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Journal articles on the topic 'Diffraction gratings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Wang, Ye, Xiuhua Fu, Yongyi Chen та ін. "Optimal Design and Analysis of 4.7 μm Hybrid Deep Dielectric High Efficiency Transmission Gratings". Micromachines 13, № 10 (2022): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101706.

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There is currently no transmission grating with good diffraction efficiency in the 4.7 μm band. Metal gratings at this wavelength are all reflective gratings which has a diffraction efficiency of lower than 90% and lower laser damage threshold. In this paper, we bring up a design of a multi-layer transmission grating with both high diffraction efficiency and wide working wavelength band. We have proved that the transmission grating made of composite materials has an average diffraction effectiveness of more than 96% throughout the whole spectral range of 200 nm. Meanwhile, the theoretically co

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2

Sergeev, S. А., A. Yu. Meshalkin, and M. S. Iovu. "Diffraction Structures Formed by Two Crossed Superimposed Diffraction Gratings." Электронная обработка материалов 6, no. 56 (2020): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4299754.

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The diffraction patterns of surface relief diffraction structures that consisted of two crossed identical superimposed gratings formed in As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub> thin films by electron beam recording with subsequent chemical etching were studied. The angle between gratings with a grating period of 2 µm was varied between 2° and 90°. Additional diffraction gratings formed by a set of lines intersection nodes were considered for simulation of diffraction patterns. Diffraction structure composed of four identical crossed gratings was considered as combination of pairs of c

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3

Bányász, István, Gyula Nagy, Vladimir Havránek, et al. "Direct Writing of Quasi-Sinusoidal and Blazed Surface Relief Optical Transmission Gratings in Bi12GeO20, Er: LiNbO3 and Er: Fe: LiNbO3 Crystals by Nitrogen Ion Microbeams of 5 MeV and 10.5 MeV Energy." Sensors 25, no. 3 (2025): 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030804.

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High diffraction efficiency optical transmission gratings with quasi-sinusoidal and saw-tooth surface relief profiles were fabricated in Bi12GeO20, Er: LiNbO3 and Er: Fe: LiNbO3 crystals by ion beam implantation. The gratings were directly written by nitrogen ion microbeams at energies of 5 MeV and 10.5 MeV. The finest grating constant was 4 μm. Grating constants for the majority of the gratings were 16 μm. The highest amplitudes of the gratings reached 1600 nm. The highest first-order diffraction efficiency obtained in a sinusoidal grating was 25%, close to the theoretical maximum of 33%. The

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4

Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Sławomir Chychłowski, Sławomir Ertman, and Piotr Lesiak. "Dual-Period Polarization-Dependent Diffraction Gratings Based on a Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal." Materials 16, no. 23 (2023): 7313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237313.

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In this paper, we demonstrate the first ever dual-period diffraction gratings that do not require electrical tuning to obtain the effect of period change. Our method allows for multiplication of the base period by proper modification of the subsequent slits of the grating. The proposed elements are fabricated by selective photopolymerization of a composite based on a nematic liquid crystal. The gratings are formed by polymer stabilization of a liquid crystal in different orientations of the molecules in selected grating slits to allow for period manipulation. The operating principle is based o

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5

Shao, Changfeng, and Xinghui Li. "Technologies for Fabricating Large-Size Diffraction Gratings." Sensors 25, no. 7 (2025): 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25071990.

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Large-size diffraction gratings have played an important role in modern scientific fields such as inertial confinement fusion, large-aperture astronomical telescopes, and high-precision immersion lithography machines with long-stroke displacement stages. However, due to the large size and high accuracy requirements of gratings, and considering the need for high efficiency and low cost, the fabrication of large gratings is extremely difficult. This paper reviews the fabrication technologies for large diffraction gratings, including grating tiling technology, grating ruling technology, single-ex

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6

Vorzobova, Nadezhda, and Pavel Sokolov. "Properties of Holographic Elements Based on Periodic Structures in a Wide Range of Angles of Incidence." Photonics 8, no. 12 (2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120562.

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An experimental study is carried out on the diffraction and angular selectivity properties of gratings for a wide range of angles of incidence in three-dimensional space. Results for three grating types are presented: nonslanted volume gratings, slanted volume gratings, and hybrid structures. The study encompasses a wide range of directions of radiation incidence on structures and reveals grating orientations that can provide maximal diffraction efficiency for angles of incidence of more than 70°. Obtained data are used to assess the efficiency of diffractive deflectors on the basis of the con

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7

Zhang, G. Z. "Enhancement of diffraction efficiency for optical gratings." Canadian Journal of Physics 78, no. 5-6 (2000): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-034.

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A method to increase the diffraction efficiency for optical gratings is proposed. Using a simple glass plate sitting parallel to the top of a grating surface, one can form an air gap between the surfaces of the grating and the glass plate to reflect a grazing-incident light beam and make diffraction through multiple reflection of the beam between the grating and glass plate surfaces. As a result, this device can efficiently enhance the grating efficiency by diffracting the input beam energy into various diffraction orders. PACS Nos.: 07.60-j, 42.25Fx, 42.40Lx, 42.79Dj, 42.40Fg

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8

Zhang, Guo Sheng, and Yan Xu. "Optimization Design of Cylinder Grating Used for Non-Contact Speed Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.95.

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In order to realize the detection of diffractive light after the image segmentation using cylinder grating, the parameters of a cylinder grating was optimized using the wave optics theory. By analyzing the relation of optical path length variation with the diffraction angle of single cylinder lens diffraction, and by Fraunhofer approximation, the analytical expressions of cylinder lens diffraction was given. By setting parameters to calculate and simulate, it was found that to increase the ratio of curvature radius and grating period could effectively reduce the spatial distribution of the dif

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9

Irzhak, D. V., M. A. Knyasev, V. I. Punegov, and D. V. Roshchupkin. "X-ray diffraction by phase diffraction gratings." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 4 (2015): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715011607.

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The diffraction properties of phase gratings with the periodD= 1.6, 1.0 and 0.5 µm fabricated on an Si(111) crystal by e-beam lithography were studied by triple-axis X-ray diffraction. A 100 nm-thick tungsten layer was used as a phase-shift layer. It is shown that the presence of a grating as a phase-shift W layer on the surface of the Si(111) crystal causes the formation of a complicated two-dimensional diffraction pattern related to the diffraction of X-rays on the phase grating at the X-ray entrance and exit from the crystal. A model of X-ray diffraction on the W phase diffraction grating i

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10

Wang, Ye, Yongyi Chen, Li Qin, and Lijun Wang. "Optimal Design and Analysis of Wide-Band Near-Infrared Hybrid Dielectric Gratings with High Transmission Efficiency." Micromachines 15, no. 11 (2024): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15111290.

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Since surface relief transmission gratings have very strict requirements on operators and use environment, according to the semiconductor laser external cavity spectral beam combining system, this paper proposes a design scheme for a semiconductor laser array spectral beam combining system based on the grating-external cavity. The finite element approach was used to create a wideband, high-efficiency fill-in multilayer dielectric transmission grating structure for a high-power spectrum beam combining system. The incidence angle, ridge height, duty cycle, and sidewall inclination angle of the t

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11

A.M. Nastas, M.S. Iovu, A.M. Prisacar, et al. "Influence of the corona discharge on the formation of the diffractive holographic gratings in the As-=SUB=-40-=/SUB=-S-=SUB=-60-x-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=- films." Technical Physics 68, no. 5 (2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.05.56072.285-22.

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The influence of the corona discharge on the holographic recording and the subsequence chemical etching of the recording holographic gratings in the Cr/As40S60-xSex thin film structures was investigated. It was established that applied of the positive corona discharge leads to the increase of the holographic sensitivity during the recording in the As-S-Se films, as well as to the amplification of the diffraction efficiency of the recording gratings and of the relief-phase diffractive gratings obtaining in the result of the consecutive chemical etching. Among the investigated films of the As40S

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12

Hania, P. R., A. Pugžlys, L. N. Lucas, et al. "Reaction Dynamics and Applications in Patterning of Bisthienylcyclopentene-Based Photochromic Switches." Solid State Phenomena 97-98 (April 2004): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.97-98.207.

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The structural and optical properties of the gel-forming photochromic switch 1,2-bis(2’-methyl-5’-{{((R) phenylethyl)amino}carbonyl}thienyl-3’-yl)cyclopentene are studied by means of the linear absorption and holographic grating techniques. The use of diffractive optics enables recording of holographic gratings with high long-term phase stability. The diffraction efficiency of the recorded holographic gratings approach values of 30% for low writing beam energies when diffusion is the rate determining factor. At higher writing pulse energies the competition between the diffusion and photodecomp

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13

Huang, Yi, Minglong Li, Pu Tu, et al. "Multi-value phase grating fabrication using direct laser writing for generating a two-dimensional focal spot array." Journal of Optics 24, no. 5 (2022): 055601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac5dd4.

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Abstract As a beam splitter, multi-value phase grating (MVPG) has a higher diffraction efficiency than the traditional Damman grating (DG) due to its increased number of phase values within one period of the grating. In this paper, two MVPGs are numerically designed within a 120 μm × 120 μm area, which generate 4 * 4 and 5 * 5 focal spot arrays in the far field. Both gratings are fabricated by direct laser writing (DLW) technology. Their diffraction efficiencies reach 68.58% and 63.4%, respectively. To compare, DGs with the same size and focal spot arrays are designed and fabricated, whose dif

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14

Vazhdaev, Konstantin, Marat Urakseev, Azamat Allaberdin, and Kostantin Subkhankulov. "OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES BASED ON DIFFRACTION GRATINGS FROM STANDING ELASTIC WAVES." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 18, no. 3-4 (2022): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2022-18-3-4-151-158.

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Relevance Currently, optoelectronic devices based on diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves are widely used. This is due to the fact that such devices are small in size, allow realtime measurements and have high accuracy, speed and reliability. A review of foreign patents and scientific and technical literature shows that in Japan, the USA, Germany and other countries, intensive work has been carried out in recent years to create optoelectronic devices as part of information-measuring systems based on the use of diffraction gratings from standing elastic waves. Such work is also carr

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15

Huang, Shubin, Zeyu Peng, Shi Rui, et al. "Design and fabrication of diffraction grating with optimized efficiency for transient grating spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (2022): 125112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116176.

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Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) based on diffraction gratings is a powerful optical method for studying the transport of energy carriers such as phonons and electrons. The diffraction grating in a TGS system is a key component to form a large-area interference pattern, i.e., transient grating, and to study the mean free path distribution of energy carriers. In this work, a design method for polarization-insensitive diffraction gratings with periods in the range 2–50 µm for TGS by a combination of rigorous coupled wave analysis and genetic algorithm was discussed. The method was tested for

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16

SERGEEV, S. A., M. S. IOVU, and A. YU MESHALKIN. "SUPERIMPOSED EQUALLY ORIENTED DIFFRACTION GRATINGS FORMED IN As2S3 FILMS." Chalcogenide Letters 17, no. 1 (2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2020.171.25.

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Surface relief diffraction structures composed of two or three superimposed unidirectional gratings with unequal grating periods were produced using the electron beam recording and subsequent chemical etching. Diffraction patterns produced by different diffraction structures were studied. In addition to the main diffracted beams the low-intensity “ghost” diffracted beams were created by some grating structures. Their appearance was caused by a difference in spatial frequency between gratings and by summation of spatial frequencies as well. The calculated grating periods corresponding to “ghost

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17

Aji, Mahardika Prasetya, Yuvita Kiki Wulandari, Rudi Setiawan, Jotti Karunawan, and Aan Priyanto. "A unique diffraction pattern formed by a grating from a flying termite wing." Physics Education 57, no. 5 (2022): 055026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac8139.

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Abstract In diffraction experiments, natural gratings often create uncommon diffraction patterns compared with those resulting from manufactured gratings. This study analyzed a unique diffraction pattern obtained by a grating from a flying termite wing. A ring-like diffraction pattern was formed because of the grating morphology from a flying termite wing, which consisted of horizontal- and vertical-structured slits. The mechanism of diffraction pattern formation is also provided. The distance between slits was measured using digital microscope images and a diffraction experiment, with the res

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18

Mateev, G., L. Nedelchev, D. Nazarova, et al. "Polarization properties of two-dimensional polarization holographic gratings inscribed in azopolymer thin films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2487, no. 1 (2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2487/1/012011.

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Abstract Azopolymers are efficient photoanisotropic materials and for this reason are commonly used for inscription of polarization-selective diffraction gratings by polarization holography. More often however, the characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) gratings are studied. Here, we present real time diffraction efficiency kinetics and polarization properties of two-dimensional (2D) polarization holographic gratings, each of them obtained by overlapping two perpendicular 1D gratings. The gratings are consecutively inscribed using as recording medium the azopolymer poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydr

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19

N/A, N/A. "Holographic Diffraction Gratings." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 45, no. 8 (2008): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop20084508.0081.

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20

Tutt, James H., Randall L. McEntaffer, Hannah Marlowe, et al. "Diffraction Efficiency Testing of Sinusoidal and Blazed Off-Plane Reflection Gratings." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 05, no. 03 (2016): 1650009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171716500094.

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Reflection gratings in the off-plane mount have the potential to enhance the performance of future high resolution soft X-ray spectrometers. Diffraction efficiency can be optimized through the use of blazed grating facets, achieving high-throughput on one side of zero-order. This paper presents the results from a comparison between a grating with a sinusoidally grooved profile and two gratings that have been blazed. The results show that the blaze does increase throughput to one side of zero-order; however, the total throughput of the sinusoidal gratings is greater than the blazed gratings, su

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21

Wang, Xiaolong, Dimitrios Kazazis, Li-Ting Tseng, Alex P. G. Robinson, and Yasin Ekinci. "High-efficiency diffraction gratings for EUV and soft x-rays using spin-on-carbon underlayers." Nanotechnology 33, no. 6 (2021): 065301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac328b.

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Abstract We report on the fabrication and characterization of high-resolution gratings with high efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray ranges using spin-on-carbon (SOC) underlayers. We demonstrate the fabrication of diffraction gratings down to 20 nm half-pitch (HP) on Si3N4 membranes with a bilayer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) and spin-on-carbon and show their performance as a grating mask for extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL). High-resolution patterning of HSQ is possible only for thin films due to pattern collapse. The combination of this high-re

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22

Lei, Lihua, Lijie Liang, Liqin Liu, et al. "A Study on Length Traceability and Diffraction Efficiency of Chromium Gratings." Photonics 11, no. 3 (2024): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11030233.

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Measurement traceability is a prerequisite for achieving accurate and reliable results as well as technical standardization. The period of Chromium (Cr) gratings fabricated by atomic lithography can be directly traced back to natural constants. Applying the Cr grating to grating interferometry can achieve nanometer measurement traceability. This research aims to analyze the diffraction efficiency characteristics of self-traceable Cr gratings to provide a theoretical basis for the fabrication and application of Cr gratings. In this regard, we establish the theoretical model of the laser beam in

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23

Luo, Linbin, Shuonan Shan, and Xinghui Li. "A Review: Laser Interference Lithography for Diffraction Gratings and Their Applications in Encoders and Spectrometers." Sensors 24, no. 20 (2024): 6617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24206617.

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The unique diffractive properties of gratings have made them essential in a wide range of applications, including spectral analysis, precision measurement, optical data storage, laser technology, and biomedical imaging. With advancements in micro- and nanotechnologies, the demand for more precise and efficient grating fabrication has increased. This review discusses the latest advancements in grating manufacturing techniques, particularly highlighting laser interference lithography, which excels in sub-beam generation through wavefront and amplitude division. Techniques such as Lloyd’s mirror

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24

Nastas, Andrian M., Mikhail S. Iovu, Igor N. Agishev, et al. "Formation of holographic diffraction gratings in thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-3-4-11.

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The paper presents a study of the formation of holographic diffraction gratings in thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors. The recording process of holographic gratings at the argon-laser radiation wave length 488 nm and the process of chemical etching that enables the formation of а relief holographic grating are analysed. The optimum conditions for the formation of diffraction gratings in films of arsenic sulfide As2S3 are defined. It is shown that at the 488 nm wave length of an argon laser the optimum exposure comes to ∼5–8 J/cm2. At the recording stage a quasi-phase (relief-phas

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Zakirullin, R. S. "Diffraction in grating optical filters with angular-selective light transmission." Computer Optics 44, no. 3 (2020): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-654.

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The effect of diffraction on the directional light transmittance of grating optical filters designed for smart windows is studied. The filter has an angular selective light transmission due to two thin-film gratings formed by "non-transmissive" (absorptive, reflective or scattering) parallel strips on the surfaces of a single or double glazed window. Methods are considered for calculating the op-timal slope angle of two filter’s gratings, their relative position on the opposite window surfaces and the widths of the strips of both gratings to minimize light transmission on a specific date and t

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26

Inge, Nys, Ropač Peter, Berteloot Brecht, Ravnik Miha, and Neyts Kristiaan. "Highly dispersive liquid crystal diffraction gratings with continuously varying periodicity." Journal of Molecular Liquids 383 (May 12, 2023): 122062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122062.

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By using well-designed anchoring patterns in a liquid crystal (LC) device, novel electro-optic components with enhanced functionality can be designed. We present two types of nematic LC diffraction gratings with varying periodicity, manufactured with patterned photoalignment at the confining substrates. By varying the surface anchoring periodicity, the incident light can be redirected into many different diffraction orders, giving rise to a scattering appearance of the grating. In Type I gratings the anchoring patterns at the top and bottom substrates are aligned in the same direction, whereas

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Yamamoto, Hiroyuki, Keiji Obara, Shohei Higashihara, Yuki Obama, Takeshi Yamao, and Shu Hotta. "Spectrally-Narrowed Emissions from Organic Crystals Having a One-Dimensional Grating on Their Surface." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (2016): 3312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12281.

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We have succeeded in directly engraving one-dimensional diffraction gratings on the surface of organic semiconducting oligomer crystals by using focused ion beam (FIB) lithography and laser ablation (LA) methods. The FIB method enabled us to shape the gratings with varying periods down to ∼150 nm. With the LA method a large-area grating with a ∼500-nm period was readily accessible. All the above crystals indicated spectrally-narrowed emission (SNE) lines even in the case of shallow groove depths ∼2–4 nm. In particular, we definitively observed the SNE pertinent to the first-order diffraction w

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Zeng, Li Jiang, Lei Shi, and Li Feng Li. "Fabrication of Large Grating by Monitoring the Latent Fringe Pattern." Key Engineering Materials 437 (May 2010): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.437.56.

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Contemporary chirped-pulse-amplified high-power laser systems rely on meter-sized diffraction gratings for pulse compression. Fabricating large gratings is a bottle-neck problem. We developed a multiple-holographic-exposure method to fabricate large monolithic gratings. In consecutive exposures, the attitude of the photoresist-coated substrate is monitored and adjusted by using two interferometers with a He-Ne laser, and the relative position between the substrate and the exposure interference fringes is adjusted by using the interference fringes between the diffraction orders of the latent gr

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Galantu, Jiri. "The Wear Analysis of Chisel-Edge Ruling Tool for Diffraction Gratings." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.389.

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The wear analysis of chisel-edge ruling tool for diffraction gratings is very complex because of following two reasons that one is the wear distribution on edge after grating ruling is too minute so that hard to find and measured by conventional equipment like microscope, and the other is the effect of wear on the groove depth, pitch, ridge, blaze angle, non-blaze angle, groove bottom angle and diffraction efficiency of gratings. In order to determine what extent of wear is can be ignored, this paper had go on brief approximate test study on wear analysis of chisel-edge ruling tool for diffrac

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Wang, Shuo, Lei Dai, Chao Lin, et al. "Study on the Design Method of High-Resolution Volume-Phase Holographic Gratings." Sensors 24, no. 19 (2024): 6493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24196493.

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Volume-phase holographic gratings are suitable for use in greenhouse gas detection imaging spectrometers, enabling the detection instruments to achieve high spectral resolution, high signal-to-noise ratios, and high operational efficiency. However, when utilized in the infrared wavelength band with high dispersion requirements, gratings struggle to meet the demands for low polarization sensitivity due to changes in diffraction performance caused by phase delays in the incidence of light waves with distinct polarization states, and current methods for designing bulk-phase holographic gratings r

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Jaroszewicz, Zbigniew, Eugeniusz Czech, and Tomasz Osuch. "Diffractive gratings with varying period’s shape." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.904.

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The aim of this short review is to recall various designs of diffraction gratings when the condition of the period’s identity is relaxed and to mention resulting thus some of their applications. Among others the apodization function can be implemented as a variable diffraction efficiency due to the gradual change of the period’s shape. Another possible application is the passive achromatization of the diffraction efficiency of the blazed gratings by randomizing their blaze angle. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, "II Apodisation", Prog. Opt. 3, 29 (1964). CrossRef H.

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Millett, Ronald, Jamie Ramsey, Przemek Bock, et al. "Synthesis of Planar Reflective Gratings for Silicon Interconnects." Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (May 21, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/315724.

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The design and simulations of planar reflective gratings for building optical interconnects in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) were studied for a range of silicon core thicknesses of 0.1 to 10 μm. The verticality of the grating facets has been shown to be the main contributing factor to the cumulative crosstalk in thick silicon cores. The dispersion property of the slab was found to limit the minimal thickness of the core for polarization-insensitive gratings. The effects of polarization-dependent confinement on optical crosstalk were studied. The findings were used to design and simulate a polariz

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Wen, Han, Andrew A. Gomella, Ajay Patel, et al. "Boosting phase contrast with a grating Bonse–Hart interferometer of 200 nanometre grating period." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2010 (2014): 20130028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0028.

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We report on a grating Bonse–Hart interferometer for phase-contrast imaging with hard X-rays. The method overcomes limitations in the level of sensitivity that can be achieved with the well-known Talbot grating interferometer, and without the stringent spectral filtering at any given incident angle imposed by the classic Bonse–Hart interferometer. The device operates in the far-field regime, where an incident beam is split by a diffraction grating into two widely separated beams, which are redirected by a second diffraction grating to merge at a third grating, where they coherently interfere.

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Montero-Orille, Carlos, Xesús Prieto-Blanco, Héctor González-Núñez, and Jesús Liñares. "A Polygonal Model to Design and Fabricate Ion-Exchanged Diffraction Gratings." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041500.

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We propose a simple polygonal model to describe the phase profile of ion-exchanged gratings. This model enables the design of these gratings, as well as the characterization of the ion-exchange process itself. Several ion-exchanged gratings were fabricated to validate the model and to characterize the process involved in their fabrication. From this characterization, we show the practical utility of the model by designing and fabricating both a grating that removes the zero order and a three splitter. The performance of these two elements was good, although the first one stood out especially b

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Goray L. I., Berezovskaya T. N., Mokhov D. V., et al. "Blazed Diffraction Gratings on Si --- First Results." Technical Physics 92, no. 13 (2022): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.13.52229.81-21.

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Using direct laser lithography and wet etching of polished vicinal Si(111) wafers, a technology was developed and diffraction gratings 500 grooves/mm with a blaze angle of 4o were fabricated. The manufacturing process of a reflective Si-grating with the triangular profile (sawtooth) can be divided into four main steps: (1) obtaining a pattern of a protective mask for grooves etching; (2) anisotropic etching of grooves in KOH solution; (3) etching to smooth the grating profile and polish the surface of working facets; (4) coating to increase reflectivity. The samples obtained were characterized

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Maystre, Daniel. "Diffraction gratings." Scholarpedia 7, no. 6 (2012): 11403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.11403.

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Titov, Sergey A., Vitold E. Pozhar, and Vladimir A. Lomonov. "Experimental Evaluation of the Structure of Dynamic Diffraction Gratings in Acousto-Optic Devices." Light & Engineering, no. 06-2022 (December 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2022-079.

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The method of studying of dynamic diffraction gratings formed in acousto-optic devices is presented. Using a receiving scanning acoustic microscope, acousto-optic modulators of the same shape made of quartz glass and crystalline quartz were studied. Grating shape blurring effects and appearing of spurious gratings due to wave re-reflection were observed. It is shown that the grating structure demonstrates high correspondence to the theoretical shape in quartz glass whereas differences associated with material anisotropy are visible in crystalline quartz. The connection between the structure of

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Stinson, Victoria Paige, Uma Subash, Menelaos K. Poutous, and Tino Hofmann. "Towards Two-Photon Polymerization-Compatible Diffractive Optics for Micro-Mechanical Applications." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (2023): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071319.

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Diffractive optics are structured optical surfaces that manipulate light based on the principles of interference and diffraction. By carefully designing the diffractive optical elements, the amplitude, phase, direction, and polarization of the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled. It is well-known that the propagation of light through diffractive optics is sensitive to changes in their structural parameters. In this study, a numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the capabilities of slanted-wire diffraction gratings to function opto-mechanically in the infrared spectral range

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Cu, Duy Thanh, Tien Dat Pham, Vu Tuan Hung Le, Meng Chi Li, Hung Pin Chen, and Chien Cheng Kuo. "Design of a High-Efficiency Multilayer Dielectric Diffraction Grating with Enhanced Laser Damage Threshold." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (2022): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12121952.

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Diffraction gratings are becoming increasingly widespread in optical applications, notably in lasers. This study presents the work on the characterization and evaluation of Multilayer Dielectric Diffraction Gratings (MDG) based on the finite element method using Comsol MultiPhysics software. The optimal multilayer dielectric diffraction grating structure using a rectangular three-layer structure consisting of an aluminum oxide Al2O3 layer sandwiched between two silicon dioxide SiO2 layers on a multilayer dielectric mirror is simulated. Results show that this MDG for non-polarized lasers at 106

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Bošnjaković, Dejan, Marko Gregorc, Hui Li, Martin Čopič, Valentina Domenici, and Irena Drevenšek-Olenik. "Mechanical Manipulation of Diffractive Properties of Optical Holographic Gratings from Liquid Crystalline Elastomers." Applied Sciences 8, no. 8 (2018): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081330.

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An appealing property of optical diffractive structures from elastomeric materials is a possibility to regulate their optical patterns and consequently also their diffractive features with mechanical straining. We investigated the effect of strain on diffraction characteristics of holographic gratings recorded in a monodomain side-chain liquid crystalline elastomer. The strain was imposed either parallel or perpendicular to the initial alignment direction of the material. At temperatures far below the nematic–paranematic phase transition, straining along the initial alignment affects mainly th

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Sunil, D., Arthur W. McQuade, and Harry D. Gafney. "Photodeposition of Diffraction Gratings in Glass." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 7 (1998): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944670.

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Line patterns with spacings ranging from 10 to 50 μm have been achieved by 488 nm photolysis of porous glasses impregnated with Fe(CO)5. Photolysis was accomplished with a focused Ar+ laser impinging onto a sample mounted on a computer-controlled X-Y stage programmed to create a line pattern. The photodeposited grating was tested by generating a diffraction pattern with a He–Ne laser, which was then used to calculate the grating line spacings. The measured line spacings were found to be in excellent agreement with the spacings defined by the computer-driven stage. Consolidation of the porous g

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Chuang, Wei Ching, Chi Ting Ho, Yi Ru Lian, Ching Kong Chao, Ruey Fang Shyu, and Wei Chih Wang. "Transducing Mechanical Forces Using a Polymer Optical Grating Sensor." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.91.

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A new means of transducing mechanical force using a diffractive Bragg grating based polymeric sensor is presented. The diffraction gratings are successfully fabricated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer using the holographic interference and micromolding technique. The micro MTS tensile test incorporated with the Raman experiment showed that a relationship between the load and the observed diffraction pattern shift could be obtained. The results show an excellent correlation between the optical measurements and load with a sensitivity of 0.05N.

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Li, Y., and Li Jiang Zeng. "Analyzing the Grating Profile Parameters Based on Scanning-Electron Microscope Images." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.299.

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Measuring grating profiles is very helpful for the analysis of specifications of gratings and improvement of grating fabrication techniques. We analyzed grating grooves by digitizing the scanning-electron microscope (SEM) images. Some kinds of filter and arithmetic were developed to extract the contour line of grating profile. In order to analyze the diffraction efficiency affected by the shape of grating profile, the calculated diffraction efficiency based on the SEM image and measured diffraction efficiency based on experiment was compared and analyzed.

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Jark, Werner. "On the advantages of operation in second-order diffraction of blazed gratings in soft X-ray monochromators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (2019): 1587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519009421.

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The fact that a diffraction grating can provide twofold-smaller bandwidth when operated in second-order diffraction is long known and applied routinely in the laboratory for spectroscopy in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. A similar routine operation in monochromators for the soft X-ray range is not reported yet. This study will thus address the feasibility of efficient diffraction of soft X-rays in the second order at reflection gratings when operated at grazing angles of incidence. The related systematic study could make profitable use of a recently introduced simple analytical eq

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Emoto, Akira, Hiroshi Ono, and Nobuhiro Kawatsuki. "One-Dimensional Multiplexed Anisotropic Gratings in Photoreactive Polymer Liquid Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.355.

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One-dimensional multiplexed anisotropic gratings were fabricated in photoreactive polymer liquid crystals (PPLCs), and the diffraction properties were characterized. Based on the holographic technique, the overwriting process is combined with the highly-stable and –controllable molecular alignment of the PPLCs. As a result, 1st- and 2nd-order diffraction intensities variable gratings dependent on the polarization direction of probe beam were obtained without significant changing their total diffraction intensity. The multiplexed gratings can be used as polarization-selective diffractive optica

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Goray, Leonid I. "Rigorous accounting diffraction on non-plane gratings irradiated by non-planar waves." Journal of Optics 24, no. 2 (2022): 025601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac4438.

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Abstract The modified boundary integral equation method (MIM) is considered a rigorous theoretical application for the diffraction of cylindrical waves by arbitrary profiled plane gratings, as well as for the diffraction of plane/non-planar waves by concave/convex gratings. This study investigates 2D diffraction problems of the filiform source electromagnetic field scattered by a plane lamellar grating and of plane waves scattered by a similar cylindrical-shaped grating. Unlike the problem of plane wave diffraction by a plane grating, the field of a localised source does not satisfy the quasi-

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Nalivaiko, Valery I., and Marina A. Ponomareva. "RECORDING OF DIFFRACTION GRATINGS WITH AN ACTIVE STABILIZATION SCHEME OF INTERFERENCE FIELD." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 8, no. 1 (2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-8-1-146-152.

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The paper describes a modernized optoelectronic system for stabilizing the interference pattern during exposure of a holographic grating. The results of applying the extreme control system to stabilize the interference field when recording holographic gratings of high optical quality are presented. Thin chalcogenide layers of the composition As2S3 were used as the recording medium. When using the stabilization system, a monotonic increase in the diffraction efficiency of the gratings from the recording time is observed and a low level of spurious scattering is recorded for the recorded grating

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Zhang, Shan Wen, and Jian Xin Ying. "Optimization of the Two Parameters of Classical Blaze Grating in Littrow Mount." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1332.

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On the base of electromagnetic theory of gratings, we analyse the effects of both of two important parameters of classical blaze grating in Littrow mount to diffraction efficiency, and the two parameters are optimized for obtaining highest diffraction efficiency. It is presented that not only blaze angle but apex angle affect diffraction efficiency. The investigation has been performed on the design and fabrication of classical blaze grating which has high diffraction efficiency.

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Shvyd'ko, Yuri. "Diffraction gratings with two-orders-of-magnitude-enhanced dispersion rates for sub-meV resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 5 (2020): 1227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520008292.

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Diffraction gratings with large angular dispersion rates are central to obtaining high spectral resolution in grating spectrometers operating over a broad spectral range from infrared to soft X-ray domains. The greatest challenge is of course to achieve large dispersion rates in the short-wavelength X-ray domain. Here it is shown that crystals in non-coplanar asymmetric X-ray Bragg diffraction can function as high-reflectance broadband soft X-ray diffraction gratings with dispersion rates that are at least two orders of magnitude larger than those that are possible with state-of-the-art man-ma

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Kawakami, Yusuke, Man He, and Yeong Hee Cho. "Design of high-performance holographic gratings using siloxane-containing mesogenic compounds." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 10 (2006): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678101835.

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Fine holographic gratings were fabricated using siloxane- and mesogen-containing compounds. A grating with 40 % diffraction efficiency was formed with 10 wt % non-liquid-crystalline 4-methoxyphenyl 4-[4-(pentamethyldisiloxanyl)butoxy]benzoate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. 4-Methoxyphenyl 4-[4-(1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-1-yl)butoxy]-benzoate gave 50 % diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of 5°. Siloxane-containing liquid-crystalline compounds were also effective in fabricating fine gratings. These compounds induced distinct phase separation over a concentration range f

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