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Journal articles on the topic 'Differential modulator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Korošak, Žiga, Nejc Suhadolnik, and Anton Pleteršek. "Design of Multi Standard Near Field Communication Outphasing Transmitter with Modulation Wave Shaping." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020188.

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The aim of this work is to tackle the problem of modulation wave shaping in the field of near field communication (NFC) radio frequency identification (RFID). For this purpose, a high-efficiency transmitter circuit was developed to comply with the strict requirements of the newest EMVCo and NFC Forum specifications for pulse shapes. The proposed circuit uses an outphasing modulator that is based on a digital-to-time converter (DTC). The DTC based outphasing modulator supports amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation, operates at four times the 13.56 MHz carrier frequency and is made fully differential in order to remove the parasitic phase modulation components. The accompanying transmitter logic includes lookup tables with programmable modulation pulse wave shapes. The modulator solution uses a 64-cell tapped current controlled fully differential delay locked loop (DLL), which produces a 360° delay at 54.24 MHz, and a glitch-free multiplexor to select the individual taps. The outphased output from the modulator is mixed to create an RF pulse width modulated (PWM) output, which drives the antenna. Additionally, this implementation is fully compatible with D-class amplifiers enabling high efficiency. A test circuit of the proposed differential multi-standard reader’s transmitter was simulated in 40 nm CMOS technology. Stricter pulse shape requirements were easily satisfied, while achieving an output linearity of 0.2 bits and maximum power consumption under 7.5 mW.

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2

Bokulic, R. S. "Design of differential QPSK modulator." Electronics Letters 27, no. 13 (1991): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19910739.

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3

Pandey, Neeta, Rajeshwari Pandey, Aseem Sayal, and Manan Tripathi. "Realization of DVCCTA Based Versatile Modulator." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/342785.

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A Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (DVCCTA) based versatile modulator is proposed which can work as an amplitude modulator, frequency modulator, delta modulator, and sigma delta modulator. The modulator operational scheme uses pulse generator as a core and its output is used as carrier signal. A DVCCTA based pulse generator is proposed first and subsequently configured as different modulators. Compact realization is the key feature of the proposed circuit as it uses two DVCCTA; a grounded resistor and a grounded capacitor hence are appropriate for IC realization. The functionality of the proposed circuit is verified through SPICE simulations using TSMC 0.25 μm CMOS process model parameters. The performance parameters such as power dissipation and noise for various modulator schemes are also obtained.

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4

Silva-Ortigoza, R., F. Carrizosa-Corral, J. J. Gálvez-Gamboa, M. Marcelino-Aranda, D. Muñoz-Carrillo, and H. Taud. "Assessment of an Average Controller for a DC/DC Converter via Either a PWM or a Sigma-Delta-Modulator." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/196010.

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Sliding mode control is a discontinuous control technique that is, by its nature, appropriate for controlling variable structure systems, such as the switch regulated systems employed in power electronics. However, when designing control laws based on the average models of these systems a modulator is necessary for their experimental implementation. Among the most widely used modulators in power electronics are the pulse width modulation (PWM) and, more recently, the sigma-delta-modulator (Σ-Δ-modulator). Based on the importance of achieving an appropriate implementation of average control laws and the relevance of the trajectory tracking task in DC/DC power converters, for the first time, this research presents the assessment of the experimental results obtained when one of these controllers is implemented through either a PWM or aΣ-Δ-modulator to perform such a task. A comparative assessment based on the integral square error (ISE) index shows that, at frequencies with similar efficiency, theΣ-Δ-modulator provides a better tracking performance for the DC/DC Buck converter. In this paper, an average control based on differential flatness was used to perform the experiments. It is worth mentioning that a different trajectory tracking controller could have been selected for this research.

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5

Sharma, R., I. A. Bucklew, and W. A. Sethares. "Stochastic analysis of the ΣΔ modulator and differential pulse code modulator." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 44, no. 10 (1997): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.633434.

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6

WANG Zhi-bin, 王志斌, 张瑞 ZHANG Rui, 赵冬娥 ZHAO Dong-e, 陈友华 CHEN You-hua, and 魏海潮 WEI Hai-chao. "Photoelastic-modulator-based differential frequency polarization modulation measurement and error analysis." Optics and Precision Engineering 21, no. 4 (2013): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20132104.0876.

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7

XU, W. K., L. WANG, and G. KOLUMBÁN. "A NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL CHAOS SHIFT KEYING MODULATION SCHEME." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 21, no. 03 (March 2011): 799–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127411028829.

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In binary Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK), the reference and information bearing chaotic wavelets are transmitted in two consecutive time slots. This TDMA approach provides two independent channels for the transmission of reference and information bearing wavelets but requires a delay component both in the modulator and demodulator circuits, furthermore, it halves the data attainable data rate. The wideband Radio Frequency (RF) delay lines at receiver are extremely difficult to implement with CMOS technology, therefore, the DCSK modulation cannot be exploited in many applications, such as ultra-wideband. To avoid the use of wideband RF delay lines at receiver, an alternative solution is proposed here where both the reference and information bearing wavelets are sent in the same time slot. The two wavelets are separated by Walsh codes instead of time delay. The new modulator and demodulator configurations are given, analytical expressions for the Bit Error Rate (BER) are derived and the derived BER expressions are verified by computer simulations over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.

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8

NERURKAR, SHAILESH B., and KHALID H. ABED. "A LOW POWER CASCADED FEED-FORWARD DELTA-SIGMA MODULATOR FOR RF WIRELESS APPLICATIONS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 18, no. 02 (April 2009): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126609005149.

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This paper presents a design of a novel cascaded third-order feed-forward delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This ADC is realized using fully differential switched capacitor architecture and produces a 12-bit resolution at a data output rate (DOR) of 2.5 MS/s for RF wireless applications. The delta-sigma modulator consists of a second-order single-bit feed-forward modulator cascaded with a multi-bit first-order modulator. The cascaded feed-forward third-order (2-1) ADC is simulated using Matlab and Simulink. The delta-sigma modulator was designed using Cadence Virtuoso in TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The power consumption of the designed modulator is 12.74 mW, and the resolution is 11.85 bits for an over-sampling ratio (M = 32). The figure of merit is 1.38 pJ at a sample rate of 80 MS/s. The proposed delta-sigma modulator is compared with other state-of-the-art low-pass delta-sigma modulators in terms of their speed, power, DOR, and the proposed modulator has one of the lowest power consumption.

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9

Baschirotto, A., and R. Castello. "Low-voltage fully differential switched-opamp bandpass modulator." IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 146, no. 5 (1999): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:19990549.

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10

Radisic, V., M. Yu, Zhihao Lao, V. Ho, Muliang Xu, K. Guinn, Shing Lee, and K. C. Wang. "40 Gb/s differential traveling wave modulator driver." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 13, no. 8 (August 2003): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2003.815688.

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11

Yu, Hui, Marianna Pantouvaki, Peter Verheyen, Guy Lepage, Philippe Absil, Wim Bogaerts, and Joris Van Campenhout. "Silicon dual-ring modulator driven by differential signal." Optics Letters 39, no. 22 (November 4, 2014): 6379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.39.006379.

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12

Huszaník, Tomáš, Ján Turán, and Ľuboš Ovseník. "On the 100 Gbps DWDM with Optical Carrier Suppression Modulation." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0104.

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Abstract This paper investigates the transmission performance of 16-channel DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system with two complex Optical Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulator configurations using 2 LiNb MZM (Mach-Zehnder Modulator) and 3 LiNb MZM. The link performance is evaluated for 100 Gbps data rate per channel in a total 750 km single mode fiber link. The perfomance is analyzed in terms of forward power, reflected power and bit-error rate of the received signal. From the simulation results we prove, that the link performance can be improved by adopting the high efficiency optical modulation.

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13

Skorodumovs, A. "Satellite Communications. SDPSK Modulator for Radiation Tolerant Satellite Modem / SDPSK Modulators Radiācijas Noturīgam Satelīta Modēmam." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 50, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2013-0005.

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After a satellite has been launched, it is impossible to reprogram the hardware modulator. Therefore, a nanoRTU FPGA-based controller (AAC Microtec) in a modified modulation scheme may be programmed as a modem backend for softwaredefined radio (SDR) in the satellite communication system in order to adjust the balance of data rate vs. link reliability, enable coding or encryption system, change communication protocols, etc. For this purpose, a low-power radiation-tolerant reprogrammable satellite modem back-end has been realized for the satellite-to-Earth communication. This paper describes realization of a low data rate modulator based on a robust and reliable symmetric differential phase shift keying (SDPSK) modulation scheme combined with a raised cosine pulse shaping filter in nanoRTU, and presents results of its testing

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14

Svarny, Jiri. "Emulator of harmonic distortion of bias port of the mach-zehnder intensity modulator." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0028.

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Abstract The paper deals with the design of an analog circuit to substitute the role of a real intensity Mach-Zehnder modulator for the preliminary tuning of bias controllers. The proposed circuit has similar harmonic distortion as an electro-optic modulator biased around the quadrature operating point. The designed device utilizes a shaping circuit based on a differential pair of bipolar junction transistors. The harmonic distortion of both the Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator and the differential amplifier are analysed. A method to design the emulating circuit of desired features is described and explained and a the comparison of the measured results to the theory is presented.

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15

McIntyre, Timothy J., Christian Maurer, Stefan Bernet, and Monika Ritsch-Marte. "Differential interference contrast imaging using a spatial light modulator." Optics Letters 34, no. 19 (September 28, 2009): 2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.002988.

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16

de la Rosa, J. M., B. Pérez Verdú, F. Medeiro, and A. Rodríguez Vázquez. "CMOS fully-differential bandpass modulator using switched-current circuits." Electronics Letters 32, no. 3 (1996): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19960164.

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17

Chen, Xianmeng, Na Zhang, Jiahui Dong, and Gengyun Sun. "Reactive oxygen species modulator 1, a novel protein, combined with carcinoembryonic antigen in differentiating malignant from benign pleural effusion." Tumor Biology 39, no. 5 (May 2017): 101042831769837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010428317698378.

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The differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and benign pleural effusion remains a clinical problem. Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is a novel protein overexpressed in various human tumors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of joint detection of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and benign pleural effusion. One hundred two consecutive patients with pleural effusion (including 52 malignant pleural effusion and 50 benign pleural effusion) were registered in this study. Levels of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 and carcinoembryonic antigen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 both in pleural fluid and serum of patients with malignant pleural effusion were significantly higher than those of benign pleural effusion (both p < 0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid reactive oxygen species modulator 1 were 61.54% and 82.00%, respectively, with the optimized cutoff value of 589.70 pg/mL. However, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum reactive oxygen species modulator 1 were only 41.38% and 86.21%, respectively, with the cutoff value of 27.22 ng/mL, indicating that serum reactive oxygen species modulator 1 may not be a good option in the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and benign pleural effusion. The sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid carcinoembryonic antigen were 69.23% and 88.00%, respectively, at the cutoff value of 3.05 ng/mL, while serum carcinoembryonic antigen were 80.77% and 72.00% at the cutoff value of 2.60 ng/mL. The sensitivity could be raised to 88.17% in parallel detection of plural fluid reactive oxygen species modulator 1 and carcinoembryonic antigen concentration, and the specificity could be improved to 97.84% in serial detection.

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18

Liu, Xiao Wei, Song Chen, Liang Liu, Jian Yang, and Wei Ping Chen. "The Design of the Integrator of Sigma-Delta Modulator." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.477.

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A kind of fully differential integrator is designed for the modulator of Sigma-delta ADC in this paper. Fully differential structure is adopted to enlarge the amplitude of output, restrain nonlinearity and increase competence of anti-interference. The frequency of signal in this design is 10kHz and the frequency of clock signal is 100kHz. The design of fully differential integrator, capacitive common mode feedback, two-phase unoverlapping clock and switched capacitor integrator are accomplished in this paper. The simulation results in Cadence using 0.5um process show that the low-frequency gain of operational amplifier is 69.87dB, unity gain bandwidth is 37.74MHz, phase margin is 67.73 degrees and slew rate is more than 31V/μs.

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19

Cohen, Shira, Faina Barer, Sara Bar-Yehuda, Adriaan P. IJzerman, Kenneth A. Jacobson, and Pnina Fishman. "A3Adenosine Receptor Allosteric Modulator Induces an Anti-Inflammatory Effect:In VivoStudies and Molecular Mechanism of Action." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/708746.

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The A3adenosine receptor (A3AR) is overexpressed in inflammatory cells and in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals with inflammatory conditions. Agonists to the A3AR are known to induce specific anti-inflammatory effects upon chronic treatment. LUF6000 is an allosteric compound known to modulate the A3AR and render the endogenous ligand adenosine to bind to the receptor with higher affinity. The advantage of allosteric modulators is their capability to target specifically areas where adenosine levels are increased such as inflammatory and tumor sites, whereas normal body cells and tissues are refractory to the allosteric modulators due to low adenosine levels. LUF6000 administration induced anti-inflammatory effect in 3 experimental animal models of rat adjuvant induced arthritis, monoiodoacetate induced osteoarthritis, and concanavalin A induced liver inflammation in mice. The molecular mechanism of action points to deregulation of signaling proteins including PI3K, IKK, IκB, Jak-2, and STAT-1, resulting in decreased levels of NF-κB, known to mediate inflammatory effects. Moreover, LUF6000 induced a slight stimulatory effect on the number of normal white blood cells and neutrophils. The anti-inflammatory effect of LUF6000, mechanism of action, and the differential effects on inflammatory and normal cells position this allosteric modulator as an attractive and unique drug candidate.

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20

Quyen, Nguyen Xuan. "On the Study of a Quadrature DCSK Modulation Scheme for Cognitive Radio." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 09 (August 2017): 1750135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127417501358.

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The past decade has witnessed a boom of wireless communications which necessitate an increasing improvement of data rate, error-rate performance, bandwidth efficiency, and information security. In this work, we propose a quadrature (IQ) differential chaos-shift keying (DCSK) modulation scheme for the application in cognitive radio (CR), named CR-IQ-DCSK, which offers the above improvement. Chaotic signal is generated in frequency domain and then converted into time domain via an inverse Fourier transform. The real and imaginary components of the frequency-based chaotic signal are simultaneously used in in-phase and quadrature branches of an IQ modulator, where each branch conveys two bits by means of a DCSK-based modulation. Schemes and operating principle of the modulator and demodulator are proposed and described. Analytical BER performance for the proposed schemes over a typical multipath Rayleigh fading channel is derived and verified by numerical simulations. Results show that the proposed scheme outperforms DCSK, CDSK and performs better with the increment of the number of channel paths.

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21

Wang, Yelin, and Hao Cai. "Design of an Ultra-Low Power CT ΣΔ A/D Modulator in 65 nm CMOS for Cardiac Pacemakers: From System Synthesis to Circuit Implementation." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eletel-2014-0013.

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Abstract A high performance, ultra-low power, fully differential 2nd-order continuous-time ΣΔ analogue-to-digital modulator for cardiac pacemakers is presented in this paper. The entire design procedure is described in detail from the high-level system synthesis in both discrete and continuous-time domain, to the low-level circuit implementation of key functional blocks of the modulator. The power consumption of the designed modulator is rated at 182 nA from a 1.2V power supply, meeting the ultra-low power requirement of the cardiac pacemaker applications. A 65 nm CMOS technology is employed to implement the ΣΔ modulator. The modulator achieves a simulated SNR of 53.8 dB over a 400Hz signal bandwidth, with 32KHz sampling frequency and an oversampling ratio of 40. The active area of the modulator is 0.45 × 0.50mm2

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22

Mu-Chen Huang and Shen-luan Liu. "A Fully Differential Comparator-Based Switched-Capacitor $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulator." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 56, no. 5 (May 2009): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2009.2019166.

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23

Wang, Yongxing, Zhouzhou Sun, and Ping Xu. "Reflectionless magnetic-to-optical differential modulator based on gyroelectric material." Journal of Optics 20, no. 7 (June 20, 2018): 075701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aacb1d.

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24

Cabrera-Bernal, Elena, Fernando Muñoz, Antonio Torralba, and Clara Luján-Martínez. "Fully differential implementation of a delta-sigma modulator based on the pseudo-pseudo differential technique." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 99 (February 2019): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2018.12.002.

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25

Guo, Min, Hong Hui Deng, Bo Wen Ding, and Yong Sheng Yin. "Design of a Second-Order Sigma-Delta Modulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3797.

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A second-order single bit Sigma - Delta modulator which can be applied to pressure sensor is designed in this paper.The modulator uses switched-capacitor circuit,and the operational amplifier adopts a differential folded-cascode structure with PMOS tube as input. Optimizes the coefficients at the system level design using Simulink tool. The schematic simulation and analysis is by the tools of Spectre and MATLAB with Global Foundry 0.35um CMOS technology. The modulator with oversampling rate of 256 is designed at the 3.3V power supply. Finally, this paper shows the circuit simulation results of the sigma-delta modulator whose signal-noise rate is 103.9dB and resolution is 16.97bits.

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26

Cammarata, Simone, Gabriele Ciarpi, Stefano Faralli, Philippe Velha, Guido Magazzù, Fabrizio Palla, and Sergio Saponara. "Design and Performance Evaluation of Multi-Gb/s Silicon Photonics Transmitters for High Energy Physics." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143569.

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Optical links are rapidly becoming pervasive in the readout chains of particle physics detector systems. Silicon photonics (SiPh) stands as an attractive candidate to sustain the radiation levels foreseen in the next-generation experiments, while guaranteeing, at the same time, multi-Gb/s and energy-efficient data transmission. Integrated electronic drivers are needed to enable SiPh modulators’ deployment in compact on-detector front-end modules. A current-mode logic-based driver harnessing a pseudo-differential output stage is proposed in this work to drive different types of SiPh devices by means of the same circuit topology. The proposed driver, realized in a 65 nm bulk technology and already tested to behave properly up to an 8 MGy total ionizing dose, is hybridly integrated in this work with a lumped-element Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a ring modulator (RM), both fabricated in a 130 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Bit-error-rate (BER) performances confirm the applicability of the selected architecture to either differential and single-ended loads. A 5 Gb/s data rate, in line with the current high energy physics requirements, is achieved in the RM case, while a packaging-related performance degradation is captured in the MZM-based system, confirming the importance of interconnection modeling.

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27

Xu, Hong Lin, Jia Jun Zhou, Jian Yang, Song Chen, Zhi Qiang Gao, and Xiao Wei Liu. "A Low-Distortion Fourth-Order Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator Using Double-Sampling Technique." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.1058.

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In this paper, a low-distortion fourth-order bandpass sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator is proposed based on a switched-capacitor resonator which employs double-sampling technique to relax the requirements for circuits and reduce opamp power consumption and chip area. The modulator is based on the low-distortion low pass ΣΔ modulator. The system level simulation results compare between the low-distortion architecture and the traditional one is given. The full differential circuit applying two-path technique is implemented with TSMC0.18µm CMOS process. It achieves a peak SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of 85.9dB and DR (dynamic range) of 91dB with 200 kHz bandwidth centered at 20MHz which are better than the conventional bandpass ΣΔ modulator.

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28

Rexwinkel, R. B., P. Schakel, S. C. J. Meskers, and H. P. J. M. Dekkers. "Time-Resolved Polarization of Luminescence Spectroscopy: An Accurate and Versatile Digital Instrument for the Sub-μs Time Domain." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 6 (June 1993): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067063.

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An instrument is described for the measurement of circular and linear polarizations of the luminescence with a time resolution up to 50 ns. The spectrometer, which makes use of a 50-kHz photoelastic modulator and a differential photon-counting technique, is accurate and absolute and is capable of detecting small degrees of polarization. Making use of excitation light pulses which lie randomly in the modulator's duty cycle, the instrument can be readily interfaced with a variety of externally triggered or free running pulsed light sources.

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29

PAVAN, SHANTHI, MAURICE TARSIA, STEFFEN KUDSZUS, and DAVID PRITZKAU. "DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTEGRATED MODULATOR DRIVERS IN SILICON GERMANIUM TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, no. 03 (September 2005): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003284.

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We present design considerations for high speed high swing differential modulator drivers in SiGe BiCMOS technology. Trade-offs between lumped and distributed designs, and linear and limiting amplifiers are examined. The design of a 6 V output modulator driver is discussed in detail. The driver features a unique bias generation and distribution circuit that enables low power-supply operation. Simulation results and measurements are given.

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30

Lentine, A. L., H. S. Hinton, D. A. B. Miller, J. E. Henry, J. E. Cunningham, and L. M. F. Chirovsky. "Symmetric self-electrooptic effect device: optical set-reset latch, differential logic gate, and differential modulator/detector." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 25, no. 8 (1989): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.34055.

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31

Mehrjoo, Mohammad S., and James F. Buckwalter. "A Differential Oscillator Injection Locking Technique for an 8 GHz Outphasing Modulator With 22.7% Modulation Efficiency." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 3093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2600860.

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32

Binici, Hakan, and Juha Kostamovaara. "Layout preferences concerning matching in a fully differential ΔΣ modulator design." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 50, no. 2 (October 31, 2006): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-006-9004-x.

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33

Binici, Hakan, and Juha Kostamovaara. "Layout preferences concerning matching in a fully differential ΔΣ modulator design." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 51, no. 2 (May 26, 2007): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-007-9052-x.

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34

Quinn, J. E., R. D. Kennedy, P. B. Mullan, P. G. Johnston, and D. P. Harkin. "211 BRCA1 functions as a differential modulator of chemotherapy induced apoptosis." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 2, no. 8 (September 2004): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80219-2.

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35

Purcell, J. W., C. Finnegan, M. Thomas, K. M. A. Rogers, P. G. Johnson, and M. Boland. "227 NF-kappa-B: a differential modulator of chemotherapy induced apoptosis." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 2, no. 8 (September 2004): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80235-0.

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36

Mandal, Pabitra, Debanjan Chowdhury, S. S. Banerjee, and T. Tamegai. "High sensitivity differential magneto-optical imaging with a compact Faraday-modulator." Review of Scientific Instruments 83, no. 12 (December 2012): 123906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4770128.

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37

Al-Qdah, M. T., M. Khazani, H. A. Abdul-Rashid, K. Dimyati, and B. M. Ali. "A new optical modulator chirp measurement technique using differential frequency beating." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 8, no. 3 (February 22, 2006): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/8/3/014.

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38

De Souza, E. A., L. Carraresi, G. D. Boyd, and D. A. B. Miller. "Analog differential self-linearized quantum-well self-electro-optic-effect modulator." Optics Letters 18, no. 12 (June 15, 1993): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.000974.

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Abdul-Rashid, H. A., M. T. Al-Qdah, H. T. Chuah, M. Tayahi, and M. K. Abdullah. "Optimization of optical modulator chirp measurement technique using differential frequency beating." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 49, no. 9 (2007): 2306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.22718.

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Yazdani, F., and E. A. De Souza. "Operating point optimization of self-linearized differential quantum well electroabsorptive modulator." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, no. 1 (November 5, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.24815.

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Tiiliharju, E., and K. A. I. Halonen. "An active differential broad-band phase splitter for quadrature-modulator applications." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53, no. 2 (February 2005): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2004.840566.

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Kothari, Charu, Alisson Clemenceau, Geneviève Ouellette, Kaoutar Ennour-Idrissi, Annick Michaud, René C.-Gaudreault, Caroline Diorio, and Francine Durocher. "TBC1D9: An Important Modulator of Tumorigenesis in Breast Cancer." Cancers 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143557.

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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a major concern among the different subtypes of breast cancer (BC) due to the lack of effective treatment. In a previous study by our group aimed at understanding the difference between TNBC and non-TNBC tumors, we identified the gene TBC1 domain family member 9 (TBC1D9), the expression of which was lower in TNBC as compared to non-TNBC tumors. In the present study, analysis of TBC1D9 expression in TNBC (n = 58) and non-TNBC (n = 25) patient tumor samples validated that TBC1D9 expression can differentiate TNBC (low) from non-TNBC (high) samples and that expression of TBC1D9 was inversely correlated with grade and proliferative index. Moreover, we found that downregulation of the TBC1D9 gene decreases the proliferation marginally in non-TNBC and was associated with increased migratory and tumorigenic potential in both TNBC and luminal BC cell lines. This increase was mediated by the upregulation of ARL8A, ARL8B, PLK1, HIF1α, STAT3, and SPP1 expression in TBC1D9 knockdown cells. Our results suggest that TBC1D9 expression might limit tumor aggressiveness and that it has a differential expression in TNBC vs. non-TNBC tumors.

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Smolskiy, Sergey, and Alexander Bortsov. "Opto-Electronic Oscillator with Mach-Zender Modulator." Infocommunications journal, no. 1 (2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2019.1.6.

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The non-standard opto-electronic oscillator (OEO) operation is discussed in the generation mode of a single-side optical harmonic on the base of external and internal modulation of the laser signal. The OEO mathematical model is formed basing on laser differential equations for the closed radiofrequency network. With the help of the model offered, the phase noise of OEO radiofrequency oscillations is analyzed. It is shown that phase noise reduction in the circuit with external modulation depends not only on the increased laser power and growth of the geometric length of the optical fiber, but on reduction of the laser phase noise.

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Yan, Dong, Wen Ning Jiang, Si Qi Tao, Jian Yang, Liang Yin, and Xiao Wei Liu. "Analysis of Harmonic Distortion of Sigma-Delta Modulator." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.980.

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In this paper, the harmonic distortion of fourth-order sigma-delta modulator is analyzed. Based on the analysis non-ideal models are established and simulation results demonstrated the validity of these models. The non-linear capacitors introduce harmonic distortion and the non-linear on-resistance nearly only introduce second order harmonic distortion. The non-ideal integrators can increase the noise floor of the modulator.The fully-differential topology can be adopted to eliminate even order harmonic distortion and the operational amplifier with high performance can also be used to decrease noise floor of the modulator.

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Moret, Boris, Nathalie Deltimple, Eric Kerhervé, Baudouin Martineau, and Didier Belot. "A 60 GHz reconfigurable active phase shifter based on a vector modulator in 65 nm CMOS technology." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 3 (March 10, 2016): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000167.

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This paper presents a 60 GHz reconfigurable active phase shifter based on a vector modulator implemented in 65 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. This circuit is based on the recombination of two differential paths in quadrature. The proposed vector modulator allows us to generate a phase shift between 0° and 360°. The voltage gain varies between −13 and −9 dB in function of the phase shift generated with a static consumption between 26 and 63 mW depending on its configuration.

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Choi, Chang-Ik. "Astaxanthin as a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Modulator: Its Therapeutic Implications." Marine Drugs 17, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17040242.

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are part of the nuclear hormone receptors superfamily that plays a pivotal role in functions such as glucose and lipid homeostasis. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a lipid-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid synthesized by many microorganisms and various types of marine life that is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, and anticancer activities. As such, it is a promising nutraceutical resource. ASX-mediated modulation of PPARs and its therapeutic implications in various pathophysiological conditions are described in this review. ASX primarily enhances the action of PPARα and suppresses that of PPARβ/δ and PPARγ, but it has also been confirmed that ASX displays the opposite effects on PPARs, depending on the cell context. Anti-inflammatory effects of ASX are mediated by PPARγ activation, which induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and gastric epithelial cells. The PPARγ-agonistic effect of ASX treatment results in the inhibition of cellular growth and apoptosis in tumor cells. Simultaneous and differential regulation of PPARα and PPARγ activity by ASX has demonstrated a hepatoprotective effect, maintaining hepatic lipid homeostasis and preventing related hepatic problems. Considering additional therapeutic benefits of ASX such as anti-gastric, cardioprotective, immuno-modulatory, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, and osteogenic effects, more studies on the association between ASX-mediated PPAR regulation and its therapeutic outcomes in various pathophysiological conditions are needed to further elucidate the role of ASX as a novel nutraceutical PPAR modulator.

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Komori, H. Kiyomi, Ibragim Gaidarov, Karin Bruinsma, Lisa Karimi-Naser, Anh-Tuan Ton, Tim Indersmitten, Najah Abi-Gerges, et al. "Etrasimod, a Selective S1P 1,4,5 Receptor Modulator, Exhibits Differential G Protein Signaling Compared to Other S1P Receptor Modulators." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04933.

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WANG, LEI, and BAOWEN LI. "HEAT SWITCH AND MODULATOR: A MODEL OF THERMAL TRANSISTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 23n24 (September 30, 2007): 4017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045128.

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A model of a thermal transistor to control heat flow is reported. Like its electronic counterpart, the thermal transistor is a three-terminal device with the important feature that the heat current through two terminals can be switched or modulated by the temperature of the third terminal. The thermal transistor model is possible because of the negative differential thermal resistance.

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Zalachoras, I., R. Houtman, E. Atucha, R. Devos, A. M. I. Tijssen, P. Hu, P. M. Lockey, et al. "Differential targeting of brain stress circuits with a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 19 (April 23, 2013): 7910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219411110.

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Prakash, A. V. Jos, Babita R. Jose, Jimson Mathew, and Bijoy A. Jose. "A Differential Quantizer-Based Error Feedback Modulator for Analog-to-Digital Converters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 65, no. 1 (January 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2017.2666822.

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