Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Différences interindividuelles'
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Betancur, Catalina. "La latéralisation cérébrale comme source de différences interindividuelles dans la réponse immunitaire." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR22006.
Full textBigouret, Armelle. "Caractérisation des différences interindividuelles de jugement thermosensoriel à partir de mesures biophysiques cutanées." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823313.
Full textPallier, Patrick. "Différences interindividuelles dans les réponses d'adaptation chez le rat : étude des bases neurobiologiques." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28332.
Full textCoune, Fabien. "Vulnérabilité à la sensibilisation comportementale : quel lien avec la propension à consommer de l'alcool?" Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0018/document.
Full textBehavioral sensitization to alcohol’s locomotor activating effects plays an important role in escalation of alcohol consumption and vulnerability to relapse after a period of abstinence. However, its involvement in the development of addiction and the compulsive use and loss of control over drug-taking behavior has not been clearly demonstrated. For this reason, the principal objective of this thesis is to study the role of behavioral sensitization in different animal models of alcohol self-administration. Firstly, we have shown that there exists a vulnerable phenotype that emerges after repeated alcohol injections in some mice (sensitized) but not in others (resistant). Secondly, when using a two-bottle-choice drinking protocol, we found that resistant mice not only drink more alcohol than sensitized mice, but also that their motivation for alcohol is modified by alcohol taste adulteration, showing the lack of a compulsive alcohol drinking pattern. Finally, when using an operant self-administration procedure,we found that besides exhibiting a faster acquisition in learning the operant task, sensitized mice also have an increased motivation to work for alcohol. Our findings are of considerable importance, since we are the first ones to demonstrate the impact of alcohol behavioral sensitization in the motivation to self-administer alcohol
Remy, Ludovic. "Etude des stratégies de résolution d'une épreuve d'intelligence générale : variabilité intra-individuelle et différences interindividuelles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10088.
Full textFerdenzi, Camille. "VARIATIONS INTERINDIVIDUELLES DES COMPORTEMENTS OLFACTIFS CHEZ LES ENFANTS DE 6-12 ANS." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162889.
Full textcontexte socioculturel semblent jouer un rôle dans l'établissement de ces différences. (3) Par ailleurs, certains traits de personnalité (évalués par les parents) sont liés à l'évaluation hédonique des odeurs par les enfants (plus positive chez les extravertis, plus négative chez les névrotiques et les néophobes alimentaires) et à la sensibilité olfactive (les extravertis sont moins sensibles). (4) Enfin, certains paramètres environnementaux, comme la diversité d'odeurs dans le cadre domestique, le sex-ratio familial, le niveau d'éducation et l'origine ethnique des parents, sont associés à des variations d'attention et de réactivité aux odeurs, 'identification et de sensibilité olfactives. Dans l'ensemble, cette étude contribue à montrer que, malgré sa réputation de microsmate, l'homme utilise les informations olfactives de son environnement et que cette utilisation est modulée de façon précoce par des facteurs individuels et environnementaux.
Petiot, Jean-Claude. "Réponses cardiovasculaires au bruit chez l'homme : étude expérimentale des différences interindividuelles et de l'adaptation aux expositions répétées." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS016.
Full textRivalan, Marion. "Modélisation de la prise de décision adaptée et inadaptée chez le rat et caractérisation psychobiologique des différences inter-individuelles." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21690/document.
Full textDecision-making is a crucial adaptive process. Making a decision depends on executive, motivational, and affective capacities that rely on the integrity of several frontal-subcortical circuits, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Poor decision-making is a characteristic of many psychiatric disorders and some neuropsychopathologies. A major goal of behavioural neuroscience is to determine the behavioural traits, cognitive functions and neurobiological substrates involved in this complex process of choice under normal and dysfunctional conditions Based on the principle of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in humans, we have developed a decision-making task in rats that assesses their ability to choose under conditions of uncertainty between several conflicting options that differ with respect to long term gain. In this task, conditions of the test can be easily modified to increase or decrease the task difficulty. Furthermore, a single test session allows observation of the evolution of the decision-making process across time. Using this task we highlighted individual differences by detecting good and poor decision-makers. We found that a combination of behavioural characteristics related to different psychopathologies in humans were specifically associated with poor decision-making in rats. Rat poor decision-makers displayed less behavioural flexibility, greater motor impulsivity and increased risk-taking behaviour that was associated with a greater sensitivity to reward. Moreover, our results reveal that rats solve our decision-making task by differentially recruiting prefrontal cortical areas according to pre-existing behavioural traits. Finally, our model presents a unique opportunity to study the behavioural characteristics and neurobiological substrates of decision-making under pathological and non pathological conditions. Using this technique, it will be possible to investigate if the combination of behavioural traits identified in the poor decision-making rat is also observed clinically and if these traits are predictive of the development of psychopathology
Dujardin, Emilie. "Rôle des différences interindividuelles dans la reconnaissance visuelle des mots : effets de voisinage orthographique par suppression d’une lettre et de confusabilité d’une lettre substituée." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0065.
Full textWord recognition, according to the adult readers’ lexical skill differences (reading, spelling and vocabulary levels). To do so, we tested the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect by deletion and substitution of a letter in lexical decision (Exp.1, 4), progressive demasking (Exp 2, 5), denomination (Exp. 3, 6), and color categorization tasks (Exp.7). Response times were longer and the error rates were higher for words with at least one higher frequency neighbor than for words without such a neighbor, which can be explained in terms of lexical competition. In addition, the lexical competition of the higher-frequency deletion neighbor seems more important for individuals with high lexical skills than for those with low lexical skills (Exp 1, 3), the latter showing difficulties in inhibiting the competitor. Furthermore, individuals with low lexical skills were slower and less accurate than those with high lexical skills (Exp 1-7). Data from the categorization task (Exp. 7) suggest difficulties in setting up inhibition for these individuals. Finally, we have shown that the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect was influenced by the confusability of the substituted letter, differing according to the lexical skills of the individuals (Exp 4-6). In the theoretical framework of activation-interactive and spatial coding, the data highlight the importance of readers’ differences in lexical skills for the diffusion of lexical activation and inhibition in visual word recognition
Demulier, Virginie. "Les determinants psychologiques de la planification des transitions psychosociales : vers une approche dispositionnelle." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA113001.
Full textPost-transitional adaptation depends on transition planning. However, many people do not plan ahead, exposing themselves to psychological distress following the transition. Thus, this doctoral project thus focuses on mechanisms underlying transition planning and attempts to explain individual differences in terms of planning. More precisely, we support the thesis that dispositional variables determine the processes that explain transition planning. Although personality traits are linked to reactions and adaptation to transition, research evaluating the role of personality in transition planning is lacking. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), Beehr’model (1986), the Social Cognitive Career Theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) and the Five Factor Model (Digman, 1990), this doctoral project aims to identify personality factors explaining psychosocial transition planning. It demonstrates that sociocognitive variables contribute to retirement planning from elite sport (study 1). Personality traits influence the planned retirement age from work (study 2). In addition, conscientiousness contributes to career planning among elite athletes through career goals and self-efficacy (study 3). Finally, personality traits predict career planning amongst students (study 4). Overall, this project contributes to highlighting personality traits as determinants of sociocognitive mechanisms of transition planning and further provides a better understanding of processes underlying individual differences in psychosocial transition planning. Finally this doctoral project demonstrates the need to individualize support to better assist individuals in transition preparation
Smolik, Henri-Jacques. "Effets de bruits à caractère impulsionnel sur la fonction cardiovasculaire et sur les potentiels évoqués auditifs précoces chez l'homme : différences interindividuelles liées a l'âge, au sexe et a la personnalité." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS026.
Full textBonnefond, Mathilde. "Caractérisation des étapes de traitement élémentaire du raisonnement conditionnel à l’aide de l’EEG et de la MEG : effet de l’incertitude du conditionnel et des différences interindividuelles." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20101/document.
Full textThe conditional reasoning, based on statements of the form If P then Q, is one which has received the most attention from psychologists. The main arguments of conditional reasoning, as the Modus Ponens (MP), consist of three elements: the major premise (If P then Q), the minor premise (P) and conclusion (Q). These elements constitute three separate processing steps. However, the temporal dimension of reasoning has been partly neglected in the literature. The central objective of this thesis was to explore the temporal dimension by using an innovative approach combining the use of the measurement of premises reading time and of the electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography ( MEG). We set three objectives: 1) Determine the sequence of processing steps of the basic argument MP 2) Determine how the uncertainty of a conditional theme is taken into account, 3) Highlight the interindividual differences in treatment a conditional statement, or basic theme by introducing the study of the AC argument, which allows to separate two populations: individuals who accept the conclusion of AC and individuals who reject it. The data reveals that all individuals have a tendency to focus more on P and Q in the processing of the conditional, with varying degrees in different individuals. When the premise P (or Q for participants that accept AC) is presented, it is integrated with the major premise to generate a conclusion Q encoded and stored in working memory before being compared with the conclusions presented. When the conditional is uncertain (Thematic conditional), this uncertainty about the sufficiency of P for Q (or Q for P) seems to be taken into account by the subjects at the major premise and is manifested by an less pronounced expectation of Q conclusion when the premise P has been presented
Briec, Julie. "Implant cochléaire et dévelppement du langage chez les jeunes enfants sourds profonds." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00775862.
Full textGiraud, Tom. "Full Body Interaction : Toward an integration of Individual Differences." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112044/document.
Full textIn human computer interaction, virtual humans are now established as a specific object of research. They build on human to human interaction routines to serve various application goals. Although Virtual Humans (VH) have bodies, current researches suffer from two major limitations which impair the experienced credibility: modeled bodily behaviors lack of social interactivity and do not account for individual differences. Recent developments in human sciences call for a more integrative approach with at its heart the constitutive role of social interaction. Of particular importance is the central and interdisciplinary position of virtual humans in this new research agenda: they are both a way to better investigate the various socially interactive phenomena (VH as experimental tools) and potential solutions for societal challenges (VH as applications). The main goal of this PhD thesis is to contribute to both computer and human sciences by studying together bodily interaction and individual differences. Central to this study is the long term objective to develop interactive virtual humans at the interface of these domains, with the idea that requirements from both fields would constrain positively future propositions. To limit the scope of the thesis, we focused on body movements (not considering static bodily aspects or other modalities), low level coupling mechanisms and the moderating role of individual differences with the aim to propose proof of concept of virtual human prototypes (rather than complete functional software) embedding full body dyadic interaction models. Our research methodology can be summarized in four main steps. First, models and hypotheses linking social interaction processes and individual differences emerged from a review of the literature in both computer and human sciences. As the identified relevant individual differences appeared barely theoretically associated, our second step aimed at investigating their interrelatedness in a large scale study. Thirdly, bodily interactions were analyzed in two case studies which present application and experimental interests. In both cases, corpuses were collected with full body interacting dyads and individual differences measured. The final phase was to develop virtual human prototypes inspired by previous analyses and based on the collected data. The proposed general model of individual differences was shown to be consistent with real word data (collected by self-report questionnaires): dispositions in pro-social orientations, empathy and emotion regulation were closely related. The two case studies partially confirmed our initial hypotheses: various individual differences modulated the bodily interactive processes. These studies enabled the definition of parsimonious virtual human interactive models. The main critical contribution of the two case studies to the proposed model of individual differences is the clear necessity to take into consideration the task context before drawing any hypotheses. Future directions of research are proposed including an integration of individual differences identified in case studies
Thomassin, Noemylle. "La relation entre mémoire de travail et cognition de haut niveau : une approche par les stratégies." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS028/document.
Full textThe relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and high-level cognition has been extensively documented. Since efficient strategy use plays an important role in the performance of both working memory and high-level cognitive tasks, it could be the case that strategies mediate the WM-high-level cognition relationship. Importantly, it has been observed that the use of efficient strategies in high-level cognitive tasks is related to individual differences in WMC. The goal of this research work was to investigate this association between WMC and the use of efficient strategies in more detail. Firstly, we formalized a paradigm termed the Hard Fall Effect (HFE), defined as a larger decrease of performance in dual task conditions for high WMC individuals. The underlying interpretation of this effect is that these individuals use efficient strategies under simple task conditions to improve their performance, and these strategies are disrupted by dual tasking. The present work evidenced the HFE in a visuospatial memory task, and attributed the effect to the higher tendency of high WMC individuals to use efficient encoding strategies in complex memory tasks. Secondly, we provided evidence that efficient strategy use in high-level cognitive tasks partly mediates the WMC-high-level cognition relationship. More precisely, when statistically controlling the use of efficient strategies in Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, the WMC-fluid intelligence relationship was significantly reduced. Overall, these two results provide evidence that the use of efficient strategies in high-level cognitive tasks is involved in the WMC-high-level cognition relationship
Kherif, Ferath. "Applications de modèles statistiques multivariés à la résolution de problèmes posés par les données d' imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066598.
Full textPeronny, Sylvie. "La perception gustative et la consommation des tannins chez le maki (Lemur catta)." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125461.
Full textL'étude de lémurs catta captifs, confrontés à des plantes de climat tempéré riches en tannins (chênes, saules, ronces) montre qu'ils consomment spontanément des tannins dont le goût est perçu comme répulsif (dès 0,1 g/L pour l'acide tannique, seuil déterminé par le « two-bottle test »). Les quantités de tannins consommés et la concentration en tannins du régime varient en fonction des saisons alors que la perception du goût de l'acide tannique ne varie pas. Par contre, les différences individuelles de consommation de tannins sont expliquées par les différences de perception gustative : les animaux les plus sensibles aux tannins en sont les plus gros consommateurs.
La consommation de terre observée quasi-quotidiennement (principalement le matin, souvent à jeun) est corrélée avec celle de plantes à tannins, la géophagie serait alors un moyen de protection utilisé par les lémurs catta, les argiles ayant la capacité d'adsorber les tannins. Les tannins condensés consommés pourraient jouer un rôle dans la diminution avec le temps du parasitisme des individus. La semi-liberté associée à un accès à des plantes variées apporte de nombreux avantages aux lémuriens captifs car elle leur permet de diversifier leur alimentation et d'avoir accès à certaines activités pratiquées par les lémuriens sauvages.
Nys, Marion. "Développement des représentations spatiales d'itinéraires virtuels : composantes cognitives et langagières." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05H104/document.
Full textAlthough many studies have investigated spatial representation in young adults, little is still known about the processes underlying how they construct spatial models, the nature of these models, and how they develop in children. The originality of this thesis is two-fold: it studies both cognitive and linguistic processes involved in how children (5 to 11 years) and adults construct representation of virtual routes; it also examines individual differences in these processes. The first part of this thesis begins with a chapter that presents the main concepts underlying spatial cognition, as well as some experimental evidence concerning adults' spatial knowledge and the development of this knowledge during childhood. A second chapter then focuses on the role of language and a third one on the role of working memory in the construction of spatial representations. In order to understand how children construct spatial representation during development, a second part of the thesis presents three experiments investigating the development of landmark and route knowledge. The first two studies show developments in the quality and quantity of knowledge concerning both landmarks (i.e. specific entities encountered along the route) and the route (i.e. the sequential order of actions and landmarks). They also provide evidence supporting the specific role of landmarks associated with changes of direction ("decisional" landmarks) in children and adults. Developmental changes in spatial knowledge were assessed by both verbal and non-verbal measures, suggesting the existence of a unique representation or of two representations that are strongly related. The relation between verbal and non-verbal information in participants' representations is evidenced by their bias toward choosing a related landmark of the same semantic category, regardless of its visual characteristics. Nevertheless, analyses show that visuo-spatial abilities such as the perception of directions, but not verbal abilities, play a main role in accounting for individual differences. The third study, investigates verbal and visuo-spatial components of working memory, using a dual task paradigm in which participants performed a verbal or spatial interference task while memorizing routes. The results support the idea that representing itineraries mostly involves a spatial mode of encoding in children and a more verbal or mixed encoding in adults. To conclude, this thesis shows a development in children's capacity to build spatial representations of virtual routes. Although their representation seems to integrate both verbal and non-verbal components, non-verbal abilities appear to be most essential for children. The last part of the thesis discusses the implications of our results for our understanding of the development of spatial cognition in children, as well as future perspectives and conclusions
Quaranta, Sylvie. "Evaluation du polymorphisme génétique du CYP3A5 [Cytochrome P450 3A5] dans des populations d'origines ethniques différentes : influence de ce polymorphisme dans la variabilité interindividuelle de la pharmacocinétique des immunosuppresseurs." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22964.
Full textMany environmental and genetic factors are involved in drug response. The recent advance of pharmacogenetics leaves hope for optimisation of drug use through the individual profile. The common polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes are often major determinants of interindividual differences in drug response. In a first time, a PCR-SSCP strategy was developed and applied to CYP3A5 gene. Eighteen polymorphisms were identified, including four new mutations. In this study, we identified 70% of CYP3A5 nonexpressors (CYP3A5*3/*3 or *3/*6) who are poor metabolizers and do not express the CYP3A5 protein. Thus, the polymorphic character of this gene was confirmed. In addition, the interethnic variability of this polymorphism was apprehended with the study of French, Gabonese and Tunisian populations. The aim of the second part of our research was to study if the pharmacokinetic variability of immunosuppressors could be partly related to a genetic origin. We studied the influence of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on the complete pharmacokinetic profile of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. The results show that no significant relation could be highlighted between CYP3A5*3 genotype and pharmacokinetic parameters of CsA. In the aim to evaluate the influence of CYP3A5 genotypes on CsA metabolic profile, we developed a HPLC-MS/MS method. This method allows us to confirm that there is no relation between the CYP3A5 genetic variations and CsA biotransformation. In contrast, the results concerning the tacrolimus show a pharmacogenetic/pharmacokinetic relation. Our results confirm that the impact of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on the pharmacokinetic of immunosuppressors is dependent on the substrate (CsA or tacrolimus). For cyclosporine, the lack of pharmacogenetic/pharmacokinetic relation is explained by a minor CYP3A5 implication in its in vivo metabolism
Rosa, Patricia. "Variations interindividuelles dans l’utilisation d’information publique et le niveau d’impulsivité : expériences chez le diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata)." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6252.
Full textThere is increasing evidence that animals differ consistently in their tendency to weight social and personal information and these inter-individual differences have been found to correlate with personality traits, such as boldness or exploratory tendency. One reason that could explain the relationship between personality and social information use is that cognitive capacities of individuals affect both their personality and their ability to acquire reliable personal information. Our study aimed to determine if female zebra finches that relied on social information in a mating and a foraging context also demonstrated a low level of self-control, used as a measure of their ability to discriminate accurately among alternatives. Supporting our expectations, we found that the most impulsive females consistently relied on social information to a greater extent than those that demonstrated higher levels of self control. Thus, our findings strongly suggest that individual differences in cognitive abilities have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of animal personalities.
Fortin, Fléchère. "Évaluation de la cytogénotoxicité humaine induite par l’exposition à de faibles doses de benzo-a-pyrène, à l’aide de biomarqueurs précoces." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7067.
Full textBenzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) classified as carcinogenic to human, and is present throughout our environment. Metabolic activation of BaP leads to production of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), considered as its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite. BPDE can bind to DNA, forming BPDE-DNA adducts at the origin of BaP-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis. BPDE-DNA adducts and DNA damages (DNA single-strand breaks [SSBs], chromosomal aberrations [CAs], sister chromatid exchanges [SCEs] and micronuclei [MNs]) are measured in human lymphocytes exposed to low BaP concentrations, taken from non-smoking healthy young subjects. Following BaP exposure, BPDE-DNA adduct levels, as well as CA and MN frequencies raise significantly, and then decrease to the higher BaP concentrations tested, suggesting metabolic enzyme saturation or induction of BaP phase II metabolism. As for SCEs test, a linear dose response curve is obtained, suggesting that production of additional DNA lesions requiring homologous recombination repair may occur. These lesions could be DNA breaks or oxidized DNA bases (8-OH-dG), as indicated by correlation analysis performed between our biomarkers. Additionally, when comparing the dose-response curves for men and women separately, some differences show up. Indeed, SCEs, CAs, and MNs are significantly increased in men at the lowest BaP concentration tested, while in women, this increase is present but not significant. Interindividual differences are also present and are more considerable for BPDE-DNA adducts, MNs and CAs, whereas they are very low for SCEs. Statistical analysis showed that four factors (BaP exposure level, BPDE-DNA adducts, CA frequency and number of MN per micronucleated cell) significantly explained up to 59 % of observed variability in SCE test, while no such factors could explain the observed variability in CA and MN test. Following analysis of mechanisms underlying the formation of early biomarkers, we suggest a modification of the Exposure-Disease Continuum of BaP. We propose that DNA breaks and oxidized DNA bases should be classified as biomarkers of biologically effective dose (part of the exposure biomarkers), as their presence are at origin of early biomarkers of genotoxicity (SCEs, CAs and MNs). On the other hand, CA and MN tests confirmed clastogenic properties of BaP, and highlighted aneugenic effects influencing mostly chromosome segregation during cell division. These aneugenic effects, linked to the progression step of carcinogenesis, could be of particular importance given that exposure to BaP and other PAHs (smoking, occupational exposure) are chronic and may last for decades. Understanding the mechanisms playing a role in early biomarkers formation, as well as the relations existing between them, can be largely applied in our environment to many known and emerging contaminants, thus contributing to characterize their mode of action.
Pham, Thi Cam Van. "Évaluation de la fréquence des micronoyaux et du potentiel clastogène et/ou aneugène du benzo-a-pyrène suite à une exposition in vitro des lymphocytes humains." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6209.
Full textBenzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is a known human carcinogen, contaminating all spheres of our environment. In human cells, BaP can induce various genotoxic effects on DNA, such as micronuclei (MNs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). MNs and CAs are measured in human lymphocytes in vitro exposed to low BaP concentrations, taken from 20 young healthy non-smoking subjects. Following BaP exposure, MN frequency increases significantly and shows a non-linear dose-response curve, suggesting the induction of detoxification process and/or DNA repair. Also, interindividual and sex differences in BaP-induced genotoxic damages are present. CA test shows that chromosome breaks increase significantly in cells exposed to BaP even at low concentrations. Combined to the observed MN frequency increase, our results confirm the clastogenic properties of BaP, as already reported in literature. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on MN using a pancentromeric probe is done to assess MN content. FISH reveals that most BaP-induced MNs contain centromeres, and specifically three or more centromeres. This difference is significant when compared to the unexposed condition, and suggest presence of an aneugenic effect. Clastogenic effect of BaP is associated with initiation step of carcinogenesis, while the aneugenic effect would link it with cancer progression. These results could be particularly important because exposure to BaP and other member of its chemical class usually last for decades (smoking, air pollution, etc.), and need to be confirm in future studies.