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Journal articles on the topic 'Differential diagnosis of leukoplakia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Benito Navarro, Juan Ramón, Olga Mercedes Santaella Guardiola, José Francisco Delgado Alvarez, and Anna Josephine Frandsen. "Laryngeal Leishmaniasis as a Differential Diagnosis of Glottic Leukoplakia." Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) 64, no. 6 (2013): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2013.11.003.

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2

Zhang, B.-G., J.-Q. Zhu, W. Zhang, F.-X. Su, G.-Q. Wang, and X.-G. Ni. "Effect of a training course on the diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia by narrow-band imaging." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 134, no. 10 (2020): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221512000211x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the value of narrow-band imaging training for differentiating between benign and malignant vocal fold leukoplakia.MethodThirty cases of vocal fold leukoplakia were selected.ResultsNarrow-band imaging endoscopy training had a significant positive effect on the specificity of the differential diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia. In addition, the consistency of diagnostic typing of vocal fold leukoplakia by narrow-band imaging improved to ‘moderate agreement’ following the combination of types I and II and the combination of types IV, V and VI in the typing of vocal fold leukoplakia.ConclusionThe narrow-band imaging training course may improve the ability of laryngologists to diagnose vocal fold leukoplakia. The new endoscopic diagnostic classification by narrow-band imaging needs to be further simplified to facilitate clinical application.

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Andrade, Sérgio Araújo, Marisa Maria Ribeiro, Sebastião Pratavieira, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, and Fernando de Pilla Varotti. "Hairy Tongue: Differential Diagnosis by Use of Widefield Optical Fluorescence." Brazilian Dental Journal 30, no. 2 (2019): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902270.

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Abstract Hairy tongue is a benign pathology, characterized clinically by hyperkeratinized plaques on the dorsal surface of the tongue, hairlike, whose coloration ranges from unpigment, whitish, yellowish, green, brown to black. Diagnosis is clinical, and, in cases of whitish plaques, it may be difficult to differentiate between oral hairy leukoplakia, potentially malignant leukoplakia or squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, widefield optical fluorescence complementary examination may allow a better visualization of the local hairlike pattern of hyperkeratinization, typical of the hairy tongue, facilitating the diagnosis. In this work, a 57-year-old man was referred to the Dental Specialties Department of the Divinópolis Health Department (MG, Brazil) by a general dental practitioner, aiming a differential diagnosis of possible malignant lesion on the dorsal tongue surface. The complementary examination by wide-field optical fluorescence was performed. For this, it was employed a device with high-power light-emitting diode emitting light centered at a wavelength of (400±10) nm and maximum irradiance of (0.040±0.008) W/cm2 was used for fluorescence visualization. Fluorescence images showed projections of hairlike appearance in tongue dorsal surface with no aspects of malignancy. Hairlike appearance is the principal feature of hairy tongue. In this way, the final diagnosis was established. In conclusion, in this case, the use of widefield optical fluorescence in oral diagnostic routine provided a differential diagnosis, with no need of an incisional biopsy.

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4

Ficarra, Giuseppe, Domenico Gaglioti, Massimo Di Pietro, and Karen Adler-Storthz. "Oral hairy leukoplakia: Clinical aspects, histologic morphology and differential diagnosis." Head & Neck 13, no. 6 (1991): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.2880130607.

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5

Vuckovic, Nada, Marija Bokor-Bratic, and Dejan Vuckovic. "Histological characteristics of oral leukoplakia." Medical review 57, no. 3-4 (2004): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0404140v.

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Introduction Leukoplakia (LKP) is defined as a white patch or plaque on the mucosa of oral cavity, vulva, vagina etc., which cannot be removed and cannot be clinically or microscopically explained by presence of a disease. LKP is included in the group of lesions with malignant potential. Microscopic characteristics Basic microscopic characteristics of oral LKP include hyperkeratosis of ortho- or parakeratotic type and acanthosis of the epithelium, with various degrees of chronic inflammatory infiltrates in lamina propria. Also, various degrees of epithelial dysplasia may occur. Some of the most important microscopic characteristics of dysplasia are: loss of polarity of basal cells, increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, irregular epithelial stratification, increased number of abnormal mitotic figures and their presence in the superficial epithelium, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, keratinization of single cell groups. Malignant potential LKP is the most common oral mucosal lesion (evident in 3% of adults). At the same time, up to 85% of all precancerous lesions are manifested as LKP. Overall malignant potential of LKP does not exceed 4%, but some authors found that even 16% LKP with some degree of dysplasia, have a potential to transform to carcinoma. Microscopic differential diagnosis The most important differential diagnostic criteria are listed for lesions with similar microscopic appearance. Conclusion Nowdays LKP is diagnosed more frequently than before, probable due to a better patients' education and dentists' caution, but not due to real increase in incidence.

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6

Magnani, Lauren, Danilo C. Delcampo, and Marian Russo. "Dyskeratosis congenita with leukoplakia: The differential diagnosis to consider and multidisciplinary management." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 7, no. 9 (2016): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/ijcri-2016108-cr-10696.

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7

Avinash Tejasvi, ML, Pooja Madki, Ruheena Khan, and Shilpa Javudi. "Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: An enigmatic lesion with emphasis on its differential diagnosis." Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology 32, no. 3 (2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_44_20.

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8

Molochkova, Yu V., A. N. Khlebnikova, V. A. Molochkov, L. E. Gurevich, and A. V. Molochkov. "Comparative study of Ki67 protein expression in oral lichen planus and leukoplakia." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 94, no. 4 (2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2018-94-4-15-20.

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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is included in the category of potentially malignant diseases. Benign processes are differentiated from malignant ones by the nature of cell proliferative activity. The aim of the present study was the comparative study of proliferative activity in OLP and leuk oplakia cells, as well as the cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma.Materials and methods. Biopsy specimens from 16 patients with OPL, 13 with leukoplakia, and 7 with oral squamous cell carcinoma were investigated. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using Ki67 monoclonal antibodies.Results. The average Ki67 index in OPL cells was 9.3 ± 2.3 %. Proliferating cells were located exclusively in the basal epidermis layer. In leukoplakia cells, the average Ki67 index was 20.5 ± 6.1 %; the proliferating cells were located in the basal layer and lower parts of the spinous (suprabasal) layer of the epidermis. In squamous cell carcinoma, the average Ki67 index was 57.4 ± 2.04 %. Proliferating cells were located diffusely over all cell complexes from the lower to the highest layers of the epidermis. Differences in the proliferation level were significant for the leukoplakia/OPL pair (p = 0.003) and squamous cell carcinoma/OPL pair (p < 0.001), while for squamous cell carcinoma/leukoplakia pair the difference was not significant (p = 0.211).Conclusion. The differences in the proliferation level and in the nature of the proliferating cell distributionin through the epidermis can be applied in the differential diagnosis of OPL and leuk oplakia.

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9

Kakizaki, Hidehiro, Katsuya Nonomura, Tomohiko Koyanagi, Masami Nantani, Kotaro Taniguchi, and Tadashi Matsuno. "Endourological Evaluation and Management of Leukoplakia of the Renal Pelvis." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2, no. 3 (1996): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.2.167.

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Since August 1989, we have seen 4 patients with leukoplakia of the renal pelvis associated with a longstanding renal stone. In 2 of them, excretory or retrograde pyelography revealed multiple filling defects in the left renal pelvis as well as a renal stone, although urine cytological examination was negative. One of the other 2 patients underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the renal stone, but this was not followed by the passage of stone fragments. The renal stone in the remaining patient was associated with staghorn calculi. For stone extraction as well as endoscopic evaluation of the intrapelvic lesion, percutaneous nephroscopy was performed. A small to large amount of tissue-like white debris in sheets characteristic of leukoplakia was found in the renal pelvis with stones embedded in it and was removed directly by forceps or suction and then by irrigating with saline. We propose that 1) the endourological approach should be recommended for patients with renal pelvic lesions associated with longstanding renal stones or for patients who show difficulty in passing stone fragments after ESWL and 2) this entity of leukoplakia should be kept in mind for the differential diagnosis of renal pelvic lesions associated with renal stones.

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10

Jurczyszyn, Kamil, and Marcin Kozakiewicz. "Differential diagnosis of leukoplakia versus lichen planus of the oral mucosa based on digital texture analysis in intraoral photography." Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 28, no. 11 (2019): 1469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/acem/104524.

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11

Muniz, Janusa Maria, Cláudia Renata Bibiano Borges, Marcela Beghini, et al. "Galectin-9 as an important marker in the differential diagnosis between oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus." Immunobiology 220, no. 8 (2015): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2015.04.004.

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12

Pasquier, Chloé, Sophie Tisné-Versailles, Mathilde Fénélon, Sylvain Catros, and Jean-Christophe Fricain. "Two white sponge nevus in a single family: case report." Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery 27, no. 1 (2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mbcb/2020046.

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Introduction: White Sponge Nevus (WSN) is a leukokeratosis characterized by white lesions of the oral mucosa. These lesions are bilateral, thickened and raised compared to the adjacent mucosa. Their aspect are folded and spongy. It is a benign disorder with asymptomatics lesions which often appear during the childhood or the adolescence. The interest of this case report is that the diagnostic of WSN had been established directly, thanks to the presence of the patient's father. Observation: A twelve years old patient was examined in the unity of the oral mucosa pathology and oro-facials pain, of the oral surgery service of Bordeaux hospital (CHU de Bordeaux, France). He presented typical WSN lesions. His father was examined and presented the same lesions. Discussion: Diagnostic of WSN is mainly a clinical examination. There are a lot of differential diagnosis, and leukoplakia is the principal. In case of doubt about the diagnostic, a histological examination can be done. Nowadays, there is no consensus about the therapeutic. But the lesions are mainly asymptomatics, so any treatment has to be planed. Conclusion: An early WSN diagnosis avoids to patients a non adapted treatment and reassures young patients and their parents.

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13

Kang, Yingzhu, Jiao Chen, Xiaoying Li, et al. "Salivary KLK5 and uPA are potential biomarkers for malignant transformation of OLK and OLP." Cancer Biomarkers 31, no. 4 (2021): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/cbm-203105.

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BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) usually originates from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), such as oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral lichen planus (OLP). Identifying biomarkers for the early diagnosis and evaluation of malignant transformation in OPMD could improve the survival rate of OSCC patients. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to screen for potential salivary biomarkers for evaluating the malignant transformation of OPMD. METHODS: Salivary proteases from OLK and OSCC patients or healthy donors and proteases in cultural medium from DOK and Cal-27 cells were detected with a human protease array kit. The concentrations of the salivary Kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) proteases were measured by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to determine the potential value of these proteases in clinical diagnosis were calculated using SPSS software. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the KLK5 and uPA expression in the oral organizations. RESULTS: The salivary protease spectrum was different among patients with OLK and OSCC and healthy donors. KLK5 and uPA levels in saliva tended to increase as the disease progressed (healthy < OPMD [OLK and OLP] < OSCC). ROC curves showed the optimum diagnostic cutoffs for KLK5 as a biomarker for OLK, OLP, and OSCC were 5.97, 6.03, and 9.45 pg/mL, respectively, while the cutoffs for uPA were 17.19, 17.26, and 20.96 pg/mL. Their combined analysis showed a higher sensitivity for the differential diagnosis of disease. Furthermore, higher levels of KLK5 and uPA were observed in OSCC tissues than in OLK and OLP. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary KLK5 and uPA are potential biomarkers for evaluating OLK and OLP malignant transformation and early diagnosis of OSCC.

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14

Kitzing, Peter. "Endoscopic Findings of Early Stage Vocal Fold Cancer." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 1, no. 4 (1995): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.1.185.

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To describe early cancerous and precancerous lesions of the laryngeal vocal folds as well as of the most common differential diagnoses, based on a series of microlaryngoscopic photographs. Some introductory remarks about terminology and the classification of epithelial lesions of the vocal folds are included. The paper ends with some comments as to the management of epithelial thickenings (or leukoplakias) of the vocal folds. Malignancy should be suspected as long as it has not been ruled out by histologic diagnosis on adequate biopsies, which is the only way to correctly evaluate the character of such lesions. Precancerous lesions should be controlled by regular follow up examinations as carefully as invasive carcinomas (posttreatment), because there is a high tendency for recurrences or for later development of malignancy in these cases.

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15

Yeh, Vivian, Neal S. Goldstein, Martin L. Hopp, and Richard D. Meyer. "Herpes Simplex Chronic Laryngitis and Vocal Cord Lesions in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 103, no. 9 (1994): 726–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949410300912.

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Chronic laryngitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may be due to infections or tumors, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. We present what we believe to be the first proven case of herpes simplex virus chronic laryngitis in a man positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Direct laryngoscopy showed leukoplakic lesions on both vocal cords. Biopsy of the lesions showed squamous epithelial cells with the characteristic features of herpes simplex virus, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical stains. We discuss the differential diagnosis of chronic laryngitis in a human immunodeficiency virus infection. Herpes simplex viral infection of the vocal cords should be considered in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting with chronic hoarseness and leukoplakic lesions on direct laryngoscopy, especially with no evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma, tumor, or cytomegaloviral or fungal infection elsewhere. Treatment should be acyclovir, except in the face of acyclovir resistance.

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16

Zhao, Si-Yu, Jun Wang, Shao-Bo Ouyang, Zi-Kun Huang, and Lan Liao. "Salivary Circular RNAs Hsa_Circ_0001874 and Hsa_Circ_0001971 as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 6 (2018): 2511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491624.

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Background/Aims: Recent studies have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) can serve as potential molecular markers for disease diagnosis. However, little is known about their diagnostic potential for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to determine the expression of circRNAs in the saliva of OSCC patients to identify novel biomarkers for OSCC screening. Methods: Microarray screening of circRNA was performed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in saliva from 3 OSCC patients compared with 3 healthy controls. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the results, and the association between these confirmed salivary circRNAs and clinicopathological features was analyzed using the chi-squared test. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the circRNAs identified. Preoperative expression and postoperative expression (1 month after the surgery) of hsa_circ_0001874 and hsa_circ_0001971 was also determined. Results: Our results indicated 12 upregulated and 20 downregulated circRNAs in the saliva from the OSCC patients compared with that from the healthy controls. Among the differentially expressed circRNAs, hsa_circ_0001874, hsa_circ_0001971, and hsa_circ_0008068 were upregulated and hsa_circ_0000140, hsa_circ_0002632, and hsa_circ_0008792 were downregulated in the OSCC group versus the healthy group. Clinical data indicated that salivary hsa_circ_0001874 was correlated with TNM stage (P=0.006) and tumor grade (P=0.023) and that hsa_circ_0001971 was correlated with TNM stage (P=0.019). The combination of hsa_circ_0001874 and hsa_circ_0001971 showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.922 (95% confidence interval, 0.883-0.961; P< 0.001). The risk score based on the combination of hsa_circ_0001874 and hsa_circ_0001971 also discriminated patients with OSCC from patients with oral leukoplakia (P< 0.001). Moreover, the expression levels of salivary hsa_circ_0001874 and hsa_circ_0001971 were clearly decreased in the postoperative samples compared with preoperative samples (P< 0.001). Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate the potential of salivary hsa_circ_0001874 and hsa_circ_0001971 as biomarkers for the diagnosis of OSCC.

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Syomkin, V. A., O. F. Rabinovich, I. I. Babichenko, and A. A. Bezrukov. "Leukoplakia: clinical and pathological diagnosis." Stomatologiya 96, no. 1 (2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/stomat201796172-76.

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18

Yanko, N. V., L. F. Kaskova, I. Yu Vashchenko, S. Ch Novikova, and O. S. Pavlenkova. "ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2020.11.

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Viral diseases with oral manifestations are common in the practice of pedodontist, however, sometimes their diagnosis is complicated due to the similar clinical manifestations. A huge number of viruses are present in oral cavity, especially from Herpesviridae family, however, the most of them are asymptomatic. Cold, systemic diseases and stress provoke the activation of viruses with different clinical manifestations. Therefore, a dentist can be the first who diagnoses not only herpetic gingivostomatitis, but also other viral diseases. The aim of the article was to analyse the oral manifestations of viral diseases in children in order to optimize their diagnostics. This article analyses clinical cases and reviews of diseases in English in Google database from 2011 to May 2020 (and earlier publications) by Keywords: «herpetic gingivostomatitis», «recurrent aphthous stomatitis», «oral manifestations of infectious mononucleosis», «herpetic angina», «oral manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection», «recurrent herpetic gingivostomatitis», «oral manifestations of varicella virus», «oral manifestations of herpes zoster», «roseola infantum», «herpangina», «hand, foot and mouth disease», «oral manifestations of measles», «rubella», «oral manifestations of papillomavirus», and «oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus». Viruses which have oral manifestations were characterized by transmission. Mostly airborne viruses are represented by Herpesviridae family. The differential diagnosis of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis includes recurrent aphthous stomatitis which forms ulcers on non-keratinised oral mucosa without a vesicle phase. Recurrent herpetic infection doesn’t have difficulties in diagnostics, but could be complicated by erythema multiform with clear target lesions. Vesicles, erosions in oral cavity associated with vesicles on hear part of head help to distinguish chickenpox from herpetic infection. Compared to Herpes simplex virus infection, Herpes zoster has a longer duration, a more severe prodromal phase, unilateral vesicles and ulceration, with abrupt ending at the midline and postherpetic neuralgia. Roseola is characterized by small papules on skin and palate which appears when severe fever in prodromal period subsides and disappears after 1-2 days. Oral vesicles associated with foot and hand rush differentiate enterovirus stomatitis from chickenpox and roseola. The distribution of the lesions of herpangina (palate, tonsils) differentiates it from primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, which affects the gingivae. Comparing with roseola and rubella, measles has a bigger size of rush and specific oral localization on buccal mucosa. Mild fever and skin rush which appears on face and extensor surfaces of body and extremities help to distinguish rubella from measles and roseola. Viruses transmitted through biological liquids are represented in oral cavity by infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus. The vesicles and ulcers on the tonsils and posterior pharynx in case of these infections can resemble herpetic stomatitis, but liver and spleen enlargement allows to exclude this diagnose; also cytomegalovirus erosions heal for long time. Cervical lymphoadenopathy differentiates them from herpetic angina. Laboratory diagnostics is based on detection of antibodies to virus or virus DNA in blood helps to make diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infections. Viruses transmitted through direct contact with mucosa and biological liquids represented by human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HPV in oral cavity represent by benign epithelial hyperplasia which might persist and transform to malignant. Therefore, histological examination plays important role in diagnostics of HPV. Oral manifestations such as candidiasis, herpes labialis, and aphthous stomatitis represent some of the first signs of HIV immunodeficiency. Oral lesions also associated with HIV in children are oral hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Rapid necrotization and long-term healing of oral lesions help to suspect HIV and prescribe the blood test for the detection of antibodies to the virus. Oral mucosa is often the first to be affected by viral infections. A thorough anamnesis and examination is the key to accurate diagnostics of the most oral viral lesions and their adequate treatment. Biopsy, examination of antibodies to the virus in the blood or polymeraze-chain reaction to the virus in the bioptate or blood are performed in case of diagnostic difficulties. Laboratory methods had to use more widely for the diagnostics of recurrent or unclear lesions of the oral mucosa in children.

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Bokor-Bratic, Marija, and Nada Vuckovic. "New knowledge on the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia." Medical review 57, no. 1-2 (2004): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0402041b.

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Introduction There have been many discussions and debates in the literature over appropriate criteria for diagnosing oral leukoplakia and for predicting its prognosis. Clinical aspects In general, two clinical variants of leukoplakia are being recognized: the homogeneous and non-homogeneous type. Clinical subdivisions of leukoplakia in these two types can be used for cases in -which no biopsy is available. Diagnostic procedures A 2-4 week interval to observe a possible regression or disappearance of a white lesion, after elimination of possible causative factors, seems to be a fully acceptable period of time before taking a biopsy. Taking a biopsy in homogeneous leukoplakia and espacially non-homogeneous leukoplakia should be a standard rule. It is recommended that the histologie report should include a statement on absence or presence of epithelial dysplasia and an assessment of its severity. This recommendation -was made in order to provide a classification and staging system reflecting the size and histopathologic findings. disappearance of a white lesion, after elimination of possible.

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Greenspan, John S., and Deborah Greenspan. "Oral hairy leukoplakia: Diagnosis and management." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 67, no. 4 (1989): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(89)90381-2.

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Jurczyszyn, Kamil, Tomasz Gedrange, and Marcin Kozakiewicz. "Theoretical Background to Automated Diagnosing of Oral Leukoplakia: A Preliminary Report." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (September 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8831161.

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Oral leukoplakia represents the most common oral potentially malignant disorder, so early diagnosis of leukoplakia is important. The aim of this study is to propose an effective texture analysis algorithm for oral leukoplakia diagnosis. Thirty-five patients affected by leukoplakia were included in this study. Intraoral photography of normal oral mucosa and leukoplakia were taken and processed for texture analysis. Two features of texture, run length matrix and co-occurrence matrix, were analyzed. Difference was checked by ANOVA. Factor analysis and classification by the artificial neural network were performed. Results revealed easy possible differentiation leukoplakia from normal mucosa (p<0.05). Neural network discrimination shows full leukoplakia recognition (sensitivity 100%) and specificity 97%. This objective analysis in the neural network revealed that involving 3 textural features into optical analysis of the oral mucosa leads to proper diagnosis of leukoplakia. Application of texture analysis for leukoplakia is a promising diagnostic method.

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Mabruk, Mohamed J. E. M. F., Stephen R. Flint, David C. Coleman, Mary Toner, and Gregory J. Atkins. "Diagnosis and treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 6, no. 2 (1996): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.1996.tb00155.x.

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23

Mersil, Sarah. "FRICTIONAL KERATOSIS ”MIMICKING” LEUKOPLAKIA." Jurnal Ilmiah dan Teknologi Kedokteran Gigi 15, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/jitekgi.v15i1.786.

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Latar Belakang: Frictional keratosis didefinisikan sebagai plak putih dengan permukaan kasar dan berjumbai yang di identifikasi dari sumber iritasi mekanis yang biasanya akan sembuh jika sumber iritasi di hilangkan. Diagnosis banding dari frictional keratosis adalah leukoplakia karena gambaran klinisnya berupa plak putih yang menyerupai leukoplakia displastik. Laporan kasus : Seorang laki-laki 22 tahun datang ke klinik integrasi RSGM FKG UPDM (B) dengan keluhan terdapat putih-putih di kedua pipi bagian dalam. Dari pemeriksaan intraoral terlihat adanya plak papula putih tidak beraturan disertai eritema, berbatas tidak jelas dan tidak sakit pada mukosa bukal kiri dan kanan. Mengaku sering menggigit pipi bagian dalam dan juga memiliki kebiasaan merokok sehingga dapat dicurigai mengarah frictional keratosis dengan diagnosis banding leukoplakia. Setelah dilakukan observasi lesi ini hilang sepenuhnya sehingga dapat didiagnosis frictional keratosis dan menyingkirkan kecurigaan terhadap leukoplakia. Kesimpulan: Gambaran klinis serta faktor-faktor predisposisi pada frictional keratosis hampir sama dengan leukoplakia, untuk itu dokter gigi harus lebih hati-hati dan mendetail dalam menghadapi kasus seperti ini.

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Ghosh, Snehashish, Roopa S. Rao, Manoj K. Upadhyay, et al. "Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia Revisited: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study." Clinics and Practice 11, no. 2 (2021): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract11020048.

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(1) Objective: To review the criteria proposed by Cerero-Lapiedra et al. and to retrospectively identify the under-diagnosed disease in patients diagnosed with proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. (2) Materials and methods: In this study, we included patients who were diagnosed with leukoplakia (histological label consistent with the clinical diagnosis, n = 95), and cases with a final diagnosis within the spectrum of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (n = 110) as defined by Batsakis et al. We applied the criteria proposed by Cerero-Lepiedra et al. to screen for the possible cases of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. (3) Results: Although many of our patients satisfied specific isolated criteria, only 11 cases satisfied specific combinations of the guidelines to satisfy a diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. However, due to the lack of follow-up data, the disease is not confirmed in these 11 cases. (4) Conclusion: A limited number of cases of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia were diagnosed using the criteria given by Cerero-Lapiedra et al. The true natural history of the disease could not be studied due to the lack of follow-up data. (5) Clinical relevance: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia presenting as hyperkeratosis or mild epithelial dysplasia are often not followed up, and they subsequently transform into carcinoma. Thus, clinicians must be vigilant whenever they encounter leukoplakia, especially with multifocal presentations. In such cases, the follow-up data are the key to understanding the true nature of the disease entity.

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Kurihara, Risa, Shogo Shinohara, Masahiro Kikuchi, et al. "Total excision of tongue leukoplakia for histopathological diagnosis." Toukeibu Gan 37, no. 1 (2011): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5981/jjhnc.37.7.

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26

Meisel, Peter, and Thomas Kocher. "Individualized diagnosis versus epidemiological assessment of oral leukoplakia." Oral Oncology 49, no. 3 (2013): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.11.007.

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Fraga-Fernández, Javier, and Blanca Vicandi-Plaza. "Diagnosis of Hairy Leukoplakia by Exfoliative Cytologic Methods." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 97, no. 2 (1992): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/97.2.262.

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Capella, Diogo Lenzi, Jussara Maria Gonçalves, Adelino António Artur Abrantes, Liliane Janete Grando, and Filipe Ivan Daniel. "Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances." Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 83, no. 5 (2017): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.12.005.

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Silverman, Sol. "Diagnosis and Management of Leukoplakia and Premalignant Lesions." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 10, no. 1 (1998): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30339-3.

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Gumussoy, Murat, and Ulku Kucuk. "Candidiasis Causing Vocal Fold Leukoplakia: Review of Clinical and Pathological Results of 289 Cases With Vocal Fold Leukoplakia." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 128, no. 10 (2019): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489419848792.

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Objective: In laryngology practice, vocal fold leukoplakia is frequently evaluated by suspension laryngoscopy and biopsy examination upon the patient’s complaints of hoarseness and dysphonia. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up results of cases with Candida leukoplakia. Study Design: Retrospective case control study. Setting: Tertiary medical center. Subjects and Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of vocal fold leukoplakia who underwent direct laryngoscopy and biopsy between 2007 and 2017 and diagnosed as candida or noncandida in their histopathology were assigned into 2 groups. Then they were compared in terms of their demographic characteristics, predisposing factors, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up results. Results: Of the 289 vocal fold leukoplakia cases, 36 were candida, and 253 were noncandida. The mean age of the patients with Candida leukoplakia was 60.86 years. As for the age groups, the largest group (26.1%) was in the seventh decade ( P < .001). The use of inhaled corticosteroids was a significant risk factor ( P < .001). For their medical therapy, the patients were administered fluconazole 200 mg per day for 3 weeks, and the treatment yielded successful results in 91.66% of them. In 5 of the patients, candida leukoplakia and superficial epithelial dysplasia were observed, and no malignant transformation was observed during a mean follow-up of 28 ± 13 months. Conclusion: Candidiasis causing vocal fold leukoplakia is rare, and we report the findings of the largest published case series to date. Eliminating predisposing factors and administrating oral fluconazole 200 mg for 3 weeks are sufficient for medical treatment.

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Bariyah, Naim, and Fitria Mailiza. "SEBUAH KASUS SUSPEK LEUKOPLAKIA PADA LAKI-LAKI 44 TAHUN (DILEMATIC PROBLEM IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT)." B-Dent, Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah 5, no. 2 (2019): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/jbd.v5i2.154.

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Latar belakang : Leukoplakia adalah istilah klinik untuk plak ataubercak putih pada mukosa mulut yang tidak dapat dihapus dan tidakdapat diklasifikasikan sebagai penyakit lain apapun yang dapat didiagnosis secara klinis. Insiden terjadinya leukoplakia pada suatupopulasi sekitar 0,1%. Salah satu faktor predisposisinya adalahmerokok. Kebiasaan merokok cukup sulit dihilangkan dalam edukasiterhadap pasien. Hal ini menimbulkan dilema dalam edukasi tehadapkasus leukoplakia. Tujuan : Melaporkan penatalaksanaan sebuahkasus suspek leukoplakia pada laki-laki 44 tahun yang dipicu olehfaktor merokok. Kasus : Seorang pasien laki-laki berusia 44 tahundatang dengan keluhan ingin memeriksakan bercak putih pada gusi danlangit-langit rongga mulutnya sudah 6 bulan dan tidak terasa nyeri.Pemeriksaan ekstraoral tidak ada kelainan. Pemeriksaan intraoralterdapat plak putih tidak dapat dikerok pada daerah gingiva danpalatum. Penatalaksanaan kasus : Melakukan KIE dengan pasiendiinstruksikan agar mengurangi kebiasaan merokoknya dan merujuk kedokter spesialis penyakit mulut. Pembahasan : Pemeriksaanhistopatologi dan sitologi dapat membantu dalam penegakan diagnosisleukoplakia. Akan tampak adanya perubahan keratinisasi sel epitelium,terutama pada bagian superfisial. Secara mikroskopis, perubahan inidapat dibedakan menjadi 5 bagian, yaitu hiperkeratosis,hiperparakeratosis, akantosis, diskeratosis atau displasia, karsinoma insitu. Simpulan : Untuk menegakkan diagnosis dan managemen kasusleukoplakia diperlukan kerja sama yang baik antara pasien dan klinisi.

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Buexm, Luisa Aguirre, Silvia Paula De Oliveira, Ana Flávia Schueler De Assumpção Leite, et al. "Progression of Leukoplakia Lesions Over 13 Years: Final Diagnosis of Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 126, no. 3 (2018): e85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.256.

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Chaudhry, Astha, and Manjunath M. "Evaluation of efficacy of chemiluminescence for diagnosis of leukoplakia." Oral Science International 11, no. 2 (2014): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1348-8643(14)00004-4.

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Shavlokhova, Veronika, Christa Flechtenmacher, Sameena Sandhu, et al. "Feasibility and Implementation of Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis of Oral Leukoplakia: Preliminary Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 6 (2021): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11060951.

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Background: Oral leukoplakia is a potentially malignant lesion with a clinical impression similar to different benign and malignant lesions. Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy is a developing approach for a rapid “chairside” detection of oral lesions with a cellular-level resolution. A possible application of interest is a quick differentiation of benign oral pathology from normal or cancerous tissue. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) for detecting oral leukoplakia and to compare confocal images with gold-standard histopathology. Methods: Imaging of 106 submosaics of 27 oral lesions was performed using an ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscope immediately after excision. Every confocal image was qualitatively assessed for presence or absence of leukoplakia by an expert reader of confocal images. The results were compared to conventional histopathology with H&E staining. Results: Leukoplakia was detected with an overall sensitivity of 96.3%, specificity of 92.3%, positive predictive value of 93%, and negative predictive value of 96%. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the potential of ex vivo confocal microscopy in fresh tissue for rapid real-time assessment of oral pathologies.

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Kizil, Yusuf, Utku Aydil, Metin Yilmaz, et al. "Vocal Cord Leukoplakia: Characteristics and Pathological Significance." International Journal of Phonosurgery & Laryngology 2, no. 1 (2012): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10023-1027.

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ABSTRACT Leukoplakia is a nonspecific clinical term used to describe a mucosal white patch or plaque that cannot be easily scraped off. Leukoplakia of vocal cord represents a chronic inflammation or exposure to irritants which can also stimulate development of precancerous conditions or cancer. This study aimed to determine clinical and histopathological characteristics of vocal cord leukoplakia. A total of 66 patients were included. All patients with a clinical diagnosis of vocal cord leukoplakia who had undergone direct laryngoscopic examination and biopsy were analyzed retrospectively. The most common pathological finding was mild dysplasia (25.8%). Cancer was detected in 18.2% of cases. Malignancy was more frequent in cases with unilateral vocal cord involvement (23.4%) when compared with bilateral cases (5.2%) and in patients with localized lesions (19.3%) when compared with lesions involving whole cord (11.1%), but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Smoking history was found to be related with cancer diagnosis (p < 0.001). In the presence of a serious smoking history, there is high-risk for malignancy and leukoplakia should be sampled immediately for histopathological examination. Although statistically not proven, cancer rates are higher in more localized and unilateral lesions. How to cite this article Kizil Y, Aydil U, Yilmaz M, Ekinci Ö, Güzeldir OT, Savas VA, Köybasioglu A. Vocal Cord Leukoplakia: Characteristics and Pathological Significance. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2012;2(1):9-13.

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Mahdmina, A., M. Rudralingam, and A. Sengupta. "Differential diagnosis." British Dental Journal 210, no. 7 (2011): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.244.

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Levern Merrifield, L. "Differential diagnosis." Seminars in Orthodontics 2, no. 4 (1996): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1073-8746(96)80024-7.

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Swenson, Rand. "DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS." Neurologic Clinics 17, no. 1 (1999): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70113-4.

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Scordo, Kristine Anne. "Differential Diagnosis." AACN Advanced Critical Care 25, no. 3 (2014): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nci.0000000000000035.

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Kirkland, Larry R. "Differential Diagnosis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 4 (1994): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520040080047.

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Pearn, John. "Differential Diagnosis." Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 7, no. 4 (2000): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j092v07n04_03.

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Carr, Vincent F. "DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS." Military Medicine 160, no. 1 (1995): A9a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/160.1.a9a.

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Cobb, Lorene, and Mary Lou Galantino. "Differential Diagnosis." Rehabilitation Oncology 37, no. 2 (2019): E1—E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.reo.0000000000000083.

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Kharma, Mohamed Yasser, and Basal Tarakji. "Current Evidence in Diagnosis and Treatment of Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia." Annals of Saudi Medicine 32, no. 4 (2012): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2012.412.

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Triantos, Dimitris, Stephen R. Porter, Crispian Scully, and Chong Gee Teo. "Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Clinicopathologic Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Significance." Clinical Infectious Diseases 25, no. 6 (1997): 1392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516131.

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Robinson, Jean. "Dermatology – Differential DiagnosisDermatology – Differential Diagnosis." Nursing Standard 26, no. 34 (2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.04.26.34.30.b1349.

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Kusiak, Aida, Adrian Maj, Dominika Cichońska, Barbara Kochańska, Aleksandra Cydejko, and Dariusz Świetlik. "The Analysis of the Frequency of Leukoplakia in Reference of Tobacco Smoking among Northern Polish Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (2020): 6919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186919.

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Objective: The aim of the study was an updated analysis of the frequency of leukoplakia in reference to tobacco smoking among the northern Polish population. Material and Methods: Medical records of 5720 patients who suffer from abnormalities and oral mucosa diseases between January 2015–December 2018 were analyzed. Among them, 416 medical charts of patients with leukoplakia were selected. The study group consisted of 196 women and 220 men aged between 21–86 years (average 45.6 years). The analysis was conducted in terms of age, gender, and smoking tobacco. The basic criterion for inclusion in the study was the presence of oral leukoplakia confirmed by histopathological examination, recorded in the chart. Information about the patient’s active smoking was obtained from documented medical interviews. An active smoker was defined as a patient who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day for at least the previous six months. The study used parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. Results: The highest incidence of leukoplakia was found in the age group 41–60 (46.6%), where the vast majority were active smokers (85.1%), and mostly men (86.2%). However, among patients with leukoplakia, the highest prevalence of smoking was found in the age group 21–40 years (86.8%) in women, where out of 38 patients with leukoplakia, 33 were active smokers. More patients with leukoplakia were observed in groups of smokers and it was statistically significant. Homogeneous form was the most commonly diagnosed form of leukoplakia in our study; it was found in almost 95% of cases. Leukoplakia was mainly observed on the cheeks. Changes on the gums, the alveolar process or the bottom of the tongue and mouth were rarely found. Conclusion: Our studies revealed that there is a statistically significant correlation between tobacco smoking and the presence of oral leukoplakia among the northern Polish population. It should be noted that dentists, in particular, are capable of early diagnosis and implementation of appropriate treatment of leukoplakia and, most often, crucial elimination of the main risk factor, which is smoking, and the implementation of effective tobacco control interventions.

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Artemyeva, T. Р., and D. A. Tzerkovsky. "Photodynamic therapy for vulvar leukoplakia." Biomedical Photonics 7, no. 4 (2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2018-7-4-4-10.

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The aim of study is to evaluate the tolerability and eﬀectiveness of photodynamic therapy as an organ‑preserving treatment in patients with vulvar leukoplakia. 50 patients with a verifed diagnosis of «vulvar leukoplakia» were included in the study. The age varied from 27 to 74 years. The method of treatment assumed the use of the photosensitizer рhotolon (RUE «Belmedpreparaty», Belarus) administered intravenously in doses of 1.8–2.5 mg/kg. Photoirradiation of pathological foci was carried out 2.5–3 hours after intravenous injection of photolon® using a semiconductor laser «UPL PDT» (LEMT, Belarus, λ=661 nm) at exposure doses from 30 to 100 J/cm2 with a power density of 100–170 mW/cm2. The treatment was performed under medical anesthesia. The results of treatment were evaluated using clinical data. Adverse reactions and complications after the introduction of the photosensitizer and photoirradiation have not been observed. Complete clinical regression of the treated pathological foci was noted in 100% of cases with a follow‑up observation 1 month after the treatment. At follow‑up after 3 months, local recurrences of the disease were detected in 4 cases, which were successfully treated with repeated photo‑dynamic therapy sessions. The percentage of complete regressions was 92%, partial – 8%. The obtained results allow judging on the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in the treatment of patients with vulvar leukoplakia, which allows to preserve the organ and obtain a satisfactory functional and cosmetic result.

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SAKAMAKI, Hiroyuki, Yoko FUJIMOTO, Yoshito TAKEDA, et al. "Diagnosis of Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Leukoplakia using Contact Mucoscopy." Journal of Japanese Society for Oral Mucous Membrane 17, no. 1 (2011): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6014/jjomm.17.7.

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Epstein, Joel B., Mahnaz Fatahzadeh, Jesenka Matisic, and George Anderson. "Exfoliative cytology and electron microscopy in the diagnosis of hairy leukoplakia." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 79, no. 5 (1995): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80096-4.

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