidemiological evidence that more female material handlers suffer from shoulder pain than men, the literature is lacking biomechanical indicators that explain the origin of this difference. The general objective of this thesis was to improve the evaluation of upper limb handling techniques, with three specific objectives~: (1) to develop synthetic kinematic, electromyographic and musculoskeletal indicators to evaluate and differentiate upper limb handling techniques~; (2) to develop an open source biomechanical analysis software~; and (3) to use the developed indicators and software to describe the biomechanical differences between female and male workers. We collected kinematics, electromyography and force data on 30 women and 30 men performing a handling task that consisted in lifting a 6 and 12~kg box from hip to eye level. From these data, we developed synthetic indicators~: a kinematic indicator useful to identify poor handling techniques and more generally joint functions~; two electromyographic indicators to quantify the amount of muscle activation and muscle co-contraction~; and two musculoskeletal indicators to estimate total muscle stress and stress applied to the glenohumeral joint. We have implemented these indicators with pyomeca, our open-source biomechanical analysis software. Available to the biomechanical community, pyomeca provide basic operations useful in the daily workflow of a biomechanical researcher, but also more advanced biomechanical routines geared towards rigid body mechanics and signal processing. pyomeca stands from existing biomechanical software because it is an open-source, user-friendly, specialized and secure solution. We then applied our synthetic indicators to describe the biomechanical differences between the women and men participating in our experiment. The kinematic indicator showed that women used a poor handling technique, with a higher glenohumeral contribution, a low contribution from the lower limbs and a box further away from the trunk. These differences in technique affected the electromyographic and musculoskeletal indicators, with twice as much muscle activation compared to men and less glenohumeral stability. These results may contribute to the sex difference in the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. This thesis has enabled the development of biomechanical indicators and an open-source software that could allow ergonomists to assess the upper limb exposure during a dynamic lifting task. Applied to a specific population, these indicators argue for a careful consideration of sex during ergonomics intervention, particularly during overhead work.
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Mougeot, Brigitte. "Entre similitudes et différences : le sexe et le genre en question." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4863.
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Les différences hommes/femmes sont un présupposé que nous considérons souvent comme une évidence. Les similitudes, en revanche, sont présentées comme des particularités propres à certains individus. Elles ne sont souvent pas perçues comme une caractéristique humaine intrinsèque. Il existe cependant un rapport entre similitude et différence. Ce qui sépare fondamentalement les similitudes des différences c'est le point de vue de l'observateur : celui qui décide ce à quoi il va accorder de l'importance, non pas en fonction de critères scientifiques et objectifs, mais plutôt en fonction de croyances et de présupposés. Les scientifiques, eux-mêmes, ne sont pas à l'abri de ce biais, et ce, en dépit du fait que les différences sont scientifiquement observables et mesurables. L'importance qu'on leur accorde n'est pas plus réelle que les similitudes auxquelles on accorde, en revanche, beaucoup moins de valeur, d'attention et que l'on étudie beaucoup moins, mais qui seraient néanmoins mesurables.Gender differences are a presupposition that we often take for granted. Similarities, however, are presented as the particular traits of individuals. Often they are not perceived as an inherent human characteristic. But there is a relationship between similarity and difference. What fundamentally separates the similarities from the differences is the viewpoint of the observer: The importance accorded to the one or the other is not based on scientific and objectives criteria, but rather the observer's beliefs and assumptions. Scientists themselves are not immune to this bias, even though the differences are scientifically observable and measurable. The significance of differences is no more real than that of similarities which, nonetheless, are granted much less value, attention, and are less often studied, although they are measurable.
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Lucas, Débora Natacha Pereira. "Diferenças de sexo nos resultados da cirurgia bariática na perda de peso." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/61448.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia AplicadaComportamentos alimentares problemáticos e psicopatologia geral têm sido associados à perda de peso em homens e mulheres. O objetivo deste estudo foi: averiguar se existiam diferenças entre o sexo nos momentos temporais pré e pós-cirurgia para as variáveis dos questionários EDE (Q), EADS-21, Rep(Eat)_Q e UPPS-P- urgência negativa e para as variáveis da entrevista: presença de petisco, presença de perda de controlo, presença de episódios bulímicos objetivos, medo de engordar, e importância com a forma e averiguar se existiam diferenças entre o momento pré e o pós-cirurgia em cada um dos grupos (homens e mulheres) nas mesmas variáveis. Participaram neste estudo 174 participantes (130 mulheres e 44 homens). Verificou-se diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres, no momento pré-cirurgia, relativamente à importância com a forma, preocupação com a forma e medo de engordar. No momento pós-cirurgia averiguou-se diferenças significativas para as subescalas do Rep(Eat)_Q, UPPS e para as variáveis importância com a forma e medo de engordar. Nas diferenças entre o momento pré e o póscirurgia, foi possível examinar, nos homens, que existem diferenças significativas em todas as subescalas do EDE (Q) e do Rep(Eat)_Q. Nas mulheres, verificaram-se diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis.
Problematic eating behaviours and general psychopathology have been associated with weight loss in men and women. This study’s objective was to determine if there were any differences between gender in the pre and post-surgery moments for the questionnaires variables: EDE (Q), EADS-21, Rep(Eat)_Q e UPPS-P- negative urgency and for the interview variables: grazing, loss of control, presence of objective bulimic episodes, fear of gaining weight and importance with the shape as well as establish if there were significant differences between the pre and post-surgery moments in each of the groups for the same variables. About 174 participants (130 women and 44 men) participated in this study. There were significant differences between gender, at the pre-surgery moment, regarding importance with the shape and concern with the shape and fear of gaining weight. At the post-surgery moment, significant differences were found for the subscales of Rep(Eat) _Q, UPPS and for the variables importance with the form and fear of gaining weight. In the differences between pre and post-surgery moments, it was possible to examine, in men, that there are significant differences in all the subscales of the EDE (Q) and the Rep (Eat) _Q. In women, there were significant differences for all variables.
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Correia, Andreia Cordeiro. "Estilo de liderança, compatibilidade treinador-atleta, satisfação e rendimento desportivo: diferenças entre sexos." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6428.
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Os treinadores são os principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento e desempenho dos seus atletas. Se o treinador conseguir adaptar o seu comportamento às características de todos os atletas, dirigindo-se às expectativas e desejo de cada um, a satisfação do atleta e a compatibilidade que este sente pelo treinador irá ser maior, o que aumentará também o seu rendimento. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura que teve como objetivo refletir sobre o conhecimento atual relativamente à associação entre o estilo de liderança, compatibilidade treinador-atleta, satisfação e rendimento desportivo. Foram selecionadas 7 publicações, através dos descritores: “Coach Leadership”; “Sports Performance”; Compatibility Coach-Athlete” e “Satisfaction Athlete”, entre 2010 e 2017. Desta revisão, verificou-se que as dimensões de liderança transformacionais têm maior associação ao rendimento desportivo, satisfação e compatibilidade treinador-atleta. Além disso, ficou evidente a escassa informação sobre as diferenças de sexo.
O presente estudo procura compreender se existe uma associação entre o estilo de liderança, satisfação, compatibilidade treinador-atleta e rendimento desportivo em atletas de futsal, de ambos os sexos. Para tal, foi examinada uma amostra por conveniência de 107 atletas da Divisão Nacional de Futsal. Os participantes responderam a um Questionário sociodemográfico e de prática desportiva; à Escala Multidimensional de Liderança no Desporto (EMLD); à Medida de Compatibilidade Treinador-Atleta (MCTA); e ao Questionário de Satisfação em Atletas (QSA). Foi demonstrada a importância dos estilos de liderança para a compatibilidade treinador-atleta, sendo que, para atletas do sexo feminino, comportamentos de confiança/entusiasmo acerca das suas capacidades por parte dos treinadores e os aspetos mais pessoais da relação assumem particular importância para o rendimento. Ao nível da satisfação, verificou-se que são os itens direcionados à satisfação com a liderança que mais se associam à compatibilidade treinador-atleta e ao rendimento.
Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo, pensamos ser importante que a formação de treinadores, além de visar o desenvolvimento de competências de ensino e domínio técnico e tático inerentes ao futsal, valorize as competências relacionais, sensibilizando para as distintas necessidades dos atletas, conforme o seu género.Coaches are primarily responsible for the development and performance of their athletes. If the coach to adapt his behavior to the characteristics of all athletes in a general way and to each athlete in a particular way, addressing the expectations and desire of each one, it is believed that the satisfaction of the athlete and the compatibility that this the coach will be higher, which will also increase your income. This systematic literature review aimed to gather all the knowledge about the association between leadership style, coach-athlete compatibility, satisfaction with leadership and athletic performance. We selected 7 publications, through the descriptors: “Leadership of the coach”; “Sports Performance”; “Coach-Athlete Compatibility” and “Satisfaction Athlete” between 2010 and 2017. From this review, it was verified that the dimensions of transformal leadership are more associated to sports performance, leadership satisfaction and coach-athlete compatibility. it is noteworthy the scarce information about the gender differences. Therefore, this study seeks to understand if to exist an association between leadership styles, satisfaction, coach-athlete compatibility and sports performance in futsal athletes of both sexes. For this, a sample was examined for the convenience of 107 athletes from the National Futsal Division. Participants answered a sociodemographic and sports questionnaire; Multidimensional Scale of Leadership in Sport (EMLD); Coach-Athlete Compatibility Measure (MCTA); Satisfaction Questionnaire in Athletes (QSA). The importance of leadership styles for coach-athlete compatibility has been demonstrated, and for female athletes the demonstration of confidence/enthusiasm about concern to understand them as people and the personal aspects of the relationship are particularly important for income. At the level of satisfaction, it was verified that the item directed to the satisfaction with the leadership that more are associated with the leadership that more are associated with the compatibility coach-athlete and the income. Based on the results found in the present study, we believe that it is important that the training of coaches, in addition to aiming at the development of teaching and technical and tactical skills inherent to futsal, values relational skills, sensitizing to the different needs of athletes, as your gender.
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Garcês, Margarida Marlene Magalhães. "A relação entre a qualidade do relacionamento amoroso e a memória autobiográfica do casal." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/43057.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em PsicologiaO principal objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar, pela primeira vez, a relação entre a qualidade percebida do relacionamento amoroso e a memória autobiográfica do casal utilizando uma metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Pretendeu-se também investigar diferenças de sexo e idade em termos de qualidade do relacionamento e memória autobiográfica do casal. Foram realizados dois estudos. No Estudo 1, 682 participantes (498 mulheres e 184 homens) recordaram o primeiro beijo com o atual (ou último) parceiro, e completaram o Memory Quality Questionnaire, a fim de o traduzir e validar para a população Portuguesa. O Estudo 2, foi constituído por uma amostra de 50 casais heterossexuais e consistiu numa fase individual e numa fase de interação. Na fase individual foram recolhidos dados sociodemográficos, juntamente com informações sobre a qualidade do relacionamento e sintomas psicopatológicos. Os participantes foram também convidados a recordar e avaliar duas memórias autobiográficas do seu relacionamento atual. Na fase de interação, cada casal foi convidado a recordar essas memórias em conjunto. As respostas foram registadas sob a forma de áudio e vídeo e, posteriormente, codificadas. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade percebida do relacionamento amoroso está positivamente correlacionada com a qualidade da memória autobiográfica do casal.
The main aim of the present study was to investigate, for the first time, the relationship between the perceived quality of the romantic relationship and the couple’s autobiographical memory using a quantitative and a qualitative methodology. It was intended to also investigate sex and age differences in terms of quality of the relationship and the couple’s autobiographical memory. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, 682 participants (498 women and 184 men) recalled their first kiss with their current (or last) partner, and completed the Memory Quality Questionnaire, in order to translate and validate this questionnaire to the Portuguese population. Study 2 comprised a sample of 50 heterosexual couples and consisted of an individual and an interaction phase. In the individual phase sociodemographic data were collected, along with information on the quality of the relationship and psychopathological symptoms. Participants were also asked to recall and evaluate two autobiographical memories of their current relationship. In the interaction phase, each couple was invited to remember these memories together. Responses were recorded in the form of audio and video and then coded. Results showed that the perceived quality of the romantic relationship is positively correlated with the quality of couple’s autobiographical memory.
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Pinto, Ricardo Bruno Barbosa. "The relationship between sexual and emotional promiscuity and infidelity." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/38625.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em PsicologiaThe main aim of the present study is to relate, for the first time, the sexual and emotional sides of infidelity, that is characterized by any form of close physical or emotional involvement with another person while in a committed relationship (Brand et al., 2007) with promiscuity, which is typically defined by the search for the maximum sexual pleasure (Markey & Markey, 2007) or how easily and often someone falls in love (Jones, 2011). We also aim to investigate potential sex differences within both domains. Our research comprehends two studies: Study 1 served as base to Study 2, where 74 participants (30 males and 44 females) were asked to give examples of sexual and emotional infidelity, in order to develop a scale to assess infidelity in both domains. Study 2 gathered 369 participants (92 males and 277 females) to answer to an online questionnaire that collected information about infidelity and promiscuity, in addition to some sociodemographic questions. Results show that all domains are related, specifically sexual and emotional infidelity with sexual and emotional promiscuity.
O principal objetivo do estudo presente é relacionar, pela primeira vez, as vertentes sexual e emocional da infidelidade, que é caracterizada por qualquer forma de contato físico ou envolvimento emocional com outra pessoa enquanto se está num relacionamento (Brand, Markey, Mills & Hodges, 2007) com a promiscuidade, que é tipicamente definida pela máxima procura de prazer sexual (Markey & Markey, 2007) ou quão facilmente e frequente um indivíduo se apaixona (Jones, 2011). Um outro objetivo é investigar potenciais diferenças entre sexos dentro dos dois domínios. A pesquisa compreende dois estudos: o estudo 1 serviu como base para o estudo 2, onde a 74 participantes (30 homens e 44 mulheres) foi pedido que dessem exemplos de infidelidade emocional e sexual, com o objetivo de desenvolver uma escala que avalie a infidelidade nos seus dois domínios. O estudo 2 juntou 369 participantes (92 homens e 277 mulheres) para responderem a um questionário online que recolheu informações sobre infidelidade e promiscuidade, juntamente com informações sociodemográficas. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as componentes se encontram relacionadas, mais especificamente a infidelidade sexual e emocional com a promiscuidade sexual e emocional.
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Santos, Carla Bernardett Marques. "Satisfação sexual e habilidades sociais: correlatos interpessoais e relacionais na sexualidade humana." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6309.
Full textAbstract:
A sexualidade é uma componente fundamental do ser humano, experienciada e expressa de diversos modos e influenciada por uma multiplicidade de fatores, sendo a satisfação sexual uma componente significativa desta. O estudo da satisfação sexual é ainda dificultado por questões teóricas e práticas. Assim, com o objetivo de identificar correlatos sexuais e não sexuais da satisfação sexual, incluindo as habilidades sociais, foram desenvolvidos quatro estudos.
O primeiro consistiu numa revisão narrativa da literatura sobre habilidades sociais; o segundo numa revisão sistemática de estudos sobre avaliação de habilidades sociais; o terceiro numa abordagem teórica da sexualidade, sob a perspetiva da satisfação sexual; e o quarto num estudo empírico com o qual se pretendia caracterizar a satisfação sexual de amostra de estudantes universitários, analisando a sua relação com variáveis sexuais e não sexuais e as diferenças entre os sexos.
Face às conclusões dos três primeiros estudos, o quarto é um estudo quantitativo, com uma amostra de 200 estudantes universitários de três instituições do Norte de Portugal, a quem foram administrados, em contexto de sala de aula, um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico, a NSSS - Nova Escala de Satisfação Sexual, a SSSS - Escala de Busca de Sensações Sexuais e o IHS - Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (versão adaptada para Portugal). Os resultados revelaram que a amostra tinha níveis elevados de satisfação sexual, identificando-se como correlatos desta o estatuto relacional, a frequência das relações sexuais, a busca de sensações sexuais e algumas classes comportamentais de habilidades sociais. Foram ainda verificadas várias diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o sexo feminino e o sexo masculino nas relações identificadas.
Os quatro estudos realizados afiguram-se como contributos relevantes no âmbito de uma melhor compreensão (e, em última análise, promoção) das habilidades sociais e da sexualidade, de um grupo crescente da população portuguesa: estudantes universitários.Sexuality is a fundamental component of the human being, experienced and expressed in a multiple of ways and influenced by a myriad of factors. Sexual satisfaction emerges as a significant component sexuality. The study of sexual satisfaction is hampered by theoretical and practical questions. In order to identify sexual and non-sexual correlates of sexual satisfaction, including social skills, four studies were developed. The first consisted of a narrative review of the literature on social skills; the second of a systematic review of studies on social skills assessment; the third on a theoretical approach to sexuality, from the perspective of sexual satisfaction; and the fourth in an empirical study aiming to characterize the sexual satisfaction of a sample of university students, analyzing its relationship with sexual and non-sexual variables and the differences between the sexes. Considering the conclusions of the first three studies, the fourth is a quantitative study, carried out with a sample of 200 university students from three institutions in the North of Portugal. They answered, in the classroom, to a Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire, the NSSS - New Sexual Satisfaction Scale, the SSSS - Sexual Sensations Seeking Scale and IHS - Social Skills Inventory (adapted to Portugal). The results showed that the sample had high levels of sexual satisfaction, which was related with relational status, sexual relations frequency, the sexual sensations seeking and some social skills behavioral classes. It was also possible to identify statistically significant differences between the women and men in the relations found. The four studies are relevant contributes in the context of a better understanding (and, ultimately, promotion) of social skills and sexuality, of a growing group of the Portuguese population: university students.
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Mathieu, Sophie. "Les mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets pathologiques cardiaques de l’angiotensine II dans le remodelage électrique et contractile entre les sexes." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14053.
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Fortin, Fléchère. "Évaluation de la cytogénotoxicité humaine induite par l’exposition à de faibles doses de benzo-a-pyrène, à l’aide de biomarqueurs précoces." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7067.
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Le benzo-a-pyrène (BaP) est un hydrocarbure aromatique polycyclique (HAP) cancérogène pour l’homme, qui contamine toutes les sphères de notre environnement. Son métabolite, le BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-époxyde (BPDE) est considéré comme son cancérogène ultime. Le BPDE se lie à l’ADN, formant des adduits qui doivent être réparés et qui seraient responsables des dommages à l’ADN et de la cancérogenèse induite par le BaP.
Les adduits BPDE-ADN et les dommages à l’ADN (bris simple-brin [BSB] à l’ADN, aberrations chromosomiques [AC], échanges entre chromatides-sœurs [ÉCS] et micronoyaux [MN]) ont été mesurés dans les lymphocytes humains exposés à de faibles concentrations de BaP, provenant de jeunes volontaires non-fumeurs et en santé. Suite à l’exposition au BaP, le niveau d’adduits BPDE-ADN et la fréquence des AC et des MN augmentent significativement, puis diminuent aux concentrations les plus élevées de BaP testées, suggérant une induction du métabolisme de phase II du BaP. Lors de la mesure des ÉCS, nous obtenons une courbe dose-réponse linéaire, indiquant la production d’un autre type de lésions devant être réparées par le système de réparation par recombinaison homologue. Ces lésions pourraient être des bris à l’ADN ou des bases oxydées (8-OH-dG), ce qui est suggéré par l’analyse des corrélations existant entre nos biomarqueurs.
Par ailleurs, la comparaison de la courbe dose-réponse des hommes et des femmes montre que des différences existent entre les sexes. Ainsi, les ÉCS, les AC et les MN sont significativement augmentés chez les hommes à la plus faible concentration de BaP, alors que chez les femmes cette augmentation, quoique présente, est non significative. Des différences interindividuelles sont également observées et sont plus importantes pour les adduits BPDE-ADN, les MN et les AC, alors que pour les ÉCS elles sont minimes. Les analyses statistiques effectuées ont permis d’établir que quatre facteurs (niveau d’exposition au BaP, adduits BPDE-ADN, fréquence des AC et nombre de MN par cellule micronucléée) expliquent jusqu’à 59 % de la variabilité observée dans le test des ÉCS, alors qu’aucun facteur significatif n’a pu être identifié dans le test des AC et des MN.
L’analyse du mécanisme de formation de nos biomarqueurs précoces permet de suggérer que les bris à l’ADN et les bases oxydées devraient être classées comme biomarqueurs de dose biologique efficace, au sein des biomarqueurs d’exposition, dans le continuum exposition-maladie du BaP, étant donné qu’ils causent la formation des biomarqueurs de génotoxicité (ÉCS, AC et MN). Par ailleurs, le test des AC et des MN ont permis de confirmer l’action clastogénique du BaP en plus de mettre en évidence des effets aneugènes affectant surtout la ségrégation des chromosomes lors de la division cellulaire. Ces effets aneugènes, reliés à l’étape de progression dans la cancérogenèse, pourraient être particulièrement importants puisque l’exposition au BaP et aux HAP est chronique et dure plusieurs années, voire des décennies. La compréhension des mécanismes régissant la formation des biomarqueurs étudiés dans cette étude, ainsi que des relations existant entre eux, peut être appliquée à de nombreux contaminants connus et émergents de notre environnement et contribuer à en évaluer le mode d’action.Benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) classified as carcinogenic to human, and is present throughout our environment. Metabolic activation of BaP leads to production of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), considered as its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite. BPDE can bind to DNA, forming BPDE-DNA adducts at the origin of BaP-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis. BPDE-DNA adducts and DNA damages (DNA single-strand breaks [SSBs], chromosomal aberrations [CAs], sister chromatid exchanges [SCEs] and micronuclei [MNs]) are measured in human lymphocytes exposed to low BaP concentrations, taken from non-smoking healthy young subjects. Following BaP exposure, BPDE-DNA adduct levels, as well as CA and MN frequencies raise significantly, and then decrease to the higher BaP concentrations tested, suggesting metabolic enzyme saturation or induction of BaP phase II metabolism. As for SCEs test, a linear dose response curve is obtained, suggesting that production of additional DNA lesions requiring homologous recombination repair may occur. These lesions could be DNA breaks or oxidized DNA bases (8-OH-dG), as indicated by correlation analysis performed between our biomarkers. Additionally, when comparing the dose-response curves for men and women separately, some differences show up. Indeed, SCEs, CAs, and MNs are significantly increased in men at the lowest BaP concentration tested, while in women, this increase is present but not significant. Interindividual differences are also present and are more considerable for BPDE-DNA adducts, MNs and CAs, whereas they are very low for SCEs. Statistical analysis showed that four factors (BaP exposure level, BPDE-DNA adducts, CA frequency and number of MN per micronucleated cell) significantly explained up to 59 % of observed variability in SCE test, while no such factors could explain the observed variability in CA and MN test. Following analysis of mechanisms underlying the formation of early biomarkers, we suggest a modification of the Exposure-Disease Continuum of BaP. We propose that DNA breaks and oxidized DNA bases should be classified as biomarkers of biologically effective dose (part of the exposure biomarkers), as their presence are at origin of early biomarkers of genotoxicity (SCEs, CAs and MNs). On the other hand, CA and MN tests confirmed clastogenic properties of BaP, and highlighted aneugenic effects influencing mostly chromosome segregation during cell division. These aneugenic effects, linked to the progression step of carcinogenesis, could be of particular importance given that exposure to BaP and other PAHs (smoking, occupational exposure) are chronic and may last for decades. Understanding the mechanisms playing a role in early biomarkers formation, as well as the relations existing between them, can be largely applied in our environment to many known and emerging contaminants, thus contributing to characterize their mode of action.
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Navarri, Xavier. "Associations entre les consommations d’alcool et de cannabis et les variations volumétriques chez l'adulte et lors de l’adolescence, et évaluation des différences sexuelles potentielles." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25667.
Full textAbstract:
Objectifs : Les différences structurelles associées aux troubles d’usage d’alcool (TUA) et de cannabis (TUC) sont inconsistantes dans la littérature, et les chercheurs ont du mal à cerner si des différences entre les sexes (DS) structurelles observées chez des patients TUA et TUC existent. De plus, le lien longitudinal entre la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis durant l’adolescence et le développement cérébral est indéterminé. Le premier objectif est de caractériser les différences structurelles entre les patients TUA ou TUC et leurs témoins et de comparer ces différences cas-témoins à celles observées dans d’autres troubles psychiatriques. Le deuxième objectif est d’évaluer les DS structurelles chez les patients TUA et TUC par rapport à leurs témoins. Le troisième objectif est d’évaluer la relation entre la consommation d’alcool et de cannabis et le développement cérébral durant l’adolescence sur une période de cinq ans. Méthodes : Des méta-analyses sur des larges échantillons de TUA (k = 7, N = 798) et de TUC (k = 7, N = 447) ont été réalisées à partir de la base de données sur des adultes et des adolescents du groupe de travail ENIGMA-Addiction pour a) comparer les différences structurelles observées entre les cas et témoins dans les TUA et TUC à celles observées dans d’autres conditions psychiatriques et b) évaluer les DS structurelles dans les TUA et TUC en évaluant des termes d’interaction et en stratifiant les analyses par sexe. La base de données Neuroventure (N = 130), une cohorte d’adolescents âgés de 13 ans et suivis sur une période de cinq ans, a été utilisée afin d’évaluer comment la beuverie et le cannabis sont associés à des DS structurelles chez l’adolescent. Les résultats sur ces deux bases de données ne sont pas directement comparés puisqu’elles ne se concentrent pas sur la même population. Résultats : Des réductions volumétriques observées dans les TUA et TUC sont semblables à celles des autres conditions psychiatriques comparées. Des réductions volumétriques spécifiques à l’un des deux sexes et communes aux deux sexes ont également été observées pour les TUA et TUC. Finalement, des variations volumétriques sous-corticales et d’épaisseurs corticales ont été associées spécifiquement à la consommation simultanée et décalée d’alcool et de cannabis. Conclusions : Bien qu’aucune direction causale n’a pu être déterminée dans ces trois articles, ces résultats contribuent au développement des connaissances sur les DS structurelles et les mécanismes neurobiologiques impliquées dans les dépendances chez l’adulte et les effets de l’alcool et le cannabis sur le développement adolescent, notamment dans l’hippocampe. Les DS structurelles observées sont importantes afin d’éviter de généraliser les différences structurelles observées entre les cas et témoins associées à la consommation de substance aux deux sexes.Objectives: Structural differences associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and cannabis use disorders (CUD) are inconsistent in the literature, and researchers have difficulty identifying whether structural sex differences (SDs) observed in AUD and CUD patients occur. In addition, the longitudinal relationship between alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence and brain development is unclear. The first objective is to characterize the structural differences between AUD or CUD patients and their controls and to compare these case-control differences with those observed in other psychiatric disorders. The second objective is to assess the structural SDs in AUD and CUD patients compared to their controls. The third objective is to assess the relationship between alcohol and cannabis use and brain development during adolescence over a five-year period. Methods: Meta-analyses were performed on large samples for alcohol (k = 7, N = 798) and cannabis (k = 7, N = 447) use disorders based on the ENIGMA-Addiction working group dataset that includes adolescents and adults to a) compare structural differences in AUD and CUD patients compared to controls to those reported in other psychiatric conditions, and b) evaluate SSD in AUD and CUD by evaluating interaction terms and by performing sex-stratified analyses. The Neuroventure dataset (N = 130), a cohort of 13 year-old adolescents followed one a five-year period, was used to evaluate how adolescent binge-drinking and cannabis use were associated with SSD in brain structures and cognitive performance. The results on these two datasets are not directly compared since they do not focus on the same population of interest. Results: Reduced volumes were observed in AUD and CUD with effect sizes in general similar to those reported in the other compared psychiatric disorders. Male- and female-specific and non-sex specific case-control differences were also observed in AUD and CUD. Finally, reduced subcortical volumes and cortical thickness were associated with drug- and sex-specific parameters through adolescence. Conclusion: Although no causal direction was evaluated in the three articles, these results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of alcohol and cannabis misuse on the SSD occurring in the adult and adolescent brain, notably in the hippocampus. The observed sex differences are important to avoid generalizing the substance use-related structural abnormalities to both sexes.
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Morin-Major, Julie-Katia. "Association entre l'utilisation de Facebook et les marqueurs de stress psychologiques et physiologiques chez les adolescents." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13452.
Full textAbstract:
La création de Facebook est venue changer la façon dont les gens interagissent, mais nous en savons peu sur les impacts de Facebook sur la santé et le bien-être. À l’heure actuelle, environ 90 % des adolescents sont actifs sur Facebook et la majorité l’utilise tous les jours. Sachant que l’adolescence est une période critique du développement et que lors de cette période les adolescents sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets du stress, il importe de comprendre les facteurs pouvant entrainer une augmentation des hormones de stress chez les adolescents. Le but du présent mémoire était donc d’étudier la relation entre l’utilisation de Facebook chez les adolescents et des marqueurs de stress psychologique et physiologique. Pour ce faire, nous avons mesuré les hormones de stress chez 88 adolescents (41 garçons, 47 filles) âgés entre 12 et 17 ans. Les adolescents devaient remplir le ‘Social Network Survey’, un questionnaire mesurant différents facteurs associés à l’utilisation de Facebook et le ‘Child Depression Inventory’, qui mesure les symptômes de dépression. Les résultats suggèrent que ce n’est pas le temps passé sur Facebook qui est en lien avec le stress psychologique et physiologique, mais plutôt la nature de l’utilisation de Facebook. Pour les filles, c’est le nombre d’amis sur Facebook qui est relié à des hauts niveaux de cortisol, tandis que pour les garçons c’est le fait de s’exposer sur Facebook. Cette étude est la première à démontrer une association entre la nature de l’utilisation de Facebook et les niveaux d’hormones de stress chez des adolescents.The creation of Facebook can change the way people interact, but we know little about the impact of Facebook on health and well-being. As of today, 90 % of adolescents are active on Facebook and most of them connect everyday. Adolescence is a critical period in childrens’ development and during this period they are particularly vulnerable to stress hormones. It is therefore important to understand factors that may cause an increase in stress hormones in adolescents. The goal of this Masters thesis was to determine the relation between Facebook utilization in adolescents and psychological and physiological markers of stress. In order to do so, we measured stress hormones in 88 adolescents (41 boys, 47 girls) aged between 12 and 17 years old. Adolescents where asked to fill out the Social Network Survey, a questionnaire measuring different factors related to Facebook utilization and the Child depression Inventory, measuring symptoms of depression. Results suggest that it is not the time spent on Facebook that is related to psychological and physiological stress but the nature of Facebook utilization. For adolescent girls, it is the number of Facebook friends that is associated with high levels of cortisol, whereas in adolescent boys it is the fact of exposing one-self on Facebook that is associated with high levels of cortisol. This study is the first to show an association between Facebook utilization and stress hormones in adolescents.
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Ferrarotto, Felicia. "Signaling potential gender effect in a spontaneous reporting system : cardiac effects associated with the use of antibiotics." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8079.
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