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Academic literature on the topic 'Diffraction gratings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

Wang, Ye, Xiuhua Fu, Yongyi Chen, Hangyu Peng, Li Qin, Yongqiang Ning, and Lijun Wang. "Optimal Design and Analysis of 4.7 μm Hybrid Deep Dielectric High Efficiency Transmission Gratings." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101706.

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There is currently no transmission grating with good diffraction efficiency in the 4.7 μm band. Metal gratings at this wavelength are all reflective gratings which has a diffraction efficiency of lower than 90% and lower laser damage threshold. In this paper, we bring up a design of a multi-layer transmission grating with both high diffraction efficiency and wide working wavelength band. We have proved that the transmission grating made of composite materials has an average diffraction effectiveness of more than 96% throughout the whole spectral range of 200 nm. Meanwhile, the theoretically computed transmission grating has a highest first-order diffraction efficiency of more than 99.77% at 4746 nm. This multilayer dielectric film transmission grating’s optimized design may further boost spectral beam combining power, providing a practical technique for increasing SBC power and brightness.

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Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Sławomir Chychłowski, Sławomir Ertman, and Piotr Lesiak. "Dual-Period Polarization-Dependent Diffraction Gratings Based on a Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal." Materials 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237313.

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In this paper, we demonstrate the first ever dual-period diffraction gratings that do not require electrical tuning to obtain the effect of period change. Our method allows for multiplication of the base period by proper modification of the subsequent slits of the grating. The proposed elements are fabricated by selective photopolymerization of a composite based on a nematic liquid crystal. The gratings are formed by polymer stabilization of a liquid crystal in different orientations of the molecules in selected grating slits to allow for period manipulation. The operating principle is based on changing the phase delay introduced by the slits depending on polarization direction of incident light with respect to the director in each type of slit, which allows to change the grating’s period. The proposed technique was successfully utilized to obtain diffraction gratings with either doubling or tripling of the period.

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Zhang, G. Z. "Enhancement of diffraction efficiency for optical gratings." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 5-6 (April 5, 2000): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-034.

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A method to increase the diffraction efficiency for optical gratings is proposed. Using a simple glass plate sitting parallel to the top of a grating surface, one can form an air gap between the surfaces of the grating and the glass plate to reflect a grazing-incident light beam and make diffraction through multiple reflection of the beam between the grating and glass plate surfaces. As a result, this device can efficiently enhance the grating efficiency by diffracting the input beam energy into various diffraction orders. PACS Nos.: 07.60-j, 42.25Fx, 42.40Lx, 42.79Dj, 42.40Fg

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Vorzobova, Nadezhda, and Pavel Sokolov. "Properties of Holographic Elements Based on Periodic Structures in a Wide Range of Angles of Incidence." Photonics 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120562.

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An experimental study is carried out on the diffraction and angular selectivity properties of gratings for a wide range of angles of incidence in three-dimensional space. Results for three grating types are presented: nonslanted volume gratings, slanted volume gratings, and hybrid structures. The study encompasses a wide range of directions of radiation incidence on structures and reveals grating orientations that can provide maximal diffraction efficiency for angles of incidence of more than 70°. Obtained data are used to assess the efficiency of diffractive deflectors on the basis of the considered structures, taking into account the trajectory of the Sun as applied to solar-energy problems.

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Irzhak, D. V., M. A. Knyasev, V. I. Punegov, and D. V. Roshchupkin. "X-ray diffraction by phase diffraction gratings." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 4 (July 18, 2015): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715011607.

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The diffraction properties of phase gratings with the periodD= 1.6, 1.0 and 0.5 µm fabricated on an Si(111) crystal by e-beam lithography were studied by triple-axis X-ray diffraction. A 100 nm-thick tungsten layer was used as a phase-shift layer. It is shown that the presence of a grating as a phase-shift W layer on the surface of the Si(111) crystal causes the formation of a complicated two-dimensional diffraction pattern related to the diffraction of X-rays on the phase grating at the X-ray entrance and exit from the crystal. A model of X-ray diffraction on the W phase diffraction grating is proposed.

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Zhang, Guo Sheng, and Yan Xu. "Optimization Design of Cylinder Grating Used for Non-Contact Speed Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.95.

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In order to realize the detection of diffractive light after the image segmentation using cylinder grating, the parameters of a cylinder grating was optimized using the wave optics theory. By analyzing the relation of optical path length variation with the diffraction angle of single cylinder lens diffraction, and by Fraunhofer approximation, the analytical expressions of cylinder lens diffraction was given. By setting parameters to calculate and simulate, it was found that to increase the ratio of curvature radius and grating period could effectively reduce the spatial distribution of the diffraction light intensity. For the gratings that already exist, by reducing the ratio of refractive index of the gratings material and environment, the spatial light distribution of the grating could be reduced. If the cylinder grating period is too small, the overlap part of images segmentation light diffraction intensity will increase. But it occupies smaller proportion of the total light intensity. After the optimization design of cylinder grating, the results showed that it could be used for non-contact speed measurement in the range of some parameter.

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Hania, P. R., A. Pugžlys, L. N. Lucas, J. J. D. de Jong, J. van Esch, B. Feringa, and K. Duppen. "Reaction Dynamics and Applications in Patterning of Bisthienylcyclopentene-Based Photochromic Switches." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.207.

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The structural and optical properties of the gel-forming photochromic switch 1,2-bis(2’-methyl-5’-{{((R) phenylethyl)amino}carbonyl}thienyl-3’-yl)cyclopentene are studied by means of the linear absorption and holographic grating techniques. The use of diffractive optics enables recording of holographic gratings with high long-term phase stability. The diffraction efficiency of the recorded holographic gratings approach values of 30% for low writing beam energies when diffusion is the rate determining factor. At higher writing pulse energies the competition between the diffusion and photodecomposition processes causes lower diffraction efficiencies. At irradiation doses above 10 mJ the spatial profile of the recorded gratings is strongly influenced by saturation effects. Because of the well-determined grating profile the holographic grating technique is potentially applicable for the quantitative characterisation of the diffusion process in photochromic gels.

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A.M. Nastas, M.S. Iovu, A.M. Prisacar, G.M. Triduh, V.D. Prilepov, A.L. Tolstik, and I.V. Stashkevich. "Influence of the corona discharge on the formation of the diffractive holographic gratings in the As-=SUB=-40-=/SUB=-S-=SUB=-60-x-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=- films." Technical Physics 68, no. 5 (2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.05.56072.285-22.

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The influence of the corona discharge on the holographic recording and the subsequence chemical etching of the recording holographic gratings in the Cr/As40S60-xSex thin film structures was investigated. It was established that applied of the positive corona discharge leads to the increase of the holographic sensitivity during the recording in the As-S-Se films, as well as to the amplification of the diffraction efficiency of the recording gratings and of the relief-phase diffractive gratings obtaining in the result of the consecutive chemical etching. Among the investigated films of the As40S60-xSex system, the best results on the application of the Argon laser irradiation (488 nm) was obtaining for the composition As40S39Se21. Applied of the corona discharge bring to the increase of the holographic sensitivity more than up two order, and of the diffraction efficiency about three order in the respect of the of the ordinary recording. Reciprocally was reached a amplification of the diffraction efficiency of the relief diffraction gratings formed in the result of the sequent chemical etching up to 30%. Keywords: chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors, holographic diffractive grating, corona discharge, diffraction efficiency, selective etching.

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N/A, N/A. "Holographic Diffraction Gratings." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 45, no. 8 (2008): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop20084508.0081.

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Huang, Yi, Minglong Li, Pu Tu, Haodong Zhu, Junyu Xia, Guangqiang He, ZhenYu Yang, and Ming Zhao. "Multi-value phase grating fabrication using direct laser writing for generating a two-dimensional focal spot array." Journal of Optics 24, no. 5 (April 1, 2022): 055601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac5dd4.

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Abstract As a beam splitter, multi-value phase grating (MVPG) has a higher diffraction efficiency than the traditional Damman grating (DG) due to its increased number of phase values within one period of the grating. In this paper, two MVPGs are numerically designed within a 120 μm × 120 μm area, which generate 4 * 4 and 5 * 5 focal spot arrays in the far field. Both gratings are fabricated by direct laser writing (DLW) technology. Their diffraction efficiencies reach 68.58% and 63.4%, respectively. To compare, DGs with the same size and focal spot arrays are designed and fabricated, whose diffraction efficiencies are tested to be 29.55% and 35.04%, respectively. The results demonstrate the better optical properties of multi-value phase gratings and the capability of DLW in three-dimensional nano-scale diffractive optical element fabrication.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

Walsh, Sheridan John T. P. "Diffraction by volume gratings." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303660.

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Watson, Andre James. "Diffraction gratings in ray tracing." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464665.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 7, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).

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3

DeSandre, Lewis Francis. "Extinction theorem analysis of diffraction anomalies in overcoated-gratings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184853.

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A rigorous analysis based upon the extinction theorem is presented to study anomalous resonance effects from single- and multilayer-overcoated, low-efficiency diffraction gratings. Anomalously high diffraction efficiency at resonance results from the coupling of the incident beam into guided waves that can be propagated within the composite structure. Both the traditional characteristic matrix technique and a recursive or R-matrix propagation technique are presented. The R-matrix propagation algorithm was found to be stable numerically, and computational results agree favorably with both experimental and other theoretical work. Numerical results are presented in order to investigate the influence of certain parameters (i.e., groove depth and shape and the number of high- and low-index overlayers) on the diffraction efficiency at resonance. In this analysis, a wavelength of 0.6328 μm and grating period of 0.7 μm were chosen so that only a -1 diffracted order other than the specular is reflected from the gratings. Perfect transfer of the grating relief to the film boundaries does not occur in all instances; it depends on the grating and film characteristics together with the conditions during deposition. Investigated in this work is the effect of nonreplication of the grating profile at film interfaces on anomalous diffraction; a transition from trapezoidal profile at the grating substrate to a rounded relief at the top surface of the multilayer structure is assumed. For the cases studied, it was found that nonreplication has the effect of reducing the strength of the resonance outcoupling. Finally, experimental results on anomalous resonance effects for multilayer-coated gratings are presented. Good agreement with computational results was attained.

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Li, Lifeng. "Application of diffraction grating theory to analysis and fabrication of waveguide gratings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184388.

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This dissertation includes three separate studies of related waveguide grating phenomena. These studies deal with a numerical improvement of the integral method of diffraction grating theory, the theoretical analysis of waveguide gratings, and fabrication techniques for photoresist grating masks. The first topic addresses the acceleration of the convergence of the integral kernels. To improve the performance of the integral method for calculating diffraction grating efficiencies, the convergence of the integral kernels is studied. A nonlinear sequence transformation, Levin's u-transformation, is successfully applied to accelerate the convergence of the integral kernels. The computer execution time saving is significant. The application details and many numerical examples are given. The second subject is the ray optics theory of waveguide grating analysis. To establish a linkage between the analysis of diffraction gratings and the analysis of waveguide gratings, a new rigorous ray optics theory is developed. It takes into account phase changes on diffraction, multiple diffraction processes, depletion of the incident guided wave, and lateral shifts. A general characteristic equation that determines the waveguide grating attenuation (coupling) coefficient is derived. The symmetry properties of grating diffraction are applied to waveguide grating analysis for the first time. Lateral shifts of optical rays at a periodically corrugated interface similar to the Goos-Haenchen shift at a planar interface are suggested. The third subject is the in situ control of the development of photoresist grating masks. The existing method for monitoring and modeling photoresist grating development are modified and extended to monitoring and modeling photoresist grating mask development. Experimental examples, detailed theoretical considerations, and computer simulations are presented.

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Watts, Richard Adrian. "The optical response of metallic diffraction gratings." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361343.

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Chang, Chih-Hao 1980. "Fabrication of extremely smooth blazed diffraction gratings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27056.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-106).
High efficiency diffraction gratings are important in a variety of applications, such as optical telecommunications, lithography, and spectroscopy. Special interest has been placed on blazed diffraction gratings for their ability to enhance diffraction intensity at the specular reflection angle off the blazed facets. In this thesis I will report a novel process for fabricating extremely smooth blazed diffraction gratings with 200 nm-period. The blazed grating is fabricated using interference lithography and anisotropic etching, then replicated using nanoimprint lithography. This process was developed for fabricating the off-plane blazed diffraction gratings for the NASA Constellation-X x-ray space telescope. In order for x-rays to reflect effectively through grazing incidence reflection, the gratings will be coated with high atomic number materials, such as gold. Deposition of thin metal film often develops residual stress that adds out-of-plane distortion. In this thesis the out-of-plane distortions due to thin metal films are analyzed using wavefront aberration functions known as the Zernike polynomials. The thin film stress is proved to be linearly related to the change of the Z₂₁ Zernike coefficient. The anisotropic material properties of silicon are taken into account in the derivation, and a prediction of lattice dependent distortion is proposed.
by Chih-Hao Chang.
S.M.

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7

Cai, Li-He. "Experimental investigation of some conducting crossed gratings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25056.

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The properties of a crossed grating of square pyramids and a crossed grating with hemispherical cavities to eliminate specular reflection from a conducting surface are studied experimentally. Measurements were made in the microwave range of 35 GHz. The best performance is that 99.94% of the power of a TM-polarized incident wave can be scattered into a single spectral order by a pyramidal crossed grating, while for TE polarization the reduction in specular reflection can be as high as 98%. Anti-reflection properties of a crossed grating with hemispherical cavities near normal incidence are also observed. Comparison between the behavior of triangular and pyramidal gratings of the same profile is made. Effects of the profile parameters are investigated. Basically the experimental results agree with the theoretical predictions. This investigation provides a set of experimental data to assist further numerical study.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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8

Brundrett, David L. "Analysis, design, and applications of subwavelength diffraction gratings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15370.

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9

Napier, Bruce. "Writing of holographic diffraction gratings of unrestricted length." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/5855.

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Pierce, Jordan. "Holographic Sculpting of Electron Beams with Diffraction Gratings." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24182.

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Electron microscopes offer scientists an invaluable tool in probing matter at a very small scale. Rapid advancements over the past several decades has allowed electron microscopes to routinely image samples at the atomic scale. These advancements have been in all aspects of electron microscope design – such as more stable control voltages and currents, brighter and more coherent sources, beam aberration correction, and direct electron detectors, to name a few. One very recent advancement is in shaping the electron beam to provide an almost arbitrary set of possible beam profiles. Following the demonstration of electron vortex beams in 2010, there has been a surge of interest in the potential shaping electron beams. Utilizing holographic electron diffraction gratings, an almost arbitrary set of electron beams can be generated. These diffraction gratings are challenging to create due their tiny size and the precision with which they must be fabricated. We present a comprehensive study on the fabrication and design of electron diffraction gratings with the aim of being able to produce optimal gratings that result in bright, well separated beams which closely match a desired beam profile. We have developed and optimized fabrication of these gratings with focused ion beam milling, and have been able to use the fabricated gratings in a number of important experiments. These electron diffraction gratings have allowed us to perform various experiments such as aberration correction, electron helical dichroism, advanced phase-contrast imaging, and multi-beam interferometric techniques. Holographic beam shaping will continue to be an important tool for electron microscopists.

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Books on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

1956-, Popov Evgeny, ed. Diffraction gratings and applications. New York: M. Dekker, 1997.

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2

D, Maystre, ed. Selected papers on diffraction gratings. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1993.

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3

Kashyap, Raman. Fiber Bragg gratings. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2010.

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Kashyap, Raman. Fiber Bragg gratings. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.

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5

Shestopalov, V. P. Dinamicheskai͡a︡ teorii͡a︡ reshetok. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1989.

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6

Observatory, Anglo-Australian, ed. Efficiences of the AAO diffraction gratings. Epping, Australia: Anglo-Australian Observatory, 1986.

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7

V, Grattan K. T., and Meggitt B. T, eds. Optical fiber sensor technology: Advanced applications : Bragg gratings and distributed sensors. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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8

R, McKinney Wayne, Palmer Christopher A, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Gratings and grating monochromators for synchrotron radiation: 31 July 1997, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1997.

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9

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Photoelectrochemical fabrication of spectroscopic diffraction gratings: Final report. Norwood, Mass: EIC Laboratories, Inc., 1988.

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Napier, Bruce. Writing of holographic diffraction gratings of unrestricted length. Leicester: De Montfort University, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

Thorne, Anne P. "Diffraction gratings." In Spectrophysics, 144–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1193-2_6.

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2

Aggarwal, Roshan L., and Kambiz Alavi. "Diffraction Gratings." In Introduction to Optical Components, 35–42. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351189514-3.

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Osgood, Richard, and Xiang Meng. "Diffraction Gratings." In Graduate Texts in Physics, 205–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65193-0_10.

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Michette, Alan G. "Diffractive Optics I Diffraction Gratings." In Optical Systems for Soft X Rays, 127–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2223-8_6.

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Keating, Adrian. "Porous Silicon Diffraction Gratings." In Handbook of Porous Silicon, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04508-5_84-1.

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Keating, Adrian. "Porous Silicon Diffraction Gratings." In Handbook of Porous Silicon, 823–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05744-6_84.

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Keating, Adrian. "Porous Silicon Diffraction Gratings." In Handbook of Porous Silicon, 1219–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_84.

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Eichler, Hans Joachim, Peter Günter, and Dieter W. Pohl. "Diffraction and Four-Wave Mixing Theory." In Laser-Induced Dynamic Gratings, 94–122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39662-8_4.

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Paerels, Frits. "X-ray Diffraction Gratings for Astrophysics." In High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy, 15–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9884-2_3.

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Paerels, Frits, Jelle Kaastra, and Randall Smith. "Diffraction Gratings for X-ray Astronomy." In Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics, 411–27. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_149.

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Conference papers on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

Moharam, M. G., and T. K. Gaylord. "Rigorous diffraction analysis of metallic binary gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.fs9.

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Recently, surface relief dielectric and metallic gratings have generated great interest for diffractive optics applications. High quality gratings with deep grooves and small grating periods have been recently fabricated using electron-beam technology and using holographic techniques. These gratings exhibit high diffraction efficiencies as predicted by theoretical calculations.1 In this work the rigorous coupled-wave analysis is applied to metallic binary gratings with groove depths and grating periods comparable to the wavelength of light. Two practical binary gratings are considered (a) bulk finite conductivity gratings and (b) dielectric gratings with finite conductivity metallic coatings. Diffraction characteristics, including the angular and wavelength selectivities and their dependence on groove depth, aspect ratio, and polarization are presented and compared to the diffraction characteristics of infinite conductivity gratings. The approximation of infinite conductivity is shown to give very inaccurate results.

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2

Rife, J. C., and W. R. Hunter. "Multilayer coated diffraction gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tuo2.

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The recent successes in producing multilayers as reflecting coatings on mirrors for the VUV and soft-x-ray regions has prompted an investigation of their applicability to diffraction gratings. If the grating is to be used at near-normal incidence, matching the coating to the grating is a simple problem. If, however, the grating is to be used at oblique incidence, the matching technique must take into consideration the fact that the grating obeys the simple Bragg law, but the coating follows the corrected Bragg law. Furthermore, even if grating and coating are properly matched for use at grazing incidence there remains the problem of contamination of the spectrum by radiation from "suborders" and longer-wavelength spectral regions, where the outermost layers of the multilayer have a high reflectance. Successful coatings have been produced for both laminar and blazed gratings. Examples will be given of the matching procedure, and calculations and measurements will be presented showing the dramatic increase in efficiency as well as the presence of longer-wavelength radiation.

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3

Jim Moharam, M. G. "Diffraction Analysis of Multiplexed Holographie Gratings." In Holography. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/holography.1986.tud2.

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Optical diffraction by periodic structures are of increasing importance in an expanding variety of engineering applications [1]. Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by spatially periodic media has been analyzed by numerous authors over the last fifty years [1]. In almost all previous analyses, only diffractive structure with one single grating (and its harmonics) were considered. Recent applications for holographic optical elements include associative storage, optical computing, multiple holographic storage, beam coding, multiple beam generation and combining, multi-color displays, multi-color filtering, beam shaping, synthetic lenses, interlaced elements, and multifrequency beam mixing. In these applications, two or more gratings of arbitrary spatial frequency and slant exist simultaneously within the diffractive element. Case [2] developed a couple-wave analysis for Bragg-angle diffraction of light by two superimposed thick phase holographic gratings. Alferness and Case [3], utilizing a thin grating decomposition method, examined both the direct and the cross coupling among the incident beam and the two first diffracted orders in such a structure.

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4

Moharam, M. G., and D. A. Pommet. "Diffraction of Gaussian beams by binary diffractive elements." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.mcc3.

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Multi-level binary diffractive optical elements are of increasing importance in an expanding variety of engineering applications. Virtually all previous work on the analysis and design of binary diffractive elements has been for diffraction of infinite plane waves rather than the practical case of finite bounded-profile beams. Only diffraction of Gaussian beams by thick holographic gratings has been previously investigated. In this work the diffraction of finite beams by multi-level binary gratings is analyzed in detail by using the rigorous coupled-wave approach. The analysis applies to any finite beam that is spatially slowly varying on the scale of the wavelength of light. Detailed diffraction characteristics for the important case of Gaussian beams are presented. The diffraction efficiency of these gratings and the profiles of the transmitted and diffracted beams are calculated as a function of the grating depth, grating spacing, light wavelength, and Gaussian beam waist. It is shown that if the beam waist is more than 10 times the grating period, the diffraction efficiency follows very closely to the plane-wave diffraction efficiency with no significant distortion of the profiles of the diffracted beams. The conditions for plane-wave-like diffraction behavior (with finite profile) are determined.

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5

Moharam, M. G. "Analysis of superimposed holographic gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.tuq6.

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Several recent applications of diffractive optical elements utilize superimposed holographic gratings. These applications include: associative storage, optical interconnect, multiple beam generation and combining, color displays and filtering, beam shaping, and wavelength multiplexing. Almost all previous work on grating diffraction analysis, however, is for single grating structures. In this work, the rigorous coupled-wave approach for grating diffraction (developed by the author) has been extended to two (or more) superimposed gratings of arbitrary periodicity, slant, modulation, and thickness and for incident light of arbitrary wavelength, angle of incidence, and polarization. The analysis is applied to several grating structures produced by the typical configurations for sequentially recording two superimposed holograms. They are (1) common reference beam (common Bragg angle), (2) common object beam direction (the beam diffracted by one grating is at the Bragg angle of the other grating), (3) recording medium rotation, (4) two recording light wavelengths and common reference and object beam directions, and (5) mixed transmission and reflection gratings. The angular dependence of the diffraction characteristics of these structures on the grating modulation, thickness, and polarization is presented. It is shown that in addition to direct diffraction of the incident beam at or near the Bragg angle of one grating and the associated crosstalk diffraction by the second grating, cross diffraction may occur if the beam diffracted by the one grating is at or near the Bragg angle of the other grating (common object beam recording configuration).

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6

Wang, Michael R. "Design of holographic optical beam splitters based on thin grating sequential diffraction technique." In Diffractive Optics and Micro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/domo.1998.jwc.5.

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Bragg diffractions by superimposed transmission phase gratings are important schemes for the realization of optical beam splitters for optical fanout interconnection, neural network implementation, data storage, and parallel optical processing and computing. The theory of optical beam diffractions by superimposed transmission phase gratings have been developed by several authors [1-13]. However, the existing techniques are limited to 2-D diffraction geometry, suffering from numerical problems when the superimposed grating number increases, and/or restricted to small-angle diffractions. For 3-D diffractions by superimposed transmission phase gratings, required for holographic beam splitting applications, there is no simple theoretical model to treat such problem. Complete modal analysis [6,7] already yields complicated results for single-grating diffraction, because the grating vector can have an arbitrary orientation with respect to the plane of incidence. As a consequence the s- and p-polarized field components become coupled inside the grating region and can no longer be treated separately by conventional coupled-wave theory [14]. The coupled 3-D diffraction is much more complicated than the single-grating case. It is, so far, hard for a design engineer to determine suitable grating index combinations prior to device implementation. As a result, superimposed gratings are often recorded through trial and error in hoping on getting a desired energy distributions for splitted beams.

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7

Bach, Bernhard W. "Diffraction Gratings for Space Astronomy." In Space Optics for Astrophysics and Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/soa.1988.tud2.

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Present and future space astronomy missions require new manufacturing techniques to fabricate efficient gratings. The major requirements of high throughput and low scatter are still high on the list of priorities for these special optics, but there are new concerns and design goals to challenge the grating manufacturer.

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8

Edelstein, Jerry. "Scattering from Diffraction Gratings in the Extreme Ultraviolet." In Space Optics for Astrophysics and Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/soa.1988.wb18.

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Characterization of the scattering behavior of diffraction gratings is critical for the design of spectrometers with good background rejection. The ability to compare grating scatter performance is essential as new grating manufacturing techniques are developed. Historically, scattering from diffraction gratings has been described in a plethora of functional schemes. These schemes are typically specific to the particular instrument or mounting in use, and they may not be used for ready comparison among gratings made by different processes or for analyzing a given grating used in various mountings.

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9

Mazaheri, Leila, Jean-Michel Nunzi, and Olivier Lebel. "Chiral diffraction gratings." In 2017 Photonics North (PN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pn.2017.8090611.

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10

Gomez, G. "Replicated Diffraction Gratings." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.fthc4.

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Reports on the topic "Diffraction gratings"

1

Perry, M. D., R. D. Boyd, and J. A. Britten. High-efficiency multilayer-dielectric diffraction gratings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/376954.

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2

Wiggins, T. A. Hole Gratings and Diffraction of Gaussian Beams. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172006.

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3

Hill, S. L. Precise rotational alignment of x-ray transmission diffraction gratings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6995086.

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4

Smith, H. I. (Diffraction gratings used in x-ray spectroscopy): Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6259401.

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5

Barrett, C., A. Natansohn, and P. Rochon. Optically-Inscribed High Efficiency Diffraction Gratings in Azo Polymer Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306622.

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6

Nguyen, H. T., S. R. Bryan, J. A. Britten, and M. D. Perry. Fabrication of Efficient, Large Aperture Transmission Diffraction Gratings by Ion-Beam Etching. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15013515.

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7

Agayan, Rodney. Manufacturing high-efficiency, high damage threshold diffraction gratings with lift-off processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/576735.

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8

Sprunt, Samuel N., and L. C. Chien. Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Diffraction Gratings for Optical Switching and Sensor Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409045.

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9

Alessi, D. High-Average-Power Diffraction Pulse-Compression Gratings Enabling Next-Generation Ultrafast Laser Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1333397.

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10

Csonka, Paul L. The Production of Ultrasmall and Superfine Holographic Diffraction Gratings Using Synchrotron Radiation and Lithographic Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada185395.

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