Relevant bibliographies by topics / Diffused aeration system

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Diffused aeration system'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 13 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Diffused aeration system"

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Thomas, V. K., B. Chambers, and W. Dunn. "Optimisation of Aeration Efficiency: A Design Procedure for Secondary Treatment Using a Hybrid Aeration System." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (1989): 1403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0337.

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The fine-bubble diffused air (FBDA) system of aeration is most efficiently operated in low rate activated sludge systems. The aeration technique is, however, subject to poor oxygen transfer efficiency and diffuser clogging under increased loading conditions such as are experienced close to the tank inlet in plug-flow systems. Mechanical, surface aeration systems, though apparently less efficient, do not suffer from these disadvantages. The ideal aeration tank configuration, for optimum aeration efficiency is therefore:–inlet anoxic zone–completely mixed surface aerated zone–plug-flow, fine-bubble diffused air zone with tapered aeration–clarification tanks. An overall aeration efficiency of 1.5-2.0 kg/kwh is predicted for nitrifying systems, together with an increased diffuser lifetime compared to a conventional FBDA tank. The design procedure is illustrated using parameters for a large UK works. Despite greater civil costs, the reduced running costs and NPC of the hybrid system make it an attractive option when compared to a plug-flow FBDA system or a conventional surface aeration plant.
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Amirhor, Parviz, Michael J. Hanscom, Anthony N. Veltri, Justin D. Gould, and Robert P. G. Bowker. "DIFFUSED AERATION ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 15 (2001): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790902941.

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Krampe, J. "Assessment of diffuser pressure loss on WWTPs in Baden-Württemberg." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 12 (2011): 3027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.634.

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Aeration of activated sludge is a critical treatment step for the operation of activated sludge plants. To achieve a cost effective treatment process, assessing and benchmarking of aeration system performance are important measures. A simple means of gauging the relative condition of a fine bubble diffused aeration system is to evaluate the pressure loss of the diffusers as oxygen transfer tests are rarely applied during the lifetime of an aeration system. This paper shows an assessment of fine bubble diffuser systems in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, based on the results of a questionnaire sent to 941 WWTPs. Apart from the results with regards to the diffuser pressure loss, this paper also presents information on the current state of diffuser technology such as types and materials as well as the diffuser cleaning methods used in Baden-Württemberg. The majority of the WWTPs were equipped with tube diffusers (71%) with 50% of all plants having EPDM membranes installed. Regular mechanical cleaning is the most common cleaning method followed by regular pressure release/air-bumping programs during operations. With regard to the diffuser pressure loss it was found that 50% of the evaluated plants had a diffuser pressure loss that was twice as high as measured for new diffusers.
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Krampe, J. "Full scale evaluation of diffuser ageing with clean water oxygen transfer tests." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (2011): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.694.

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Aeration is a crucial part of the biological wastewater treatment in activated sludge systems and the main energy user of WWTPs. Approximately 50 to 60% of the total energy consumption of a WWTP can be attributed to the aeration system. The performance of the aeration system, and in the case of fine bubble diffused aeration the diffuser performance, has a significant impact on the overall plant efficiency. This paper seeks to isolate the changes of the diffuser performance over time by eliminating all other influencing parameters like sludge retention time, surfactants and reactor layout. To achieve this, different diffusers have been installed and tested in parallel treatment trains in two WWTPs. The diffusers have been performance tested in clean water tests under new conditions and after one year of operation. A set of material property tests describing the diffuser membrane quality was also performed. The results showed a significant drop in the performance of the EPDM diffuser in the first year which resulted in similar oxygen transfer efficiency around 16 g/m3/m for all tested systems. Even though the tested silicone diffusers did not show a drop in performance they had a low efficiency in the initial tests. The material properties indicate that the EPDM performance loss is partly due to the washout of additives.
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Zhu, H., T. Imai, K. Tani, et al. "Improvement of oxygen transfer efficiency in aerated ponds using liquid-film-assisted approach." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (2007): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.353.

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In aerated ponds, oxygen is generally supplied through either diffused or mechanical aeration means. Surface transfer and bubble transfer both contribute significantly to oxygen transfer in a diffused aeration system. In the present study, a liquid-film-forming apparatus (LFFA) is successfully developed on a laboratory scale to improve considerably the surface transfer via the unique liquid film transfer technique. The experimental results show that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for LFFA alone is found to be as much as 5.3 times higher than that for water surface and that the total volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the liquid film aeration system increases by 37% in comparison with a conventional aeration system. Additionally, by tuning finely the structural parameters of the LFFA, it can also lead to high dissolved oxygen (DO) water with the DO percent saturation greater than 90%. More importantly, this result is accomplished by simply offering a single-pass aeration at a depth as shallow as 26 cm. As a result, the objective of economical energy consumption in aerated ponds can be realized by lowering the aeration depth without sacrificing the aeration efficiency. It is noteworthy that the data presented in this study are acquired either numerically or experimentally.
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de Korte, Kees, and Peter Smits. "Steady State Measurement of Oxygenation Capacity." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 2-3 (1985): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0139.

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The usual method for OC measurement is the non-steady state method (reaeration) in tapwater or, sometimes, in activated sludge. Both methods are more or less difficult and expensive. The steady state method with activated sludge is presented. Fundamentals are discussed. For complete mixed aeration tanks, plug flow systems with diffused air aeration and carousels the method is described more in detail and the results of measurements are presented. The results of the steady state measurements of the diffused air system are compared with those of the reaeration method in tapwater. The accuracy of the measurements in the 3 systems is discussed. Measurements in other aeration systems are described briefly. It is concluded that the steady state OC measurement offers advantages in comparison with the non-steady state method and is useful for most purposes.
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Alabdula'aly, A. I., and H. B. Maghrawy. "Radon removal from water supplies by diffused bubble aeration system." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 241, no. 1 (1999): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347282.

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Chern, Jia-Ming, and Sheng-Ping Yang. "Oxygen Transfer Rate in a Coarse-Bubble Diffused Aeration System." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 25 (2003): 6653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie030396y.

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Little, J. C., and D. F. McGinnis. "Hypolimnetic oxygenation: predicting performance using a discrete-bubble model." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (2001): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0083.

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Stratification of water-supply reservoirs frequently results in substantial hypolimnetic oxygen depletion with a resulting negative impact on raw water quality. Hypolimnetic oxygenators are used to add oxygen to the hypolimnion without significantly disrupting the thermal density structure. The three most common devices are the airlift aerator, the Speece Cone, and the bubble-plume diffuser. A discrete-bubble model based on fundamental principles has previously been shown to hold considerable promise for predicting the performance of airlift aerators and the Speece Cone. In this paper, we have further verified this model by comparing its predictions to a series of pilot-scale experimental measurements and have also demonstrated its ability, under somewhat idealized conditions, to predict the full-scale performance of a bubble-plume diffuser in a stratified reservoir. The potential for the diffused-bubble aeration system to increase oxygen demand, and the rate at which nitrogen builds up during operation and de-gasses following destratification, are also considered.
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Pearson, Philip R., Sara E. Duke, Bartholomew W. Green, C. Douglas Minchew, Rachel V. Beecham, and Jin M. Kim. "Evaluation of a Diffused Oxygen Aeration System under On-Farm Harvest Conditions." North American Journal of Aquaculture 68, no. 1 (2006): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/a05-031.1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Diffused aeration system"

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Ashley, Kenneth Ian. "Factors influencing oxygen transfer in diffused aeration systems and their application to hypolimnetic aeration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27757.

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A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of several design variables on the oxygenation capacity of hypolimnetic aeration systems. The laboratory experiments used non-steady state gas transfer methodology to examine the effect of air flow rate, air flow rate per diffuser, orifice size and reduced tank surface area on the overall oxygen transfer coefficient (K[sub L]a₂₀, hr⁻¹); standard oxygen transfer rate (OT₅, g O₂/hr); energy efficiency (E[sub p], g O₂/kW-hr) and transfer efficiency (E[sub o], %). The field experiments examined the effect of diffuser depth, orifice size and reduced separator box surface area on the oxygen input per cycle (mg/L), daily oxygen load (kg O₂/day), transfer efficiency (E[sub o], %), energy efficiency (E[sub p], kg O₂/kW-hr) and water velocity (m/sec) in a full lift hypolimnetic aerator. The laboratory experiments demonstrated that K[sub L]a₂₀, OT₅, E[sub p] and E[sub o] increased with air flow rate in the orifice range of 397 μ to 3175 μ diameter. In the 40 μ and 140 μ diameter orifice range, K[sub L]a₂₀ and OT₅ increased with air flow rate; however, E[sub o] and E[sub p] were not affected. A decrease in orifice size from 3175 μ to 140 μ diameter increased K[sub L]a₂₀, OT₅, E[sub p] and E[sub o]; however, there was no significant difference between the 140 μ and 40 μ diameter silica glass diffusers. Reducing the air flow rate per silica glass diffuser (40 μ and 140μ diameter) significantly increased K[sub L]a₂₀, OT₅, E[sub p] and E[sub o]. A reduction in tank surface area had a minimal effect on K[sub L]a₂₀, OT₅, E[sub p] and E[sub o] in two tank configurations with different surface area to volume ratios (0.94 and 2.2 m⁻¹). The field experiments demonstrated that increased depth of air release increased the oxygen input per cycle and water velocity, which, in turn increased the daily oxygen load, E[sub p] and E[sub o]. Orifice size in the 140 μ range significantly increased oxygen input per cycle, daily O₂ load, E[sub p] and E[sub o]; however, the size range from 794 μ to 3175 μ exhibited similar but reduced gas transfer characteristics. A reduction in surface area in the separator box had no effect on the oxygenation capacity of the hypolimnetic aerator. Design criteria for hypolimnetic aerators are discussed including several modifications which should increase the oxygenation capacity of full lift hypolimnetic aeration systems.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Yeh, Ming-Tsan, and 葉明燦. "The investigation on oxygen transfer efficiency for diffused aeration system-Taking membrane fine bubble diffuser as an example." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79105934553988237412.

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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所碩士在職專班<br>99<br>Aeration is a key control activated sludge processes, which can be achieved by various methods. The performance of membrane fine bubble diffuser was studied here. A model system similar to real aeration tank, that is, depth of 3~4 m, was used to eliminate the size effects in studies of small scale. The effects of temperature, water depth, aeration velocity, and salt concentration on the overall oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa20) were examined. The temperature correction factor was confirmed to be similar to that suggested by ASCE. The KLa20 was also found to be decreased than increased before 200 mg/L of sodium chloride and remained similar after that. It was similar to the effects of suspended solids, for which the reason is still not clear. The oxygen transfer coefficient and correction factors of two different municipal wastewaters and a organic pigment wastewater were examined. It was found that although the municipal wastewater came from different places and the compositions of them were slightly different, the values of the correction factors are similar, which is 0.67 ~ 0.69. However, for the organic pigment wastewater, the correction factors varied significantly from batch to batch. The result suggested that due to the variation in wastewater quality, the aeration efficiency might be affected correspondingly and, therefore, the performance of activated sludge system was not stable.
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Yang, Sheng-Ping, and 楊勝評. "THE STUDY OF OXYGEN MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN DIFFUSED AERATION SYSTEMS." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13816782531962346378.

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碩士<br>大同工學院<br>化學工程研究所<br>87<br>A new oxygen mass-transfer model was used to analyze the unsteady-state reaeration data of batch diffused aeration systems in order to find the volumetric mass-transfer coefficients that can be used to estimate the emission rate of volatile organic compounds from the same aeration systems. A series of unsteady-state reaeration tests in a diffused aeration tank were performed to validate the model. Another series of tests with water impingement were performed to simulated the aeration in equalization tanks. The diffused air flow rate was varied from 8.45 ’ 10-4 to 2.45 ’ 10-3 m3/s. The water temperature was varied from 17.7 to 34.7 ℃. The water depth was varied from 0.6 to 1.8 m. The impinging water flow rate was varied from 6.67 ’ 10-5 to 2.00 ’ 10-4 m3/s. The water droplet temperature was varied from 18.4 to 31.3 ℃. The impingement drop height was varied from 0.6 to 1.4 m. Both the ASCE and the new oxygen mass-transfer models were used to analyze the unsteady-state reaeration data. Empirical equations were used to successfully correlate the volumetric mass-transfer coefficients as functions of operating parameters.
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Shun-Ren, Chou, and 周順仁. "EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON VOC EMISSION RATES IN DIFFUSED AERATION SYSTEMS." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32063601795837843647.

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碩士<br>大同工學院<br>化學工程研究所<br>86<br>In wastewater treatment plants, volatile organic compound will emit from wastewater to atmosphere during aeration. In the past, the emission of VOCs by aeration was once seen an effective way to remove VOCs from wastewater. In recent years, the emission of VOCs from wastewater treatment facilities cause serious concern due to environment laws. In this research, unsteady-state reaeration tests were performed at varying water temperature, air flow rates and in the presence of soybean oil, surfactant, and silica. The volumetric mass-transfer coefficients for oxygen were correlated as functions of the above variables. Batch aeration tests with initial change of xylene and tetrachloroethylene were performed and the dissolved VOC concentrations were measured during aeration. The measured VOC concentrations were compared with the values predicted by VOC mass transfer model. The results showed that the VOC emission rates increased with increasing air flow rate and water temperature. The presence of the impurities decreased the oxygen mass transfer coefficient and had little effect on the VOC emission rate.
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Books on the topic "Diffused aeration system"

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Survey and evaluation of fine bubble dome and disc diffuser aeration systems in North America: Project summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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Survey and evaluation of fine bubble dome and disc diffuser aeration systems in North America: Project summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Diffused aeration system"

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"Mechanical and Diffused Aeration Systems." In Aeration Control System Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118777732.ch04.

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Imai, Tsuyoshi, and Hua Zhu. "Improvement of Oxygen Transfer Efficiency in Diffused Aeration Systems Using Liquid-Film-Forming Apparatus." In Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/22908.

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Haigh M. and Kilmartin M.P. "Reclaimed Opencast Coal Lands in Southeast Wales: Impacts on Water Quality." In Surface and Sub-surface Water in Asia. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-540-1-16.

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Does former coal land of low acid-generating potential impact significantly on water quality in their immediate environment? This chapter explores the evidence from Southeast Wales using data collected on an array of reclaimed opencast coal-lands in a largely post-industrial area where river quality has now improved after many decades of severe pollution associated with under-regulated coalmining and metal working during the 19thand 20thcenturies. Results show that, because of compacted layers in the immediate subsurface, former opencast coal land converts incident rainfall to runoff very quickly through a very thin active layer and may contribute to increased flood peaks in affected catchments. Opencast spoils are locally contaminated with metals, especially in the absence of vegetation, but high rainfall and rapid throughflow ensures that the offsite impacts are small because of dilution. The main impact of former opencast sites on river water quality is likely to come through diffuse pollution from the zone of aeration and water table fluctuation zone in the body of the buried spoils. Although this zone is mainly detached from the surface hydrological system and deprived of rainwater infiltration by the impermeability of the surface layers on these sites, the lateral percolation of groundwater from offsite through the crushed rocks of the spoil is very likely to pick up metals from chemically active inclusions, often former deep-mine spoils, within the opencast mine fill. However, the effect on river water quality in southeast Wales is not great but may involve slightly higher flood peaks, elevated levels of iron and slightly elevated levels of lead, perhaps arsenic, copper and zinc, as well as ammonia N, although opencast sites are only one among several possible sources for such metals, which include natural ground water and other types of industrial waste.
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White, Robert E. "Where the Vine Roots Live." In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0007.

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Chapter 3 gives examples of how grapevines, being woody perennials, have the potential to develop extensive, deep root systems when soil conditions are favorable. One of the most important factors governing root growth is a soil’s structure, the essential attributes of which are • Spaces (collectively called the pore space or porosity) through which roots grow, gases diffuse, and water flows • Storage of water and natural drainage following rain or irrigation • Stable aggregation • Strength that not only enables moist soil to bear the weight of machinery and resist compaction but also influences the ease with which roots can push through the soil The key attributes of porosity, aeration and drainage, water storage, aggregation, and soil strength are discussed in turn. Various forces exerted by growing roots, burrowing animals and insects, the movement of water and its change of state (e.g., from liquid to ice) together organize the primary soil particles—clay, silt, and sand—into larger units called aggregates. Between and within these aggregates exists a network of spaces called pores. Total soil porosity is defined by the ratio . . . Porosity = Volume of pores/Volume of soil . . . A soil’s A horizon, containing organic matter, typically has a porosity between 0.5 and 0.6 cubic meter per cubic meter (m3/m3)—also expressed as 50% to 60%. In subsoils, where there is little organic matter and usually more clay, the porosity is typically 40% to 50%. Box 4.1 describes a simple way of estimating a soil’s porosity. Total porosity is important because it determines how much of the soil volume water, air, and roots can occupy. Equally important are the shape and size of the pores. The pores created by burrowing earthworms, plant roots, and fungal hyphae are roughly cylindrical, whereas those created by alternate wetting and drying appear as cracks. Overall, however, we express pore size in terms of diameter (equivalent to a width for cracks). Table 4.1 gives a classification of pore size based on pore function.
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Conference papers on the topic "Diffused aeration system"

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Cruz, Francis Cedric, Kamran Mahmudov, Andreas Marouchos, and Amy Bilton. "A Feasibility Study on the Benefits of Feedback Aerator Control in Precision Aquaculture Applications for the Developing World." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98087.

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Abstract Aquaculture is a growing source of food and income for many in the developing world. In developing countries, where more than 18 million people engage in aquaculture, yields have been low due to lacking infrastructure. Aeration has been shown to improve dissolved oxygen (DO) and increase yields, but its use has been low in many developing world environments due to high operating costs. Even when used, they are operated in an ad-hoc manner, resulting in higher than required costs. A potentially more effective implementation is the use of feedback control to maintain adequate DO and increase energy savings. To demonstrate the potential, a feasibility study was conducted comparing the energy consumption of a diffused aeration system, with and without the use of a feedback control system. The effect of the diffused aeration system was simulated for a 100 m3 pond in Bangladesh for extensive and intensive fish farming. The interaction between the aerators and the pond was simulated on ANSYS FLUENT and was used with a DO model to predict the oxygen dynamics of the pond. Results indicated that the addition of a feedback control system could result in 78.66%, and 52.48% in energy cost savings compared to continuous operation for extensive and intensive fish farming respectively. Further work in smart instrumentation has the potential to decrease the energy requirements of aeration technologies and improve production for farmers in the developing world.
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Miletta, Bryan A., R. S. Amano, Ammar A. T. Alkhalidi, and Jin Li. "Study of Air Bubble Formation for Wastewater Treatment." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47065.

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Aeration, a unit process in which air and water are brought into intimate contact, is an extremely important step in the process of wastewater treatment. The two most common systems of aeration are subsurface and mechanical. A mechanical system agitates the wastewater by various means (e.g. paddles, blades, or propellers) to introduce air from the atmosphere. Subsurface aeration is the release of air, in the form of bubbles, within the tank of wastewater to supply the microorganisms with the required amount of oxygen they need to metabolize and break down the organic material suspended in the wastewater. The bubbles of Air are released from the bottom of the wastewater tank through diffusers. These diffusers have a surface membrane, usually made of punched rubber, to create the fine bubbles with high oxygen transfer efficiency from supplied air to the diffusers. Since the energy crisis in the early 1970’s, there has been increased interest in these systems due to its high oxygen transfer efficiency. This paper covers experimentation of different air diffuser membranes, varying in material, used in the aeration process of wastewater treatment. Rubber, EPDM rubber (ethylene-propylene-diene Monomer) and PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene membranes coated membranes were tested. Experimental results showed that the rubber membrane produced the smallest bubble size against expectation. This could be a result of the coating being on the top surface only and the bubble starts from inside the punch.
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Amano, R. S., and Ammar Alkhalidi. "Study of Air Bubble Formation Process in Aeration System." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24045.

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This paper addresses a study of air bubble creation through an investigation by using CFD (computational fluid dynamic), which were validated to experimental results. Contact angle was also investigated for the air, water interface at a rubber surface to find the contact angle for air exiting diffuser plate. The results show very good comparison with the experimental results.
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Amano, R. S., Ammar Alkhalidi, Patrick Bryar, and Wayel Alwayel. "Water Aeration in Wastewater Treatment." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71524.

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The primary objective of this paper is to examine ways to increase the efficiency of water aeration process. This objective was completed through the use of a propeller and fan blade designs. Both Standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) and power reclamation were analyzed. Results of SOTE analysis indicated a decrease in efficiency, when compared to the standard model air diffuser. While the propeller design was able to successfully breakup the forming bubble column, the system reduced the circulatory currents that create mixing within the experimental tank. Results indicate a small SOTE drop, throughout the system. Power reclamation was able to yield, at a peak depth of 25cm (10 in) below the top water surface, 0.8W, with input energy of approximately 45 W resulting in reclamation of 1.8% of the power put into the system. This data was retrieved at a volumetric flow rate of 9.4 × 10−4 m3/s (2 CFM) with a pressure of 55kPa (8psi).
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Cheng, Xiangju, Yuning Xie, Dantong Zhu, Xixi Wang, and Jun Xie. "Bubble-Water Surface and Turbulent Diffusion Mass Transfer in Fine Bubble Diffused Aeration Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480625.014.

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Beckers, Koenraad F., and Greg C. Glatzmaier. "Modeling and simulating diffused aeration for hydrogen removal from expansion tanks of parabolic trough solar thermal power plants." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5067017.

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Versteeg, Henk K., and Ricky D. Wildman. "An Optical Method for the Study of Aerosol Generation in Dry Powder Inhalers." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58174.

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Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are portable, breath-actuated devices used for respiratory drug delivery. They have been the subject of intense research and development activity over the last 15 years, however, no systematic study of the effects of geometry on aerosol generation in DPIs has been reported in the literature. In particular, the first stage process — powder fluidisation — has hardly been studied in the context of DPI applications. The short time scales and the complexities of the air/powder interactions during the conversion of a powder bed into an aerosol present a challenging environment for experimental study. This paper reports an optical technique for the study of powder fluidisation inside a simplified, optically transparent DPI metering chamber geometry. We describe a system based on digital image analysis of high-speed video recordings of the transient powder-airflow interactions. Using diffuse backlighting we have generated black-on-white images of the interaction of frictional, cohesionless particles with an air jet flow. Image-processing techniques were subsequently applied to determine several aspects of the time-dependent properties that describe the development of the bed during the aeration of the powder. The paper concludes by pointing out how the proposed method could be used to improve understanding of the limitations associated with current DPI metering chamber configurations and help forward design of improved DPIs.
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