Books: 'Diffuse light'

1

Wang, Yuzhu. Laser cooling of neutral atoms by red-shifted diffuse light in an optical integral sphere cavity. Trieste: International Atomic Agency, 1994.

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2

Somaratne, S. M. Generation, adoption, and impact of a diffused light potato storage technology in Badulla District, Sri Lanka. [Los Banos]: University of the Phillipines at Los Banos, 1985.

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3

Principles Of Diffuse Light Propagation Light Propagation In Tissues With Applications In Biology And Medicine. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2012.

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4

Photon migration and diffuse-light imaging: 22-23 June 2003, Munich, Germany. Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 2004.

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5

A, Boas David, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., Optical Society of America, and European Physical Society, eds. Photon migration and diffuse-light imaging: 22-23 June 2003, Munich, Germany. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 2003.

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6

Gori, Simone, Enrico Giora, and D. Alan Stubbs. The Breathing Light Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0047.

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This chapter discusses the Breathing Light Illusion. The Breathing Light Illusion is a size and brightness illusion elicited by the self-motion of the observer. The stimulus consists of a circular white spot that is presented on a black background, characterized by blurred boundaries. The blurred spot, which in static view seems to glow and exhibits a self-luminance appearance, is perceived as wider, brighter, and more diffuse when it is approached but smaller, darker, and sharper when one recedes from it. A possible explanation of the phenomenon is related to the superimposition of the afterimage on the physical stimulus during dynamical viewing.

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7

Britton, Chance, Biomedical Optics Society, European Optical Society, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Proceedings of quantification and localization using diffuse photons in a highly scattering medium: 3-5 September 1993, Budapest, Hungary. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1994.

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8

Society, European Physical. Photon Migration and Diffuse-Light Imaging II: 12-16 June 2005, Munich, Germany (Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging,). SPIE-International Society for Optical Engine, 2005.

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9

Wright, A. G. The optical interface to PMTs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0003.

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The optical interface between a light source and a detector is important. In most practical realizations the aim should be to collect the maximum light possible. Lens systems seldom do this efficiently, especially where the light source is diffuse. Underlying any attempt at concentrating or guiding light is subject to a fundamental limitation referred to as étendue (phase space cannot be squeezed). Light collection from small volume scintillators of high refractive index may approach 50 %, while collection from large-area scintillators is typically less than a few per cent. Incorporation of wavelength-shifting light guides and fibres leads to enhanced performance. Efficiency measurements by the author in terms of photoelectrons per keV are presented for selected configurations. Optical recycling derived from total internal reflection provides enhancement in effective quantum efficiency by a factor of up to 10. Concepts such as escape cones, adiabatic light guides, and trapped light are covered in detail.

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10

Niaudet, Patrick, and Alain Meyrier. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0054_update_001.

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Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is defined by the combination of massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and oedema, and of non-specific histological abnormalities of the glomeruli. Light microscopy may disclose minimal change disease, diffuse mesangial proliferation, or focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). The two main causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are characterized histologically. On electron microscopy the glomerular capillaries show a fusion of visceral epithelial cell (podocyte) foot processes and with the exception of some variants no significant deposits of immunoglobulins or complement by immunofluorescence. In a majority of children only minimal changes are seen on light microscopy. These children are referred to as having ‘minimal change disease’. In adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, lesions of FSGS are more frequent.

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11

Palmer, Paul I. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198722038.001.0001.

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The atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth’s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the atmosphere’s interactions with land, ocean, and ice affect these properties. It also looks at how movement in the atmosphere, driven by heat from the Sun, transports heat from lower latitudes to higher latitudes. Finally, it presents an overview of the types of measurements used to understand different parts of the atmosphere, and identifies future challenges in the light of climate change.

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12

Sharkey, Heather J. African Colonial States. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0008.

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This chapter sketches a history of European colonial states in Africa, north and south of the Sahara, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It explains when and why colonial states emerged, what they did, how they worked, and who shaped them. Noting discrepancies between the theory and practice of colonial administration, the chapter shows that colonial administration was far more diffuse and less closely coordinated than official discourses of governance suggested. The performance of colonialism involved a wide range of actors: not only European military and civilian elites and African chiefs, but also African translators and tax collectors, as well as European forestry experts, missionaries, anthropologists, and settlers. The chapter also considers debates over reconciling the violence and exploitation of colonial states with their claims to, and aspirations for, social development in Africa, particularly in light of their relationship to the postcolonial states that succeeded them.

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13

Wright, A. G. The Photomultiplier Handbook. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.001.0001.

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This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.

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14

Baines, Donna, and Rachel Gnanayutham. Rapid Ethnography and a Knowledge Mobilization Project. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0011.

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Knowledge mobilization (KM) or knowledge translation (KT) involves the dissemination of research findings to diverse audiences. This chapter reflects on the challenges of KM when impacts are likely to be diffuse, nonlinear, far-reaching and long-term, such as shifting public discourse and government priorities, rather than small, immediate, easily measured, technical impacts. Drawing on one of the project’s knowledge transfer initiatives known as the bookette (a short, accessible, multiformat book and book launches aimed at the public, media, and policymakers), the chapter argues that this strategy put findings into a range of people’s hands quickly, while leaving room for further KM activities as the project continued. The chapter considers the importance of team-based research and KM as research activities that extend and deepen the capacity of researchers, research partners, and the community to pursue social change. Strengths and challenges of team-based rapid ethnography are discussed in light of these challenges.

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15

1969-, Martelli Fabrizio, ed. Light propagation through biological tissue and other diffusive media: Theory, solutions, and software. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2009.

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16

Martelli, Fabrizio, Samuele Del Bianco, Andrea Ismaelli, and Giovanni Zaccanti. Light Propagation through Biological Tissue and Other Diffusive Media: Theory, Solutions, and Software. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/3.824746.

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17

Hornby, Louise. Still Modernism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661229.001.0001.

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Still Modernism offers a critique of the modernist imperative to embrace motion, speed, and mobility. In the context of the rise of kinetic technologies and the invention of motion pictures, the book claims that stillness is nonetheless an essential tactic of modernist innovation. More specifically, the book looks at the ways in which photographic stillness emerges as a counterpoint to motion and to film, asserting its own clear visibility against the blur of kinesis. Combining objects and methods from art history, film studies, and literary studies, Louise Hornby reveals how photographers, filmmakers, and writers, even at their most kinetic, did not surrender attention to points of stillness. Rather, the still image, understood through photography, establishes itself as a mode of resistance and provides a formal response to various modernist efforts to see better, to attend more closely, and to remove the fetters of subjectivity and experience. Hornby argues that still photography allows film to access its own diffuse images of motion; photography’s duplicative form provides a serial structure for modernist efforts to represent the face; its iterative structure articulates the jerky rhythms of experimental narrative as perambulation; and its processes of development allow the world to emerge independent of the human observer. Casting new light on the relationship between photography and film, Hornby situates the struggle between the still and the kinetic at the center of modernist culture.

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18

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0323.

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The diagnosis of Alport syndrome is suspected from the clinical features and confirmed by identifying the almost pathognomonic ultrastructural changes to the basement membrane in a family member with early disease (so that glomeruli are not too sclerosed), or in modern times by identifying a causative mutation in one or more of the three implicated COL4 genes. Genetic testing is becoming simpler and cheaper, but is still out of the reach of many. Eighty-five per cent of cases are caused by COL4A5 mutations and 10–15% by autosomal recessive disease. A significant proportion of morbidity in X-linked disease occurs in female ‘carriers’ heterozygous for the disease. Changes by light microscopy are non-specific, and can be misleading unless accompanied by electron microscopy. Immunohistology can be helpful but may not be definitive as some causative mutations are not associated with absence of protein product. As COL4A5 is expressed in skin, skin studies are theoretically useful, but they are technically challenging and only a definite negative result is helpful. It is important to distinguish other disorders causing renal disease with deafness, and other causes of glomerular haematuria. Two rare syndromes are caused by extended deletions beyond the COL4A5 gene: X-linked Alport syndrome with diffuse oesophageal leiomyomatosis in which smooth muscle leoimyomas is transmitted in a dominant fashion, and X-linked Alport syndrome with mental retardation.

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19

Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott, and Dominic Roser, eds. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.

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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.

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20

Rez, Peter. Buildings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0003.

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Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

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21

Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. The Revolving Door. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 uses original research and media accounts to examine how the neoliberal project diffuses into public and private institutions through networks of education, employment, and influence. Power structure theory is used to trace networks, identify central nodes of power, and shed light on the branches and conduits. Departures from private activity for government service and vice versa suggest self interest and class interest contributing to private uses of public interests. In other cases the revolving door represents captured minds rather than wallets. An updated analysis of Portugal which tracked the revolving door for every single member of government in Portugal's contemporary Second Republic is presented. A study of public decision makers in twelve countries between 1975 and 2015 examines how career trajectories have accommodated deregulation, liberalization, and the transformation of center-left parties into leading advocates of neoliberal policy.

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22

Dixon, Rosalind, and David Landau. Abusive Constitutional Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893765.001.0001.

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We live in a golden age of comparative constitutional law. Liberal democratic ideas have diffused readily around the world, and certain features such as judicial review and constitutional rights are now nearly universal. At the same time, recent years have seen a pronounced trend toward the erosion of democracy. This book argues that the rhetorical triumph of liberal democratic constitutionalism, and the tendency toward democratic retrenchment, are fully consistent phenomena. Legal globalization has a dark side: norms intended to protect and promote liberal democratic constitutionalism can often readily be used to undermine it. Abusive constitutional borrowing involves the appropriation of liberal democratic constitutional designs, concepts, and doctrines to advance authoritarian projects. Some of the most important hallmarks of liberal democratic constitutionalism—including constitutional rights, judicial review, and constituent power—can be turned into powerful instruments to demolish rather than defend democracy. The book offers a wealth of examples, selected both to shed new light on well-known cases such as Hungary, Poland, and Venezuela, as well as to expand discussions by considering contexts such as Cambodia, Rwanda, and Fiji. It also discusses the implications of the phenomenon of abusive constitutional borrowing for those who study and promote liberal democracy and related fields like human rights. It suggests ways in which the construction of norms might be improved to protect against abuse (what we call ‘abuse-proofing’), as well as ways in which monitoring regimes might be more attuned to the threat. Finally, it suggests recasting debates about liberal democracy to emphasize contestation, rather than mimicry.

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Books on the topic 'Diffuse light'

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