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Moreira, Ilídio Ximenes, Aloysius M. Kopong, and Vinsensia H. B. Hayon. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN KIMIA EKSTRAK BIJI MAHONI DENGAN PELARUT KLOROFORM DAN METANOL." EDUSAINTEK: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains dan Teknologi 11, no. 3 (2024): 1378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47668/edusaintek.v11i3.1254.
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Mahogany is a plant that grows freely in forests, gardens, and various areas and as a plant that has the benefits and economic value. However, now mahogany has been cultivated and is known as a traditional medicinal plant for humans and animals. The objective of this research is to identify the chemical compounds contained in the mahogany seed extract with methanol and chloroform solvents. The research used mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. After that, was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS instrument. The results of the TLC test when used the methanol solvent with eluent chloroform: ethyl acetate: n-hexane as 4 points, an Rf value are 0.2237; 0.3818; 0.4727; and 0.6363. The eluent of chloroform solvent is n-Hexane: ethyl acetate as 5 points, Rf value are 0.1145; 0.2581; 0.3709; 0.5855; and 0.6709. Then, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seed extract from each solvent contained 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Therefore, it was analyzed with the GC-MS instrument, revealing that the mahogany seeds extract as 26 peaks for the methanol solvent and 16 peaks for the chloroform solvent. Thus, can be concluded that the mahogany seeds extracts with methanol and chloroform solvents have the same and also different contents and compound groups, depending on the polarity of the groups and/or compounds contained in mahogany seeds towards methanol and chloroform solvents. Therefore, concluding that the seeds extract with methanol and chloroform solvents contain the same compounds and different compounds depends on the polarity of the groups/or substance in the mahogany seeds with methanol and chloroform solvent. That’s way, we would like suggest to the future researchers be able to isolate the chemical content of the mahogany seeds and test their toxicity.
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Mr., Vijay P. Chaudhari, Disha Chauhan Mrs., Rajesh Mujariya Dr., and Manjeet Singh Dr. "Studies Phytochemical Screening of Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIO-MEDICAL SCIENCE 04, no. 05 (2024): 443–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11207092.
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The leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn, a member of the Verbinaceae family, contain compounds with biological activity. The current study set out to evaluate various extraction techniques in order to find the optimal ones for extracting flavonoid components from various solvents. Four different solvents were used to extract the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. To determine the percentage (%) yield of each extract, plant material was extracted using a variety of organic solvents in ascending order of polarity, including Petroleum ether (60–80°), Chloroform, Acetone, and Methanol. Each extract was subjected to a thin layer chromatography analysis to determine the amount of components it contained. Using various extraction techniques and (80%) ethanol, N.R. Fransworth extracted a flavonoid-rich fraction for comparative analysis
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Chaudhary, Priya, Nidhi Varshney, Devendra Singh, and Pracheta Janmeda. "Analysis of pharmacognostical standardization, antioxidant capacity and separation of phytocompounds from five different vegetable peels using different solvents." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 3 (2022): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.15102433.
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Vegetables are one of the most preferred food commodities and can be consumed either raw or as processed due to their health-promoting nutrients. In the present work, analysis of pharmacognostical standards, antioxidant capacity, and separation of phytocompounds through thin layer chromatography (TLC) from cabbage, cauliflower, pea, carrot, and potato peels were carried out. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of wood fibers, trichomes, crystals, and annular xylem vessels in the vegetable peels. Physicochemical analysis showed that all the vegetable peel samples which were analysed have low (7.08%-10%) moisture content. The total ash content of vegetable peels varied in cauliflower peels (1.95±0.58) to the peels of pea (19.86±1.9). The content of acid insoluble ash varied from 1.46±0.63 to 3.09±0.59 in cauliflower and pea. Potato peel has the lowest water-soluble ash content (1.16±1.90) as compared to other peels. The highest pH value was found in the peels of pea (7), while the lowest pH was found in the peels of cabbage (4). Among all extracts, the petroleum ether extract has shown the greatest yield (5.6±0.45). The fluorescence analysis showed various colours like green, brown, pale green, and yellow under different chemical treatments. Different types of pri-secondary metabolites were detected in small, moderate, and high amounts and notified to provide numerous health benefits to humans. In case of DPPH assay, aqueous extract of cauliflower has shown the low value of IC50 (24.82 µg/ml) in comparison to standard, suggested the higher antioxidant activity of the extract. Among all the extracts, aqueous and methanol extracts of cauliflower have shown the better reducing and total antioxidant activity in comparison to standard. TLC profiling of methanolic extract of cabbage and cauliflower peels revealed the presence of different compounds of varying Rf values. Above results indicate that the food waste consists of valuable components and may be utilized as noticeable and cheap source in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of several life-threatening diseases.
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Al-Mohammadi, Suha H., and Enas J. Khadeem. "Identification Of Silymarin In Echinopus tenuisectus Family Compositae." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 1, no. 1 (2007): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2007.1.1.12.
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This study emphasized on the detection and identification of silymarin (Silybinin) Flavonoid in a newly studied, wild Iraqi plant, named Echinopus tenuisectus of Compositae family. The medicinal importance of silymarin on the one hand, and the absence of any phytochemical investigation on tenuisectus specie of Echinopus genus on the other hand, acquired this study its importance. Silymarin was identified in the plant extract of both, the aerial part’s and the seed’s extracts, by two chromatographic methods, first Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using TLC ready made Gf254 plates, UV detector at 254 nm, and three different solvent systems in which the Rf value of the standard silymarin matched with the Rf value of the plant extract silymarin. HPLC was the other chromatographic method that proved the presence of silymarin in the plant extract by identical retention times. The result indicated that the silymarin content in the seed extract was higher than that in the plant extract of the aerial parts.
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KHADEEM, ENAS JAWAD. "IDENTIFICATION OF QUERCETIN IN Echinops tenuisectus Family Compositae." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 1 (2007): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v4i1.381.
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This study is emphasized on the detection and identification of Quercetin Flavonoid in a newly studied, wild Iraqi plant, named Echinops tenuisectus of Compositae family. The medicinal importance of Quercetin on one hand, and the absence of any phytochemical investigation on tenuisectus specie of Echinops genus on the other hand, acquired this s importance. יstudy it Quercetin was identified in the plant extract of both, the aerial part’s and the seed’sextracts, by two chromatographic methods, first Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using TLC ready made Gf254 plates, UV detector at 254 nm, and tow different solvent systems in which the Rf value of the standard quercetin matched with the Rf value of the plant extract quercetin. HPLC was the other chromatographic method that proved the presence of quercetin in the plant extract by identical retention times. The result indicated that the quercetin content in the seed extract was higher than that in the plant extract of the aerial parts.
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Serralheiro, Maria Luisa, and Maria De Lourdes Quinta. "Thin Layer Chromatographic Confirmation of Aflatoxin Mi Extracted from Milk." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 5 (1986): 886–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.5.886.
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Abstract Aflatoxin M1 can be confirmed directly on a thin layer plate by reacting the toxin with a mixture of reagents containing p-anisaldehyde. This confirmatory procedure requires only 2 elutions in the same direction using 2 different solvents. The mixture containing p-anisaldehyde is overspotted on Mi after the plate has been developed in toluene-ethyl acetate-ethyl ether-formic acid (25 + 35 + 40 + 5). The plate is heated at 110°C for 10 min and then developed in hexanc-acetonechloroform (15 + 50 + 35). The Rf value of the green fluorescent derivative is less than that of the M1 standard. This confirmatory procedure requires only one-dimensional TLC, so several sample extracts and the standard can be run simultaneously. The minimum detectable quantity of aflatoxin M1 on the TLC plate with this test is 0.3 ng. p- Anisaldehyde reagent solution may also be used as a spray reagent for the confirmation of aflatoxin M1. The procedures described were satisfactory for confirming the mycotoxin in spiked samples of powdered and liquid milk.
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Elias, Hashimah, Rosna Mat Taha, Nor Azlina Hasbullah, et al. "Detection and quantification of natural pigments extracted from callus of Echinocereus cinerascens." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 6 (2018): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-11-2016-0103.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of different organic solvents on the extraction of pigments present in callus cultures of E. cinerascens. Design/methodology/approach Attempts have been made to extract pigments from callus cultures through tissue culture system as an alternative replacement for conventional plant cultivation as tissue culture provides unlimited supplies of plant samples. Callus of E. cinerascens was induced from stem explant cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with combination of 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid maintained under photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark. Fresh samples of the callus were harvested and dissolved in various types and concentrations of solvents such as 100 per cent acetone, 80 per cent acetone, 95 per cent ethanol, 100 per cent methanol and 90 per cent methanol. Each of the mixtures was directly centrifuged to get clear supernatant containing pigments of interest. The pigments were detected and subsequently quantified via two simple techniques, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Findings UV-Vis spectrophotometer detected two families of pigments present in the callus cultures, namely, carotenoids (carotene and xanthophyll) and tetrapyrroles (chlorophyll a and b). Pigment contents in various solvent extractions were estimated using spectroscopic quantification equations established. Through TLC, spots were seen on the plates, and Rf values of each spots were assessed to indicate the possible existence of carotenoids and tetrapyrroles. Originality/value This preliminary study offers significant finding for further advance research related on natural pigments extracted from E. cinerascens that would provide profits in the future applications, especially in food industry, medicine, agriculture, etc.
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Khan, Samar Saeed. "Phytoconstituents of Nigella Sativa and Quantitative Densitometric Analysis of its Bioactive Compound Thymoquinone." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 10, no. 3 (2022): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.10.03.art010.
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Herbal plants are a reservoir of potential phytochemical compounds and the richest bioresource of drugs for traditional systems of medicine, nutraceuticals, food supplements, modern medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates, folk medicines, and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. In the present study we find out phytoconstituents of Nigella sativa and quantitative densitometric analysis of its bioactive compound thymoquinone in the different solvent extracts. It was found that Nigella sativa seeds were extracted with ethanol, methanol, and benzene as solvents. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of potent bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, phenols, tannins, trepenoid, saponins, and steroids in methanol extract. Benzene extracts have only alkaloids and steroids. While ethanol extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids. The high-performance thin layer chromatographic method (HPTLC) was employed to quantify and densitometrically analyze thymoquinone in methanol, ethanol, and benzene extract of Nigella sativa. The analysis was performed on an aluminum plate with a mobile phase of n-hexane: ethyl acetate: methanol (7:2:1 v/v/v) and a densitometric measurement using a TLC scanner (CAMAG) at 254 nm. The ethanol extract of N. Sativa exhibited single sharp peak of thymoquinone with 0.85 Rf value, the highest area of the band 8137.6, and a total recovery of was 98.08% which is nearly equal to the standard thymoquinone with Rf value (0.85), the highest area of the band 8789.4 and total recovery was obtained 100%. The present research indicated that purified thymoquinone from N. sativa is a potential source for therapeutic application. Keywords: Phytoconstituents, Herbal extract, Essential oil, Quantification, Chromatography.
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Singh, Shivani, Ashu Sapra, Saloni Kakkar, Meenu Bhan, and Ashwani Kumar Jangra. "To Evaluate In Vitro Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Various Indian Medicinal Plants." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 2 (2022): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2022.9.2.41.
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Medicinal herbs are active in curing various disorders by their distinct characteristics. In this research, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChEI) inhibitory activity of Achyranthes aspera, Psidium guajava, Anthocephalus cadamba, Carissa carandas, Caesalpinia bonduc, Indian medicinal plants have been evaluated by collecting and extracting selected plants parts by using different solvents followed by assessment of AChEI inhibitory activity by autographic assay (TLC method) and microplate assay (Ellman method). Further assessment of antioxidant activity of selected plants by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryzyl method was done. In autographic assay, C. bonduc had more AChE inhibitory potential than other selected plants. In microplate assay method, C. bonduc has shown lowest IC50 value among all other extracts, suggesting its highest enzymatic inhibitory potential and C. carandas has been shown highest IC50 value, suggesting a lower enzymatic inhibitory potential. The Rf value of C. bonduc, A. aspera, P. guajava, A. cadamba, and C. carandas was found to be 0.71, 0.5, 0.3, 0.45 and 0.2, respectively. From the results, leaves of P. guajava showed good antioxidant potential and C. bonduc seeds showed maximum cholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Kusumo, Galuh Gondo, M. A. Hanny Ferry Fernanda, and Heppy Asroriyah. "Identifikasi Senyawa Tanin Pada Daun Kemuning (Murraya panicullata L. Jack) Dengan Berbagai Jenis Pelarut Pengekstraksi." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2, no. 1 (2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v2i1.63.
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ABSTRAKKemuning (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) adalah salah satu kekayaan alam yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kehidupan manusia. Tanin merupakan salah satu metabolit sekunder dari kemuning yang dapat digunakan sebagai anti diare dan pelangsing. Ekstrak kemuning didapatkan dari maserasi menggunakan tiga pelarut berbeda, yaitu metanol, etanol dan etil asetat. Tannin kemudian dipisahan dari ekstrak dengan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dengan berbagai jenis pelarut. Hasil nalisis menunjukkan bahwa pelarut terbaik untuk mengekstraksi tanin adalah metanol dengan perolehan 23,6989 g (31,59%). Skrining fitokimia yang dilakukan menggunakan dua reagen yang berbeda menunjukkan hasil yang positif mengandung tanin. Eluenterbaik untuk analisa tanin pada penelitian ini adalah dengan n-heksan-etil asetat (6 : 4) dengan nilai Rf sebesar 0,62.Kata Kunci : kemuning (Murraya paniculata L. Jack), tannin, kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT)ABSTRACTOrange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) is one of the natural treasures which has many benefits for human life. Tannin is one of secondary metabolite of orange jessamine that can be used as antidiarrhoeal and body slimming. It was obtained by maceration using 3 different solvents, such as : methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. Tannins was separated from crude extract using thin layer chromatography (TLC) in different type of eluent. The analysis showed that the best solvent to extract tannin is methanol that produce of 23.6989 g (31.59%). The phytochemical screening test of the two reagents shows positif result contain tannin compound. The best eluent in this study aimed is n-hexane: ethyl acetate (6 : 4) with tannin Rf value of 0.62.Keywords: Orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack), tannin, maceration, thin layer chromatography
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Ahmed, F., MB Meah, and F. Yasmin. "Isolation of Phomopsis Inhibitory Fraction of Allamanda Extract Removing Gum and Other Undesirable Compounds." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (2013): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14814.
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Allamanda leaf extracts were made by three organic solvents hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate having different polarities. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the refluxing extracts showed each of them contained considerable number of different compounds. By observing Rf value of these extracts it was confirmed that the compounds present in different extracts are not same and two of them (methanol and ethyl acetate) extracts were distilled to remove solvent for bioactivity test. In growth inhibition test, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of allamanda inhibited mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans. Ethyl acetate extract at 0.2% and 0.3% concentration inhibited 100% mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans while methanol extract was not effective in suppressing growth rather it arrested temporarily the growth of Phomopsis vexans. Eggplant seeds treated with ethyl acetate extract in blotter produced higher percentage of seed germination (85.00%) and healthy seedlings (88.36%) and lower percentage of dead seed (15.00%), and rotten seed (5.89%) than those treated with methanol extract. In most cases, seed quality was improved with the increasing of concentration of ethyl acetate extract. It may be summarized that higher amount of antifungal compounds were present in ethyl acetate extract in purified form where methanol also have some compounds that inhibited partially growth of Phomopsis vexans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14814 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 199-203 2012
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Dhaneshwar, Sunil R., Vidhya K. Bhusari, Mahadeo V. Mahadik, and B. Santakumari. "Application of a Stability-Indicating Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method to the Determination of Tenatoprazole in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 2 (2009): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.2.387.
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Abstract A sensitive, selective, precise, and stability-indicating thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of tenatoprazole both as a bulk drug and in formulation. The method uses TLC aluminum plates precoated with Silica Gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase and the solvent system tolueneethyl acetatemethanol (6 4 1, v/v/v). This system gave compact spots for tenatoprazole (Rf value of 0.34 0.02). Tenatoprazole was subjected to acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, and photodegradation. The peaks of the degradation products were well-resolved from that of the pure drug and had significantly different Rf values. Densitometric analysis of tenatoprazole was performed in the absorbance mode at 306 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship over the concentration range of 1001500 ng/spot. The mean values of the correlation coefficient, slope, and intercept were 0.9989 1.42, 10.27 0.965, and 4894.2 1.24, respectively. The method was validated for precision, robustness, and recovery. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 50 and 100 ng/spot, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the method is repeatable and selective for estimation of tenatoprazole. Because the method can separate the drug from its degradation products, it can be used to monitor stability.
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Ezekiel, S. J., H. M. Adamu, I. Y. Chindo, I. H. Garba, and K. Tadzabia. "SEPARATION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM THE STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF HAEMATOSTAPHIS BARTERI HOOK F. (ANACARDIACEAE) USING CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 5 (2023): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0705-1994.
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In the search for plants with antioxidant properties, Haematostaphis barteri Hook f. (Anacardiaceae) was found to be a plant often used in Nigeria and other nations for the management of cancer, anemia, haemorrhoid and many other ailments. The ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of the stem bark in previous research by the same author were assayed for phenolic compounds and the phenolic compounds were found to possess antioxidant properties when TLC chromatograms were stained with iodine vapour and several spots were revealed. The ethyl acetate and acetone fractions were further chromatographed on TLC with several solvent systems and the mixtures from toluene, ethyl acetate and formic acid (TEF) in the ratio of 4/2.5/3.5 and 3/5/2 and n-butanol, acetic acid and water (BAW) in the ratio of 12/4/6 gave better resolutions. When chromatograms were obtained and developed with a solution of p-anisaldehyde in concentrated sulphuric acid, different spots were visualizedwith different colours signifying the presence of different bioactive metabolites. The Presence of antioxidant compounds was determined by bioutography TLC chromatograms were stained with a solution of 0.2% DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) solution in methanol and dried with heat gun and the appearance of yellow spots on purple background signifies the presence of antioxidants. A selected spot with an Rf value of 0.31 was monitored and isolated from column chromatography. The purified bioactive metabolite was crystallized, weighed and saved for further analysis.
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H. Abdulrazzaq, Munaf, Enas J. Khadeem, and Suhad S. Al- Muhammadi. "Hepatoprotective Effect of Echinops tenuisectus (Compositae) on CCl4 Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 17, no. 1 (2017): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol17iss1pp16-24.
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Flavonoids are known to play a vital role in the management of various liver disorders.They are a large family of compounds synthesized by plants; they belong to a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures. In this study we aim to scan the types of flavonoids in a newly studied, wild Iraqi plant named Echinops tenuisectus of Compositae family. The medicinal importance of flavonoids on one hand, and the absence of any phytochemical investigation on tenuisectus species of Echinops genus on the other hand, acquired this study itÛ¥s importance. Three flavonoids were identified in the seed,s extract of this plant (Silymarin, Rutin, Quercetin ) by two chromatographic methods, first Thin layer chromatography (TLC) using TLC ready made GF254 plates, UV detector at 254 nm, and two different solvent systems in which the Rf value of the standards (Silymarine, Rutin, Quercetin) matched with the Rf value of the Silymarin, Rutin and Quercetin found in the plant seedÙ«s extract. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the other chromatographic method that used to identify the presence of these flavonoids in the plant seed. The plant seed Û¥s aqueous extract was evaluated for its efficacy in rats by inducing hepatotoxicity with CCl4.Single oral dose of 250mg/kg of Seeds Extract was given to ratÛ¥s for 7 days. Serum activities of transaminases (ALT and AST) were used as the biochemical marker of hepatotoxicity. Histopathological changes in ratÙÙs liver section were also examined. The results of the study indicated that, the pretreatment of rats with Echinops extract before the hepatotoxins agent (CCl4) offered a hepato- protective action.
 Key words: Echinops, Flavonoids
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AN, Daf. "Isolation Evaluation and Estimation of Calcium Citrate from Herbal Source." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000257.
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In the modern organic chemistry, various methods are now a day widely utilized for isolation of different organic compounds. From the ancient era to the present the various methods of extraction like Maceration, Percolation, Decoction and Soxhlet extraction are widely utilized. Calcium citrate also known as calcium salt of citric acid which is a member of tricarboxylic acid derivatives used occasionally as food ingredients and preservatives but it is well known source of calcium and utilized as calcium supplement. Thus the present study was initiated with aim to isolate, evaluate and estimate the calcium citrate from lemon juice by using decoction method. Calcium chloride was used for the crystallization of calcium isolated from lemon juice. Theoretical and practical yield of calcium citrate after isolation were determined. For further evaluation of isolated calcium citrate basic identification tests like solubility, melting point (MP), loss on drying (LOD) and assay of calcium citrate were done. The present study further proceeded to confirmatory evaluation by UV-Vis spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The basic identification tests found the presence of calcium citrate with M.P in the range of 119°C-121°C with percentage practical yield of 24.02%w/w and LOD was 9.40%. The UV-Vis absorbance shown at λ-Max 0.036 and TLC reported Rf value 0.68 and 0.53 using various polar, semipolar and non polar solvents. As ample amount of calcium citrate was isolated from herbal source i.e. lemon juice, the study reached to the conclusion that instead of synthetic sources, the herbal source can be very useful and economical approach for the isolation of calcium citrate from lemon juice.
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Kaushik, Sunil, and Mohammad Asif. "Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Quantification of Solanesol in Various Parts of Nicotiana tabacum Collected from Different Geographical Regions of India." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 10 (July 2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.10.29.
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Solanesol is the starting material for many high value biochemicals, including Co-enzyme Q10 and vitamin-K analogues. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate a reliable and fast analytical procedure for the determination of solanesol in Nicotianatabacum using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The method was developed on TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F-254 using solvent system hexane: ethyl acetate (5:1, v/v), which gives compact spot of solanesol (Rf value 0.41 ± 0.02). Densitometric analysis of solanesol was carried out in the absorbance mode at 210 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plot showed good linear relationship with r = 0.9978 with respect to peak area, in the concentration rang 100-5000 ng per spot of solanesol. The limit of detection and quantification were 13 and 30 ng per spot, respectively. The proposed method was applied for quantitative estimation of solanesol in different parts of Nicotianatabacum from different geographical regions in India, which showed that maximum amount of solanesol was found to be present in leaf sample collected from Karnataka i.e. 3.52 mg/g. Statistical analysis proved that the method is repeatable, selective and accurate for the estimation of solanesol in Nicotianatabacum.
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Samuel, J. Bunu Veronica Aniako Varsharani P. Karade Edebi N. Vaikosen Benjamin U. Ebeshi. "Thin-Layer Chromatographic And UV-Spectrophotometric Analysis Of Frequently Utilized Oral Macrolide Antibiotics." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 9 (2023): 265–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8340601.
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Background: Macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics used in the management of mild to chronic soft tissues, and upper and lower respiratory and genitourinary tract infections. Misuse of these agents is common among people with infections, thus leading to the development of bacterial resistance. Also, due to high demand, there likelihood of fake and substandard products in the markets, hence the need to develop simple, cost-effective, and rapid methods for the analysis and percentage determination of these antibiotics. The study aimed to quantify various samples of macrolide using thin-layer chromatographic and UV-spectrophotometric analytical methods. Silica gel GF 254 was used as the stationary phase for TLC, while in UV spectrophotometric analysis, samples were identified through absorbance produced at different wavelengths (200 – 350 nm). All the samples were within standard weight (mg), and the spectrophotometry fingerprinting analysis was obtained at a wavelength of 220 nm and 240 nm. The retardation factor (Rf) value calculated for the various macrolide ranged from 0.75 to 0.83 with visible spots on exposure to iodine vapor. The use of appropriate methods of detection and solvent systems permits the identification of the entire macrolide antibiotics samples used in the analysis. TLC and Spectrophotometric fingerprinting procedures can be applied in preparatory and exploratory analytical screening, quality control studies, and therapeutic drug monitoring of macrolide antibiotics.
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Sembiring, Helmina, and Mesy Jelisa. "Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compound from the Rambutan Stem Bark (Nephelium lappaceum L.)." Journal of Chemical Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (2024): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v6i1.16207.
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Flavonoids derived from the stem barks of Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) have been extracted. The extraction of Rambutan stem bark was performed by maceration using a methanol solvent. The concentrated methanol extract was diluted in ethyl acetate until the solution became devoid of all positive and flavonoid compounds. The highly concentrated ethyl acetate extract was subsequently dissolved using methanol and separated into different parts using an n-hexane. The methanol content was determined using thin-layer chromatography and separated using column chromatography using eluent chloroform: methanol in various ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30) v/v. The chemicals were purified using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and yielded 7.9 mg of amorphous solids with an Rf value of 0.25. The eluent was a chloroform and ethyl acetate mixture in a 50:50 volume-to-volume ratio. The substance was analyzed using Spectrophotometer Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FT-IR), and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonancy Spectrophotometer (1H-NMR). The analysis identified the chemical as a flavonoid of the flavonol.
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Singh, Khushbu, and Dinesh Patel. "Physiochemical Evaluation and Determination of Chemical Constituent in Rose Petal (Rosa centifolia)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 3 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3.4754.
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Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to explore the Pharmacognostic parameters for the standardization of Rosa centifolia Petals. 
 Material and Methods: The flowers of Rosa centifolia were authenticated and shade dried. Rosa centifolia petals were collected then macromorphological, physiochemical assessment, and the micrometric study was carried out. The dried powder form of the Rosa centifolia Petals was then extracted with different solvent systems alcoholic, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether, and their extractive values were calculated. Most of the phytochemicals were found in ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) of the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extract was performed for important phytochemicals flavonoids and polyphenol. Flavonoids and phenolics showed their presence in all extracts with one spot in each extract for ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether.
 Result: The Physicochemical exploration showed values for moisture content, moisture sorption capacity, ash values, and extractive values which are within the limits of World Health Organization standards for the crude drug from medicinal plants. Micromeritic analysis of petal powder reveals good flowability. Ethanolic extractive values were found to be higher when compared to extractive values of, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Preliminary Phytochemical examination for the sample indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and amino acids. Rf value for flavonoid and phenolic on TLC were found to be for ethanol 0.78 and 0.77, for ethyl acetate 0.81 and 0.78, for petroleum ether 0.81 and 0.78 respectively.
 Conclusions: The current research would be useful to supplement the information regarding pharmacognostical characteristics, physicochemical evaluation, micrometric analysis, and phytochemical exploration in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for its identification and medicinal use. 
 Keywords: Rosa centifolia, Macromorphological description, Physicochemical evaluation, Phytochemical screening, TLC screening.
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Anita, V. Handore, and Dr. Sharad R. Khandelwal Prof. "Impact of Environmental Factors on Secondary Metabolite Diversity and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of V .vinefera Jumbo Seedless From Nashik Valley." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1, no. 5 (2017): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2240.
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Environmental factors has great influence on biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Nashik valley is located at highest elevated point of the Maharashtra state of India . Thereby, vineyards of these area are always subjected to various stressful environmental conditions. Present work aimed to study the effect of environmental factors on secondary metabolite diversity and free radical scavenging activity of different aerial parts of V.Vinefera from Nashik valley. Organic extracts are prepared by soaking the dry powder 10 of different aerial parts viz.leaf lamina, stem and petiole of Jumbo seedless cultivar into 90 Methanol. Presence of different secondary metabolites were confirmed by phytochemical analysis. Detection of spots of secondary metabolites was observed by Thin layer chromatography TLC using the solvent system, N Butanol Acetic Acid Water 4 1 5 . Folin Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic content whereas, total flavonoid content was estimated by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Free radical scavenging activity of extract was carried out by DPPH assay .Findings of study showed that almost all the aerial parts of V.vinefera are rich source of secondary metabolites with medicinal values. Results of TLC showed presence of different spots of secondary metabolites. Rf value of flavonoid -quercetin was found to be 0.85. Total phenolic content of petiole was found to be highest 0.92±0.10 whereas leaf lamina showed lowest amount viz. 0.5±0.07mg GAE g The total flavonoid content of petiole was found to be 0.28±0.12mg g quercetin equivalent which was highest in comparison to stem 0.13 ±0.04quercetin equivalent and leaf lamina 0.11±0.01 mg g quercetin equivalent. Satisfactory antioxidant activity Radical scavenging activity of different aerial parts were found in the order as, Stem 70.01 Petiole 67.00 leaf lamina 52.26 respectively. The results showed positive linear correlation between total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of different aerial parts of black cultivar of V. vinefera. Therefore, our study emphasizes that environmental conditions of Nashik valley is significantly suitable for biosynthesis of various bioactive secondary metabolites in V.vinefera. Anita V. Handore | Prof. Dr. Sharad R. Khandelwal "Impact of Environmental Factors on Secondary Metabolite Diversity and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of V .vinefera (Jumbo Seedless) From Nashik Valley" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2240.pdf
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Kumar, Ravi Ranjan, and Vasantba J. Jadeja. "Characterization and partial purification of an antibacterial agent from halophilic actinomycetes Kocuria sp. strain rsk4." BioImpacts 8, no. 4 (2018): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/bi.2018.28.
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Introduction: The inevitable rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global health problem. These pathogens erode the utility of available antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of community-acquired infections. The aim of work was to evaluate the marine actinomycetes for production of the antibacterial agent against pathogens. Methods: Halophilic actinomycetes were isolated, characterized and screened for production of antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial compounds were extracted by solvent extraction and separated by TLC based bioautography. Antibacterial compound was further purified by flash chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The active fraction was characterized by spectroscopy techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic was determined against pathogens. Results: A new halophilic actinomycetes strain rsk4 was isolated from marine water. It was designated as Kocuria sp. based on the physiological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence-based characters. It was able to produce broad-spectrum antibacterial compound and exhibited significant inhibitory activities against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. The antibacterial compound was secreted optimally at 5% NaCl and neutral pH in the starch casein medium during stationary phase. The crude ethyl acetate extract was separated by chloroform-methanol, 24:1, v/v having Rf value 0.45. Bioassay of HPLC fractions confirms the presence of antibiotics picks at retention time: 3.24 minutes. The UV-Visible and mass spectra of the compound revealed that the active compound was different from other known antibiotics. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded against S. aureus (30 µg/mL). Conclusion: The result suggests that a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound obtained from halophilic actinomycetes is effective against pathogenic bacteria. This compound may be a good alternative treatment against antibiotic-resistant pathogen S. aureus.
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Hidayah, Elgi Nurul, Achmad Kadri Ansyori, and Henny Nurhasnawati. "PENETAPAN KADAR FLAVONOID EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NYIRIH (Xylocarpus granatum) BERDASARKAN VARIASI PELARUT DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS." Jurnal Insan Farmasi Indonesia 6, no. 3 (2023): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jifi.v6i3.1665.
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The plant Nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) has medicinal benefits. The selection of solvents should consider the characteristics of the secondary metabolites to be extracted. The objective of this study is to determine the flavonoid content in Nyirih fruit extract using 70% methanol and 70% ethanol solvents using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the moisture content test showed 24% for methanol extract and 28.5% for 70% ethanol extract. Phytochemical screening of Nyirih fruit extract in methanol and 70% ethanol solvents tested positive for flavonoid content. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) results showed an rf value of 0.88 for both solvents, while the reference compound, quercetin, had an rf value of 0.90. The highest flavonoid content was found in the 70% ethanol extract at 1.4345 ± 0.2182% and in the methanol extract at 1.3530 ± 0.2280%. The t-test results indicated a significant difference in the flavonoid content value.
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Hasanah, Riatul Maulia, Umi Narsih, and Fahmi Dimas Abdul Aziz. "Identifikasi Flavonoid Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dengan Pelarut Etanol 96% dan Metanol 96%." JI-KES (Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan) 8, no. 1 (2024): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33006/jikes.v8i1.792.
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Abstrak Kulit buah naga merah mengandung serat, antioksidan, dan senyawa bioaktif diantaranya senyawa flavonoid yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan pelarut etanol 96% dan metanol 96% dalam mengekstraksi flavonoid dalam kulit buah naga merah. Serbuk kulit buah naga merah diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi. Ekstrak kulit buah naga merah dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Hasil penelitian skrining flavonoid menunjukkan ekstrak etanol 96% dan metanol 96% kulit buah naga merah yang ditetesi pereaksi menunjukkan perubahan warna ekstrak menjadi warna hijau kehitaman. Pada hasil KLT menunjukkan adanya noda berwarna kuning lembayung dan didapatkan nilai Rf ekstrak etanol 96% kulit buah naga merah sebesar 0,92 dan ekstrak metanol 96% sebesar 0,95; pada standar pembanding (kuersetin) didapatkan nilai sebesar 0,87. Dari hasil nilai Rf menunjukkan adanya kandungan senyawa flavonoid pada ekstrak kulit buah naga merah. Kesimpulan pelarut etanol 96% dan metanol 96% mampu mengekstraksi flavonoid kulit buah naga merah secara kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Kata kunci: flavonoid, KLT, kulit buah naga merah, maserasi, nilai faktor retensi (Rf) Abstract The red dragon fruit peel contains fiber, antioxidants and bioactive compounds, including flavonoid compounds which have antioxidant properties. This research aims to determine the ability of 96% ethanol and 96% methanol solvents to extract flavonoids. Red dragon fruit peel powder was extracted using ethanol and methanol with the maceration. Red dragon fruit peel extract was analyzed qualitatively using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. The results of the flavonoid screening research showed that both methanol and ethanol extract of red dragon peel contained flavonoid according to color change after FeCl3 addition showed a change in the color of the extract to blackish green. The TLC results showed that there were purple yellow stains and the Rf value of 96% ethanol extract of red dragon fruit peel was 0.92 and 96% methanol extract was 0.95 the comparison standard (quercetin) obtained a value of 0.87. From the results of the Rf value, it shows that there are flavonoid compounds in red dragon fruit peel extract. It can be concluded that 96% ethanol and 96% methanol solvents are able to extract red dragon fruit peel flavonoids using the thin layer chromatography (TLC). Keywords: flavonoids, TLC, red dragon fruit, maceration, retention factor value (Rf)
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Mandalapu, Venkateswara Rao, and Venkaiah Yanamala. "Quantitative Estimation and Identification of Phospholipids in Gill, Liver, Intestine, Muscle, Brain Tissue of Fresh Water Fish Channa Punctatus (Bloch) in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Sprayed with Dittmer –Lester Reagent." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 18 (2024): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i184490.
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Phosphoipids were quantified and observed in different tissues i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain tissue of fresh water fish Channa punctatus through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain tissues of Channa punctatus punctatus dissected and homogenated in chloroform and methanol mixture (2:1 ratio) and centrifuged. The supernatant homogenate was used for the experiment. The sample tissue is loaded in TLC plate and dipped in a beaker which consists of mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:1 ratio) that works as mobile phase. TLC is a sheet of aluminium foil which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent that works as a stationary phase. The various lipids present in the sample tissue travels across the TLC plate. The distance travelled by the lipid substance is divided by the distance travelled by the mobile phase is called as Retardation factor (Rf Value). After the experiment, the TLC plate is drawn from the beaker and dried, sprayed with various reagent i.e. Dittmer-lester reagent. Spots with blue colour were appeared on the TLC plate. Rf values and individual spots were marked with pencil and calculated. Results reveals that brain tissue exhibited seven phopsholipids spots in blue colour with Rf value 80±0.5 and 90±0.5 were with high intensity with dark blue, 10±0.5, 30±0.5 and 70±0.5 were thick, Rf value 20±0.5, 60±0.5 were not clearly stained, followed by gill tissue showed six lipid spots with Rf value 50±0.5 and 90±0.5 were very dark, 10±0.5 and 20±0.5 spots were darkly stained, and 40±0.5 and 60±0.5 spots were unclear, Liver tissue exhibited five phospholipid spots with Rf value 50±0.5 is very darkly stained with blue colour, Rf value 30±0.5 spot was darkly stained, Rf value 10±0.5 and 40±0.5 spots were moderately stained, Rf value 20±0.5 spot was unclear stained. Intestine tissue showed four phosphiolipid spots with Rf value 10±0.5, 50±0.5, 70±0.5 and 90±0.5 were moderately stained. and muscle tissue exposed three phospholipid spots with Rf value 50±0.5 and 90±0.5 were moderately stained, Rf value 40±0.5 were unclear.The results indicates that brain tissue of Channa punctatus has more phospholipids. Similar Rf values were detected in different tissue indicates the similarity in lipid composition in the tissue.
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Khan, Asad Ullah, Muhammad Zahoor, Mujaddad Ur Rehman, et al. "Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Water 14, no. 10 (2022): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101551.
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Due to its recalcitrant and carcinogenic nature, the presence of methyl orange (MO) in the environment is a serious threat to human and animal life and is also toxic to plants. MO being recalcitrant cannot be effectively reclaimed from industrial effluents through physical and chemical approaches. Biological methods on the other hand have the potential to degrade such dyes because of their compatibility with nature and low chances of adverse effects on the environment. Bacteria, due to their fast growth rate and capability of surviving in extreme environments can effectively be used for this purpose. In the current research study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated and characterized using 16rRNA from textile wastewater. In the preliminary tests it was found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to degrade and mineralize methyl orange effectively. The physicochemical conditions were then optimized, in order to get maximum degradation of MO which was achieved at 37 °C, a pH of 7, a low salt concentration of 0.1 g/15 mL, a high carbon source of 0.6 g/15 mL, and 72 h experimental time. In a single set of experiments where all these optimum conditions were combined, 88.23% decolorization of the selected dye was achieved. At the end of the experimental cycle, the aliquots were homogenized and filtered. The filtrates were subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis where azo linkage breaking was confirmed from the FTIR spectra. The filtrates were then extracted with ethyl acetate and then passed through a silica gel column. On the basis of Rf value (TLC plates used) similar fraction were combined which were then subjected to NMR analysis. The compounds detected through GC-MS, peaks were not observed in proton and C-13 NMR. Instead, solvent and some impurity peaks were present, showing that complete mineralization of the dye had occurred due to the action of different bacterial enzymes such as azoreductase, peroxidases, and classes on MO. The prosed mechanism of complete mineralization is based on spectral data that needs to be verified by trapping the individual step products through the use of appropriate inhibitors of individual enzymes.
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Puwein, Arcadius, and Shiny C. Thomas. "Extraction and Purification of Secondary Metabolites of Paris polyphylla (Smith) Using Column Chromatography." Spectrum: Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54290/spect/2021.v8.1.0002.
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Paris polyphylla Smith is an erect and herbaceous plant. It has rich chemical constituents such steroidal saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, and alkaloids that possess antimicrobial and anticancer activities. In the current investigation, we examined the effect of different solvents in the extraction yield and further purification via column chromatography. The ground powdered rhizomes of P. polyphylla was extracted with 100% hexane, 100% ethyl acetate, 70% ethanol, and 70% methanol. The extracts were filtered, evaporated using a rotary evaporator, concentrated, and measured. Subsequently, the solvent with high extraction yield was further purified using column chromatography. Ethanol produced the highest extraction yield as compared to the other solvents. About 30 fractions were eluted which was pooled into four fractions based on the Rf values and bands observed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis.
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Mutasher, Faisal K., Ghazi M. Aziz, and Amani A. W. Abdul-Razzak. "Chemical detections of active compounds in Melilotus indica extracts." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 3, no. 1 (2009): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2009.3.1.57.
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The crude extracts of the leaves of melilotus indica which collected in two dates (midFebruary, mid March) have been prepared by three solvents (Distilled water, ethanol 80% and chloroform) and three buffer solutions (Sodium acetate buffer, Sodium phosphate buffer and Tris-hydrochloric acid buffer), the greater percentage of crude extracts achieved by phosphate buffer which were 47.3% and 29.2% for second and first dates, respectively, while the lowest percentage of crude extracts achieved by chloroform extracts which were 13.2% and 10.0% for second and first dates, respectively. The qualitative chemical detections for active compounds in crude extracts revealed a positive results for the saponins, tannins, coumarins, flavones and glycosides, while the detections revealed a negative results for the alkaloids, resins and volatile oils. The active compounds in crude extracts prepared by solvents and buffer solutions were studied by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the solvent extracts were contains five compounds with relative flow (RF) 0.65, 0.4 for coumarin and umbelliferon, respectively, and 0.5, 0.27, 0.2 which belong to simple coumarins compounds in melilotus indica, while buffer solution extracts were contains two compounds with RF value 0.65 and 0.4 for coumarin and umbelliferon, respectively.
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Rizkita, Aden Dhana, Ilham Maulana, and Sintia Ayu Dewi. "Detection of Flavonoid Compounds of Daruju Root Extract (Acanthus ilicifolius Linn) using Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v5i1.1185.
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The isolation and detection of flavonoids in the extract of Daruju root has been carried out. extract obtained from maceration modification using 96% ethanol, ethanol extract The extraction result is concentrated with a rotary evaporator and then evaporated above water bath until a thick extract is obtained. The resulting extract was further separated using a separating funnel and diethyl ether and n-butanol as solvents. Then the thick extract was tested for plavonoid preliminaries by reacting the thick extract with H2SO4 and Mg the results obtained were a change in color to yellow, it proved that the extract was positive for plavonoid. After that, TLC was carried out to purify the extract which would later detect plavonoid using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. TLC results show an Rf value of 0.6-0.8. UV-Vis spectrophotometer results at a wavelength of 200-800 nm give results in fraction A with a maximum wavelength at 291 nm which is suspected to have detected flavonoids.
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Romantsova, Svetlana, Irina Gladysheva, Natalia Vervekina, Stanislav Nagornov, and Anna Lixutina. "EXPRESS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL FUEL IN MIXED FUEL BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2023-3-143-152.
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Biodiesel fuel (BF) can be an additive to diesel fuel used in agricultural production to increase the cetane number and lubricating properties. Such an additive can be biodiesel fuel. Regulations allow the addition of 7% BF to petroleum fuels. An express method that allows the consumer to quickly determine its presence was developed. The possibility of determining BF in a mixture with petroleum by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been studied for the first time. Samples of BF obtained by transesterification of rapeseed, sunflower, linseed, corn, radish and camelina oils were synthesized for this investigation. The solubility of BF in a number of organic solvents was studied for the first time to select the suitable eluent. It has been established that biodiesel fuel is highly soluble not only in non-polar hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, octane, petroleum ether), but also in chloroform and monohydric alcohols of normal and branched structure (propyl, butyl, isobutyl, and isoamyl alcohols). Biodiesel is insoluble in solvents with a higher dielectric constant (such as acetone or glycerol). The same solvents were investigated as eluents for the separation of fuel oil and biodiesel by thin layer chromatography. It has been shown that alcohols, chloroform and acetone are not suitable as eluents; but it is possible to use toluene. The value of the retardation factor Rf for the main spot of petroleum fuel is 0.86, and for biodiesel fuel is 0.6 (eluent is toluene). It has been established that it is possible to determine the presence of biodiesel fuel synthesized from various types of oils using TLC (eluent is toluene). Also, petroleum ether can be recommended as an eluent for analysis in the field. The TLC method can be used to detect the presence of biodiesel at concentrations from 2% and above.
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Manjula, R. Ratna, and M. Thirumal. "Phytochemical Screening, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Ethanol Extract of Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 12 (2024): 2967–71. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.32771.
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The primary goal of this study was to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds present in the M. lushingtonii Gamble leaves using ethanol as solvent for the extraction using Soxhlet apparatus for 8 h. Based on the chemical analysis, column chromatography using different solvents depending on polarity further isolated the components. Isolation of the extract was carried out using toluene and ethyl acetate solvents with varying concentrations and showed two single spots by TLC at the rentation time (Rt) of 0.66 and 0.72 for the solvent’s toluene and ethyl acetate (8:12 and 2:18), respectively. Various spectroscopy techniques (UV, NMR, IR, and MASS) were employed for the characterisation of the compounds and elucidation of their structures. The results confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and terpenoids. The spectroscopic analysis revealed the compounds were quercetin (Rf: 0.66) and luteolin (Rf: 0.72) which were both flavonoid group and contains five and four –OH groups, respectively in their basic structure (C6-C3-C6). The results demonstrated that the leaves of M. lushingtonii Gamble exhibited a higher concentration of polyphenolic chemicals, which contribute to the diverse therapeutic properties.
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Umar, U. A., L. G. Hassan, and K. L. Maradun. "TLC analysis and antioxidant activity of garden egg leaves." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2020): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.67s.
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The Solanum melongena is used traditionally to treat different diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. This study is aimed at investigating the thin-layer chromatography analysis and antioxidant activity of n-hexane, acetone and methanol leaves extract of Solanum melongena. Sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity was carried out using the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The thin-layer chromatography of the extracts carried out with different solvent system. Antioxidant activity was evaluated quantitatively using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) for its free radical scavenging ability. The results of thin-layer chromatography revealed some spots with Rf values in the respective extracts, n-hexane (0.31, 0.42, 0.59, 0.65, 0.72, 0.85, 0.92), acetone (0.97, 0.92, 0.88 and 0.59) and methanol (0.72, 0.83, 0.86, 0.94 and 0.96). The extracts exhibit strong antioxidant activities as radical scavengers, indicating that they have strong proton donating abilities. The results from this research show credence to the traditional application of the plant. Further research is recommended on the isolation and characterization of the antioxidant compounds from the plant.
 Key words: DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), Thin layer chromatography, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
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Gurav, Nitin Vitthal, Rajendra Marotrao Gade, and Rupeshkumar Jagannath Choudhari. "Phytochemical and Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Chloroform and Methanol Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus Leaves." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 19 (2023): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i193576.
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The study focuses on phytochemical screening of Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts in chloroform and methanol solvents. The antibacterial compounds found in both leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus globulus plants were investigated using phytochemical studies. The extracts contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic chemicals, according to preliminary phytochemical screening. The solvent systems of hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1) and toluene: ethyl acetate (97:3) yielded the most chemicals from chloroform and methanolic extracts of A. indica and E. globulus plants, respectively. On TLC plates, these chemicals were separated, resulting in the discovery of different spots in both leaf extracts. The Rf values of chloroform extract of A. indica run under Hexane: Ethyl acetate (1:1) solvent system was 0.05, 0.11, 0.52, 0.58, 0.74, 0.82, 0.88, and 0.94, respectively, while Rf values of methanol leaf extract of E. globulus run under Toluene: Ethyl acetate (97:3) solvent system was 0.03, 0.07, 0.12, 0.25, 0.37, 0.43, 0.56, 0.62, 0.75, 0.81, 0.87, 0.88 and 0.94 respectively. The results of the investigation will be used to confirm the proper identification of A. indica and E. globulus crude plant extracts. The optimum solvents for extracting antibacterial components from A. indica and E. globulus leaves were chloroform and methanol.
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Patil, Vikas Prakash, and Preeti Khulb. "Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Chlorogenic Acid from Ethanol Fraction of Cordia subcordata: HPLC, HPTLC, FTIR, and LC-MS Analysis." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 15, no. 03 (2024): 1144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.15.3.07.
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Cordia subcordata was subjected for soxhlet extraction using soxhlet apparatus by hydroalcoholic solvent (Ethanol:water; 70:30). The obtained crude extract was subjected to organoleptic properties. The extract was dark greenish or greenish-black in color. The odor of the extract was strong like tamarind. The extract taste was bitter mixed with pungent and the texture was sticky solid. The yield of the extract was 9.1%. It was observed that crude extract contains carbohydrates, reducing sugars, monosaccharides, proteins, amino acids, fats and oil, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponin glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. The presence of many phytochemicals in the extract signifies its substantial contribution to various disorders. The crude extract was subjected to column fractionation using various solvents. For column fractionation, we used polar solvents and analyzed the resulting fractions using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to determine the presence of individual or multiple compounds. From TLC analysis, it was observed that the ethanol fraction contains a single compound and therefore same fraction was subjected for HPLC, HPTLC, FTIR, and LC-MS analysis. From HPLC analysis, it was clearly identified that this ethanolic fraction contains chlorogenic acid and it displayed a peak at 8.428 minutes. The HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid. From HPTLC analysis, chlorogenic acid was identified at 0.65 Rf value. From the present investigation, we concluded that this developed method can be used for the isolation of chlorogenic acid from C. subcordata.
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Rahasasti, Indri Dwi, and Nabilah Nauli Jehan. "Analisis Senyawa Asam Mefenamat dalam Sediaan Jamu Pegal Linu di PasarSumber Kabupaten Cirebon." Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) 4, no. 2 (2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/pbsj.v4i2.27812.
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Abstract: Indonesia is a country where people are still productive in consuming herbal medicine. The number of consumers of herbal medicine resulted in some herbal medicine manufacturers adding medicinal chemicals in it. In accordance with BPOM rules that apply a herbal medicine may not contain the slightest BKO. This study aim to analyze the content of mefenamic acid in herbs that circulate around the Sumber Regency market in Cirebon. Mefenamic acid is one of the drugs used to treat various kinds of pain, especially toothache, muscle aches, joint pains and aches when or before menstruation. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative test using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and quantitative tests using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. In TLC, the initial identification of a compound is based on a comparison of the value of Rf versus standard Rf. Rf values are generally not the same from laboratory to laboratory even at different analysis times in the same laboratory, so it is necessary to consider the use of relative Rf, ie the Rf value of compound stains compared to other compound stains on the same plate. Five of the eight samples found on the market contained mefenamic acid compounds. The samples containing mefenamic acid of found in the code numbers B, C, F, G and H. The highest levels of mefenamic acid were found in the B-1 sample of 0.14%. According to the One Way ANOVA statistical test results obtained a sig value of 0.001 <0.05. This shows the data on the levels of mefenamic acid in a sample of aching rheumatic / rheumatic herbs there are significant differences circulating in the Sumber Regency Cirebon market.
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Rofika, Evi, Fitriana Fitriana, and Herwin Herwin. "IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPYTIC FUNGI COMPOUND ON WHITE WEED LEAVES (Ageratum Conyzoides L.) CONTAINING THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE ANTIBIOTICS BY TLC-BIOAUTOGRAPHY." Journal Microbiology Science 3, no. 1 (2023): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56711/jms.v3i1.894.
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White weed (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is known to have antibacterial elements containing chemical compound such as saponin and flavonoids. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic activity of endophytic fungi isolates of white weed leaves by the TLC-Bioautography method. The results of endophytic fungi isolation of white weed leaves obtained 10 isolates consisting of IFDP 1, IFDP 2, IFDP 3, IFDP 4, IFDP 5, IFDP 6, IFDP 7, IFDP 8, IFDP 9, and IFDP 10. The results of the macroscopic examination of the ten isolates of endophytic fungi found different characteristics. The results of the screening using 9 samples obtained isolates that found activity showing high inhibitory power, such as IFDP 1, IFDP 2, and IFDP 4 isolates. Isolates of IFDP 1, IFDP 2 and IFDP 4 were fermented on MYB medium for 14 days. Then filtering and evaporation were carried out to produce an extract. Isolate fermentate extracts were identified using Thin Layer Chromatography with chloroform eluent: methanol (4:2). The antibiotic activity test was done using TLC-Bioautography method, and obtained an Rf value in isolate 1, at Rf 0.74 on Vibrio cholerae. Isolate 2 resulted rf value of 0.67 on Salmonella thypi, Vibrio cholerae, Eschericia coli, disentriae, Staphylococcus epidermis. Isolate 4 generated an Rf value of 0.74 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae. While the group of active chemical components contained in the endophytic fungi isolates of white weed leaves was lavonoids by using AlCl3 reagents, AICI3 reagent alkaloids, and Sulfuric acid for saponin identification
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Wulansar, Laela, Dewi Septaningsih, Tsania Purnomo, et al. "Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemical Profile, and Clustering of Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) Peel Extracts Using Different Solvent Extraction." Journal of Tropical Life Science 11, no. 3 (2021): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.03.14.
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Pomegranate has valuable nutritional content and contains various bioactive compounds, one found in the fruit's peel. The utilization of these bioactive compounds could be used as herbal medicines and supplements, such as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity, phytochemical profile, and pomegranate peel extract grouping using different extracting solvents. The three extracting solvents used were water, 70% ethanol, and ethanol p.a. Antioxidant capacity of the three extracts was measured using the DPPH and CUPRAC methods. We also determined the total phenolic and flavonoid levels and the TLC fingerprint analysis and FTIR spectrum of the pomegranate peel extracts. The 70% ethanol extract owned the largest antioxidant capacity than the other two extracts with a value of 358.67 and 2981.59 µmol trolox/g dried sample using the DPPH and CUPRAC methods, respectively. The three pomegranate peel extracts' total phenolic and flavonoid levels ranged from 287.26–1068.81 mg GAE/g dried sample and 0.24-0.75 mg QE/g dried sample. TLC fingerprint analysis of pomegranate peel extract yielded 2, 6, and 6 bands for water extract, 70% ethanol, and p.a ethanol, respectively. The three extracts can be grouped based on FTIR spectrum data using principal component analysis using three principal components with a total variance of 93%. The results obtained show that using different extracting solvents provides different antioxidant capacities and phytochemical profiles.
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Khasanah, Kharismatul, Siska Rusmalina, Loso Loso, Selvia Meilisa, and Nafis Daniel Hadi. "Analisis mutu fisik, mikrobiologi, dan kandungan metabolit sekunder serbuk instan jamu kunyit asam." Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy 4, no. 2 (2023): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/sjp.v4i2.257.
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The lifestyle “back to nature” is growing and in demand by the public. Herbal turmeric tamarind is a herbal product often consumed by the public to reduce pain during menstruation (dysmenorrhea). This study aimed to verify the secondary metabolites in the instant herbal turmeric tamarind powder developed by the research team using the thin-layer chromatography method. TLC was identified by extracting instant powder of tamarind turmeric herbs using ethanol, methanol, distilled water, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents. The stationary phase used is a 60 GF ₂₅₄ silica plate and the detection of compounds by UV₂₅₄, UV₃₆₆, and chemical reagents. Identification results were analyzed descriptively by looking at the stains on the plates, calculating the Rf value of each compound, and carrying out a comparative analysis of the literature with reference standards. The results showed that the processed tamarind herbal turmeric instant powder sample of the research team positively contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and curcumin characterized by the presence of colored spots, and the resulting Rf values were the same or close to those of the sample and the standard for each compound.
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Nandan Sah, Shiv, and Pradip Pratap Dhakal. "Screening and Molecular Characterization of Antibacterial Secondary Metabolite Producing Actinomycetes from Soils of Eastern Mountain Regions of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (2023): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54796/njb.v11i2.260.
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Antibacterial secondary metabolite is a bioactive compound like antibiotic that can be considered a substance, produced by one microorganism, which in low concentration inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. Actinomycetes, slow-growing gram-positive bacteria, are the major sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to screen and identify antibacterial secondary metabolite-producing actinomycetes by sequencing the 16S rRNA method (molecular identification) from the soils of the mountain region of eastern Nepal. Starch casein agar (SCA) medium was used for the isolation of actinomycetes which were confirmed by primary screening and secondary screening. Identification of presumptive genera was done based on macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by sequencing their 16S rRNA genes. The antibacterial compound was produced by culturing the potential isolate in starch casein broth. Using organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, n-butanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, and methanol, the chemical was recovered from the fermented broth. TLC performed the antibacterial substance characterization. Only 9 (13.6%) of the 66 actinomycetes isolates showed antibacterial activity against test microorganisms. Only one of the nine isolates, M3, had antibacterial activity in primary screening against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) test bacteria. M3 was chosen for secondary screening due to its strong antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude antibacterial substances was found to be 2.5 mg/mL against test organisms. According to the TLC chromatogram, the isolate produced only one compound with an Rf value of 0.81, completely distinct from the spot formed by gentamicin (standard), which had an Rf value of 0.89. The isolates were considered Streptomyces spp., a distinct taxonomic group based on characterization by macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, physiological, and molecular techniques. This study concluded that Mountain regions are the reservoir of antibiotic- producing actinomycetes. Streptomyces is the most common genus.
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He, Fengyan, Yi He, Xiaowei Zheng, et al. "Screening of Chemical Dyes in Traditional Chinese Medicine by HPTLC-MS." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 3 (2018): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0298.
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Abstract It has been uncovered that chemical dyes are illegally used in traditional Chinese medicines to brighten color and cover up inferiority, which threaten the safety of patients. In the present study, an HPTLC-MS method was developed for the effective screening of 11 chemical dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV; 808 Scarlet; Sudan Red 7B; malachite green; Basic Orange 2; auramine; Orange II; and erythrosine) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) raw materials and Chinese patent medicines. Firstly, unwashed HPTLC plates were chosen by comparing the background signals of the TLC plates used directly and prewashed with analytical grade and HPLC grade solvents. Twice developments were conducted to isolate chemical dyes of different polarity. Possible adulterants were preliminarily identified by comparing Rf values and in situ UV-Vis spectra with those of the references. Further confirmation was conducted by tandem MS analysis via an elution head-based TLC-MS interface. Sudan I and IV, 808 Scarlet, and Orange II were successfully detected in eight batches of TCM. The proposed method could be applied as a reliable technology for the screening of chemical dyes in TCM.
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Ariel, Dio Giovanni, Sri Winarsih, Fitria Febriliani Putri, et al. "Optimation of Combination of N-Hexane Solution and Ethyle Acetate on Secondary Metabolite Compounds Profile of Streptomyces hygroscopicus." Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya 31, no. 3 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkb.2021.031.03.11.
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<p>Streptomyces hygroscopicus (S.hygroscopicus) is a Gram-positive soil bacterium that can produce secondary metabolites from fermentation that have a therapeutic effect. The fermented S. hygrocospicus metabolites that are still in the form of crude extracts are difficult to develop as drug preparations because the active compounds are not yet known, so it will be challenging to determine the dosage of drugs that have a therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out exploratory research to narrow down the secondary metabolite profile from the fermentation of S. hygroscopicus, using extraction and fractionation methods, which are then identified by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using a combination of solvents. This study used the extraction method with a separating funnel. The fractionation was carried out using the BUCHI (Sepacore®) Flash Chromatography and Reveleris® PREP Purification System column chromatography gradually using ethyl acetate and n-hexana. 47 and 60 of the fractionation results were taken as samples, that further were profiled using TLC and given the appearance of 10% KOH stains and p-Anisaldehyde - sulfuric acid, so that various classes of compounds with different Rf values were obtained, namely Monoterpenes, Triterpenes, Steroids, Saponins, Coumarin, Scopoletin, and Alkaloids.</p>
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Bee, Beldar Shamshad, Rakesh Kumar Jat, and Sufiyan Ahmad. "Extraction, isolation and chromatographic estimation of Aloe-Emodin and Physcion from Cassia Fistula root." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 32 (August 30, 2023): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v32.026.
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The large and untapped resources of chemical compounds with significant medical potential found in medicinal plant species make them valuable as sources for biomedicine. Traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and Chinese Traditional Medicine are just two of the many that use the essential medicinal plant Cassia fistula L. It is a medium-sized tree that loses its leaves in the autumn. Its name is from its beautiful yellow flowers and long, rod-shaped seeds with pulp inside. The plant's roots were extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, and water in that order, and the products were looked at for preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity. Analysis of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, protein, amino acids, saponins, and triterpenoids showed that most elements were present. Furthermore, this work concentrated on isolating and purifying aloe-emodin and Physcionusing column chromatography and then determining their purity using HPTLC. Different extraction solvents were tested, and ethanolic produced the highest yield of both. Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol at 5:4:1 (v/v) showed superior resolution of Rf values at 0.7 and 0.9 as aloe-emodin and Physcion, respectively. Different solvents with different polarities were tried before using TLC to separate aloe-emodin and Physcion. The Toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid ratio was increased when the silica gel column chromatography polarity was applied to the alcohol extract.
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Dołowy, Małgorzata, Josef Jampilek, and Katarzyna Bober-Majnusz. "A Comparative Study of the Lipophilicity of Metformin and Phenformin." Molecules 26, no. 21 (2021): 6613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216613.
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The results presented in this paper confirm the beneficial role of an easy-to-use and low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique for describing the retention behavior and the experimental lipophilicity parameter of two biguanide derivatives, metformin and phenformin, in both normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) TLC systems. The retention parameters (RF, RM) obtained under different chromatographic conditions, i.e., various stationary and mobile phases in the NP-TLC and RP-TLC systems, were used to determine the lipophilicity parameter (RMW) of metformin and phenformin. This study confirms the poor lipophilicity of both metformin and phenformin. It can be stated that the optimization of chromatographic conditions, i.e., the kind of stationary phase and the composition of mobile phase, was needed to obtain the reliable value of the chromatographic lipophilicity parameter (RMW) in this study. The fewer differences in the RMW values of both biguanide derivatives were ensured by the RP-TLC system composed of RP2, RP18, and RP18W plates and the mixture composed of methanol, propan-1-ol, and acetonitrile as an organic modifier compared to the NP-TLC analysis. The new calculation procedures for logP of drugs based on topological indices 0χν, 0χ, 1χν, M, and Mν may be a certain alternative to other algorithms as well as the TLC procedure performed under optimized chromatographic conditions. The knowledge of different lipophilicity parameters of the studied biguanides can be useful in the future design of novel and more therapeutically effective metformin and phenformin formulations for antidiabetic and possible anticancer treatment. Moreover, the topological indices presented in this work may be further used in the QSAR study of the examined biguanides.
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Ananthi, G., and Bagyalakshmi. "Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Marine Green Seaweed Ulva lactuca." Asian Journal of Biology 20, no. 4 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i4396.
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The aim of this study is to determine the presence of Ulva seaweeds, possibly by analyzing the quality of seaweed powder extracts and some organic solvents. It belongs to the order Ulvaales. Ulva lactuca is a widespread macro algae growing the Mediterranean coast phylum Chlorophyta, commonly known as “sea lettuce”. Collected from the Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu, India. Dry the Ulva seaweeds and grind it in a food processor until it becomes a fine powder. The powder is dried in an oven at 600c for 24 hours. Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins and Tannins. dried seaweed nutrients rich in energy 252.72kcal/mg/gm, carbohydrates 49.63mg/gm, less protein 12.21mg/gm, fat 1.04mg/gm less than gm, high crude fiber, ash15.8mg/g, high moisture 21.74mg/g. in the UV –visible spectrum of seaweed extract TLC analysis 200-800nm found a high value of0.925, to0.477, GC-MS RF value of8.014, and FTIR analysis of seaweeds Ulva found a high value of 618 to 3525cm-1 and HPLC showed retention time 2.213- 3.730. The antimicrobial studies maximum inhibition zone, minimum concentrations, minimum inhibition zone and maximum activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae, are methanol extract 10mm, Staphylococcus aureus, ethyl acetate extract11mm, Candida albicans 10.5mm were respectively.
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Nikmah, Mujtahida Rokhaitun, Khusna Santika Rahmasari, W. Wirasti, and S. Slamet. "Penetapan Kadar Metilparaben dalam Sediaan Krim Wajah yang Beredar di Kabupaten Pekalongan dengan Metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan 1 (December 7, 2021): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/prosiding.v1i.795.
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AbstractMethylparaben is a preservative that is often added in cosmetic preparations. The addition of methylparaben in cosmetics aims to protect the preparation from fungus so that cosmetic preparations are not easily damaged. The side effects of using methylparaben in the long term are irritation, allergic reactions, inflammation, and skin dermatitis. The purpose of this research was to analyze the content of methylparaben and determine the concentrationof metil paraben in the face cream samples. The qualitative test used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method, mobile phases used were chloroform and methanol (9:1). Quantitative test used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with methanol and aquabides as mobile phases (6:4). The results obtained in TLC are the sample Rf value is not much different from the standard Rf value, the standard Rf value is 0.60. Of the 10 samples analyzed, 8 spots appeared on samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 with an Rf value of 0.58, respectively; 0.57; 0.58; 0.57; 0.57; 0.57; 0.58; and 0.60. In the HPLC analysis, it was obtained that the sample levels in samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 were 0.33%, respectively; 0.30%; 1.21%; 0.29%; 0.52%; 0.44%; 0.41% and 1.14%. Samples 3 and 10 are not safe to use.Keywords: determination; face cream; preservative; methylparaben; HPLC.
 AbstrakMetilparaben adalah zat pengawet yang sering ditambahkan dalam sediaan kosmetik. Penambahan metilparaben dalam kosmetik bertujuan untuk menjaga sediaan agar terhindar dari jamur sehingga sediaan kosmetik tidak cepat rusak. Efek samping penggunaan metilparaben dalam jangka panjang yaitu dapat menimbulkan iritasi, reaksi alergi, inflamasi, dan dermatitis kulit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan metilparaben dan mengetahui kadar metil paraben dalam sampel krim wajah. Pengujian secara kualitatif menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), fase gerak yang digunakan yaitu kloroform dan metanol (9:1). Pengujian secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dengan fase gerak metanol dan aquabides (6:4).Hasil yang diperoleh pada KLT yaitu nilai Rf sampel tidak jauh berbeda dengan nilai Rf standar, nilai Rf standar sebesar 0,60. Dari 10 sampel yang dianalisis yaitu muncul 8 bercak pada sampel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, dan 10 dengan nilai Rf berturut-turut yaitu sebesar 0,58; 0,57; 0,58; 0,57; 0,57; 0,57; 0,58; dan 0,60. Pada analisis HPLC diperoleh kadar sampel yaitu pada sampel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, dan 10 secara berturut-turut sebesar 0,33%; 0,30%; 1,21%; 0,29%; 0,52%; 0,44%; 0,41% dan 1,14%. Sampel 3 dan 10 tidak aman untuk digunakan.Kata kunci: penetapan; krim wajah; pengawet; metilparaben; HPLC.
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Abazi, Drita, Nora Limani-Bektashi, and Olga Popovska. "Development of thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of caffeine in black, green, and white tea." European Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 3 (2021): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.12.3.284-288.2131.
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Caffeine is naturally present in tea and coffee giving the pleasant and stimulant effect. Several different types of teas, black, green, and white teas bought in market were analysis for caffeine content. The boiled sample tea was filtered through filter paper. Lead(II) acetate was used to separate tannins from caffeine followed by filtration through filter paper with a black ribbon. The liquid-liquid extraction was carried out using dichloromethane (3×5 mL) and sodium sulfate as a drying agent. The TLC method was performed on Merck precoated silica gel plates 5×10 cm (60F254, 200 μm) using either methanol or dichloromethane as solvents and the mobile phases were glacial acetic acid and ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v), while the second one was consisted of ethyl acetate and ethanol (80:20, v/v), respectfully. The Rf values were 0.36 and 0.86 for the first and the second mobile phase, respectively, in comparison to the standard caffeine. The values for pH of boiled sample teas were in the range from 4.85 to 5.80. The most abundant tea sample for caffeine was determined in green tea bought in the grocery store for health nutrition (2.04 %). The yield for tea samples from green market, white tea and two tea black samples were 0.06, 0.71, 0.07, and 0.05%, respectively. The developed TLC method can be used for determination of caffeine content in tea samples.
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Limbu, Dhiren Subba, Ramesh Majhi, ShivNandan Sah, Kamana Bantawa, and Bishan Rai. "Screening of Antibiotic producing Actinomycetes for Antibiosis from soil of Sunsari, Nepal." Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2023): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v7i1.61136.
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Actinomycetes, slow-growing gram-positive bacteria, are useful in the search for bioactive compounds. A total of 24 different actinomycete strains were recovered from farming soil samples collected from the Sunsari district. The isolates were then tested against two gram-positive and three gram-negative bacteria. Results showed that 21% of all isolates are antibacterial at least, one of the test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, and Pseudomonas spp. According to antibacterial activity and spectrum broadness, one of the isolates (S11) was selected for secondary screening. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude antibacterial substances extracted from the broth culture of the isolate (S11) was found to be 1.3 mg/ml against test organisms. The chromatogram in TLC showed only one spot with an Rf value of 0.87 by the isolate suggesting that the isolate produced only one compound which was utterly different from the spot with an Rf value of 0.94 paid by gentamycin. According to identification by Microscopy (1000X) and overall biochemical, and physiological characteristics, the isolate was considered Streptomyces antibioticus, a distinct taxonomic group.
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Dahiru Rimi, Abubakar, Aminu Bello Riji, and Musbahu Buhari. "Phytochemical Screening and Some Antibacterial Activities of Clerodendrum capitatum Leaves Extract." Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA 1, no. 1 (2023): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2023-0101-025.
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Plant were used for medicinal purposes since ancient times for treatment of diverse ailments. Clerodendrum capitatum has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis, fever, obesity, diabetes mellitus, diarrhoea, asthma, etc. In this study, C. capitatum leaves were extracted using standard procedures and then subjected to phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and column chromatography. The single spot isolated compound (I1) obtained from the column was subjected to antimicrobial analysis, bioautography, Fourie Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The phytochemical screening indicates the presence of secondary metabolite like alkaloid and terpenoid. The n-hexane extract TLC show 8 spots with different Retention factors (Rf) value, then after column was done, compound with RF value 0.35 was isolated from the column chromatography. Antimicrobial test result showed that the Isolate was active against Salmonella typhi, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp, Shigella spp, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (with zones of inhibition range 7mm-17mm), highest activity was recorded against Staphylococcus epidermidis, and least activity against Bacillus megaterium both at concentration of 100mg/L. The bioautography also show zone of inhibition with white coloured visibility. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the isolates contain ketone functional group (RCOR) group. The presence of the secondary metabolite like alkaloids and terpenes in the crude extract and Ketone functional group in the isolate suggest the reasons for the antibacterial activity of the isolated compound.
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Shamsuddeen, U., Ahmad, M. A., and Abdulkadir, R. S. "Evaluation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Zea mays (Maize) Sold in Katsina Central Market, Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 2, no. 1 (2017): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1721.016.
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This study was carried out to isolate moulds and detect Aflatoxin in maize sold in Katsina Central Market. A total of ten (10) samples of maize were collected from five different vendors in the market and subjected to mould isolation, Aflatoxin extraction and characterization of the toxin type using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Four fungal genera namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Rhizopus species were isolated from 7(70%), 1(10%), 3(30%) and 7(70%) of the samples respectively. Aspergillus species were the predominant species isolated with Aspergillus flavus occurring in 7(70) and Aspergillus niger 6(60) of the total samples. Extraction of the toxin was carried out using methanol and water while type of the toxin was determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC), in which blue fluorescence on the TLC plates in 7(70%) indicated the presence of aflatoxin B in the samples. Retention factor (RF) value with a range of 0.40-0.60 was calculated using the standard formulae. The research suggest proper harvesting, drying, storage and public enlightenment to avoid contamination and consumption of maize grains infested by the number one carcinogenic toxin.
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Pasaribu, Yenni Pintauli, Yorinda Buyang, Jesi Jecsen Pongkendek, Lamtiar Ferawaty Siregar, and Dessy Rizki Suryani. "Evaluation of total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant, and correlation study of Macaranga tanarius leaf extracts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1454, no. 1 (2025): 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1454/1/012034.
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Abstract Macaranga tanarius (Euphorbiaceae) has been used to cure a variety of human diseases. This study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of M. tanarius leaf. The sample was macerated individually using different solvents. TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay, while total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The TLC method was developed utilizing dichloromethane and ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. The methanol extract of leaves had the greatest TPC and TFC values (287.21 mg GAE/g dry extract and 45.92 mg QE/g dry extract). The methanol extract also had the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH (IC50 0.87 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 4.36 μg/mL), and the FRAP value (309.23 μM Fe2+/g). The TLC chromatograms showed that M. tanarius leaf contain a variety of components. These results show that M. tanarius leaf extract could be used as an antioxidant.
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Maurya, Rahul, Thirupataiah B, Lakshminarayana Misro, and Thulasi R. "Effect of the Solvent Polarity and Temperature in the Isolation of Pure Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata." Scientific Temper 13, no. 02 (2022): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.2.38.
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The primary objective of the proposed research work is to extract and enrich pure andrographolide(AGL) by varying the polarity index and Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) of a moderatelypolar solvent. Both parameters affect the solubility of AGL in different solvents and extractionmethods.AGL was extracted from the whole plant Andrographis paniculata. Continuous or Direct,Maceration and Soxhlet extraction method used for extraction. Based on the appearance of thecrystal in the direct Soxhlet ethyl acetate method, their yield was further optimized by using arandomized response surface methodology (RSM) and quadratic model-based Box‒Behnkendesign (BBD). HPTLC was used to determine the AGL extraction efficiency, purity, andquantification. Based on the obtained result, the pure andrographolide crystal (yield 0.185 g/g)was obtained by direct Soxhlet extraction. Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent. The Rf exhibitedin the TLC chromatogram was 0.28. The FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic peaks similarto the standard AGL, and 1H-NMR and 13C NMR elucidated the crystal structure. The DEPT-90/135 spectra showed that the extracted crystal was pure AGL. One of the novel approachesis isolating pure AGL crystals in a moderately polar solvent (ethyl acetate) by elevating theHildebrand solubility parameter despite using polar solvents. AGL crystals were obtained fromdirect Soxhlet extraction by ethyl acetate.It is a single-step and more economical method. It can be easily transformed into a pilot orindustrial setup to extract the pure AGL.