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Journal articles on the topic 'Differentiated consumer goods'
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1
Ferrier, Peyton, and Qihong Liu. "Consumer sorting of vertically differentiated goods." Economics Letters 109, no. 1 (2010): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.07.001.
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Barbot, Cristina. "A model of consumer choice with vertically differentiated goods: reassessing the traditional demand theory and an application to tourism." Journal of Transport Literature 7, no. 1 (2013): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2238-10312013000100003.
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Standard vertical differentiation models were designed for a type of consumer behaviour when each consumer buys a single unit of only one of two goods. However, in many other cases, consumers may buy a few units of both goods with different qualities. This case is not covered by theory yet. This paper intends to fill this gap, by modelling consumer behaviour and demand with vertical differentiation when all consumers may buy some mix of both qualities. Additionally, we find that two main results of the previous vertical differentiation literature do not apply in this case and show how the model can be extended to a number of situations. We also present an example of how the model may be applied to Tourism and Transport industries.
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KIM, WOOJU, JUNE SEOK HONG, and YONG UK SONG. "MULTI-ATTRIBUTES-BASED AGENT NEGOTIATION FRAMEWORK UNDER INCREMENTAL INFORMATION DISCLOSING STRATEGY." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 06, no. 01 (2007): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622007002344.
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As more and more consumer-to-consumer e-marketplaces have been introduced with rapidly increasing transaction volumes, consumers now hope that computer technology will support their transaction processes in these electronic markets. To satisfy their expectations, many researchers have delved into developing intelligent agent systems to support customer-to-customer electronic commerce more efficiently. However, many of these researchers have focused only upon supporting simple negotiation for the price of undifferentiated goods. To expand the object of negotiation to differentiated goods, customers should be allowed to negotiate over multiple attributes of the product besides the price, including attributes which are related to the transaction activity itself, such as delivery time and payment method. To satisfy this requirement, we propose an agent marketplace for differentiated goods where the agent of a customer can negotiate not only for the price but also various attributes of a product and transaction in order to provide a better utility level for both buyer and seller. To achieve these goals, we have developed a formal protocol and system architecture to support the proposed e-marketplace and individual agents, and a prototype system is developed to validate our approach and show that negotiation resulting from our scheme is Pareto optimal.
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Sun, Chia-Hung. "Cournot and Bertrand Competition in a Model of Spatial Price Discrimination with Differentiated Products." B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 14, no. 1 (2014): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2013-0001.
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AbstractThis study investigates spatial price discrimination with two types of market competition – price competition and quantity competition – and two kinds of cross-relations between goods – substitutes and complements – with endogenous location choices in a barbell model. The results herein present that the maximum differentiation (end point agglomeration) is the unique location equilibrium with substitutes (complements), irrespective of what type of competition. We demonstrate that if the unit transportation rate is sufficiently high, then consumer surplus, profits, and social welfare are higher under price competition than under quantity competition for both substitutes and complements. This means that introducing a spatial barrier to competition generated through transportation costs may solve the problem of inconsistency from the conflict interests between consumers, firms, and a social planner.
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Bernabéu, Rodolfo, Fátima Oliveira, Adrián Rabadán, and Mónica Díaz. "Influence of ethnocentrism on consumer preference patterns: the case of olive oil in Portugal." New Medit 19, no. 1 (2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm2001d.
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Consumers are influenced by a multitude of stimuli, which affect their behaviour and guide their pref-erences towards a particular product. Ethnocentric tendencies are one of these stimuli, understood as consumers’ positive attitudes towards goods produced in their own region rather than those from other regions. From this perspective, the current study describes ethnocentric tendencies and identifies olive oil consumer preferences from Lisbon (Portugal). CETSCALE and the conjoint analysis technique have been used for this purpose. Results show that Portuguese olive oil consumers exhibit a strong ethnocentric ten-dency but the price attribute is also key. Nonetheless, there exists a less ethnocentric segment, on which foreign business strategy can be focused. On this segment, consumers attach lower relative importance to the price and higher relative importance to differentiated-quality parameters: oil type (extra virgin), bottle (glass) and production system (organic).
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Coate, Malcolm B. "Market Definition in Differentiated Goods When the Final Consumer Buys the Good: Insights from the H&R Block Case." Antitrust Bulletin 59, no. 3 (2014): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x1405900311.
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Palací, Francisco, Alejandro Salcedo, and Gabriela Topa. "Cognitive and Affective Antecedents of Consumers’ Satisfaction: A Systematic Review of two Research Approaches." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (2019): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020431.
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The study of consumers’ satisfaction has generated empirical research in the last few decades, with new challenges, such as a specific lens on online consumers’ satisfaction. During the last decades, two well-differentiated research traditions can be observed: cognitive and affective. A wide range of antecedents of consumers’ satisfaction has been proposed. The present contribution empirical research conducted under these two perspectives to determine which variables are related to satisfaction, the direction of these relationships, and the differences between the two dominant approaches. We conducted a systematic review of 104 empirical studies on consumers’ satisfaction published between 1975 and 2017. The findings showed that both the cognitive and the affective tradition yield statistically significant precursors of satisfaction. A comparison between empirical studies exploring consumers’ satisfaction in traditional versus by Internet purchasing behavior showed an increasing relevance of cognitive facets in traditional consumer behavior. Empirical evidence exploring differences between consumers’ satisfaction with purchasing goods versus hiring services showed that both cognitive and affective predictors strongly impact when services are hired versus consuming goods. This article concludes with a discussion of these results and their implications.
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Kuvaieva, T. V., and K. P. Pilova. "Forms of organization of production activity of enterprises in terms of probabilistic nature of demand." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 4 (2021): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-4/177.
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Purpose. To develop models describing forms of organization of production activity in terms of probabilistic nature of demand and determine their being effected by strategies of marketing interaction with the product consumers. Methodology. The theoretical models were based on classic models of mass service, methods of sales planning, and studies on rational strategies of marketing interaction of a consumer of limited-demand products, the need in which is of probabilistic nature. Such parameters as maximum (peak) involved production capacity and maximum warehouse capacity required in terms of predicted production volumes are taken as the criterion of effect of a strategy of the manufacturer-consumer marketing interaction. Findings. Certain dependences have been obtained making it possible to calculate the maximum (peak) involved production capacity depending on the predicted production volume, warehouse capacity, and organization of production activity of an enterprise. It has been shown that the organization of marketing interaction between a manufacturer and a consumer of limited-demand products, the need in which is of probabilistic nature, on the basis of marketing partnership strategy helps reduce considerably the peak loads of production facilities and warehouse capacity, which is necessary to maintain production activity of an enterprise. Originality. On the basis of a mass service theory, a form of organization of production activity of an enterprise is substantiated that manufactures goods of differentiated need and limited demand of probabilistic nature. It has been proved that a current marketing strategy of interaction between a manufacturer and consumer of such a product influences considerably the organization of production activity of an enterprise-manufacturer. A form of organization of production activity of an enterprise has been substantiated; in terms of organization of interaction with a consumer on the basis of marketing partnership relations, it helps reduce significantly the peak loads of production facilities and the involved warehouse capacity to store ready-made products. Practical value. The obtained results can be applied to plan the forms of organization of production activity of an enterprise that manufactures limited-demand products, the need in which is of differentiated nature, and to substantiate rational marketing interaction with a consumer of such kind of product.
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Cooke, Paul. "Ostalgie's Not What It Used to Be: The German Television GDR Craze of 2003." German Politics and Society 22, no. 4 (2004): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2004.220405.
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Throughout these shows, a value system is constructed that runs counter to the apparent, stated aim of normalizing the everyday experience of eastern Germans. GDR consumer goods are brought into the mainstream, only to be reconfined to the periphery as "strange" and nonwestern. In so doing, the programs invite former GDR citizens to join a club of western German consumers and to laugh along with them at their bizarre, ridiculous past. Consequently, while Ostalgie might not be what it used to be, the power dynamic between east and west remains the same. In these shows the GDR is no longer presented as a "Stasi state." Instead, through Ostalgie, it becomes a world of curious consumer products. Nevertheless, even if the gasps of horror and disapproval of earlier representations are replaced now by curiosity and amusement, these recent television shows still furnish us with a representation of the east from which the Federal Republic can distance itself, thereby finding further validation as the better German state (which of course it is). But it is also a state that, for many indignant eastern Germans at least, still fails to engage honestly and in a differentiated manner with their preunification experience.
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B. Casado-Díaz, Ana, Juan L. Nicolau-Gonzálbez, Felipe Ruiz-Moreno, and Ricardo Sellers-Rubio. "The differentiated effects of CSR actions in the service industry." Journal of Services Marketing 28, no. 7 (2014): 558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2013-0205.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to attempt to explain why the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives may be different and/or more important in service firms compared to manufacturing firms. CSR is becoming a common strategy, hence its extensive research. Central to it is the analysis of the effect of CSR on a firm’s performance, whose outcome depends on firm-specific and industry-related factors. Design/methodology/approach – The event study methodology is applied to all the 248 companies that have ever traded on the Spanish Stock Market between 1990 and 2007. A regression analysis examines potential different effects of CSR on service and goods firms. Findings – The results show that CSR activities have a positive impact on firm performance that is higher for service firms than for manufacturing firms. Actions related to the environment, responsible labor relationships and good corporate governance are especially important in the service context. Research limitations/implications – This research is focused on shareholders’ performance, but it does not consider other stakeholders, such as real consumer behavior or employees’ commitment and productivity. Practical implications – Service firms are likely to gain from focusing on some CSR activities (environment, employees and good corporate governance) and should use their responsible behavior as a valuable tool for public relations and differentiation in the market. Originality/value – This article is the first attempt to empirically test and explain why the relationship between CSR and firm performance may be different (more positive) for service vs manufacturing firms.
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Saarijärvi, Hannu, Johanna Joensuu, Timo Rintamaki, and Mika Yrjölä. "One person’s trash is another person’s treasure." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 46, no. 11/12 (2018): 1092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-04-2017-0091.
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Purpose Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce (e-commerce) is shaping contemporary retailing. Despite the fact that a large amount of C2C e-commerce is conducted in social media-based platforms (e.g. Facebook), it has remained an unexplored area of research, though social media as a commercial platform can result in differing customer value and, thus, has potential for consumer experiences that lie beyond the reach of traditional C2C e-commerce actors. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to identify and explore distinct consumer profiles of C2C e-commerce in social media. Design/methodology/approach Confirmatory factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed to analyze the data from a quantitative survey focusing on C2C e-commerce. Findings Four distinct consumer profiles are introduced and discussed: enthusiasts, bargain hunters, salvagers and apathetics. These profiles capture what kind of value consumers perceive in exchanging used goods with other consumers in Facebook. Research limitations/implications The data were collected from one country. Cultural differences in how C2C e-commerce and the role of Facebook are perceived might influence the generalizability of the results. The data set was cross-sectional and based on self-reported data. Practical implications First, the study indicates that the social media can offer a unique platform for C2C e-commerce that may result in unique and differentiated consumption experiences. Second, firms should carefully analyze how their existing segments match the consumer profiles presented in this study (enthusiasts, bargain hunters, salvagers, apathetics) to assess future value creation potential and challenges. Third, traditional retailers should evaluate the possibility of acting as a platform for C2C commerce or other types of C2C interaction in order to offer their customers benefits that are characteristic for C2C e-commerce. Originality/value This study is among the first attempts to profile C2C e-commerce consumers in social media setting. Interestingly, the profiles differ not in terms of traditional consumer demographics, but on the basis of what kind of value they perceive. Altogether, they grant interesting empirical access to explore the potential and implications of social media-based C2C e-commerce.
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Mellizo, Philip Pablo. "Do consumers value employee ownership? Evidence from an experimental auction." Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership 1, no. 2/3 (2018): 162–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpeo-10-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how the public at large perceives employee ownership, and how public perceptions of employee ownership translate into consumer valuation of goods and/or services produced by employee-owned firms. To the extent that consumer interest regarding the governance and ownership structure of firms matters in their purchasing decision, an employee-owned certification label could be an instrument by firms to segment consumer demand, differentiate products and potentially realize a competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach Three specific questions are evaluated using the fifth price, experimental Vickrey valuation auction. First, the author obtains estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) premia for a specific item (coffee) differentiated in a controlled setting by the certifications labels that signal various non-market attributes. Specifically, the author examines the WTP premium for coffee that is eligible for the Certified Employee-OwnedSM label, the Fair Trade CertifiedTM Certified label, as well coffee that qualifies for both labels. Second, the author introduces a treatment to evaluate how the provision of information produced by the third party certifiers affects WTP estimates. And third, the author exploits the use of a controlled setting to evaluate how passive sensory information (i.e. taste) may influence the WTP valuation of the labels. Findings WTP premia for coffee carrying only the EO label only increase by 67 cents relative to conventional coffee, which was not significantly different from zero. Bids for both FT and EO&FT labeled coffee were, however, positive ($1.22 and $2.17, respectively) and are also statistically significant. The circulation of information to subjects about the certification programs resulted in increased bids. These bid differences were statistically significant for FT and EOFT coffee, but again, not for EO labeled coffee. Finally, differences in tastes did not appear to drive significant differences in bidding behavior, suggesting that WTP consumer decisions are strongly influenced by non-market attributes. Originality/value Marketers, economists and others have an interest in determining the monetary value individuals place on non-market goods for a variety of reasons; from forecasting new product success to understanding consumer and individual behavior. Unfortunately, many currently available stated preference techniques suffer from hypothetical bias while revealed preference techniques rely on indirect measures. Experimental auctions mitigate some of these issues since they involve individuals exchanging real money for real goods in an active market. WTP valuation has been conducted on a wide variety or products, but none that capture consumer valuation of employee ownership.
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Dubé, Jean-Pierre, Günter J. Hitsch, and Peter E. Rossi. "Do Switching Costs Make Markets Less Competitive?" Journal of Marketing Research 46, no. 4 (2009): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.46.4.435.
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The conventional wisdom in economic theory holds that switching costs make markets less competitive. This article challenges this claim. The authors formulate an empirically realistic model of dynamic price competition that allows for differentiated products and imperfect lock-in. They calibrate this model with data from frequently purchased packaged goods markets. These data are ideal in the sense that they have the necessary variation to identify switching costs separately from consumer heterogeneity. Equally important, consumers exhibit inertia in their brand choices, a form of psychological switching cost. This makes the results applicable to the broad range of products that are distinctly identified (i.e., branded) rather than just to products for which there is a product adoption cost or explicit switching fee. In the simulations, prices are as much as 18% lower with than without switching costs. More important, equilibrium prices do not increase even in the presence of switching costs that are of the same order of magnitude as product price.
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Domurath, Irina. "Platforms as contract partners: Uber and beyond." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 25, no. 5 (2018): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x18806485.
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This article analyses the recent case law concerning Uber and other platforms. Its main objective is to examine the question of whether and under what conditions platforms can be considered the contract partners of the individuals who seek goods and services through the platform’s infrastructure. In a first step, the criteria employed by the courts, both the Court of Justice of the European Union and national courts, are identified that characterise the role of platforms in relation to the underlying service provision. In a second step, the article looks at the approach to intermediaries in more traditional consumer contract law. A differentiated image emerges, which underlines the need for legislative clarification.
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McCluskey, Jill J. "A Game Theoretic Approach to Organic Foods: An Analysis of Asymmetric Information and Policy." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 29, no. 1 (2000): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001386.
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Demand for healthy, safe, and environmentally friendly food products has been increasing. In response, producers are marketing organic and other quality-differentiated foods, sometimes claiming to have followed sound environmental and animal welfare practices. These products frequently have unobservable quality attributes. If the profit-maximizing producer is able to deceive the consumer with a false claim, then he or she will enjoy a higher price with lower production costs (compared to the full disclosure outcome). The analysis described in this paper shows that repeat-purchase relationships and third-party monitoring are required for high-quality credence goods to be available. Policy implications of this analysis for national organic food standards are discussed.
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Zlenko, Elena G. "Socially acceptable consumer budget in the Arctic regions of Russia." POPULATION 23, no. 1 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.3.
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The need for accelerated social and economic development of the Arctic as a priority geostrategic territory of the Russian Federation requires a special approach to the issues of incomes of the population of the Arctic regions, and, above all, to the social criterion. Foreign experience in formation of minimum consumer budgets, domestic developments in this area and methodological principles of its formation used for a living wage have determined the priorities in choosing a social criterion. The key role in addressing this issue is played by the system of low-income consumer budgets (the subsistence minimum (SM) and the socially acceptable (recovery) consumer budget, which exceeds the subsistence minimum by about 3 times) within the framework of the general classification of the system of normative consumer budgets developed by the scientific school of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards. The methodological basis for formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the provisions based on the recovery level of population consumption in conjunction with low incomes and taking into account the satisfaction of material, spiritual and social needs, a variety of consumer properties and benefits, as well as the impact on the consumption characteristics of the natural, climatic, economic, social and other special factors of the Arctic. Important for the social criterion qualities — validity and transparency — are ensured through application of the normative method of forming a socially acceptable consumer basket, which includes sets of food products, non-food goods and services. The normative socially acceptable consumer budget is differentiated by the specific of consumption of different categories of the population that is reflected in the structure and volume of consumption. The size of the socially acceptable consumer budget is determined by the cost of the consumer basket, as well as expenses on savings and mandatory payments and fees. Regional differences in the factors influencing the formation of a socially acceptable consumer budget cause territorial diversity in the level of the indicator in the Arctic zone.
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Trubchenko, T. G., E. S. Kiseleva, M. A. Loshchilova, A. N. Dreval, T. G. Ryzhakina, and N. V. Shaftelskaya. "Application of ABC and XYZ Analysis to Inventory Optimization at a Commercial Enterprise." SHS Web of Conferences 80 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208001007.
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Inventory management at an enterprise is the essential logistics function. Reducing inventory maintenance costs and optimizing the range of goods while focusing on consumer demand analy-sis are inextricably linked to inventory management methods. This article describes the differentiated inventory management model of the ABC-XYZ classification matrix in relation to the inven-tory of Karandash LLC commercial enterprise (Tomsk). Inventory management is a highly relevant issue, since the company has several branches, cooperates with many suppliers, and its range of office supplies includes more than 30 000 items. The ABC-XYZanalysis of the inventory of this commercial enterprise allowed us to determine strategies for optimizing inventory and to identify the groups that should be removed from the range, and, vice versa, should be available in stock due to constant demand.
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Terzi, Hasan. "Postmodern Çağda Müslüman Tüketicilerin Gösterişçi Tüketim Davranışları Üzerine Mukayeseli Bir Çalışma / A Comparative Study on Conspicuous Consumption Behavior of muslim Consumers in the Postmodern Era." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 5, no. 2 (2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v5i2.532.
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<p><strong>A Comparative Study on Conspicuous Consumption Behavior of muslim Consumers in the Postmodern Era</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>In traditional consumer behavior literature the purpose of consumption is explained as “the activities to meet the needs” and it is assumed that decisions of consumers based on benefit-cost analysis. But today objects are consumed not only for their utilitarian values but also for carrying some meanings. Nowadays consumers use objects to demonstrate the person that they want to be. Researchers explained that the purchase and consumption of goods can be self-enhancing in two ways. First, the self-concept of an individual will be sustained and buoyed if he believes the good he has purchased is recognized publicly and classified in a manner that supports and matches his self-concept. Second, goods as symbols serve the individual, becoming means to cause desired reactions from other individuals. Today consumption has been more important for individuals and the meaning of consumption has differentiated compared to past. Therefore the conspicuous consumption behavior of Muslim consumers has been investigated. This study has been carried out with 403 Muslim people from Turkey and Indonesia. The data has been collected by face-to-face surveys and analyzed statistically. Findings of the study indicates that there are significant differences in respect to conspicuous consumption among people with the same religion. Nationality, income level and gender seem to be the major discriminating factors between the groups.</p><p><strong>Postmodern Çağda Müslüman Tüketicilerin Gösterişçi Tüketim Davranışları Üzerine Mukayeseli Bir Çalışma</strong></p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Geleneksel tüketici davranışları yazınında tüketimin amacı ihtiyaç karşılamaya yönelik faaliyetler olarak ifade edilmekte ve tüketicinin, kararlarını fayda-maliyet analizi temeline dayandırdığı varsayılmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde tüketim objeleri doğrudan faydacı bir kullanımı olan, basit bir maddi nesne olmaktan çıkmış, bir anlam ileten, o sırada tüketicinin kim olmayı amaçladığını sergilemek için kullandığı nesneler haline gelmiştir. Önceki bazı çalışmalara göre benliğin satın alma ve tüketim yoluyla inşası iki şekilde olmaktadır. Bunlardan birincisi satın alınan ürünün toplum tarafından tanınan ve bireyin kişiliği ile örtüşüp bu kişiliği destekler nitelikte olması, diğeri başkalarının kişinin arzu etmiş olduğu tepkileri vermesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Tüketimin oldukça önemli hale geldiği ve taşıdığı anlamın farklılaştığı günümüz postmodern yapısı çerçevesinde Müslüman bireylerin gösterişçi özellikler sergileyip sergilemedikleri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Türkiye ve Endonezya’dan toplam 403 katılımcı ile yüz yüze anket gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre aynı dine sahip tüketiciler arasında dahi gösteriş tüketimi açısından farklılıkların bulunduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu farklılığın kaynakları arasında milliyet, gelir ve cinsiyet en önemlileridir.</p>
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Genova, Carlo. "Participation with Style. Clothing among Young Activists in Political Groups." Societies 10, no. 3 (2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc10030055.
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Research shows that forms of participation among youth are strongly differentiated and connected with complex meanings and motivations. A growing sector of youth develops political intervention through the adoption of distinctive everyday practices and lifestyles. The article aims to reflect upon dress among young activists involved in political groups. Very little research focuses on this topic, but following studies on everyday politics, the young activists’ clothing could be considered as a form and a field of political participation. This approach, however, seems not to be sufficient to interpret the phenomenon. Taking inspiration from research about youth cultures, the article suggests interpreting youth clothing conjointly as a component of style, as a means for constructing collective identity, and social positioning. The article is based on qualitative interviews collected in Piedmont (Italy). Six main topics have been investigated: 1. Socialization to clothing; 2. clothing of the activists and in their groups; 3. meanings of clothing; 4. relevance of clothing; 5. practices of buying clothes; 6. clothes as consumer goods.
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Errázuriz, Tomás. "Everything in place: peace and harmony in an overcrowded home." Visual Communication 18, no. 4 (2019): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470357219861813.
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Discourses on storage and clutter have become central issues in contemporary domestic space. The anxiety caused by accumulation and disorder are directly related to the progressive entry of goods into homes. Now, what happens in the case of some elderly homeowners whose lifestyles have changed little over the past decades and have a much different relationship to current consumer culture and domestic accumulation? Based on an auto-ethnographic approach, this visual essay looks at the home the author’s grandparents have built throughout their life. It argues that, although the house is full of objects that have been accumulating over the decades, these objects can hardly be catalogued as stuff. Material and symbolic stability are favoured by the reduced traffic of objects entering and leaving the house and the importance of care and maintenance practices but, overall, by the ability of the house to provide a specific and differentiated place for each object.
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Karpun, Olga. "Conceptual model of floriculture supply chain management." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 4 (2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2020-4-4.
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The flower industry today is a fairly dynamic international industry. Proof of this is the significant growth rates achieved in recent years in this area. Thus transportation of perishable goods is one of the most difficult types of delivery, and transportation of flowers is even more difficult. Because it is necessary not only to strictly adhere to the temperature regime, but also to preserve the appearance of such a demanding cargo. Conducted analysis of the flower industry has shown that market demand is stagnant, while supply is in surplus. In part, this is due to the fact that flowers are highly correlated with income, not being essential commodities. Although on the other hand, consumer demand is becoming more demanding and differentiated. The main factors influencing the market of floriculture products were identified and studied. It was noted that the market of floriculture products in Ukraine is relatively small and young, but promising and growing rapidly. In addition, it is one of the most complex and time-consuming, due to its features. First of all, the floriculture market is represented by a significant number of participants that have different basic and current resources, goals for the market, needs, and so on. Studies have shown that the floriculture industry can suffer huge losses, mainly due to the lack of proper infrastructure for storage and transportation, as well as due to the lack of control over the conditions of supply. Lack of visibility in supply chains leads to quality problems, which leads to product loss, product returns, rising costs, and time delays. In addition, changing consumer demands, an active lifestyle and an open economy are forcing manufacturers and suppliers to produce higher quality goods and constantly look for ways to optimize costs. The proposed conceptual model of floriculture supply chain management will make it possible to form a new infrastructure that will unite all the subjects of the floriculture market into a single system. Thus, we can say that the priority areas of infrastructure development of the floriculture market should be determined in terms of a systematic approach and consist in the interaction of elements of production, intermediary, floristic, design, marketing, financial, information and agricultural components. Each part of the chain must perform its function effectively in order to maintain the optimal conditions of the environment in which the products of floriculture are located, during its supply from the manufacturers to the final consumers. To this end, a combination of innovative technologies that help to manage the supply of floriculture products in real time through the supply chain was proposed. Therefore, in order to satisfy consumers, it is necessary to form an effective supply chain for floriculture products, all parts of which must work in a whole, so that end consumers can get high quality products.
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Rubio, Natalia, Nieves Villaseñor, and Maria Jesús Yagüe. "Customer’s loyalty and trial intentions within the retailer: the moderating role of variety-seeking tendency." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 5 (2019): 620–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2017-2391.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of customer’s value to the retailer (CVR) from a marketing perspective. CVR is a broad concept that has two components: loyalty intentions to the retailer and intentions to try new products or brands that the retailer offers. This study proposes a theoretical model and considers the effect of three sources of CVR in consumer goods retailing: customer’s perceived functional service value, customer’s perceived private label brand (PLB) equity and customer’s perceived relationship value. The effects of the proposed antecedents are applied to two groups of customers: variety-seeking and non-variety-seeking consumers. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire surveys were administered to customers of five retail firms with a nationwide presence in Spain (Carrefour, Auchan, Eroski, Mercadona, and El Corte Inglés). A total of 742 valid questionnaires was obtained. Findings The results show that the key differences between variety seekers (VS) and non-variety seekers (NVS) are imposed by PLB equity, which has a stronger relationship to both components of CVR for VS than for NVS. Relationship value has a stronger relationship to intention to try new products or brands for NVS than for VS. Finally, functional service value has a stronger relationship to intention to try new products or brands for VS than for NVS. Practical implications The results obtained for both groups have significant implications for segmentation and management of differentiated marketing strategies based on consumers’ characteristics (variety-seeking tendency). Originality/value This study establishes a new concept and measurement of CVR as determined by the customer him/herself. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how the relative importance of service, PLBs and relationships affect CVR. Finally, despite the fact that contemporary consumers tend to seek variety, the variety-seeking profile has not been used to date as a moderating variable in studies of CVR.
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Lee, Wai Jin (Thomas), Aron O’Cass, and Phyra Sok. "Unpacking brand management superiority." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 1 (2017): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2015-0698.
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Purpose A strong brand is one that consumers know and perceive as differentiated from competing brands. Building brands with high levels of awareness and uniqueness is critical to ensuring brand strength and sustained competitiveness. To this end, the roles of brand management capability and brand orientation are highlighted. However, given the significance of consistency in branding, firms’ brand management capability and brand orientation alone may not be sufficient, and a mechanism that facilitates branding consistency is required. In the integrating marketing control theory with the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capabilities (DC) theory, this study aims to examine how a firm’s brand orientation, when supported by formalisation, contributes to building brands with high levels of awareness and uniqueness through the intervening role of brand management capability. Design/methodology/approach In testing the hypotheses proposed in this study, survey data were drawn from a sample of firms operating in the consumer goods sector and examined through hierarchical regression analysis. Findings This study finds that firms are more likely to build brands with high levels of awareness and uniqueness in the market when their brand orientation is supported by formalisation, because this combination (brand orientation and formalisation) facilitates branding consistency and brand management capability development. Originality/value In weaving together the theoretical perspectives of marketing control, RBV and DC, this study extends current knowledge by showing that brand management capability and brand orientation alone are insufficient for building brands with high levels of awareness and uniqueness. Instead, maximising their performance effects requires the support of formalisation.
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Karbowski, Adam. "COOPERATIVE AND NON-COOPERATIVE R&D IN PRODUCT INNOVATION AND FIRM PERFORMANCE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 20, no. 6 (2019): 1121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.11050.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the impacts of cooperative and non-cooperative R&D strategies on product innovation and firm performance. Based on the industrial economics literature and the optimisation model, R&D competition, R&D cartelisation, and full industry cartelisation strategies of firms operating on a market with differentiated goods and simultaneous price and quality competition are considered. It is showed that R&D cartelisation entails a loss of firm’s product innovation compared with R&D competition. However, profit-maximising firms do not prefer the R&D competition strategy. They prefer to pursue either R&D cartelisation or full industry cartelisation strategies, depending on the elasticity of demand with respect to the firm’s investment in R&D. The social cost of R&D cartelisation is a loss of product innovation, and the social cost of full industry cartelisation is both the loss of product innovation and the loss of consumer surplus due to a relatively high price and low output of the final product. The latter results carry significant implications for the modern business and public policy.
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Matias Pinto, Vilson, Gabriella Castro Cunha, Alexsandra Valéria Sousa Costa de Lima, and Márcio Ramatiz Lima dos Santos. "AVALIAÇÃO SENSORIAL DO MEL DE CINCO DIFERENTES ORIGENS FLORAIS." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 13, Especial 2 (2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2017.v13.nesp2.000211.
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The objective was to know the profile of the consumer and to evaluate the acceptance, intention of purchase and preference of the honey of five different floral origins. The attributes acceptance tests (aroma, taste, appearance, viscosity, overall impression) were evaluated using a structured nine-point scale and those with a five-point structured scale. The results of the consumer profile were evaluated in percentage. The results of acceptance and intention to purchase were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences of the means compared by Tukey test at the level of 5% of significance. The order-preference results were analyzed using the Friedman test. The majority of the tasters: are female (59%); Consumes honey (79%); Does not know how to differentiate traditional honey from organic (64%); Buy organic honey (89%); Knows (67%), consumes (75%) and will buy (78%) honey from the local producer; Prefers to buy (67%) and consume (72%) honey with seal of the Federal Inspection Service. Most consumers are knowledgeable about honey, but do not usually read product labels. Regardless of the flowering type, all honey samples had a good acceptance (7.04 to 7.86) for all parameters evaluated and good intention to buy (3.76 to 4.14). Honey from wildflowers was more preferred when compared to orange blossom, sertão and grapevine. Regardless of the type of flowering, all the samples had 73 Colloquium Agrariae, vol. 13, n. Especial 2, Jan–Jun, 2017, p. 72-82. ISSN: 1809-8215. DOI: 10.5747/ca.2017.v13.nesp2.000211 an acceptability index (IA) above 70%. Therefore all samples will be accepted by the consumer public.
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Kim, Juyoung, Hong Im Shin, and Hyung Tak Lee. "Broad-minded planning and narrow-minded action." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32, no. 4 (2019): 961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2018-0094.
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Purpose Existing studies of shopping momentum effect show that an initial purchase causes the consumer to switch from a deliberative mindset to an implemental mindset, thereby leading to buy subsequent items based on Gollwitzer’s Rubicon model. Since purchase activity goes through the actional phase which has not been studied yet, the purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics of the actional mindset compared with those of the planning and deliberative mindsets. Design/methodology/approach This study conducts three experiments to examine whether the implemental mindset can be differentiated from the actional mindset via recalls and perceptual processing measures. Findings The findings provide evidences that the actional mindset is different from the implemental mindset, and the planning phase is associated more with broad-mindedness, whereas the actional phase is with narrow-mindedness. Research limitations/implications Manipulation of the actional mindset can be extended to real purchases in physical shopping spaces, and various choice objects could be tested with a larger number of participants. Practical implications To boost the shopping momentum effect, marketers should put customers into an actional mindset by leading them to show their decisions such as carrying a shopping bag and uploading their purchased items. To avoid overbuying, customers should stay in planning mindsets without verbalizing their decisions. Putting goods into virtual shopping baskets in online shopping could be a good way to avoid overbuying. Originality/value The paper empirically explores the characteristics of actional mindset in terms of cognitive and perceptual processing and suggest meaningful implication in online shopping situation.
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Egorova, M. A., and E. S. Khokhlov. "Current Issues of Commodity Markets Analysis for the Antitrust Regulation Purposes." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 1 (2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.122.1.111-119.
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The paper raises a number of issues related to the analysis of the state of competition in commodity markets in modern conditions. In particular, the specifics of defining the market in relation to differentiated goods, multilateral markets and digital platforms, and innovative products are considered in detail. In the context of informatization and the dynamic development of the digital economy, big data is the most important resource ofmany large companies and, accordingly, there are many antitrust aspects of their use. The paper describes the role of big data in market analysis, including situations in which it can lead to anticompetitive harm, as well as its impact on consumer rights. The paper analyzes approaches to the state of competition in the market, taking into account such phenomena as the digital economy, network effects and big data. However, it is noted that at present, the most common is a full-fledged economic analysis, which weighs the positive and negative consequences actions of business entities in the market. The authors conclude that traditional market analysis tools are not always able to assess the state of competition properly. In addition, it is emphasized that in the absence of unequivocal answers to the challenges of the digital economy in the field of market analysis, there is a need for further scientific research on a number of problems in analyzing the state of competition in product markets.
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Sun, Keke. "Bundling, Vertical Differentiation, and Platform Competition." Review of Network Economics 17, no. 1 (2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2017-0046.
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Abstract This paper studies the bundling strategies of two firms that each sell a horizontally differentiated platform and a complementary good. When the complementary goods are vertically differentiated, the firm that sells the superior one can commit to a more aggressive pricing strategy through bundling. In the presence of asymmetry in externalities between the two sides in the platform market, bundling may be profitable without foreclosing the rival when platforms implement cross subsidies from the high-externality side (developers) to the low-externality side (consumers). Bundling has a positive effect on welfare because it allows for better internalization of the indirect network effects and reduces the developer cost of multi-homing, but it also has a negative effect because some consumers consume less-preferred components. Consequently, bundling is socially desirable when platforms are not too differentiated and the vertical differentiation between the complementary goods is high.
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KRAVCHENKO, Oksana, and Nataliia MASHOSHYNA. "Innovative potential of trade enterprises." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 5/3 (May 29, 2020): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.5(3).7.
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Our trends, formed in the conditions of active development of the post-industrial economy, dictate the need to apply an innovative approach not only to the development of the manufacturing sector, but also to form the innovative potential of service enterprises, which include trade enterprises. This is due to growing competition, increasing the frequency of new technologies for consuming services, increasing consumer demand. Innovative trade enterprises gain competitive advantages for the ability to expand the geography of service, optimize the speed of order fulfillment, provide a new level of comfort in receiving services, increase the reliability of services provided, and therefore increase customer confidence. The result of the previous review was the production of the most common features of the innovative potential, which are the result of systematization and a previous determination of the criteria for evaluating the potential of innovation. In conclusion, we can say that the innovative potential of the enterprise - is primarily the ability of the enterprise to create, develop and implement innovations. Innovation potential consists of a set of individual elements, each of which affects the resulting trait. Innovative potential is a separate object of management in the structure of strategic management of the enterprise. When assessing the innovation potential, it is advisable to use the necessary and sufficient number of indicators, which recorded the cause of the investigative relationship between the indicator and the result of the enterprise, are differentiated into groups. Obviously, based on the logic of the concept of "innovative potential of a commercial enterprise", the introduction of innovations and updates in the process of economic activity at all stages (from purchase to sale of goods) is evidence of staff knowledge, commercialization of creative ideas and actual potential. Only under these conditions it is possible to form and realize the innovative potential of a commercial enterprise, as well as to satisfy the interests of the consumer.
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V., Makedon, and Voloshko N. "THE DEFINING ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL BRANDING IN THE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS MARKETING." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Economic Sciences, no. 40 (December 24, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2307-8030/2020-40-1.
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The article highlighted the following advantages of using branding in TNK strategies: the brand creates barriers in the market for competitors, facilitates the introduction of new products to the world market, and allows actively to explore new niches in this market; allows the company to more successfully survive the global financial and economic crises without additional costs; allows you to clearly distance your product from the competitor's market. The study has shown that modern TNCs do not follow the path of direct use of the Western or Eastern branding model, but increasingly resort to such a combination that contributes to the development of international brands that can successfully function in consumer audiences of different socio-ethnic composition, differing from each other. percep-tion of information directed at them. The methodology of international branding used by TNCs from countries was also differentiated, while the country's image is a determining factor in the formation of a corporate and product branding strategy. It has been established that the relationship between international branding and the country's global competitiveness, which was observed earlier, is currently being lost due to the active development of companies from developing countries (primarily China) in the international branding system. The principles were identified that a developing country should adhere to when forming the concept of international branding. It has been proved that the main determinant of international branding is the competent and effective application of the methodology for assessing the value of brands: monitoring the impact of the country of origin of goods on consumer perception; taking into account in the positioning strategy that if a product has an acceptable price and high utility, then it will be positively perceived in the world market; distancing from the country of origin (for fashionable and prestigious goods); the formation of strategic alliances to promote brands to the global market. More effective methods are cost methods (calculating the cost of replacing a brand), various income methods (future earnings, earnings on shares), and a valuation model.Keywords: transnational corporation, marketing strategy, international branding, corporate brand, global competitiveness, world market. У статті була диференційована і методологія застосовується ТНК країн міжнародного брендингу, при цьому імідж країни є визначальним фактором формування стратегії корпоративного і товарного брендингу. Встановлено, що взаємозв'язок міжнародного брендингу та глобальної конкурентоспроможності країни, що спостерігалася раніше, в даний час втрачається, внаслідок активного розвитку в системі міжнародного брендингу компаній з країн, що розвиваються (в першу чергу, Китаю). Були виявлені принципи, яких повинна дотримуватися країна, що розвивається при формуванні концепції міжнародного брендингу. Доведено, що основною детермінантою міжнародного брендингу є грамотне та ефективне застосування методології оцінки вартості брендів.Ключові слова: транснаціональна корпорація, маркетингова стратегія, міжнародний брендинг, корпоративний бренд, глобальна конкурентоспроможність, світовий ринок.
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Ullmann, Sabine. "Poor Jewish Families in Early Modern Rural Swabia." International Review of Social History 45, S8 (2000): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115305.
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“Jewish protection rights” (Judenschutzrechte) — the legal category according to which Jews were tolerated in a few territories of the old German Empire during the early modern period — made it difficult for Jewish subjects to establish a secure existence. There were, above all, two reasons for this. First, the personalized nature of protection rights enabled the respective authorities to develop selective settlement policies oriented consistently towards the fiscal interests of the state. The direct results of this were increased tributary payments and the withdrawal of one's “protection document” (Schutzbrief) if taxes were not paid. Second, legislators for the territories developed a multiplicity of restrictive decrees concerning the gainful employment of Jews. Consequently, there were only a few economic niches n i which “privileged Jews” (Scbutzjuden) were permitted to earn a living. In the countryside — which is where such settlements were mainly situated in the early modern period — Jews were thus dependent upon peddling foods, textiles and cattle as well as upon lending money. The specific methods of business which developed from this were reflected in the anti-Jewish legend of the deceptive travelling salesman who, by awakening ever new consumer needs, brought his Christian customers into increasing debt. If one confronts this legend with reality, one finds two characteristic methods of business which arose out of necessity: the cultivation of a varied palette of goods offered, and the development of a differentiated system of payment by instalments. At the same time, these business methods accorded with the model of an “economy of makeshift”. In the sense of such “makeshift trade”, Jewish peddlers were prepared to travel for days in order to make even the most insignificant profits.
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Juliana, Juliana, Marchell Felix Beanardo, Jessica Nethania Hering, Irene Jennifer, and Ricky Ricky. "Integration Expectation Confirmation Theory and AISAS Model in Coffee Shop Repurchase Intention." JURNAL MANAJEMEN BISNIS 8, no. 2 (2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/jmb.v8i2.788.
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Kopi chuseyo is a coffee shop that stands in the middle of the proliferation of k-popers in indonesia. this coffee shop with a k-pop nuance gets loyal customers and has high purchasing power. kopi chuseyo elevates k-pop as an endorsement and brand image that differentiates it from other coffee shops by implementing a good marketing strategy to achieve a competitive advantage. the research objective was to develop a conceptual model of repurchase intention using the expectation confirmation theory AISAS (Attention, Interest, Search, Action, Share) Model. the population of this research is consumers who have ever consumed chuseyo coffee in indonesia. the sampling technique used non-probability sampling with a total of 108 respondents. the study results in a brand image significantly affected repurchase intention; celebrity endorsement advertisement had no significant effect on repurchase intention. Ckuseyo coffee must maintain the brand image that consumers feel to increase consumer repurchase intention.
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Hanchard, Matthew, Peter Merrington, Bridgette Wessels, and Simeon Yates. "Exploring contemporary patterns of cultural consumption: offline and online film watching in the UK." Emerald Open Research 1 (October 30, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13196.1.
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This paper focuses on patterns of film consumption within cultural consumption more broadly to assess trends in consumerism such as eclectic consumption, individualised consumption and omnivorous/univorous consumption and whether economic background and status feature in shaping cultural consumption. We focus on film because it is widely consumed, online and offline, and has many genres that vary in terms of perceived artistic and entertainment value. In broad terms, film is differentiated between mainstream commercially driven film such as Hollywood blockbusters, middlebrow ‘feel good’ movies and independent arthouse and foreign language film. Our empirical statistical analysis shows that film consumers watch a wide range of genres. However, films deemed to hold artistic value such as arthouse and foreign language feature as part of broad and wide-ranging pattern of consumption of film that attracts its own dedicated consumers. Though we found that social and economic factors remain predictors of cultural consumption the overall picture is more complex than a simple direct correspondence and perceptions of other cultural forms also play a role. Those likely to consume arthouse and foreign language film consume other film genres and other cultural forms genres and those who ‘prefer’ arthouse and foreign language film have slightly more constrained socio-economic characteristics. Overall, we find that economic and cultural factors such income, education, and wider consumption of culture are significant in patterns of film consumption.
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A. K., Fetkulov, Karzhasova G. B., Nurpeisova A. K., Kopbulov R. A., Baikenzhina K. A., and Khanov T. A. "Criminological Characteristics of Drug Addiction in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Basic Concepts, Signs and General Approaches to Their Assessment." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 3 (2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n3p40.
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The relevance of the study is due to the need to consider such antisocial social phenomenon as &ldquo;narcotism&rdquo;, which includes two components - &ldquo;drug addiction&rdquo; and &ldquo;drug business&rdquo;. The researchers came to the conclusion that the concept of narcotism itself has not yet acquired an unambiguous or more or less well-established semantic status, and does not have wide recognition in international legal acts and documents of authoritative international organizations. In foreign vocabulary, the concept of &quot;narcotism&quot; is difficult to differentiate and separate from the concept of &quot;drug addiction&quot;. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the highest possible consistency in approaches to understanding the essence of this phenomenon.
 
 The content of the article is aimed at identifying the key point denoting the main core around which complex processes are taking place in the desired field related to the concept of drug addiction. Reflecting and arguing, the authors, in essence, were based on an analysis of a well-known range of historical, theoretical information, international legal and national regulatory documents, using the methods of critical analysis, synthesis and comparison of theoretical and legal sources. This made it possible to consider the phenomenon under study from the standpoint of different conceptual approaches.
 
 The article revealed that drug addiction affects the widest range of social problems - from deviant social behavior to national security issues. The attention is focused on the fact that drug addiction from the position of law is characterized as an antisocial social phenomenon associated with the illegal consumption and distribution of drugs, their appearance and the existence of goods and services in consumer circulation. A basic definition has been formulated that outlines the scope or distribution of narcotism. It was concluded that &ldquo;narcotism&rdquo; should be a differentiated designation of a negative social phenomenon and contain a description of the whole diversity of social manifestations and processes that are directly related to drugs that are in a state of contradiction with the interests of society. In turn, drug trafficking, while remaining the largest component of drug addiction, is its most dynamic part. The last sign is largely associated with a direct effect - the drug business, which is a generating or producing principle in narcotic drugs. The materials of the article are of practical value for researchers and law enforcement officials dealing with the problems of drug addiction and narcotism.
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Ferencz, Árpád, and Márta Nótári. "Tradícionális termékek emocionális megközelítésben." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 7, no. 1-2 (2012): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2012.1-2.19-23.
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Traditional Hungarian foods get successfully to consumers if these products are sold on a special market. In our research we set a hypothesis that the decisions, what traditional food consumers make, are based on imperfect information. Place of purchase is an influential factor. Based on this assumption we examined the followings in a questionnaire survey: Where do customers like to buy these products?, Is there an appropriate market for these products?, What are the attributes of this market?The basic aim of our research was to know how special quality single and differentiated products can stay safely on the market. Consumer segmentation seemed to be a good way to know this, but even some members of the same segment can have different purchase decisions. Personal life style determines this deviation. The subject of our research was to see how effective segmentation influences the dynamics of consumer product choice.
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D’Souza, Clare, and Emmanuel Yiridoe. "Producer’s Self-Declared Wind Energy ECO-Labeling Consequences on the Market: A Canadian Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (2019): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051218.
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The demand for environmental labels is increasingly becoming important for consumers to differentiate products and to make an informed choice. This study reports the findings of a business case study in Nova Scotia (Canada) that demonstrates how renewable wind energy and wind labeling can extend the competitive advantage of a producer. By using qualitative case study techniques, the study generates evidence which suggests on the firm level that wind energy and labelling influences competitive advantage of firms, can dictate a premium price, can differentiate products, yet achieve a low-cost advantage. Wind labels also have the potential to drive the supply chain’s environmental value to the consumer as the end user by requiring the distribution chain to follow good environmental practices. On the consumer level, in terms of label information, whereby product qualities cannot be evaluated by a search prior to purchase or by experience after purchase, eco-friendliness of the product can take predominance. Not all consumers will buy eco-friendly eggs; instead, there are other factors that drive consumers, such as their opinions towards wind technology, consumer psychographics, personality, and other behavioural determinants and, hence, attract a strong niche market. Finally, for the trust in labels, though the producer does not have third party accreditation, the labels work for them, through the means-end chain analysis where egoistic and altruistic intentions persuade environmental behaviour. As such, this study highlights the probability that in principle, there appears to be an opportunity for wind labelling to be successful; in practice, wind labelling is bound to attract a particular niche market through differentiation strategies.
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Taslim, Mohammad Ali, and Md Amzad Hossain. "Consumer goods and export during economic slowdowns." International Journal of Development Issues 15, no. 2 (2016): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-12-2015-0075.
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Purpose The difference in the export performance of different countries during the Great Recession 2008-2009 attracted some attention. It was frequently argued that the differences in export concentration were responsible for the differences in export performance: countries with more concentrated export portfolio suffered more during the recession compared to countries with more diversified export portfolio. Empirical evidence frequently failed to hold up this hypothesis, especially in the case of commodity concentration of export. Using disaggregated trade data and resorting to well-known theories of consumption demand, this paper argues that one of the main reasons for the difference in the export performance of different countries during the recession lay in the composition of the export basket and the general nature of the demand for different types of commodities. Design/methodology/approach Graphs and tables are first used to give a visual confirmation of the hypotheses advanced by the paper. Some theoretical arguments (proof) are advanced why consumer goods export should be less susceptible to recession. Finally cross-country data are used for regression analysis to test the export instability hypothesis. Findings All empirical evidence lend strong support to the hypothesis. Countries whose export basket comprised greater proportion of consumer goods suffered relatively less during the recession. Research limitations/implications The research could be enriched by using both time series and cross-section data and making a distinction between different types of consumer goods, namely, agricultural and manufactured goods. Data limitations did not permit this: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) data, used for this study, do not differentiate between these types of goods. Practical implications Export of more consumer goods may help reduce export revenue instability along business cycles. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no study that had ever attributed greater export stability to consumer goods export except those by the author(s).
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Rubio, Natalia, Nieves Villaseñor, and María Yagüe. "The role of private label tiers and private label naming strategies in the relationship between private label brand equity and store loyalty." Journal of Product & Brand Management 29, no. 1 (2019): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-09-2018-2017.
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Purpose The evolution of private labels (PL) is a recent trend in the retail industry: many retailers now manage a PL portfolio that includes multiple value propositions, as well as various brand name strategies. Little research has been done, however, on how this combination of PL strategies conditions the results of the retailer that manages them. This study aims to examine the formation of PL brand equity and its effect on store loyalty for retailers with differently tiered PL programs (a “better” program with standard PL vs a full PL quality spectrum with economy, standard and premium PLs) and different PL naming strategies (store-banner name or stand-alone brand name). Design/methodology/approach A survey (N = 644) was used to test the model in the context of the consumer goods retail industry. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group structural equation modelling techniques were used to assess the proposed model. Findings The results show differences in the formation of PL loyalty based on whether the retailer has a tiered PL program. In portfolios with economy, standard and premium PLs, PL associations have a stronger effect than PL awareness in the formation of PL loyalty. Portfolios with a standard PL show balanced effects of PL associations and PL awareness on PL loyalty formation. As to the positive effect of PL brand equity on store loyalty, this study also shows a stronger effect of PL brand equity on store loyalty in chains that choose to use their store banner name in their PLs. Practical implications Retailers that manage multi-tier PL portfolios (as opposed to those that commercialise a standard PL) can increase loyalty to the PL portfolio significantly by constructing highly differentiated images of their economy, standard and premium PLs to ensure that consumers truly perceive the different value propositions of their PL tiers. As to PL naming strategy, the authors recommend that retailers that use the same retail chain name for one or several of their PLs invest in their corporate reputation to strengthen the brand equity achieved by their PLs and thus increase loyalty to the retail chain. Retailers must perform specific communication and advertising campaigns for PLs with the stand-alone brand name. Originality/value Today, any reference to PLs as a whole is overly simplistic, but no research has assessed empirically differences in the influences of a multi-tiered vs a standard PL program on the PL loyalty formation for PL portfolios. Nor has any empirical research incorporated the influence of PL naming strategy on store loyalty. This study fills these gaps, integrating into the same model two significant moderating variables of retailers’ strategy: their PL tier strategy and their PL naming strategy.
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Foellmi, Reto, and Josef Zweimüller. "Exclusive Goods and Formal-Sector Employment." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, no. 1 (2011): 242–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.1.242.
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We explore how the underemployment problem of less-developed economies is related to income inequality. Consumers have nonhomothetic preferences over differentiated products of formal-sector goods and thus inequality affects the composition of aggregate demand via the price-setting behavior of firms. We find that high inequality divides the formal sector into mass producers and exclusive producers (which serve only the rich); high inequality generates an equilibrium where many workers are crowded into the informal economy; and an increase in subsistence productivity raises the unskilled workers' wages and boosts employment due to the higher purchasing power of poorer households. (JEL D31, D43, E24, E26, J24)
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Alston, Julian M., and Grant M. Scobie. "A Differentiated Goods Model of the Effects of European Policies in International Poultry Markets." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 19, no. 1 (1987): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017386.
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AbstractThe Common Agricultural Policy increases European poultry production costs, prohibits imports, increases domestic prices, and subsidizes exports. This policy has displaced some U.S. exports. However, the net impact in the U.S. has been quite modest, even assuming poultry is homogeneous, independent of source country. Costs to U.S. producers are almost entirely offset by gains to U.S. consumers. Effects in the U.S. are even smaller when imperfect substitutability between poultry from different countries is accounted for. A retaliatory U.S. export subsidy would have more dramatic effects in U.S. markets.
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Atamer, Yeşim M. "Replacement of non-conforming goods ‘free of charge’: is there a need to differentiate between B2B and B2C sales contracts?" Uniform Law Review 25, no. 1 (2020): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa005.
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Abstract The buyer’s right to request replacement of any non-conforming goods is today a standard remedy in many jurisdictions. This development was also influenced by the widespread effect of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the Council Directive (EC) 1999/44 on consumer sales, which both grant the buyer a right to replacement. However, some questions related to the requirement that replacement has to be ‘free of charge’ continue to be disputed under both legal systems, as well as under the newly introduced Council Directive (EC) 2019/22 on consumer sales. This article intends to discuss how the term ‘free of charge’ is being interpreted in business-to-business as well as in business-to-consumer sales contracts and whether there is any need to differentiate between the two types of sales contracts.
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Grundmann, Stefan. "A Modern Standard Contract Terms Law from Reasonable Assent to Enhanced Fairness Control." European Review of Contract Law 15, no. 2 (2019): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2019-0011.
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Abstract This paper gives a birds’ eye view on the ALI Restatement on Consumer Contracts (proposal) and European, and partly also Member State, law of standard contract terms with respect to the environment where these standard contracts and assent to them appears to be particularly fleeting, namely in digital contexts. It does so, however, with a broader scope: It tries to explain why assent rules are not meaningless even in a world where most consumers and customers do not read standard contract terms, and it tries to explain how lessons could be deduced also for a meaningful and more differentiated fairness control. It argues that favouring intervention of control (ie information) intermediaries – such as consumer associations – is key and that the preservation of possibilities for negotiation should be maintained and valued. In these respects, the paper is inspired in good part by company law and capital market law dealing with parallel problems.
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Oodith, Pravina Devpersadh, and Sanjana Brijball Parumasur. "Brand Consciousness of BOP Consumers in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 3 (2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i3.1748.
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Bottom of the pyramid (BOP) consumers are not just basing their purchase decisions on price and affordability but on the value derived from good-quality brands. Hence, this study assesses the brand-consciousness of South African BOP consumers in terms of brand awareness, differentiation, recognition, loyalty, trust and preferences for leading brands. The aim is to understand the brand consciousness of the South African BOP market so that suitable brand management strategies may be formulated to profitably serve the needs of this market. The population (2 556 422 elements) included BOP consumers living in relative poverty within the rural areas of South Africa from which a sample of 600 subjects was drawn using area sampling. Data was collected using a self-development questionnaire whose psychometric properties were statistically assessed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings reflect that there is a high degree of brand awareness amongst BOP consumers, the majority of BOP consumers are able to easily differentiate between the various brands based on the brands’ logos, design and/or coloring, a significant segment displays brand loyalty which alters when price becomes a factor for consideration and BOP consumers lack trust where new brands are concerned and prefer good quality brands. Furthermore, BOP consumers’ brand consciousness and purchase decisions are influenced by education and income respectively. It can also be concluded that the majority of South African BOP consumers are brand-conscious; hence, brands play an influential role in their consumer decision-making process. Beneficial recommendations are presented for business organizations.
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Oliver, Jason. "The consumer’s perspective on evaluating products: service is the key." Journal of Services Marketing 29, no. 3 (2015): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2014-0248.
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Purpose – This paper aims to begin to remedy deficiencies in the understanding of how the increased focus on service, even in manufacturing environments, relates to consumer desire for relationships. The role of relationships in both services and physical goods has taken on a new meaning that should be further explored. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative study reported in this paper examines the extent to which consumers feel that they are in relationships with companies from a variety of product categories that range from search goods (easy to evaluate in advance of purchase) to credence goods (difficult to evaluate). The analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with 20 customers. Findings – The results identify when consumers place an emphasis on specific relational behaviors in evaluating the product use experience. Specifically, trust, commitment and expertise seemed more important when products were difficult to evaluate in advance, whereas social benefits and special treatment were mentioned with search and credence products more than experience products. Research limitations/implications – The results are exploratory and should be replicated and extended utilizing a larger, more representative sample before they are generalized to market. Practical implications – The results have important implications for practitioners in both manufacturing and service industries, as they decide when and how to differentiate their service components and pursue relationships with consumers. Firms need to stand out from a service perspective. Originality/value – The manuscript develops a more robust understanding of the relational behaviors that matter to customers and provides recommendations about how to best manage them.
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Levens, Michael. "Enhancing the Value of Lifestyle Bundles." Economics and Culture 16, no. 1 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2019-0001.
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Abstract Research purpose. The study of marketing a lifestyle offering involves allowing brands from different categories to collaborate in giving, essentially, a new offering as a bundle to consumers. This is particularly important for brands operating in segments that have a significant loyalty or in segments that have become or are becoming commodities. A lifestyle offering can span categories and address latent consumer attitudes such as aspiration and convenience. Lifestyle bundles were introduced as a “way of life that individuals express by choosing to allocate their time and personal resources to a single package of two or more goods or services that they believe represent their current or desired way of life” (Levens, 2010). The initial research on lifestyle bundles was contextualized through a bundled multi-category luxury offering, targeting affluent consumers, which was built on the concepts of luxury marketing, bundling and the needs, attitudes and behaviours of affluent consumers. The bundle items include a home, a vehicle and a vacation club. This paper revisits the original work on this topic and explores ways to enhance interest in the underlying bundle proposition. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology to explore enhancements to the lifestyle bundles involved re-analyzing the data cube used to develop the inaugural lifestyle bundle research (Levens, 2010). The data cube was mined to identify individual preferences to increase consumer interest in the original concept. The underlying argument is that adjusting the lifestyle bundle items may increase consumer interest in the overall concept. The analysis presented in this paper was completed through statistical description using SPSS software. Findings. The initial concept evaluation identified a non-trivial level of interest in the lifestyle bundle consisting of a home, a vehicle and a vacation club. This paper identifies modifications to the bundles that would increase consumer interest among rejecters and supporters of the lifestyle bundle concept. While novelty was acknowledged as a reason for consumer interest, it was clear that utility derived from convenience and lifestyle expression was the basis for many consumers supporting the concept. Concept rejecters also noted these attributes as influencing their opinions. Elimination of the vacation club offer from the lifestyle bundle would have the greatest impact on increasing rejection. Adding home and vehicle insurance to the lifestyle bundle would have the greatest impact on enhancing the value proposition for concept supporters. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Lifestyle bundles are a novel approach for marketers to differentiate their products and create new opportunities among consumers who might have not previously considered their products or services. Enhancing the lifestyle bundle offer can only increase those opportunities.
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Oodith, Pravina Devpersadh, and Sanjana Brijball Parumasur. "Brand Consciousness of BOP Consumers in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 3(J) (2017): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i3(j).1748.
Full textAbstract:
Bottom of the pyramid (BOP) consumers are not just basing their purchase decisions on price and affordability but on the value derived from good-quality brands. Hence, this study assesses the brand-consciousness of South African BOP consumers in terms of brand awareness, differentiation, recognition, loyalty, trust and preferences for leading brands. The aim is to understand the brand consciousness of the South African BOP market so that suitable brand management strategies may be formulated to profitably serve the needs of this market. The population (2 556 422 elements) included BOP consumers living in relative poverty within the rural areas of South Africa from which a sample of 600 subjects was drawn using area sampling. Data was collected using a self-development questionnaire whose psychometric properties were statistically assessed and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings reflect that there is a high degree of brand awareness amongst BOP consumers, the majority of BOP consumers are able to easily differentiate between the various brands based on the brands’ logos, design and/or coloring, a significant segment displays brand loyalty which alters when price becomes a factor for consideration and BOP consumers lack trust where new brands are concerned and prefer good quality brands. Furthermore, BOP consumers’ brand consciousness and purchase decisions are influenced by education and income respectively. It can also be concluded that the majority of South African BOP consumers are brand-conscious; hence, brands play an influential role in their consumer decision-making process. Beneficial recommendations are presented for business organizations.
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Biró, Barbara, and Attila Gere. "Purchasing Bakery Goods during COVID-19: A Mind Genomics Cartography of Hungarian Consumers." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (2021): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081645.
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At both global and national levels, COVID-19 caused huge changes both in politics and economics, including the agricultural sector and the food industry, from producers, manufacturers, and traders to consumers. Since March 2020, many restrictions and protective measures were introduced worldwide, which only began to be relaxed in the last weeks of spring 2021 as the number of people vaccinated against the coronavirus increased in Hungary. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Hungarian consumers toward food purchases during the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of safety. The research was based on the purchase of bakery products, which are basic food products and are most often found in an unpackaged form in Hungarian stores. The BimiLeap® study, a revolutionary tool for uncovering people’s minds, was completed by 125 participants, gathered by a snowballing technique. There were no significant differences among consumers’ attitudes based on the traditional socio-demographic descriptors; however, the mindset-based classification was able to differentiate significantly. The three identified mindsets covered people who themselves consider bakery products, the purchase method, and being in the store as the highest risk of a potential COVID infection.
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Martínez Villar, Pedro María. "La distancia psíquica en el ámbito de la selección de mercados internacionales: propuesta de definición y presencia en las PYMEs españolas exportadoras de bienes de consumo = The psychic distance in the field of the international market selection: definition and presence in Spanish SMEs exporters of consumer products." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 23 (December 15, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i23.5136.
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<p>Dos cuestiones relevantes en el ámbito de la selección de mercados de exportación (SME en lo sucesivo) confluyen en este artículo: profundizar sobre la decisión de SME, identificando la presencia de distancia psíquica como factor limitativo de la decisión; y ante la ausencia de una definición generalmente aceptada de la distancia psíquica, ofrecer un constructo ecléctico debidamente contrastado.</p><p>La encuesta de cuestionario es el recurso empleado para obtener la información necesaria para lograr los objetivos establecidos, y la estadística descriptiva es la técnica empleada para validar el constructo propuesto y conocer las limitaciones del mismo.</p><p>La decisión de SME es compleja, por la intervención de la propia estrategia de negocio y la percepción de la distancia psíquica que los mercados potenciales transmiten a los decisores. En el caso de la muestra analizada, pymes españolas exportadoras de bienes de consumo, la distancia psíquica actúa en las primeras etapas de exportación, circunscribiendo la SME a países psíquicamente próximos. Se ha identificado un patrón psíquico-gradualista que se estabiliza cuando la experiencia modera la percepción de distancia. A partir de ese momento, las empresas se encuentran con el know-how preciso para abordar mercados potenciales más complejos.</p><p class="Formatolibre">Two relevant issues in the area of export market selection (EMS hereafter) converge in this article: to delve into how the decision is constructed, identifying the presence of psychic distance as a limiting factor, and in the absence of a generally accepted definition of psychic distance, offer an eclectic construct duly contrasted.</p><p>The questionnaire survey is the resource used to obtain the necessary information to achieve the established objectives, and descriptive statistics is the technique used to validate the proposed construct and to know the limitations. </p><p>The research focuses on small and medium-sized Spanish exporters of consumer goods because of the relevance they have in the Spanish economy as a whole. Exporters of services or large companies are not included in this study, in one case because of the product and in the other, their resource availability needed a differentiated approach.</p><p>The decision of SME is complex, by the intervention of the own business strategy and the perception of the psychic distance that the potential markets transmit to the decision makers. In the case of the analyzed sample, the psychic distance acts in the first stages of export circumscribing the EMS to psychically close countries. A psychic-gradualist pattern has been identified that stabilizes when experience moderates the perception of psychic distance. From then on, companies have the precise know-how to address more complex potential markets</p><p> </p>
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Revenko, Nikolay, Tatyana Berkutova, and Olga Silivanova. "Systematization of the definitions characterizing the content of services provided by industrial enterprises." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402007.
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The conducted analysis of the conceptual construct applied in scientific literature to reveal the relationships characterizing the content of the processes of produced equipment maintenance and repair, as complication of technical means, caused by the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, changes requirements for organization of processes of operation, and significantly changes the situation in the relationships between a producer and a consumer at which the priority in economic interests reserves for a consumer. These circumstances could justify the main motivation to create the necessary conditions to develop the service providing the consumer a possibility of optimum alternating choice while buying and using goods, and, in particular, technical and industrial goods. In the market, the crucial factors to buy those goods are to a lesser extend their price and technical operational characteristics than the real ability of the enterprises to provide necessary maintenance and repair during all operation life.The attempt is made to differentiate definitions in relation to technical and industrial goods, cultural goods and household goods. It is offered to define the services connected with satisfaction of human needs as “service, service maintenance”, and to define the services, connected with creation of material assets, as «production service».
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Alsowaidi, Saif S. "Consumer Cooperatives in Qatar: Their Development and Effects." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 3, no. 2 (1990): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9000300204.
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There are ten consumer cooperatives in Qatar, and they do not differ in any substantial way from any ordinary grocery stores. However, the profit-sharing scheme is an element which differentiates cooperatives from such stores. Since 1976 until the present, the role of the government is noticeable. The government provides financial and moral support to cooperatives. In spite of this, membership is very limited in numbers, and the return to members is low relative to that earned by members of boards of management who contribute very little to the cooperatives. With respect to their relations with the private sector, cooperatives have reduced the sales of the privately-owned shops, and, at the same time depend on wholesales for their supplies of goods. The effects of cooperatives in the Qatari society may be summed up as an introduction of an alternative to the privately-owned shops, although their contribution to the national output is unimportant. This is a valid argument despite of their relative large sales and assets, because they act as retailers, and not producers of goods or services.