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1
Lisauskaitė, Vaida. "Differentiation of Income and Consumption of the Lithuanian Population." Business: Theory and Practice 11, no. (3) (2010): 266–78. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2010.29.
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The article discusses the current disparities as regards the standard of living of the Lithuanian population by analysing changes in the structure and differentiation of income and consumption expenditure. This article claims that the overall economic growth of the country evaluated according to such indicators as the growth of GDP and GDP per capita, is still unable to ensure the welfare, quality of life and increase of life satisfaction among the population. With regard to evaluation of the changes in the welfare of the population, it is appropriate to consider distribution of income and consumption expenditure among different groups of society. Such an analysis of statistical data reveals the growing wealth inequality among the Lithuanian population.
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Morteza Alibeigi. "Analyzing the Dimensions and Components of the Effects of Government Military Expenditures on Iran's Business Cycles." Power System Technology 48, no. 2 (2024): 2092–118. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.779.
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The current research has investigated the effects of the government's military expenditures on Iran's business cycles within the framework of a DSGE model in the period from 1370 to 1400. The DSGE model has been performed in three scenarios. In the first scenario, there is no differentiation in government expenditures and a standard DSGE model is estimated. In the second scenario, government expenditures are separated into military and civilian expenditures, and in the third scenario, a war shock is included in the model. According to the results of the final logarithm of the Laplace approximation, the second model has a higher explanation for Iran's economy. The results of variance analysis of the model show that the government military expenditure shock is 15.52% of product fluctuations, 12.45% of consumption fluctuations, 11.91% of investment fluctuations, 12.83% of government expenditure fluctuations, 05/05 It explains 11% of employment fluctuations and 6.53% of wage fluctuations. According to the results of instantaneous response functions, a shock to government military expenditures has a negative effect on investment and wages and a positive effect on output, consumption, government expenditures, and employment.
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Kubicová, Ľubica, Zdenka Kádeková, Ľudmila Nagyová, and Jana Stávková. "The Income situation of the private households and its impact on the food consumption in the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070217.
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Accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU in 2004 opened up the new opportunities not only in the formation of incomes but also in changes of consumer habits of the population in Slovakia. The basis for these changes were given before 1989, since when it has been possible to monitor realization of reforms. After 1989 have been observed the changes in the evolution of the household income and expenditure structure. The analysis confirms the significant differences and unbalanced right-inclined distribution of income. Households in the fourth income quartile had 2.8 times higher incomes than families in the first income quartile ( Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic). Analyzed were the food groups that in terms of expenditure on food and food consumption took more than 6% share. The results confirm that income differentiation of households is also reflected in their different behavior on the food market. Most sensitive to changes in demand reacts income households with the lowest incomes. In terms of living standard, when satisfying the living needs of population, the disposable monthly income is highly crucial. In meeting the basic needs of households play an important role expenditures on food, housing and energy. The Slovak households have high expenditures on food in comparison with other EU countries. In the structure of consumption expenditures the expenditure on food has decreased in recent years but still represents the highest share (in 2009 it was 21.95%) in comparison with expenditure on housing and energy (19.54% share in 2009).Assessment of the standard of living of the population and its development is effected by several indicators. The key indicators that allow assessment of the standard of living and its development are the money income, consumption and expenditure for food, housing, culture, education and healthcare.Data on the household incomes and the household expenditures for the stated needs point at the standard of living of the population as well as various social groups. Important is also the reciprocal comparison of the differences in expenditures for basic living needs of the household. During the transformation process expanded the variability types and groups of households. Downtrend is spotted in the average size of the households and growing pluralism of the various forms of coexistence.
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Kowalska, Agnieszka. "Differences in the Level and Structure of Consumption of Polish Households from 2010-2019." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 4 (2020): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.6854.
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This article aims to assess the level and structure of household consumption and its social differentiation in the years 2010–2019 in terms of disposable income and consumption expenditure. The data on household budgets were sourced from Statistics Poland. The analysis revealed clear differences in the level and structure of household consumption observed over a ten year period. The share of expenditure on food, healthcare, as well as transport and communications is growing, while the share of expenditure on housing, clothing and shoes is decreasing. Meanwhile, the level of these changes varies across groups of households. The decreasing propensity of households to consume and the increasing level of income accumulation are evidence of an increase in their economic welfare. However, the deepening process of social polarization of income clearly perpetuates inequality in the level and structure of household consumption.
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Scheers, Tineke, Renaat Philippaerts, Leen Van Langendonck, et al. "Lipid profile in men and women with different levels of sports participation and physical activity." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 11 (2008): 1098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007001425.
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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to analyse the lipid profile in men and women differentiated according to energy expenditure during sports participation (EESPORT), energy expenditure during active leisure time (EEALT) and overall energy expenditure (EETOTAL).DesignThe subjects were grouped by sex, age, EESPORT, EEALT and EETOTAL. Group differences were analysed using analyses of covariance with BMI and alcohol consumption as covariates.SettingPhysical activity was assessed using the Flemish Physical Activity Computerised Questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and the ratio TC:HDL-C.SubjectsThe study sample consisted of 1170 Flemish men and women between 18 and 75 years of age.ResultsDifferences in lipid profile were observed in the younger age group (<45 years), all in favour of the most active group. More specifically, when differentiating by EEALT and EETOTAL, men had a healthier lipid profile for TAG, HDL-C and TC:HDL-C. Differentiation according to EESPORT revealed the same significant results except for TAG. In women significant results for HDL-C, LDL-C and TC:HDL-C were found when differentiated by EESPORT.ConclusionsMen and women <45 years of age with higher levels of energy expenditure due to sport show a better lipid profile than their sedentary counterparts. When differentiating subjects according to energy expenditure during active leisure time or overall energy expenditure, only in men was a healthier lipid profile observed in favour of the most active subjects.
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Maciejewski, Grzegorz. "The food expenditure in Poland and other European Union countries – a comparative analysis." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (2019): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3970.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the results and conclusions of a comparative analysis of Poland and other European Union countries regarding the level of food expenditure, the share of food expenditure in the structure of total expenditure and the direction of changes in these areas that took place in the years 2006-2016.
 The conducted analysis employed the desk research method using logical inference methods, based on Eurostat data and academic literature. For a more detailed analysis of the research findings, a cluster analysis was carried out using one of the hierarchical methods – the Ward’s method.
 The obtained results of the analyses permitted the conclusion that disproportionate food consumption in the household sector between individual countries should still be considered as large – although the differentiation clearly decreased in the analysed period. The less developed countries from Central and Eastern Europe are still far from adopting the service consumption model that would allow for a more complete satisfaction of higher-ranking needs.
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LAGODIIENKO, Nataliya, Vitaliy KOZYOMA, and Iryna KRUPITSA. "ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2019): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-37.
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Introduction. Sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine involves taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects, which is implemented in many specific directions and measures. The purpose of the study is to assess the social effectiveness of sustainable development of agricultural production in the conditions of the national economy openness. Results. The dynamic of the share of Ukrainian households expenditures on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products in the structure of their total expenditures is analyzed. The expenditure share of Ukrainian households on alcohol and tobacco is considered. The analysis of the expenditure share on alcoholic beverages and tobacco in the structure of total household expenditures by age groups, depending on the size of average cash equivalent total income in 2016-2018 has been done. The results of the consumption analysis of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fruits, berries and grapes (without wine processing) for 1 person in the population from 2000 to 2018 are presented. The trends of rising consumption in studied groups of products other than milk and milk products has been identified. The difference between search and regulatory types of forecasts is considered. These forecasts are calculated to consider product groups. The inability to reach the target consumption values within the planned period of time is determined. The dynamics of the Consumer Price Index for food and non-alcoholic beverages in individual EU countries and USA are examined and downward trends are identified. The reasons for the galloping rise in food prices in Ukraine are given. The dynamics of rural and urban population in Ukraine is analyzed. The dynamics of the average monthly wage by types of economic activity is analyzed. The results of the analysis of highways of Ukraine with hard cover by categories are given. The volume of passenger transportation by bus is considered. The analysis results of the housing equipment of rural households by water supply, sewerage and modern sanitary facilities are presented. The analysis results of the receipt lack of certain types of medical aid by rural and urban residents (deprivation) are presented. Conclusions. The dynamics of the expenditure share of Ukrainian households on food, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, tobacco in the structure of their total expenditures confirms the poverty of the Ukrainian population. There is a low consumer culture of the population in Ukraine. The structure of consumption expenditures is explained by the considerable level of differentiation of population different segments incomes. The dynamics of rural and urban populations in Ukraine confirms the steady decline of rural residents. The main reasons for the decrease in rural population are identified. The unsatisfactory level of social component of sustainable development of agricultural production in Ukraine has been proved. Keywords: agricultural production, sustainable development, social infrastructure, rural territories, food security, social component of sustainable development, social efficiency.
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Kuznetsov, K. V. "Monitoring of The Consumption Level for Sustainable Development Goals." Statistics and Economics 19, no. 1 (2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2022-1-18-27.
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The indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter referred to as the SDGs) were developed by the UN members and are aimed at the sustainable development of countries in the field of social policy, ecology and ensuring the well-being of the population. Sustainable Development Goals in the field of social policy can be considered necessary for survival. Country indicators are calculated by statistical agencies in accordance with methodologies developed by the SDGs curator agencies. The Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in accordance with the Federal Statistical Plan calculates most indicators for Russia. The standard of living of the population can be estimated indirectly as the share of the population’s expenditures on food, which are necessary for the physiological survival of a person. The literature notes that the existing criteria for the level of poverty can distort the real state. Therefore, the average per capita consumption level may depend on the size of the household. The paper considers the average per capita expenditure level on food in a household, depending on the characteristics of the household (number of members in the family, age groups). The paper also considers the differentiation of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the share of the population’s expenditures on food.The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the size of the household and its food expenditures, as well as the characteristics of the population’s expenditures, depending on the composition of the household, on food at home, outside the home and alcohol expenditures.Materials and methods. The source of the data for statistical analysis is the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) conducted by Rosstat for 2010-2020 (11 years). Methods of statistical analysis are applied in the work; the author’s grouping of households is given depending on their characteristics. This survey is conducted quarterly for 48 thousand households. The performed calculations are presented for the year as an average value for 4 quarters. All necessary calculations were performed using the IBM SPSS application software package.Results. The results obtained allow us to draw conclusions about the impact of household size on food consumption. The consumption schedule has a U-shape, where the lowest average per capita consumption is observed in households of three and four people. At the same time, in especially large households (6 or more people), a high share of food expenditures may indicate a high level of poverty. The indicator of the share and structure of household expenditures on food also depends on the characteristics of the household: the largest share of total food expenditures in final consumption expenditures in 2020 is observed in households from single pensioners (46.4%), and the smallest - in households from 2 adults and one child (31.8%). The largest share of spending on eating out is in households of adults and children. At the same time, the presence of a pensioner in the household reduces the share of household expenses for eating out. This dependence can be explained by the lack of time for cooking in the adult (working-age) population.Conclusion. The paper presents the author’s system of grouping households according to their characteristics (number of members in the family, age affiliation, etc.). The results obtained make it possible to assess the differentiation in the structure of household expenditures on food, depending on the characteristics of the family.
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Jankiewicz, Mateusz. "Cultural Differences and the Consumption Structure in the European Union Countries." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 344 (2019): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.344.07.
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The aim of the paper is to study the cultural differentiation in the European Union countries and compare it with the differentiation in their consumption spending. The question is whether similar countries in terms of culture have similar final consumption expenditures and consumption structures. Culture in this research is characterised by six Hofstede dimensions – power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence vs. restraint. The consumption structure is characterised by share of durable goods, semi‑durable goods, non‑durable goods and services in households’ final consumption. In the analysis, the influence of culture on the share of non‑durable goods and services in final consumption expenditures is considered. Countries’ similarities in these two aspects are evaluated with the use of the cluster analysis approach – the k‑means algorithm and the Ward clustering method. The dependence between the structure of final consumption expenditures and culture is investigated using spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial error (SE) panel data models.
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Zhao, Jiaqi, Ailin Zhou, and Wei Qi. "The Potential to Fight Obesity with Adipogenesis Modulating Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (2022): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042299.
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Obesity is an increasingly severe public health problem, which brings huge social and economic burdens. Increased body adiposity in obesity is not only tightly associated with type 2 diabetes, but also significantly increases the risks of other chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, fatty liver diseases and cancers. Adipogenesis describes the process of the differentiation and maturation of adipocytes, which accumulate in distributed adipose tissue at various sites in the body. The major functions of white adipocytes are to store energy as fat during periods when energy intake exceeds expenditure and to mobilize this stored fuel when energy expenditure exceeds intake. Brown/beige adipocytes contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis upon cold exposure and adrenergic stimulation, and thereby promote energy consumption. The imbalance of energy intake and expenditure causes obesity. Recent interest in epigenetics and signaling pathways has utilized small molecule tools aimed at modifying obesity-specific gene expression. In this review, we discuss compounds with adipogenesis-related signaling pathways and epigenetic modulating properties that have been identified as potential therapeutic agents which cast some light on the future treatment of obesity.
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Lee, Da-Hye, Jiyun Ahn, Young-Jin Jang, et al. "Withania somnifera Extract Enhances Energy Expenditure via Improving Mitochondrial Function in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020431.
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Withania somnifera (WS), commonly known as ashwagandha, possesses diverse biological functions. WS root has mainly been used as an herbal medicine to treat anxiety and was recently reported to have an anti-obesity effect, however, the mechanisms underlying its action remain to be explored. We hypothesized that WS exerts its anti-obesity effect by enhancing energy expenditure through improving the mitochondrial function of brown/beige adipocytes and skeletal muscle. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0.25% or 0.5% WS 70% ethanol extract (WSE) for 10 weeks. WSE (0.5%) supplementation significantly suppressed the increases in body weight and serum lipids, and lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue induced by HFD. WSE supplementation increased oxygen consumption and enhanced mitochondrial activity in brown fat and skeletal muscle in the HFD-fed mice. In addition, it promoted browning of subcutaneous fat by increasing mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. Withaferin A (WFA), a major compound of WS, enhanced the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into beige adipocytes and oxygen consumption in C2C12 murine myoblasts. These results suggest that WSE ameliorates diet-induced obesity by enhancing energy expenditure via promoting mitochondrial function in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and WFA is a key regulator in this function.
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Matsuo, Flávia Sayuri, Paulo Henrique Cavalcanti de Araújo, Ryerson Fonseca Mota, et al. "RANKL induces beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 318, no. 6 (2020): E866—E877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00397.2019.
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The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a triad of proteins that regulate bone metabolism, and serum OPG is considered a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes; however, the implications of OPG in adipose tissue metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we investigate RANK-RANKL-OPG signaling in white adipose tissue browning. Histological analysis of osteoprotegerin knockout (OPG−/−) mice showed subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) browning, resistance for high-fat diet-induced weight gain, and preserved glucose metabolism compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from sWAT of OPG−/− mice showed multilocular morphology and higher expression of brown adipocyte marker genes compared with those from the WT group. Infusion of RANKL induced browning and elevated respiratory rates in sWAT, along with increased whole body oxygen consumption in mice measured by indirect calorimetry. Subcutaneous WAT-derived SVF and 3T3-L1 cells, but not mature white adipocytes, differentiated into beige adipose tissue in the presence of RANKL. Moreover, SVF cells, even under white adipocyte differentiation, showed multilocular lipid droplet, lower lipid content, and increased expression of beige adipocyte markers with RANKL stimulation. In this study, we show for the first time the contribution of RANKL to increase energy expenditure by inducing beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes.
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Kichurchak, Marianna. "INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AS A FACTOR OF FORMING CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES: EXPERIENCE OF THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION FOR UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 1, no. 48 (2023): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.1.48.2023.3934.
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The purpose is to identify the key regularities of the information and communication technology sector (ICTS) development in the context of forming creative types of economic activity in the EU countries for the implementation of the European experience in Ukrainian practice of the structural modernization of the economy. Scientific methods of induction and deduction, synthesis and comparison, statistical estimation of variation features, and multiple regression analysis are used. The following scientific and methodological approach to evaluating the ICTS development in the EU countries was worked out: carrying out a comparative analysis of main trends in the social and economic development of the ICTS; evaluating the indicators of a spatial variation for major social and economic indexes of the ICTS development; determining a multiple regression equation to identify the factors having an impact on employment in this sector. In accordance with the dynamics of the main indicators of variation for the ICTS in the EU countries, the presence of spatial differentiation in output, gross fixed capital formation, general government expenditure and final consumption expenditure of households, relative homogeneity in employment were revealed. The author has substantiated the role of the ICTS in strengthening spatial asymmetries in the creative industries development in the EU countries. Such factors influencing employment in the ICTS of the EU countries as demographic situation, R&D expenditures, unemployment expenditures and frequency of internet access were identified by means of multiple regression analysis. Given the experience of the EU countries, in Ukraine, the growing influence of the ICTS on the formation of creative industries and structural modernization of the economy is connected to improving the current social and economic situation after the war, government measures for stimulating its development, overcoming the demographic crisis and growing households demand for information and communication services.
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Kozyreva, P. M., Di Zhu, A. E. Nizamova, and A. I. Smirnov. "Justice and inequality in the household consumption in Russia and China: A comparative analysis." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 1 (2021): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-1-50-67.
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The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the household consumption in Russia and China on the basis of the reputable empirical information sources. The article focuses on the main trends and peculiarities in how households from each country differed in terms of the structure and level of consumption under dramatic transformations associated with market reforms. Inequality in consumption in Russia and China, which can be characterized as high or excessive, largely determines the overall situation with social inequality and significantly influences the development of state social policy in various fields. As for the most differentiating items of expenditure for both countries, those are groceries, durable goods, public utility payments, cultural activities and entertainment. After noting the effect that income has on consumption, which is undeniable, though differs in nature and degree, the authors focus on other factors of this type of inequality, in particular, on the territorial, regional and settlement-specific characteristics of consumption inequality in both countries. The authors argue that in Russia, there is significant regional inequality in consumption, while in China such inequality is more settlement-specific; there are also differences in consumption inequality between urban and rural areas, which contribute to the overall situation with social inequality. In China, urban household expenditures are growing much faster than those of rural households, while in Russia the difference is not that pronounced. That said, the share of spending on groceries in the structure of expenditures is decreasing more rapidly in urban China, and compared to Russia, there is a smaller gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time in China, consumption inequality as a result of age and class differences is a much more acute issue, while in Russia, the differences caused by intensifying economic stratification seem to be a more important factor of inequality.
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Kagiyan, A. V. "Interregional comparison of some living standard indicators (by the example of the steppe regions of the European part of Russia)." Nauka Innovatsii Tekhnologii, no. 4 (2024): 29–44. https://doi.org/10.37493/2308-4758.2024.4.2.
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The current state of the population income is characterized by high polarization, resulting in growing problems in the social sphere, which can lead to instability and unrest in society. In this regard, the state pays special attention to the growth of the population well-being: the growth of the standard and quality of life, as well as the population income, are defined as strategically important areas for the development of our state. By the level of differentiation of the structure of consumer spending, we can talk about the degree of development of individual territories, and, accordingly, about the living standard of the population. Consumer behavior is one of the main indicators of the living standard, which is the main factor in the migration motivations of young people. Using the example of the steppe zone of European Russia, territorial features of the material situation of the population in the peripheral regions of the country are revealed. The object of the study is the material well-being of the population, expressed through the income and expenses of the population, as well as the structure of consumer behavior. The study is based on data from the federal and regional state statistics services for 2000-2021. By means of analysis, as well as graphic and cartographic methods, the consumer behavior of the population in terms of the living standard, income and expenses of the steppe regions of the European part of Russia was assessed, and trends in its change for 2000–2021 were determined. The study revealed significant differences in the level of material well-being between the regions of the steppe zone. A widespread increase in per capita income and expenditure of the population over the study period was noted. Regional specificity of food consumption was revealed. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that food consumption of the population reflects the level of population wellbeing. The rating of regions by the level of material well-being generally corresponds to the differentiation of subjects by per capita consumer income and expenditure.
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Xiao, Zhenquan, Polat Muhtar, Wenxiu Huo, Chaogao An, Ling Yang, and Fengrong Zhang. "Spatial and Temporal Differentiation of the Tourism Water Footprint in Mainland China and Its Influencing Factors." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810396.
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While tourism generates economic benefits at destinations, it also creates certain environmental pressures. In the global context of water scarcity, the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of water consumption at tourism destinations have become a focus of attention. Based on panel data, the present study calculates the change trends in China’s tourism water footprint (TWF) in the 2013–2018 period using input-output analysis, analyses the regional differences in TWF changes using kernel density estimation and the Theil index, and investigates the driving factors of the spatial and temporal differentiation of the TWF using the logarithmic mean Divisia index model. The results indicate that (1) the tourism water consumption in China increased year-by-year but that the tourism water use efficiency improved; (2) the proportion of the TWF for accommodation and food in the total TWF gradually increased, while the proportion of the TWF for transportation continuously decreased; (3) the TWF of each region increased continuously, with the absolute difference between regions gradually increasing and the difference in the TWF intensity gradually decreasing; and (4) decomposition analysis showed that the TWF in China was positively driven by per capita expenditure and the number of tourists, with the role of TWF intensity shifting from inhibition to promotion, and that each driving force changed with time. Based on the spatial and temporal differences in the TWF, the provinces in China are divided into five categories, and targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed.
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BROYAKA, Antonina. "INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON CONSUMER DEMAND FORMATION." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 6 (46) (June 2019): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-6-3.
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The article is devoted to the study of modern approaches to the formation of consumer demand. The classification of the types of various factors influencing the consumer's behavior and deciding on the purchase of a product or service has been made, on the basis of which the types of consumption are distinguished. Given the advent of the era of consumerism, the attention is paid to the network effects, in particular the Bandwagon effect and the Snob effect. Their influence on the consumer from the point of view of economic theory is considered and the result of their influence on the consumer demand by means of the graphical models is illustrated. The analysis of consumption peculiarities in Ukraine in modern conditions, which are conditioned by the differentiation of the standard of living of the population, has been carried out. The dynamics of changes in the volume and structure of income and expenditure by Ukrainians has been investigated. The decline in purchasing power and increase in signs of deprivation of domestic consumers is revealed, which is confirmed, among other factors, with decrease in food consumption over the last five years by all types of products. Recommendations on measures aimed at stimulating consumer demand growth are given.
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Dementieva, I. N. "Consumption of Material Goods and Services: Regional Characteristics and Trends." World of Economics and Management 24, no. 1 (2024): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2024-24-1-44-70.
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Consumption of material goods and services is a sphere of economic relations that is aimed at satisfying the material, spiritual and intellectual needs of people. Consumption is the most important stage of the reproduction process. characterizes the level and quality of life of the population, reflects the effectiveness of the state’s socio-economic policy. In recent years, against the backdrop of changing socio-economic conditions, the study of patterns, features and trends in the consumption of material goods and services is a fairly relevant and sought-after area of research. This article analyzes the level and dynamics of consumption of goods and services by residents of the Vologda region, examines the features of the structure of consumer expenditures of households in the region, and identifies income and territorial differentiation in the consumer market. The information and empirical basis of the study are the results of monitoring of the Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, carried out in the Vologda region. The results of the study showed that, against the backdrop of an increase in the quantity (volume) of purchases of goods and services, a low level of material consumption opportunities for residents of the region remains, which is due to a fall in real incomes, rising inflation, and negative structural changes in family budget expenditures. Risk categories include representatives of the 20% least affluent group, as well as residents of rural areas, whose consumption level is noticeably lower than the regional average. Improving the situation in the area of consumption of material goods and services by residents of the region will depend on the degree of effectiveness of the measures taken by the federal and regional authorities to bring the economy onto a sustainable development trajectory, increase the income of the population, and overcome excessive income differentiation and property stratification of the population.
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Shrivastav, Shashi, Liyan Zhang, Koji Okamoto та ін. "HIV-1 Vpr Enhances PPARβ/δ-Mediated Transcription, Increases PDK4 Expression, and Reduces PDC Activity". Molecular Endocrinology 27, № 9 (2013): 1564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2012-1370.
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HIV infection and its therapy are associated with disorders of lipid metabolism and bioenergetics. Previous work has suggested that viral protein R (Vpr) may contribute to the development of lipodystrophy and insulin resistance observed in HIV-1–infected patients. In adipocytes, Vpr suppresses mRNA expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activating receptor-γ (PPARγ)-responsive genes and inhibits differentiation. We investigated whether Vpr might interact with PPARβ/δ and influence its transcriptional activity. In the presence of PPARβ/δ, Vpr induced a 3.3-fold increase in PPAR response element-driven transcriptional activity, a 1.9-fold increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) protein expression, and a 1.6-fold increase in the phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit E1α leading to a 47% decrease in the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in HepG2 cells. PPARβ/δ knockdown attenuated Vpr-induced enhancement of endogenous PPARβ/δ-responsive PDK4 mRNA expression. Vpr induced a 1.3-fold increase in mRNA expression of both carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) and doubled the activity of β-hydroxylacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HADH). Vpr physically interacted with the ligand-binding domain of PPARβ/δ in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with a role in energy expenditure, Vpr increased state-3 respiration in isolated mitochondria (1.16-fold) and basal oxygen consumption rate in intact HepG2 cells (1.2-fold) in an etomoxir-sensitive manner, indicating that the oxygen consumption rate increase is β-oxidation–dependent. The effects of Vpr on PPAR response element activation, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, and β-oxidation were reversed by specific PPARβ/δ antagonists. These results support the hypothesis that Vpr contributes to impaired energy metabolism and increased energy expenditure in HIV patients.
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Guijas, Carlos, Andrew To, J. Rafael Montenegro-Burke, et al. "Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics Identifies Myristoylglycine as a Potent Endogenous Metabolite for Human Brown Fat Differentiation." Metabolites 12, no. 8 (2022): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080749.
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Worldwide, obesity rates have doubled since the 1980s and in the USA alone, almost 40% of adults are obese, which is closely associated with a myriad of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Obesity is derived from an imbalance between energy intake and consumption, therefore balancing energy homeostasis is an attractive target for metabolic diseases. One therapeutic approach consists of increasing the number of brown-like adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT). Whereas WAT stores excess energy, brown adipose tissue (BAT) can dissipate this energy overload in the form of heat, increasing energy expenditure and thus inhibiting metabolic diseases. To facilitate BAT production a high-throughput screening approach was developed on previously known drugs using human Simpson–Golabi–Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes. The screening allowed us to discover that zafirlukast, an FDA-approved small molecule drug commonly used to treat asthma, was able to differentiate adipocyte precursors and white-biased adipocytes into functional brown adipocytes. However, zafirlukast is toxic to human cells at higher dosages. Drug-Initiated Activity Metabolomics (DIAM) was used to investigate zafirlukast as a BAT inducer, and the endogenous metabolite myristoylglycine was then discovered to mimic the browning properties of zafirlukast without impacting cell viability. Myristoylglycine was found to be bio-synthesized upon zafirlukast treatment and was unique in inducing brown adipocyte differentiation, raising the possibility of using endogenous metabolites and bypassing the exogenous drugs to potentially alleviate disease, in this case, obesity and other related metabolic diseases.
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Dementieva, Irina N. "FOOD WELFARE OF REGIONAL RESIDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SECURITY." Society and Security Insights 6, no. 2 (2023): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2023)2-07.
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The most important component of the socio-economic development of each region is food security, which is one of the main directions for ensuring state security in the long term, a factor in maintaining national sovereignty. This article explores the main economic determinants of the food well-being of the population of the Vologda Oblast in the context of ensuring the food security of the region. The features of the structure of consumer expenditures of households in the Vologda Oblast are analyzed; studied the level and dynamics of consumption of food products by the inhabitants of the region; analyzed the income and territorial differentiation in the food market. As a result of the study, threats to ensure the food security of the region were identified: an unfavorable structure of consumer spending of the population of the region, a consistently high proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, excessively high income differentiation, which causes noticeable differences in food consumption, deterioration in the quality of consumption of food products. It is concluded that it is necessary to overcome them by increasing the effectiveness of social policy aimed at expanding the purchasing power of income, improving the level and quality of life of the population.
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Jang, Sojeong, Jaerin Lee, Mak-soon Lee, Yunji Lee, Youjin Jeong, and Yangha Kim. "Polyphenol Enriched Chrysanthemum morifolium Extract Increase Energy Expenditure and Decrease Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac053.033.
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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the improvement effects of polyphenol enriched Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CE) on energy expenditure and hepatic lipid accumulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Methods The polyphenols identified in CE were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Each group fed a normal diet (NOR), 45% high-fat diet (HF), or HF supplemented with 0.2% CE (CEL), or HF supplemented with 0.4% CE (CEH) for 13 weeks. Results Polyphenolic compounds of CE were confirmed that three flavonoids, such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and three phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid, 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid. CE significantly increased oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and energy expenditure (EE) compared with HF. CE supplementation was lower the serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and decreased the levels of hepatic total lipids, TC and TG. Hepatic lipogenic gene expression such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) significantly down-regulated by CE supplementation. The mRNA expression involved in fatty acid oxidation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine/palmitoyl-transferase 1α (CPT1α) were up-regulated in the CEH group than HF group. Hepatic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was significantly increased in the CE groups than HF group. Conclusions It is suggested that the polyphenol enriched CE might increase energy expenditure and reduce hepatic fat accumulation via modulating hepatic lipogenic and fatty acid oxidation gene expression with increasing AMPK activation. Funding Sources This research was supported by the BK21 FOUR (Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE, Korea) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF).
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Ковтун, В. С., А. Н. Павлов, Б. В. Соколов, Д. А. Павлов, and В. Н. Воротягин. "Methodology for the operational assessment of the intensity and uniformity of the expenditure of resources onboard systems of automatic spacecrafts." Вестник НПО им. С.А. Лавочкина, no. 4(50) (December 11, 2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26162/ls.2020.50.4.009.
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Определяющим условием выполнения программы полёта автоматического космического аппарата (АКА) является его ресурсное обеспечение (Ковтун В.С. Постановка задачи…, 2017; Ярмолик В.Н., Вашинко Ю.Г., 2011; Ковтун В.С., 2009). В качестве инструмента для исследования и оценки интенсивности и равномерности расходования ресурсов бортовых систем используется метод дифференцирования взвешенного гиперграфа (Алешин Е.Н., Зиновьев С.В., Копкин Е.В., Осипенко С.А. и др., 2018), вершинам которого сопоставляются основные бортовые системы АКА и их «взвешенные ресурсы», а рёбрам соотносятся альтернативные детальные планы возможного выполнения технологических операций на интервале полётного времени, веса которых вычисляются как оценки расхода ресурсов на выполнение каждой операции в каждой системе. The determining condition for the implementation of the flight program of an automatic spacecraft (ASC) is its resourcing (Ковтун В.С. Постановка задачи…, 2017; Ярмолик В.Н., Вашинко Ю.Г., 2011; Ковтун В.С., 2009). The method of differentiation of weighted hypergraph is used as a tool for studying and evaluating the intensity and uniformity of the expenditure of resources of onboard systems (Алешин Е.Н., Зиновьев С.В., Копкин Е.В., Осипенко С.А. и др., 2018), the vertices of which are compared with the main onboard systems of the ASC and their «weighted resources», and the edges correspond to alternative detailed plans for the possible execution of technological operations during the flight interval time, the weights of which are calculated as estimates of resource consumption for each operation in each system.
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МАКСИМОВА-КУЛИЕВА, Е. А. "EXCHANGE PHASE IN THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 8(169) (August 30, 2024): 1425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2024.169.8.265.
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В статье исследована категория обмена. Приведены разносторонние мне ия относительно воспроизводства и функционирования товарного обмена в нем. Актуальным выглядит значимость фаз в условиях импортозамещения. Доказано, что товарный обмен большей частью представлен расходами на конечное потребление, где роль домашних хозяйств существенна. Показана дифференциация в потреблении на покупку продуктов питания и автомобилей. The article explores the category of exchange. Various opinions are given regarding the reproduction and functioning of commodity exchange in it. The importance of the phases in the conditions of import substitution seems relevant. It has been proven that commodity exchange is mostly represented by expenditures on final consumption, where the role of households is signific nt. The differentiation in consumption for the purchase of food and cars is shown.
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Байкова, Эльвира Рафаэлевна, and Розалия Радмировна Шарафуллина. "Problem of Income Inequality of the Russian Population." Экономика и управление: научно-практический журнал, no. 1(157) (February 24, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34773/eu.2021.1.4.
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В статье рассматривается проблема дифференциации доходов населения, экономического неравенства. Отражены основные показатели оценки неравенства доходов: коэффициент Джини, уровень денежных доходов населения России, уровень расходов на конечное потребление. Выявлены направления перераспределения доходов в условиях пандемии. Подчеркивается отсутствие взаимосвязи между экономическим ростом и усилением дифференциации доходов. Отмечается необходимость комплексного изучения проблемы экономического неравенства. The article deals with the problem of income differentiation and economic inequality. The main indicators of income inequality are reflected: the Gini coefficient, the level of monetary incomes of the Russian population, the level of expenditures on final consumption. The directions of income redistribution in the context of a pandemic were identified. The lack of a relationship between economic growth and increased differentiation is emphasized. The need for a comprehensive study of the problem of economic inequality is noted.
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Regnier, Shane M., Andrew G. Kirkley, Honggang Ye, et al. "Dietary Exposure to the Endocrine Disruptor Tolylfluanid Promotes Global Metabolic Dysfunction in Male Mice." Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (2015): 896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1668.
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Abstract Environmental endocrine disruptors are implicated as putative contributors to the burgeoning metabolic disease epidemic. Tolylfluanid (TF) is a commonly detected fungicide in Europe, and previous in vitro and ex vivo work has identified it as a potent endocrine disruptor with the capacity to promote adipocyte differentiation and induce adipocytic insulin resistance, effects likely resulting from activation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling. The present study extends these findings to an in vivo mouse model of dietary TF exposure. After 12 weeks of consumption of a normal chow diet supplemented with 100 parts per million TF, mice exhibited increased body weight gain and an increase in total fat mass, with a specific augmentation in visceral adipose depots. This increased adipose accumulation is proposed to occur through a reduction in lipolytic and fatty acid oxidation gene expression. Dietary TF exposure induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic inflexibility, while also disrupting diurnal rhythms of energy expenditure and food consumption. Adipose tissue endocrine function was also impaired with a reduction in serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, adipocytes from TF-exposed mice exhibited reduced insulin sensitivity, an effect likely mediated through a specific down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression, mirroring effects of ex vivo TF exposure. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed an increase in adipose glucocorticoid receptor signaling with TF treatment. Taken together, these findings identify TF as a novel in vivo endocrine disruptor and obesogen in mice, with dietary exposure leading to alterations in energy homeostasis that recapitulate many features of the metabolic syndrome.
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Goo, Brandee, Samah Ahmadieh, Abdalrahman Zarzour, et al. "Sex-Dependent Role of Adipose Tissue HDAC9 in Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction." Cells 11, no. 17 (2022): 2698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11172698.
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Obesity is a major risk factor for both metabolic and cardiovascular disease. We reported that, in obese male mice, histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) is upregulated in adipose tissues, and global deletion of HDAC9 protected against high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and metabolic disease. Here, we investigated the impact of adipocyte-specific HDAC9 gene deletion on diet-induced obesity in male and female mice. The HDAC9 gene expression was increased in adipose tissues of obese male and female mice and HDAC9 expression correlated positively with body mass index in humans. Interestingly, female, but not male, adipocyte-specific HDAC9 KO mice on HFD exhibited reduced body weight and visceral adipose tissue mass, adipocyte hypertrophy, and improved insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and adipogenic differentiation gene expression. Furthermore, adipocyte-specific HDAC9 gene deletion in female mice improved metabolic health as assessed by whole body energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, and adaptive thermogenesis. Mechanistically, compared to female mice, HFD-fed male mice exhibited preferential HDAC9 expression in the stromovascular fraction, which may have offset the impact of adipocyte-specific HDAC9 gene deletion in male mice. These results suggest that HDAC9 expressed in adipocytes is detrimental to obesity in female mice and provides novel evidence of sex-related differences in HDAC9 cellular expression and contribution to obesity-related metabolic disease.
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Shen, Guanwang, Die Liu, Haoran Xu, et al. "A Study on the Effect of Energy on the Development of Silkworm Embryos Using an Estrogen-Related Receptor." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19 (2023): 14485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914485.
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Energy metabolism is a fundamental process in all organisms. During silkworm (Bombyx mori) embryonic development, there is a high demand for energy due to continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are transcriptional regulatory factors that play crucial roles in mammalian energy storage and expenditure. Although most insects have one ERR gene, it also participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, including carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila, Aphid, and Silkworm. However, no study has reported the direct impact of energy metabolism on embryonic development in silkworms. In this study, we used transgenic technology to increase silkworm (B. mori; Bm) BmERR expression during embryonic development and explored the impact of energy on embryonic development. We found no significant change in the quality of silkworm eggs compared to that of wild-type silkworms. However, there was an increase in the consumption of vitellin, a major nutrient in embryos. This resulted in a decrease in glucose content and a significant increase in ATP content. These findings provide evidence that the acceleration of energy metabolism promotes embryonic development and enhances the motility of hatched silkworms. In addition, these results provide a novel perspective on the relationship between energy metabolism and embryonic development in other insects.
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Zou, Qiuyu, Jianwei Sun, Jing Luo, Jiaxing Cui, and Xuesong Kong. "Spatial Patterns of Key Villages and Towns of Rural Tourism in China and Their Influencing Factors." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (2023): 13330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813330.
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This study takes 1597 key villages and towns part of rural tourism in China as research objects and uses the ArcGIS spatial analysis method, combined with the geodetector and the multiscale geographically weighted regression model, to analyze the intensity and spatial differentiation of factors influencing the spatial distribution of these villages and towns. (1) The key villages and towns of rural tourism exhibit clustering distribution patterns with more locations in the east than in the west. The center of gravity of this distribution shifts to the northwest, displaying a “belt–point” trend with scattered hot spots in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and the Yangtze River Delta, while cold spots are primarily concentrated in the northwest. (2) Spatial variation in the key villages and towns of rural tourism is due to multiple factors, of which population density, resident consumption expenditure, and per capita GDP display the highest explanatory powers for the spatial distribution of tourism. (3) The primary influencing factors are spatial differences in their roles and substantial local imbalances. Positive and negative correlation analysis units exhibit the aggregation characteristics of being blocked and banded. These results can provide valuable guidance for the development of rural tourism, promoting its sustainable development and contributing to the revitalization of rural areas.
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Kubicová, Ľubica, and Zuzana Lušňáková. "Consumer foodstuffs demand and income standard development in the households of Slovakia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 3 (2010): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058030099.
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The present social and economic conditions in Slovakia participate to the behaviour differentiation of individual households on the consumer market. It is possible to speak about changes both in the positive and negative sense of word. The positive impact can be observed in the inter-annual increase of the population revenues especially in the years 2006 and 2007 (by 13.86 % and 12.05 %) in connection with greater possibilities of the employment growth and employment on the work market of the EU member countries. The negative manifestations can be seen within the low income household groups because they represent a great part of households in Slovakia. In spite of the fact that the final consumptions and expenditures of private households increased from 56.3 % in 2000 to 58.3 % in 2005 and it was manifested in GDP, and the growth of the population standard purchasing power increased from € 5400.00 to € 7700.00 per inhabitant (Eurostat 08), Slovakia is within the EU-27 countries at the lower bound of the achieved purchasing power standard (the Eurozone average is € 14000.00). Over the decennial period (1998–2007) the average annual monetary revenue increase of private households was 7.62 % and in 2007 it represented a nominal value of € 4158.269 and in the real expression it was € 4105.009 per a household member. In the past years the economic development in Slovakia (GDP growth by 10.4 % and the final household consumption by 7.1 % in 2007) enabled, at the average annual income growth by 7.62 %, an increase of consumption expenditures by 6.59 % for foodstuffs and for non alcoholic beverages by 3.66 %. This development is confirmed by income-demand analysis results.
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Cain, Corey J., Joel T. Valencia, Samantha Ho, et al. "Increased Gs Signaling in Osteoblasts Reduces Bone Marrow and Whole-Body Adiposity in Male Mice." Endocrinology 157, no. 4 (2016): 1481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1867.
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Abstract Bone is increasingly recognized as an endocrine organ that can regulate systemic hormones and metabolism through secreted factors. Although bone loss and increased adiposity appear to be linked clinically, whether conditions of increased bone formation can also change systemic metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we examined how increased osteogenesis affects metabolism by using an engineered G protein-coupled receptor, Rs1, to activate Gs signaling in osteoblastic cells in ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ transgenic mice. We previously showed that these mice have dramatically increased bone formation resembling fibrous dysplasia of the bone. We found that total body fat was significantly reduced starting at 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice showed reduced O2 consumption and respiratory quotient measures without effects on food intake and energy expenditure. The mice had significantly decreased serum triacylglycerides, leptin, and adiponectin. Resting glucose and insulin levels were unchanged; however, glucose and insulin tolerance tests revealed increased sensitivity to insulin. The mice showed resistance to fat accumulation from a high-fat diet. Furthermore, ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mouse bones had dramatically reduced mature adipocyte differentiation, increased Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt) signaling, and higher osteoblastic glucose utilization than controls. These findings suggest that osteoblasts can influence both local and peripheral adiposity in conditions of increased bone formation and suggest a role for osteoblasts in the regulation of whole-body adiposity and metabolic homeostasis.
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Hecht, Vivian C., Lucas B. Sullivan, Robert J. Kimmerling, et al. "Biophysical changes reduce energetic demand in growth factor–deprived lymphocytes." Journal of Cell Biology 212, no. 4 (2016): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506118.
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Cytokine regulation of lymphocyte growth and proliferation is essential for matching nutrient consumption with cell state. Here, we examine how cellular biophysical changes that occur immediately after growth factor depletion promote adaptation to reduced nutrient uptake. After growth factor withdrawal, nutrient uptake decreases, leading to apoptosis. Bcl-xL expression prevents cell death, with autophagy facilitating long-term cell survival. However, autophagy induction is slow relative to the reduction of nutrient uptake, suggesting that cells must engage additional adaptive mechanisms to respond initially to growth factor depletion. We describe an acute biophysical response to growth factor withdrawal, characterized by a simultaneous decrease in cell volume and increase in cell density, which occurs before autophagy initiation and is observed in both FL5.12 Bcl-xL cells depleted of IL-3 and primary CD8+ T cells depleted of IL-2 that are differentiating toward memory cells. The response reduces cell surface area to minimize energy expenditure while conserving biomass, suggesting that the biophysical properties of cells can be regulated to promote survival under conditions of nutrient stress.
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Střílková, Regína, and Jan Široký. "Changes in the VAT Burden on Expenses of Selected Households in the Czech Republic (2007–2014)." DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 6, no. 3 (2015): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2015-0012.
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Abstract The Czech Republic is a typical representative EU Member State which has several times changed VAT rates during the analyzed period 2007–2014 in an effort to consolidate the public budget. These changes are reflected in household spending, which were analyzed by means of the consumer basket, the composition of which is also undergoing changes. Another factor that has an impact on household expenditures is the transfer of commodities between the reduced and standard rate of VAT. The final factor used is the differentiation of households according to their income levels. The aim of this paper is to determine how these changes took effect in the Czech Republic in the share of consumption of commodities included in the standard and reduced VAT rates and in exempt transactions according to household income groups in the analyzed period 2007–2014 and to determine the impact of these changes on the tax burden on selected households by value added tax and confirmation of the assumption of VAT regressivity.
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Kuzyshyn, Andrii. "SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SOCIAL SPHERE: LANDMARKS OF THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINE." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 54, no. 1 (2023): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.23.1.7.
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The proposed study is devoted to determining the features of the spatial differentiation of the social sphere within the territory of Ukraine. The essence, objects, subjects, results of the process of differentiation of the social sphere of Ukraine in the spatial context, as well as the specificity of relations and the nature of the development of the corresponding process in space and time are disclosed. For this, an analysis of income was made as one of the key criteria of the level of formation and functionality of the social sphere. The role of the population's needs as a key motivating element in the formation of social space is substantiated, because the population is multidimensional and the population itself is the basis of the social space.
 The following research methods were used during the conducted research: descriptive, comparative and descriptive-vector methods. They are important for the characterization of concepts related to the presence of social sphere components and their accessibility for the local population, comparison of the functional level of individual social sphere components and their comprehensive review, and designation of the most important factors affecting the functioning of social sphere subjects, along with indicating the most important areas of activity.
 The dependence and connection between the level of demand and use of elements of the social sphere and the level of income of the population was investigated, as well as regional and temporal (in this case - quarterly) differences in service consumption were substantiated. Key types of social services for which consumers spend money have been determined at the regional level.
 Elements of the social sphere are characterized by local influence and limited operational capabilities. Despite their different functional purpose, their common goal is to identify and satisfy local social needs. The realities of modern Ukrainian society require the formation of guidelines for the restoration of the state of functioning and accessibility of the social sphere, which was typical for the regions of Ukraine before the start of the Ukrainian-Russian war.
 The criterion for the functioning and development of the social sphere should be financial availability, which in turn is determined by the population's ability to spend a certain amount of money on receiving social services. At the regional level in Ukraine, there are significant fluctuations in the incomes of the population, which is generally an objective phenomenon. The statistical data of the last decades allow us to state that in the vast majority of regional regions there was an increase in the well-being of the population. Expenditure on the social sphere in the regions of Ukraine is correlated with indicators of the number of family members, primarily the number of children in them. Traditionally, families with a small number of children are young and wages are not the main source of their income. At the same time, these families have high hopes for social support in various forms (scholarships, grants, targeted payments). Families with more children mainly form their budget from wages and in equal proportions from entrepreneurial activity and other social benefits. The structure of implemented services at the all-Ukrainian level includes transport, warehousing, postal and courier services, temporary accommodation and catering services, information and telecommunications services, real estate operations, professional, scientific and technical services, activities in the field of administrative and auxiliary service, education, health care and provision of social assistance, services in the system of art, sports, entertainment and recreation.
 Keywords: social sphere, regions of Ukraine, spatial differentiation, incomes of the population, available social guidance services, implementation of social guidance services.
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Yang, Mingchen, Lei Wang, and Hang Hu. "Analysis of Factors Influencing the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Carbon Intensity in Western China." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (2024): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083364.
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Understanding the spatio-temporal differentiation of carbon intensity factors is crucial for setting scientific and reasonable carbon emission reduction targets. This study, based on relevant data from the western regions for the years 2010–2019, analyzes the influencing factors of the spatio-temporal distribution differences in carbon intensity in these areas. Additionally, the Grey Forecasting Model was utilized to predict the development trend of average carbon intensity in the western regions. The results indicate the following: (1) The temporal dimension of carbon intensity in the western regions shows an overall declining trend with local rebounds, while the high-value areas of spatial carbon intensity are concentrated in the northern part of the study area. (2) Per capita Gross Domestic Product, energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product and investment in industrial pollution control have a positive impact on carbon intensity, whereas investment in the energy industry and per capita disposable income of residents have a negative impact. (3) Energy consumption per unit of Gross Domestic Product is the factor with the highest degree of explanation in univariate analysis; interaction detection results suggest that the core factors of spatial distribution differences in carbon intensity are energy consumption and urban development. (4) Predictions using the Grey Forecasting Model for the development of carbon intensity in the western regions show a year-by-year decline, consistent with carbon intensity control targets. Based on these conclusions, this paper proposes policy recommendations focusing on improving regional economic coordination mechanisms, increasing investment in industrial pollution control, managing energy industry expenditures, adjusting the proportion of the urban population, and enhancing the per capita disposable income of residents.
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Liu, Ke, Huan Jiang, and Qian Zhou. "Spatial Analysis of Industrial Green Development and Sustainable Cities in the Yellow River Basin." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5529153.
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The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is an important ecological defense and economic zone in China and occupies a very important position in the economy and society of China. Premise condition of ecological protection and development of high quality in YRB is the greening of the industry. Based on the data of 35 cities in YRB in 2012, 2015, and 2018, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the industrial green development (IGD) and explores spatial differentiation characteristics of the IGD by the exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) method. On this basis, this paper uses the geographical weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze the influencing factors. The results indicate the following: (1) in general, IGD in YRB shows an upward trend. (2) The Global Moran’s I index of IGD shows a small increase; the distribution of local spatial correlation is basically unchanged. (3) There are obvious regional differences in the influencing factors of IGD. The degree of influence of each factor on IGD is openness > industrial upgrading index > urbanization rate > science and technology expenditures > reduction rate of energy consumption.
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Dai, Xiao, Jian Wu, Liang Yan, Qian Zhang, Fangli Ruan, and Dan Wang. "Industrial Structure Restructuring, Production Factor Allocation Analysis: Based on a Mineral Resource-Intensive City—Jiaozuo City." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (2019): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041021.
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The importance of sustainable development of the mineral resources industry is self-evident for the reason of that China’s primary energy consumption structure has not changed. While the development level is not only affected by resource endowment, but also by technology. At this important historical stage—namely, transforming China’s economic growth mode—how to effectively conduct the supply-side reform has a remarkable strategic significance to the national sustainable economic development goal. In general, if we want to seek a sustainable development path for a mineral resource-intensive region, we must answer the binary contradictory relationship between the mineral resources industry. In order to accomplish these targets, we constructed five index layers and selected 14 specific indicators according to the production function followed by using Kolmogorov entropy. Then, we calculated the Pierce coefficient of different industries and the transfer entropy of production factors of some representative industry in different categories. In this way, the structural similarities or differences in the distribution of production factors are empirically examined. The results of our study showed that the industrial layout of the target case—Jiaozuo City—has not been qualitatively changed, most of its industries is still dominated by resources and labor-based enterprises; at the same time, in terms of production factors structure, resource-based industries are not similar to others showing that similarities and differentiation coexisted; the results of transfer entropy revealed that the reason why differences in similarity mainly are R&D expenditures, total investment in fixed assets, and coal consumption.
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Rezq, Samar, Alexandra M. Huffman, Maryam Syed, et al. "MicroRNA-21 Modulates White Adipose Tissue Browning and Altered Thermogenesis in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A775—A776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1577.
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Abstract Background and Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with obesity, and white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysregulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate WAT and BAT derangements in PCOS are poorly understood. Subcutaneous (SC) WAT (SC-WAT) can transition to a beige/brite adipose tissue phenotype (browning) under altered thermogenic conditions. MicroRNAs play critical functions in brown adipocyte differentiation and maintenance. We aim to study the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in androgen-mediated browning and beiging derangements in both SC-WAT and BAT. Methods: Three week-old miR-21 knockout (miR21KO) or wild type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 8 mg/silastic tube) or vehicle for 90 days (n=12/grp). Body composition was measured by EchoMRI. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Glucose homeostasis was measured by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). HOMA-IR index was calculated from fasting serum glucose and insulin levels. Gene expression for browning (UCP1, Cox7a1, Elov3, Dio2 and Cidea) and beiging (Hspb7 and Txb1) markers was quantified by RT-qPCR in SC-WAT and BAT. Results: DHT increased body weight (25.07 ± 0.52 vs 21.79 ± 0.47 g, p&lt;0.05) and fat mass (4.60 ± 0.46 vs 1.98 ± 0.12 g, p&lt;0.05), impaired OGTT (186.10 ± 5.99 vs 250.70 ± 14.76 mg.min/dL, p&lt;0.05), and did not significantly change EE, VO2 or VCO2 in WT mice. All browning markers were downregulated by DHT in SC-WAT; however, only iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) downregulation reached significance in both SC-WAT and BAT (by 53 and 40%, respectively) compared with the vehicle-treated mice. Beiging markers were significantly upregulated in SC-WAT and did not change in BAT. DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed attenuated DHT-mediated increase in body weight (23.84 ± 0.99 vs 25.07 ± 0.52 g, p&lt;0.05) compared with WT mice. MiR-21 ablation did not modify DHT-mediated increase in fat mass or OGTT but worsened insulin resistance as calculated by the HOMA-IR index. Additionally, DHT-treated miR21KO mice showed a trend to reduced EE, VO2 and VCO2 values compared with DHT-treated WT. Gene expression analysis showed an exacerbation in DHT-mediated reduction in browning markers expression in the SC-WAT. Additionally, the induction in the adaptive beiging response was abolished in SC-WAT. Conclusion and Significance: These findings suggest that adipose tissue miR-21 may have a protective role in PCOS and ameliorate the DHT-mediated decrease in energy expenditure. Adipose tissue-specific modulation of miR-21 levels could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-associated metabolic derangements. (Supported by NIH grants NIGMS P20GM121334 to LLYC and DGR, NIDDK R21DK113500 to DGR, NIGMS P20GM104357 and NHLBI P01HL51971).
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Gaysin, R. S., Yu N. Romantseva, and A. E. Ulyankin. "Statistical Analysis of Environmental Protection Expenditures in Russia." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 1 (2020): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-1-85-96.
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The topical relevance of this study lies in the current state of the environment in Russia. It is assessed as unfavorable, and this fact is recognized both by the scientific community and at the state level, which determines the need for an integrated study of costs aimed at protecting the environment and improving the ecological situation. One of the article’s objectives was to conduct an appropriate statistical analysis both for Russia as a whole and for selected regions. For that purpose, the volumes, structure, and dynamics of environmental protection expenditures and some factors affecting their value were comprehensively studied; the differentiation of the Russian regions by the level of expenditures was examined. The authors substantiated the areas of environmental protection based on econometric modeling.This study, in particular, revealed a fairly close relationship between economic growth and the generation of both production and consumption wastes. At the same time, it was established that the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate is significantly lower than the growth in waste generation, which is explained by several reasons, including budgetary ones. This situation, in turn, was reflected in the ratio of environmental protection costs to GDP. The observed situation of a very slow reduction, stabilization or even growth of the negative impact of economic entities on the environment in a number of regions of the country and for specific indicators, as well as an increase in the generation of household waste (i.e. among the population), requires an adequate increase in the costs of enterprises and budgets of all levels aimed at environmental protection and rationalization of environmental management. This in principle leads to an increase in production costs and calls for a redistribution of budget expenditures from the production and social sphere to the environmental sector. The use of econometric modeling to highlight the factors that influence the level of costs by region has shown that their value depends primarily on the population density and the actual state of the environment.
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Makar, Svetlana, and Aziza Yarasheva. "Consumer behavior of Russians: opportunities and priorities." Population 25, no. 4 (2022): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.6.
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The article examines the dynamics of changes in the volume of monetary income as a means for life of Russians, including implementation of their consumption priorities. It shows distribution of the population's expenditures on consumption of food and non-food products, alcoholic beverages and payment for services. The analysis is based on government statistics on 20 percent income groups, it covers a four-year period, including two years on the eve of the coronavirus pandemic and two years of its development. In the structure of the use of monetary income of the entire (without breakdown into groups) population (2018-2021) are analyzed indicators characterizing changes not only in the purchase of goods and services, but also in the increase/decrease in savings, which act as a reserve for future consumer opportunities. There are identified differences in the change in the share of household spending on food and services in the overall structure of consumer spending by macro-regions of Russia — Federal districts. From the standpoint of macro-regional differentiation in the structure of the use of monetary income for a ten-year period, the emphasis is placed on the purchase of goods and payment for services in Russia as a whole, and especially on the active growth in the Far Eastern and North Caucasus macro-regions. The share of expenses for the purchase of a number of the most important food products in household consumer spending is considered by decile income groups. A comparative analysis of the least and most affluent groups of the population is carried out within the frames of the specified directions reflecting priorities in the consumer behavior of the Russian population.
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Dressler, Marc. "The German Wine Market: A Comprehensive Strategic and Economic Analysis." Beverages 4, no. 4 (2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040092.
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Even though it is famous for beer, Germany offers one of the most attractive wine markets, exemplified by being the fourth biggest wine consumption market and a world champion in sparkling wine consumption as well as in wine imports. Still, fragmentation, intensive competition, lack of growth, and a changing environment speak to a challenging market for suppliers. In the absence of a comprehensive investigation on the market, this article aspires to deliver an economic and strategic market analysis. The statistical data is therefore complemented by the primary market research, notably online surveys on strategy and innovation, a proprietary database on wineries’ reputation, and an international expert survey on export success factors. The following market study aims to provide a concise overview covering the relevant market data, and to disclose strategic information about the German wine industry beyond pure market statistics. The German wine market, in the stable wine volume sold, shows dynamism underneath “the tip of the iceberg”, with industry specific environmental forces. Indeed, as the wine industry deals with agricultural products of a high emotional utility, players need to address the world of commodities and of differentiation. Structural changes are visible in the drive-out of players. Moreover, diverse and even restricting environmental factors motivate supplier´s innovation. The key is the changing consumer. Adaptive and innovative suppliers seize market opportunities and expand, despite a lack of market growth. Although the overall price level of wine in the German market is comparatively low, a voluminous premium market exists, where consumers search for experience. Sustainability has been gaining ground, and in cases of appealing offerings and strategic profiling, wineries outperform intensive rivalries and are not limited by missing growth perspectives. Expenditures for marketing will further increase, and cost management is indispensable. Success in the German wine business requires an in-depth knowledge of the complex market and its evolution.
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Özdemir, Enver Doruk, Sheetal Dattatraya Marathe, Jan Tomaschek, Audrey Dobbins, and Ludger Eltrop. "Economic and environmental analysis of solar water heater utilisation in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 2 (2012): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i2a3157.
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This paper focuses on the energy economics and environmental impacts of solar water heaters (SWH) in the Gauteng Province and compares the results with other technology options for residential water heating with regard to the different income groups. The critical energy situation in South Africa and the highly coal dependent energy generation demonstrates the need to shift to a more sustainable way of living. The residential sector proves to be an optimal starting point to implement new technologies, especially for water heating. The residential hot water demand calculation shows that the annual demand in Gauteng is about 188 million cubic meters. In order to satisfy this demand, different technologies are investigated in this paper, where SWHs lie in focus. Due to the vast income inequality in Gauteng, and also in South Africa, it is obvious that there cannot be one single optimal solution suitable to all households. Therefore, this paper focuses on the differentiation of the residential sector into income groups to show the divergence in warm water demand and the applicability of alternative technologies. In order to analyse appropriate solutions for all income groups, low-cost alternatives are also analysed. The economic analysis shows that although SWHs have higher investment costs than conventional technologies, the payback periods are relatively short (between 3 and 4 years) for high and mid income groups. The payback periods will be even shorter when the planned electricity price tariff increase comes into effect. Furthermore, SWH utilisation has the additional effect of reducing the overall electricity demand up to 70% and greenhouse gas emissions significantly. In addition, SWHs are the most cost-effective water heating technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for mid and high income groups with negative abatement costs.It is concluded that the SWHs are the most suitable option to decrease fossil energy consumption and reduce the household’s expenditure for energy services, especially for mid and high income groups. For lower income groups the utilisation of solar energy can increase the access to energy services and living quality and, therewith, lessen the financial burden to meet their energy needs.
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Aguiar, Mark, and Erik Hurst. "Consumption versus Expenditure." Journal of Political Economy 113, no. 5 (2005): 919–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/491590.
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Kayabas, Yunus Emre. "The Relationship between Trade Liberalization, Sea Freight, and Carbon-Dioxide Emissions within the Perspective of EKC: The Case of Mexico." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 2 (2023): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14210.
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The main purpose of this research is to investigate the long-term nexus among trade liberalization, sea transportation, economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by considering the EKC hypothesis for Mexico from 1980 to 2021. In this context, multiple regression, ADF, PP, FMOLS, Bayer-Hanck co-integration tests are employed in order to examine both the effect of independent variables on dependent variables and the long-run relationship. According to results of multiple regression, FMOLS analysis and Bayer-Hanck co-integration test, trade liberalization, sea transportation, economic growth, energy consumption have substantial impact on CO2 emissions and there is a long-run relationship among variables from 1980 to 2021 for Mexico which verifies the EKC hypothesis. All empirical evidence demonstrates that the Mexican government should take radical steps to prevent environmental degradation. The presence of trade liberalization and the positive movement of the ecological footprint reveal the increasing effect of growth on carbon dioxide emissions, especially in a developing country such as Mexico, which aims for more economic growth. All these indicate the necessity of switching to practices aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. In this sense, incentives for renewable energy sources, rate differentiation in motor vehicle tax, and regulations in the tax system for negative externalities are some of the applications that can be done. In addition, public expenditures for green infrastructure such as low-carbon energy production and energy efficiency in public buildings can be increased, investments can be made in R&D studies to support innovation, and activities can be preferred to increase environmental awareness. Besides, there are various sea transport green solutions in order to reduce emissions and pollution in maritime transport. Green energy suggest solutions such as reducing the cruise speed of the ship, reducing the use of fossil fuels, choosing new generation fuel types with cleaner content, increasing energy efficiency, and making a weather-dependent cruise plan.
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Pratama, I. Putu Agi, Ratna Komala Dewi, and Ni Putu Artini. "MAPPING THE CONSUMERS COFFEE POWDER MANGSI COFFEE BASED ON SEGMENTING, TARGETING, AND POSITIONING IN DENPASAR CITY." Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 5, no. 1 (2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v5i1.8378.
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Not all customers can be served by the company. Each company needs to identify marketsegments that can be served effectively by differentiating the main market segments, aiming at one ortwo segments and developing products so that there are always new breakthroughs. A company in orderto excel in competition must be able to recognize its market segment, target and product position againstits competitors. This research aims to determine the segmenting, targeting, and positioning of MangsiCoffee powder. The sampling technique used is the nonprobability sampling method that is accidentialsampling. Segmenting and targeting is done by using crosstab analysis, while positioning uses multidimensional scaling analysis and correspondence analysis. Mangsi Coffee powder market segmentationbased on the characteristics of consumers are men who are adults, graduated from tertiary education (last education), work as employees with monthly expenditure above the Denpasar City UMK in 2019(Rp. 2,553,000.00). Mangsi Coffee consumers based on psychographic segmentation tend to choosequality products and make coffee consumption habits a trend and lifestyle while Mangsi Coffeeconsumers based on segmentation of consumer behavior tend to choose products according to theirbenefits. Positioning using multi-dimensional scaling analysis (MDS) shows that, Mangsi Coffeepowder is not in one quadrant with all three competing products. The map shows that all four productsare in different quadrants. CA analysis (correspondence analysis), shows the superiority of MangsiCoffee powder products when compared with competitors' products is an attribute in terms ofpackaging. The importance of companies to pay attention to segmenting, targeting, and positioning tobe able to focus on achieving company goals and survive in fierce market competition. The strategy toincrease sales is carried out by adjusting the results of studies in research and the conditions of theMangsi Coffee company so that it can take policies that are in accordance with company goals.
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Hao, Yangguang, Zhongwei Shen, Jiexi Ma, Jiawei Li, and Mengqian Yang. "Research on the Spatial Network Connection Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Chengdu–Chongqing Urban Agglomeration from the Perspective of Flow Space." Land 14, no. 1 (2025): 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010120.
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Urban Agglomerations (UAs), as the primary form of China’s new urbanization and an essential spatial unit for promoting coordinated regional development, play a crucial role in measuring the sustainable and healthy development of urban clusters through the assessment of spatial network connections among cities within the UAs. Taking the 16 prefecture-level cities of the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration (CCUA) as the research subject, this study constructs six types of element flow networks, including population flow, logistics, and information flow. Employing network visualization analysis, the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) neural network machine learning models, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) relational regression models, the research analyzes the spatial network characteristics of the CCUA from the perspective of multi-dimensional element flows and explores the influencing factors of the UA’s connectivity pattern. The results indicate that: The various element flows within the CCUA exhibit a bipolar spatial network characteristic with Chengdu and Chongqing as the poles. In the element network grouping features, a multi-centered group differentiation structure is presented, and the intensity of internal element flow varies. Based on the results of the SOM neural network machine learning model, the connectivity capabilities of cities within the CCUA are divided into five levels. Among them, Chengdu and Chongqing have the strongest comprehensive connectivity capabilities, showing a significant difference compared to other cities, and there is an imbalance in the connectivity capabilities between cities. In terms of the influencing factors of the urban connectivity pattern within the CCUA, the differences in permanent population size and urbanization rates have a significant negative impact on the information flow network, technology flow network, and capital flow network. The differences in the secondary industrial structure and public budget expenditures have a significant positive impact on the intensity of inter-city element flows, and the differences in per capita consumption expenditures have a significant negative impact, collectively influencing the formation of the spatial connectivity pattern of the CCUA. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for the construction and optimization of the spatial connectivity pattern of the CCUA.
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Dukhnytskyi, Bohdan. "Efficiency of Ukraine's foreign trade in fruit and berry products." Ekonomika APK 311, no. 9 (2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202009095.
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The purpose of the article is to study the main indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade in fruits and berries, compare them with similar data from other countries for a comprehensive assessment the effectiveness in export-import operations, identify disadvantages and prospects for national industry. Research methods. Methods used: theoretical generalization - for characterizing the main aspects of Ukraine's foreign trade in agri-food products, analysis and synthesis - for detailing the commodity structure of domestic fruits and berries’ exports and imports, formation a comprehensive assessment of our country as a player in the world fruit market, comparative evaluation - for determining the resource potential of fruit growing industry in the studied countries, providing a world ranking of exporters and importers of fruit and berry products, graphical and tabular - for visualizing the most important statistical indicators. Research results. The characteristics of consumption indicators in key countries of each geographical region are provided, the differentiation of expenditures for organic products, depending on the purchasing power of buyers, is analyzed, a comparison of generalized indicators in the world consumption with the corresponding data for Ukraine is made. The dynamics of the global fruit and berry products’ exports value in recent years is considered, the list of the largest exporting and importing countries of fruits is shown, including countries with the maximum positive and negative balance, statistically determined Ukraine's position in the relevant rankings, available production and resource capacities the horticultural industry of individual countries with Ukraine in the context of the efficiency of fruit and berry exports are compared, our competitiveness in terms of products’ volumes and prices is analyzed. Scientific novelty. The commodity structure of fruits and berries exports in some countries is considered in the context of their comparison with Ukraine and the main indicators of lag are identified, weaknesses in our positioning in the global market, which obstruct the realization of existing potential, are determined. Practical significance. The provisions of the article are aimed at bringing the information about current problems of production and export of fruit and berries to the experts and practitioners of industry, which prevent optimizing their promotion in foreign markets and improving position of Ukraine, and can be used in further activities of specialized enterprises.
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Ichwan, Mohamad, and Patta Tope. "ESSENTIAL COMMODITY CONSUMPTION: A STUDY ON FOOD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE OF RURAL SOCIETY." AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal (e-Journal) 7, no. 2 (2021): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/agroland.v7i2.628.
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The primary commodity consumed by people is reflected in the highest expenditure to fulfill it within a specific period, the dominance of expenditure in all consumption expenditures indicates the importance of commodities in all households' consumption. This study aims to identify the dominant consumption patterns of food commodities using descriptive analysis of 6,178 households obtained through national secondary data from the 2017 national socio-economic survey (Susenas). Several commodities categorized by largest to smallest expenditure are the basis for determining the largest consumption expenditure as essential commodities. Based on the ranking of consumption expenditures, the three most prominent consumption groups were identified, namely: (1) rice, (2) rice with assortment of side dishes, and (3) fish. Rice, detected through 4,771 households, is the largest consumption commodity, and expenditure on this commodity increases in line with the rise in income, reflected in the mean value of expenditure which is higher in the increasing income group. The expenditure of rice with assortment of side dishes was detected through 3,150 households and had the same tendency as rice, particularly increased expenditure in the higher income groups. Fish consumption expenditure was detected through 3,488 households following the conditions for the two previous commodities, and expenditures increased with higher income. The increased expenditure on the consumption of essential commodities by income groups demonstrates that the tendency to consume is in accordance with Keynes's relationship between consumption and revenue. The higher the income, the greater the consumption expenditure. However, to a certain extent, the specific relationship is that the proportion of increased consumption expenditure decreases with higher income. Based on the elasticity coefficient, it was found that three essential commodities were normal goods. However, the level of consumption sensitivity to rice and fish income was higher than for processed food. In contrast to elasticity, the tendency to consume processed food is higher; the share of the increase in revenue is used to increase consumption of processed food, compared to adding rice and fish. This finding acts as provisional evidence that food consumption has undergone a fundamental change to become more consumptive.
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Fan, Chaozhi, Siong Hook Law, Saifuzzaman Ibrahim, and N. A. M. Naseem. "The New Economic Era Analysis of the Structure System of Chinese Household Consumption Expenditure Based on the ELES Model." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (August 9, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3278194.
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In recent years, the new economy has entered a phase of rapid development and upgrading China’s service consumption is driving the continuous optimization of the population’s consumption structure. To realize the rationalization of the Chinese household consumption structure, the ELES model is used to analyze the structure system of Chinese household consumption expenditure. This article constructs the ELES model, divides the types of Chinese household consumption expenditure structure systems, establishes consumption expenditure function, analyzes the influencing factors of the consumption expenditure structure system, and obtains the analysis results from static and dynamic aspects. Based on the statistics of Chinese household consumption expenditure data in recent years, this article obtains the analysis results of the consumption expenditure structure system: the basic consumption demand and marginal consumption tendency of food are in the first place, and the consumption expenditure structure system has gradually changed into the development-type and enjoyment-type consumption mode. Through increasing the income of rural residents, guiding reasonable consumption concept, optimizing consumption environment, and so on, we can promote the proposal and implementation of the optimization of China’s household consumption expenditure structure system to improve the rationalization of China’s household consumption structure system.
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Qomariyah, Naufilatul, Sunlip Wibisono, and Rafael Purtomo. "Keragaman Konsumsi Keluarga TKI dan Keluarga Non TKI Desa Curahnongko Kecamatan Tempurejo Kabupaten Jember." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 6, no. 1 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v6i1.11070.
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This study aims to find out how the diversity of family consumption of migrant workers and non migrant workers, and how much influence the remittance to the consumption of family of migrant workers covering consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption and total consumption. And how much influence the income on the consumption of non-migrant family which includes consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption. To achieve these objectives used primary data obtained directly from the place of study. The method of analysis used in this research is Simple Linear Regression Analysis. The results of this study indicate that remittance variable has a positive influence on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of families of migrant workers. And remittance variables also have a significant influence on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of families of migrant workers.. The income variable has a positive effect on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of Non-migrant family workers. And income variables also have a significant effect on consumption of capital expenditure, food consumption, non-food consumption, and total consumption of Non-migrant family workers.Keywords: Consumption, Remittance, Revenue, Capital Expenditure Consumption, Food Consumption, Non-Food Consumption, Total Consumption.