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Journal articles on the topic 'Diffuse light'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

van Tiggelen, B. A., D. Lacoste, and G. L. J. A. Rikken. "Magneto-optics with diffuse light." Physica B: Condensed Matter 279, no. 1-3 (April 2000): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(99)00655-9.

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2

Jacques, Steven L., and Brian W. Pogue. "Tutorial on diffuse light transport." Journal of Biomedical Optics 13, no. 4 (2008): 041302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2967535.

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3

Lakes, R. S., and G. Vick. "Partial Collimation of Diffuse Light from a Diffusely Reflective Source." Journal of Modern Optics 39, no. 10 (October 1992): 2113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349214552131.

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4

Kwon, S. M., S. S. Hong, and J. L. Weinberg. "Temporal and Spatial Variations of the Atmospheric Diffuse Light." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 126 (1991): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100066720.

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AbstractThe Barbier’s relation for the diffusely scattered airglow has been modified in such a way that it may describe, with simple changes of two parameter values, the dependence on zenith distance of the atmospheric diffuse light at any time of the night.

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5

NOLAN, DARYL G., and MAHESH K. UPADHYAYA. "PRIMARY SEED DORMANCY IN DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED KNAPWEED." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-090.

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Large numbers of viable, diffuse (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and spotted knapweed (C. maculosa Lam.) seeds (achenes), collected in the interior of British Columbia, failed to germinate in darkness at 25 °C. This primary dormancy was released to varying degrees by gibberellic acid, exposure to red light, or excision of the distal end of the seed. The effect of red light was negated by subsequent exposure to far-red light. The demonstration of red/far-red reversibility implicates the phytochrome pigment system in the light-sensitive germination of knapweed seeds. Seeds collected from different sites, and from individual plants within sites, had different germination levels in darkness and following exposure to 2 min of red light. Three types of germination behavior were evident: nondormant seeds germinated in darkness; light-sensitive dormant seeds germinated in response to red light; and light-insensitive dormant seeds failed to germinate after 5 d of continuous red light. Seeds of all three germination types were found on individual plants.Key words: Centaurea diffusa, Centaurea maculosa, knapweed, seed dormancy, light-sensitive germination, germination polymorphism

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6

van den Kieboom, A. M. G., and J. A. Stoffers. "LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE UNDER DIFFUSE RADIATION CIRCUMSTANCES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 174 (December 1985): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.174.6.

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7

Arnaboldi, Magda, and Ortwin Gerhard. "JD2 - Diffuse Light in Galaxy Clusters." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, H15 (November 2009): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131000846x.

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AbstractDiffuse intracluster light (ICL) has now been observed in nearby and in intermediate redshift clusters. Individual intracluster stars have been detected in the Virgo and Coma clusters and the first color-magnitude diagram and velocity measurements have been obtained. Recent studies show that the ICL contains of the order of 10% and perhaps up to 30% of the stellar mass in the cluster, but in the cores of some dense and rich clusters like Coma, the local ICL fraction can be high as 40%-50%. What can we learn from the ICL about the formation of galaxy clusters and the evolution of cluster galaxies? How and when did the ICL form? What is the connection to the central brightest cluster galaxy? Cosmological N-body and hydrodynamical simulations are beginning to make predictions for the kinematics and origin of the ICL. The ICL traces the evolution of baryonic substructures in dense environments and can thus be used to constrain some aspects of cosmological simulations that are most uncertain, such as the modeling of star formation and the mass distribution of the baryonic component in galaxies.

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8

Scheick, Xania, and Jeffrey R. Kuhn. "Diffuse Light in A2670: Smoothly Distributed?" Astrophysical Journal 423 (March 1994): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/173835.

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9

Mihos, J. Christopher, Paul Harding, John Feldmeier, and Heather Morrison. "Diffuse Light in the Virgo Cluster." Astrophysical Journal 631, no. 1 (August 29, 2005): L41—L44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/497030.

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10

Sandin, Christer. "The influence of diffuse scattered light." Astronomy & Astrophysics 567 (July 2014): A97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423429.

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11

Romanov, A. E. "Diffuse reflection in light-protective hoods." Journal of Optical Technology 75, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.75.000504.

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12

Sandin, Christer. "The influence of diffuse scattered light." Astronomy & Astrophysics 577 (May 2015): A106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425168.

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13

Huang, Pin-Yuan, Chun-Yu Chien, Chia-Rong Sheu, Yu-Wen Chen, and Sheng-Hao Tseng. "Light distribution modulated diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." Biomedical Optics Express 7, no. 6 (May 6, 2016): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.7.002118.

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14

Purcell, Chris W., James S. Bullock, and Andrew R. Zentner. "The metallicity of diffuse intrahalo light." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 391, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13938.x.

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15

Konecky, Soren D., George Y. Panasyuk, Kijoon Lee, Vadim Markel, Arjun G. Yodh, and John C. Schotland. "Imaging complex structures with diffuse light." Optics Express 16, no. 7 (March 28, 2008): 5048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.005048.

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16

Johnson, P. M., Sanli Faez, and Ad Lagendijk. "Full characterization of anisotropic diffuse light." Optics Express 16, no. 10 (May 7, 2008): 7435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.007435.

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17

Jin-jiang, Wang, Zeng Jiang-yun, Liu Wen-yao, and Wang Peng. "Multi-channel diffuse light source design." Optik 118, no. 5 (May 2007): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2006.03.018.

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18

Davidson, N., and A. A. Friesem. "One-dimensional concentration of diffuse light." Optics Communications 99, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(93)90072-d.

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19

Bonnet-Bidaud, Jean-Marc. "The Diffuse Light of the Universe." Foundations of Physics 47, no. 6 (December 19, 2016): 851–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-016-0056-1.

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20

Thompson, D. J., and D. G. Stout. "Duration of the juvenile period in diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-050.

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In three controlled-environment experiments, diffuse knapweed plants were vernalized at leaf numbers ranging from 1 to 20. Five weeks after return to 16 h light: 8 h dark cycle at 25:20 °C (light:dark), bolting (elongation of flower stalks) was recorded. In a separate field experiment we marked 200 rosettes with leaf numbers ranging from 4 to 26 in November, and on June 30 we recorded which of these had bolted. Probit analysis was used to derive an LN50 (leaf number at which 50% bolting is expected) for each trial. Vernalizing conditions strongly affected the LN50 values derived, mainly through their influence on leaf development. The lowest value of LN50 (5.9 leaves) was obtained with vernalization at 7 °C and 460 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, an intermediate value (LN50 = 8.9 leaves) with vernalization at 8 °C and 164 μmol m−2 s−1 intensity, and the highest value (LN50 = 12.6 leaves) with vernalization at 4 °C and 164 μmol m−2 s−1. These experimental conditions allowed an average of 6.5, 4.2, and 1.7 leaves to form during vernalization, respectively. Presumably the vernalizing treatment that allowed the least leaf formation (lowest temperature and light intensity) gave the most reliable estimate of the end of the juvenile period, ending at the formation of the 13th leaf (LN50 = 12.6). Key words: knapweed, vernalization, juvenility, leaf number, bolting.

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21

St. John, W. D., Z. ‐J Lu, J. W. Doane, and B. Taheri. "Cholesteric liquid‐crystal displays illuminated by diffuse and partially diffuse light." Journal of Applied Physics 80, no. 1 (July 1996): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362785.

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22

Heqing Huang, Heqing Huang, Aiying Yang Aiying Yang, Lihui Feng Lihui Feng, Guoqiang Ni Guoqiang Ni, and and Peng Guo and Peng Guo. "Artificial neural-network-based visible light positioning algorithm with a diffuse optical channel." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 5 (2017): 050601–50605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.050601.

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23

Wolf, A., B. Terheiden, and R. Brendel. "Light scattering and diffuse light propagation in sintered porous silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 3 (August 2008): 033106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956690.

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24

Witt, Adolf N., Jayant Murthy, Bo Å. S. Gustafson, W. Jack Baggaley, Eli Dwek, Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, Ingrid Mann, Kalevi Mattila, and Jun-ichi Watanabe. "COMMISSION 21: LIGHT OF THE NIGHT SKY." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, T27A (December 2008): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392130802543x.

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Commission 21 consists of IAU members and consultants with expertise and interest in the study of the light of the night sky and its various diffuse components, at all accessible electromagnetic frequencies. In cosmic distance scales, the subjects of Commission 21 range from airglow and tropospheric scattering in Earth's atmosphere, through zodiacal light in the solar system, including thermal emission from interplanetary dust, integrated starlight in the Milky Way galaxy, diffuse galactic light due to dust scattering in the galactic diffuse interstellar medium, thermal emissions from interstellar dust and free free emission from ionized interstellar gas, to various diffuse extragalactic background sources, including the cosmologically important cosmic microwave background (CMB). Observations of the diffuse night sky brightness at any frequency typically include signals from several of these sources, and it has been the historic mandate of Commission 21 to foster the necessary collaboration of experts from the different astronomical sub-disciplines involved.

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25

Hemming, S., T. Dueck, J. Janse, and F. van Noort. "THE EFFECT OF DIFFUSE LIGHT ON CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 801 (November 2008): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.801.158.

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26

Feldmeier, John J., J. Christopher Mihos, Heather L. Morrison, Paul Harding, and C. McBride. "Results from a Diffuse Intracluster Light Survey." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 217 (2004): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900197189.

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We give an update of our ongoing survey for intracluster light (ICL), in a sample of distant Abell clusters. We find that the amount of intracluster starlight is comparable to that seen in nearby clusters, and that tidal debris appear to be common.

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27

Parretta, A., P. P. Altermatt, and J. Zhao. "Transmittance from photovoltaic materials under diffuse light." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 75, no. 3-4 (February 2003): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(02)00186-1.

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28

Vílchez-Gímez, Rosendo. "Optical Diffuse Light in Clusters of Galaxies." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 171 (1999): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100054555.

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AbstractI present here a review of the observed characteristics of the optical diffuse light in clusters, the possible sources of this light and some of the theories that try to explain the existence of big envelopes around the brightest cluster galaxies.

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29

Volkov, Vladimir V., V. B. Loshchenov, Vitalii I. Konov, and Vitalii V. Kononenko. "Fibreoptic diffuse-light irradiators of biological tissues." Quantum Electronics 40, no. 8 (October 15, 2010): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe2010v040n08abeh014338.

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30

Chung, Francis J., Jeremy G. Hoskins, and John C. Schotland. "Coherent acousto-optic tomography with diffuse light." Optics Letters 45, no. 7 (March 17, 2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.387869.

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31

Schittny, Robert, Andreas Niemeyer, Muamer Kadic, Tiemo Bückmann, Andreas Naber, and Martin Wegener. "Diffuse-light all-solid-state invisibility cloak." Optics Letters 40, no. 18 (September 3, 2015): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.004202.

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32

MATSUMOTO, Mitsuhiro. "Multi-part mirror for focusing diffuse light." Mechanical Engineering Journal 4, no. 3 (2017): 16–00520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/mej.16-00520.

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33

Calcaneo-Roldan, C., B. Moore, J. Bland-Hawthorn, D. Malin, and E. M. Sadler. "Galaxy destruction and diffuse light in clusters." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 314, no. 2 (May 11, 2000): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03289.x.

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34

Lehtinen, K., and K. Mattila. "Spectroscopy of diffuse light in dust clouds." Astronomy & Astrophysics 549 (January 2013): A91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220239.

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35

Lagendijk, Ad. "Terrestrial redshifts from a diffuse light source." Physics Letters A 147, no. 7 (July 1990): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(90)90559-7.

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36

Yamashita, M., and M. Yoshimura. "Analysis on light quantity and quality based on diverse cloud conditions." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (September 19, 2014): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-203-2014.

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Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) is the source of incident light energy for the photosynthetic activity of plants. PAR additionally characterizes the light environment on the surface of the Earth. The light environment is an important factor for estimating quantities such as carbon exchange and the productivities of forests and agriculture. The incident PAR on the ground surface has the characteristics of light quantity consists of direct and diffuse components, and of light quality consists of spectral components such blue, green and red lights. These light quantity and quality are also important light environmental factors in the photosynthetic activities of plants under the natural environment. However, the light environment including direct and diffuse components and spectral components is easily affected by cloud conditions especially cloud cover and its movements. <br><br> In this paper, we focus on the characteristics of the light quantity and quality under diverse cloud conditions, and analyse the observational data, which are the global- and diffuse- spectral irradiances from 400 to 700 nm with quantum and energy units and the cloud conditions derived from whole-sky images taken during summer in Kyoto city. <br><br> As for the comparisons with light quality and cloud conditions, we use the Normalized Difference PAR Spectral Index (NDPSI) which shows the difference of red- and blue-light components and we use cloud cover and the Sun appearance ratio derived from the wholesky images to define the cloud conditions. <br><br> As the results of these analyses, we confirmed that there are the clear relationships between cloud cover and diffuse ratio, between the Sun appearance ratio and the normalized global PAR as the light quantity, between cloud cover and NDPSI in diffuse component, and between the Sun appearance ratio and NDPSI in direct component as the light quality.

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37

Kim, Jong Kyu, Hong Luo, Yangang Xi, Jay M. Shah, Thomas Gessmann, and E. Fred Schubert. "Light Extraction in GaInN Light-Emitting Diodes using Diffuse Omnidirectional Reflectors." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153, no. 2 (2006): G105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2137647.

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38

Alharbi, Abdulaziz R., Jouke Campen, Mohamed Sharaf, Feije De Zwart, Wim Voogt, Kess Scheffers, Ilias Tsafaras, et al. "DE EFFECT OF CLEAR AND DEFUSE GLASS COVERING MATERIALS ON FRUIT YIELD AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER GROWN IN HOT CLIMATE." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.3.4.

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Using proper greenhouse covering materials can provide a suitable environment for plant growth in Saudi Arabia. The effects of three different greenhouse covering materials, clear glass, polycarbonate and diffuse tempered glass were used to evaluate its effect on cucumber productivity, water and energy use efficiency. Results show that either water or light use efficiency was higher in compartments covered with diffused or clear glass than polycarbonate compartment. Inconsequence, fruit yield of cucumber plants/m2 was significantly higher (58%) in clear and diffuse glass greenhouses as opposed to polycarbonate greenhouse. In term of the effect of cultivar or plant density, no significant differences on cucumber yield were found. Using of different covering materials did affect environmental data of greenhouses. Less light was transmitted through polycarbonate cover than clear or diffuse glass. The photosynthesis active radiation (P.A.R.) was 996, 1703, 1690 mol/m2/d, while the electricity consumption was 2.97, 3.44, and 2.88 kWh under polycarbonate, clear glass, and diffuse glass, respectively. Meanwhile, diffuse glass compartment revealed 16% lower of water consumption than other covering materials. In this respect, it could be concluded that using diffuse glass, as a greenhouse cover material, has a strong positive influence on crop productivity under Saudi Arabia climate.

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39

Gustafson, Bo Å. S., Adolf N. Witt, E. Dwek, P. Lamy, R. Henry, and I. Mann. "Commission 21: Light of the Night Sky." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 1, T26A (December 2005): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306004443.

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Commission 21, one of IAU's smallest commissions, consists of some hundred members and consultants working to understand and describe the light of the night sky with emphasis on the diffuse components. Many more work on these topics without being members of the commission. Light is here defined in its broader sense of electromagnetic radiation of any frequency. The diffuse components of the light of the night sky encompass a variety of physical phenomena over the full range of cosmic distance scales and include scattered light, thermal emission, line emission, and any other emission phenomena producing a diffuse light source. These attract interest not only as scientific topics of study in their own right but also as an unwanted foreground or background against which all other sky phenomena are observed. Commission 21 has for mandate to promote research and availability of results on issues related to the diffuse light of the night sky. This document is a report on activities in this field and is not confined to the activities of its members, no distinction is made between work carried out by commission members and non commission members. The report is organized starting with a summary of the state of broad surveys that provide most of the observations. The report on developments in the various disciplines start with the sources closest to the observer known as airglow and progresses by way of the interplanetary and interstellar mediums to the increasingly distant integrated starlight, diffuse galactic light and diffuse emission in other galaxies ending with the extragalactic background radiation.

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40

Moradic, Kamal, Christophe Depecker, and Jacques Corset. "Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy: Experimental Study of Nonabsorbing Materials and Comparison with Theories." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 12 (December 1994): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944027732.

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This work presents a comprehensive study of the diffuse reflectance of nonabsorbing powders in the mid-infrared. The changes in the optical and physical parameters of the powder (particle size, granulometric distribution, powder density, refractive index) have been used to get a better understanding of the influence of each parameter on the diffusely reflected intensity, as well as the mechanisms of the light diffusion by the powder. A commercial diffuse reflectance attachment has been tested optically for the accuracy of measurements, the focalization of the incident beam at the sample surface being taken into account. The experimental results have been compared to results of existing diffusion theories. This comparison proves the pertinency of the observed variation of the intensity of the diffusely reflected light with the refractive index which increases from 0 for n = 1 to a maximum and then decreases with n. This behavior is related to the anisotropy of the light diffusion both at the inside and then at the outside of the particles and to the light trapping by total reflection inside the particles.

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41

Zhang, Lian Shun, and Wen Li Liu. "Diffuse Reflectance Light on Surface of Biological Material." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.700.

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The absorption and transport scattering coefficients of biological material determine the radial dependence of the diffuse reflectance light that is due to a point source. In order to noninvasive determinate the optical scattering and absorption coefficients of biological material, we must know the radial dependence of the diffuse reflectance. The diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation is a model used widely to describe photon migration in biological material. An analysis of the steady state diffusion equation together with its solution of the diffuse reflectance light for the slab geometry and for a semi-infinite diffusing biological material is reported. The result has been compared with that obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. The comparison has shown that the solution about the diffuse reflectance light on surface of biological material is the same as that obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.

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42

Gandjbakhche, Amir H., Robert F. Bonner, Andrew E. Arai, and Robert S. Balaban. "Visible-light photon migration through myocardium in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): H698—H704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.h698.

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Empirical data between 510 and 590 nm of diffuse reflected light from the pig heart in vivo have shown that myoglobin and cytochrome c absorption peaks with little apparent contribution of red blood cell (RBC) Hb. Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration in tissue were performed to compare the effects of myoglobin and cytochromes with those of blood Hb on photon pathlengths and diffuse reflectance of visible wavelengths (450–600 nm) from the pig heart in vivo. Wavelength dependence of the input parameters, including the transport-corrected scattering coefficients (1.1–1.2 mm−1) and the absorption coefficients of blood-free solubilized heart tissue (0.43–1.47 mm−1), as well as the absorption coefficients of Hb, were determined by an integrating sphere method and standard spectrophotometry, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulations indicate that in the 510- to 590-nm range the mean path length within the myocardium for diffusely reflected light varies from 1.4 to 1.2 mm, whereas their mean penetration depth within the epicardium is only 330–400 μm for blood-free heart tissue. Analysis shows that the blood Hb absorption extrema are only observable between 510 and 590 nm when RBC concentration in tissue is >0.5%. Blood within vessels much larger than capillaries does not contribute significantly to the spectral features, because virtually all light in this spectral range is absorbed during transit through large vessels (>100 μm). This analysis suggests that diffuse reflected light in the 510- to 590-nm region will show spectral features uniquely associated with myoglobin and cytochrome c oxygenation states within 400 μm of the surface of the heart in situ as long as the capillary RBC concentration remains <0.5%.

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43

Mihos, J. Christopher. "Intragroup and Intracluster Light." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S317 (August 2015): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315006857.

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AbstractThe largest stellar halos in the universe are found in massive galaxy clusters, where interactions and mergers of galaxies, along with the cluster tidal field, all act to strip stars from their host galaxies and feed the diffuse intracluster light (ICL) and extended halos of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). Studies of the nearby Virgo Cluster reveal a variety of accretion signatures imprinted in the morphology and stellar populations of its ICL. While simulations suggest the ICL should grow with time, attempts to track this evolution across clusters spanning a range of mass and redshift have proved difficult due to a variety of observational and definitional issues. Meanwhile, studies of nearby galaxy groups reveal the earliest stages of ICL formation: the extremely diffuse tidal streams formed during interactions in the group environment.

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44

Leung, Y., Y. Zhang, B. Yanny, K. Herner, J. Annis, A. Palmese, H. Sampaio-Santos, et al. "The Diffuse Light Envelope of Luminous Red Galaxies." Research Notes of the AAS 4, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abbd8d.

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45

Parretta, A., H. Yakubu, F. Ferrazza, P. P. Altermatt, M. A. Green, and J. Zhao. "Optical loss of photovoltaic modules under diffuse light." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 75, no. 3-4 (February 2003): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(02)00199-x.

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46

ARAI, Yuki, and Shigeo TANAKA. "A221 Optical bone densitometry using diffuse reflection light." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2010.21 (2010): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2010.21.79.

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47

van Tiggelen, Bart A. "Optics of Diffuse Light in Nematic Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 321, no. 1 (October 1998): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259808025087.

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48

Angelo, Joseph P., Sez-Jade K. Chen, Marien Ochoa, Ulas Sunar, Sylvain Gioux, and Xavier Intes. "Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging." Journal of Biomedical Optics 24, no. 07 (September 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602.

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49

Witt, A. N. "Diffuse Galactic Light in the UV and Visible." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 139 (1990): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900240540.

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The diffuse galactic light, resulting from the coherent scattering of galactic starlight by dust grains contained in the general interstellar medium, has been the subject of active investigation for nearly 60 years. The separation of the diffuse galactic light from the other sources contributing to the light from the night sky has proven difficult, and different attempts at measuring the intensity and galactic distribution of the diffuse galactic light, both in the visible and the UV, are reviewed here. The interpretation of such measurements in terms of average scattering properties of interstellar grains is subject to additional uncertainties, stemming from the high degree of idealization imposed on the galaxy models used to study the radiative transfer problem. In the visible, the observations are more nearly definitive and the model problems less severe; reasonably consistent scattering properties have therefore been derived for this spectral region. In the UV, the situation is considerably less satisfactory, mainly due to a lack of sufficiently extensive, reliable measurements of the diffuse galactic light intensity at λ < 200 nm. A dedicated space mission may be the required solution. The radiative transfer in the UV presents serious difficulties due to the increasing opacity of the interstellar medium with shorter wavelengths and the resulting growing importance of the local galactic structure.

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Gonzalez, Anthony H., Ann I. Zabludoff, Dennis Zaritsky, and Julianne J. Dalcanton. "Measuring the Diffuse Optical Light in Abell 1651." Astrophysical Journal 536, no. 2 (June 20, 2000): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/308985.

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