Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diffusion (physique) – Processus stochastiques'
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Garnier, Josselin. "Ondes en milieux aleatoires." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EPXX0035.
Full textEl, Saadi Nadjia. "Modélisation et études mathématique et informatique de populations structurées par des variables aléatoires. : Application à l'agrégation du phytoplancton." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3018.
Full textThe role of aggregates in marine food webs and vertical transport processes is now well recognized. However the mechanisms by which aggregates form and the dynamics governing their formation are not well studied and remain at time unclear. Coagulation theory has more recently been applied to describe phytoplankton aggregates formation. However, studies at small scales of marine particles have emphasized biological mechanisms. In this work, we present the mathematical stochastic modeling of phytoplankton cell, that takes into account the biological mechanisms at small scales. We investigate the mathematical analysis of the model built and present some individual-based simulations to complete the mathematical study
Quintard, Hélène. "Symétries d'équations aux dérivées partielles, calcul stochastique, applications à la physique mathématique et à la finance." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES022.
Full textStochastic differential equations are a powerfull tool of mathematics. Applications range from finance or physics to biology. Those models can be very efficient to modelise numerous phenomenons where uncertainties are involved. In order to have a better understanding of those stochastic differential equations, this work studies the solutions of a subclass, called Bernstein (or Schrödinger) processes. Those processes are linked to the heat equation by construction. Two types of results are presented here. Some are about the heat equation and totally independant from any probabilistic context. For example, we compute the flows associated with the heat equation for three different potential and we study the structure of the Lie algebra of symmetries for those equations. Other results are presented: we show how it is possible to parametrize one factor affine models with Bernstein processes. We also give a necessary condition for the parametrization of -factor affine models with Berntein processes
Touya, Clément. "Étude de modèles dynamiques pour la transition vitreuse." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1017/.
Full textThis thesis details the study of dynamical models in the framework of the glass transition. A full understanding of this phenomenon is still eluding modern physics. By means of toy model's, we thus study some properties which are typical of this transition. For example, when you come close to the transition, the relaxation dynamic of the system slows down dramatically. In order to study those systems, truly out of equilibrium, the main paradigm we use in this thesis is the disordered systems. Indeed, under some circumstances, an analogie exists between a model with disorder, and a real system which exhibit a true structural glass transition. If the interaction is short ranged, the relaxation time can be linked to the diffusion constant of the medium. If it vanishes, we have then a crossover between a diffusive and a sub-diffusive regime. This dynamical transition is then similar to the glass transition. In this spirit, we focused on the study of dipoles diffusing in a random electrical field. In this model, the disorder is given by the random electrical potential which gives birth to the field, and the most natural choice is then to take a Gaussian statistic for the potential. In an adiabatique limit, where the dipole adapt instantaneously to the local field, the model just reduces to a particle diffusing in a squared Gaussian effective potential. We show here, exactly in one dimension, and through a renormalization group analysis in higher dimension, that the diffusion constant vanishes for a critical non-zero temperature where the dynamic get frozen like in real glass. We show also that beyond this adiabatique approximation, the transition remain at the same critical temperature in one dimension
Rakotonasy, Solonjaka Hiarintsoa. "Modèle fractionnaire pour la sous-diffusion : version stochastique et edp." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839892.
Full textZerhouni, Abder Rahim. "Diffusion et feuilletages." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601925f.
Full textBay, Xavier. "Estimation non paramétrique de projections en tomographie par émission de photons simples." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10096.
Full textHamadouche, Djamel. "Convergence de processus stochastiques à trajectoires hölderiennes." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10174.
Full textChevalier, Claire. "Physique Statistique et Géométrie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332499.
Full textHerrmann, Samuel. "Etude de processus de diffusion." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0026_HERRMANN.pdf.
Full textNoël, Pierre-André. "Dynamiques stochastiques sur réseaux complexes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29319/29319.pdf.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to develop and study mathematical models reproducing the behaviour of systems composed of numerous elements whose interactions make a complex network structure. The body of the document is divided in three parts; an introductory chapter and a recapitulative conclusion complete the thesis. Part I pertains to a specific dynamics (susceptible-infectious-removed propagation, SIR) on a class of networks that is also specific (configuration model). This problem has already been studied, among other ways, as a branching process in the infinite system size limit, providing a probabilistic solution for the final state of this stochastic process. The principal original contribution of part I consists of modifying this model in order to introduce finite-size effects and to allow the study of its (discrete) time evolution while preserving the probabilistic nature of the solution. Part II, containing the principal contributions of this thesis, is interested in the general problem of stochastic processes on complex networks. The state of the system (including the interaction structure) is partially represented through motifs, then the (continuous) time evolution is studied with a Markov process. Although the state is only partially represented, satisfactory results are often possible. In the particular case of the problem studied in part I, the results are exact. The approach turns out to be very general, and simple approximation methods allow one to obtain a solution for cases of considerable complexity. Part III searches for a closed form exact analytical solution to the the model developed in part II for the problem initially studied in part I. The system is re-expressed in terms of operators and different relations are used in an attempt to solve it. Despite the failure of this enterprise, some results deserve mention, notably a generalization of Sack's relationship, a special case of the Zassenhaus relationship.
Leos, Zamorategui Arturo. "On the interface between physical systems and mathematical models : study of first-passage properties of fractional interfaces and large deviations in kinetically constrained models." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC183/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates both equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of mathematical stochastic models that as a representation of physical systems. By means of extensive numerical simulations we study mean quantities and their fluctuations. Nonetheless, in some systems we are interested also in large deviations. The first part of the thesis focuses on the study of rough interfaces observed in growth processes. These interfaces are simulated with state-of-the-art simulations based on parallel computing which allow us to study very large systems. On the one hand, we discuss the diffusive case given by the Edward-Wilkinson equation in periodic interfaces. For the discrete version of such an equation, we obtain an analytic solution in Fourier space. Fur-ther, we derive an exact expression of the structure factor related with the modes amplitudes describing the interface and compare it with the numerical values. Moreover, using a mapping between stationary interfaces and the Brownian motion, we relate the distribution of the intervals generated by the zeros of the interface with the first-passage distribution given by a the Sparre-Andersen theorem in the case of the Brownian motion. As a generalization of the results obtained in the diffusive case, we study a linear Langevin equation with a Riesz-Feller fractional Laplacian of order z used to simulate sub- and super-diffusive interfaces. In this general case, we identify three regimes based on the scaling behaviour of the cumulants of the intervallengths, the density of zeros and the width of the interface. Finally, we study the evolution in time of some of the observables introduced before. In the second part of the thesis, we study the dynamical phase transition in kinetically constrained models (KCMs) in order to get some insight on the glass transition observed in structural glasses. In a one-dimensional KCM we study the geometry of the bubbles of inactivity in space-time for systems at different temperatures. We find that the spatial length of the bubbles does not scale diffusively with its temporal duration. In contrast, we confirm a vidiffusive behaviour for other quantities studied. Further, by means of large deviation theory and cloning algorithms, we identify the dynamical phase transition in two-dimensional systems. To start with, we measure numerically the dynamical free energy both by measuring the largest eigenvalue of the evolution operator,for small systems, and via the cloning algorithm, for larger systems. We conjecture a value λ c = Σ/K, with Σ the surface tensionof a bubble of activity surrounded by a sea of inactive sites in an effective interfacial model and K the mean activity of the system, for each of the systems studied. For the activity of the system and the occupation number we discuss their scaling properties far from the phase transition. Starting from an empty system subject to different boundary conditions, we investigate the front propagation of active sites. We argue that the phase transition in this case can be identified by the abrupt slowing-down of the front. This is done by measuring the ballistic speed of the front in the simplest case studied. Finally, we propose an effective model following the Feynman-Kac formula for a moving front.-proprietés de premier passage, interface rugueuse, diffusion fractionnaire , système hors d'équilibre, transition de phase dynamique, modèle cinétiquement contraint, grandes déviations.-first-passage properties, rough interface, fractional diffusion, out-of-equilibrium system, dynamical phase transition, kinetically constrained model, large deviations
DELOUBRIERE, OLIVIER. "Problemes stochastiques associes a l'equation de langevin : persistance et processus de reaction-diffusion." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066070.
Full textDurang, Xavier. "Vieillissement dans les processus réaction-diffusion sans bilan détaillé." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10051/document.
Full textThe objective of the project, which title is "Ageing in reaction-diffusion processes without detailed balance", is to arrive at a better understanding of the physical behaviour of strongly interacting many-body systems. In particular, such systems can exhibit a collective behaviour with new qualities which are not present at the microscopic level. It is in this context that we focus on the ageing. As an answer, we could argue that the second law of the thermodynamics might be sufficient to justify the ageing. However, that law alone does not suffice if one wishes to understand more deeply the underlying processes responsible of these ageing phenomena. For this motive, we consider exactly solvable systems in order to obtain precise analytical results on very simple models which later on could help to form a correct physical intuition. A common type of this kind of system is particle-reaction models with reaction-diffusion dynamics. More precisely, we have studied intrinsically irreversible systems, whose dynamics does not satisfy detailed balance and which relax towards non-equilibrium stationary states. Indeed, while for systems that obey the detailed balance relations, the fluctuation-dissipation relationship is well known, that is no longer the case for more general systems. This thesis focuses on two different models; the first one is the bosonic contact process (and also the bosonic pair-contact process) with a long range transport of particules ("Lévy flights") and the second one is the coagulation-diffusion process. In both models, characteristic two-time observables such as the two-time correlations and responses are found exactly and their exact scaling forms are extracted, especially the values of the non-equilibrium exponents characterising ageing are found. Our results suggest a novel generalisation of the fluctuation-dissipation ratio whose applicability is tested in a large set of models. Its physical interpretation remains an open question for future research
Tardif, Camille. "Etude infinitésimale et asymptotique de certains flots stochastiques relativistes." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703181.
Full textBenabou, Gaël. "Homogénéisation de processus de diffusion en milieu aléatoire." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090064.
Full textThis thesis studies the homogeneization of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in a random field. This process modelizes the microscopic movement of a massive particle in a fluid. We will prove a central limit theorem for the trajectory of a tagged particle in an unbounded potential. We will also show the superdiffusive behaviour of the particle in a incompressible turbulent stratified velocity field. We will make comparisons with the case of a non massive particle
Gasparyan, Samvel. "Deux problèmes d’estimation statistique pour les processus stochastiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1031/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the questions of the statistics of stochastic processes. Particularly, the first chapter is devoted to a non-parametric estimation problem for an inhomogeneous Poisson process. The estimation problem is non-parametric due to the fact that we estimate the mean function. We start with the definition of the asymptotic efficiency in non-parametric estimation problems and continue with examination of the existence of asymptotically efficient estimators. We consider a class of kernel-type estimators. In the thesis we prove that under some conditions on the coefficients of the kernel with respect to a trigonometric basis we have asymptotic efficiency in minimax sense over various sets. The obtained results highlight the phenomenon that imposing regularity conditions on the unknown function, we can widen the class ofasymptotically efficient estimators. To compare these (first order) efficient estimators, we prove an inequality which allows us to find an estimator which is asymptotically efficient of second order. We calculate also the rate of convergence of this estimator, which depends on the regularity of the unknown function, and finally the minimal value of the asymptotic variance for this estimator is calculated. This value plays the same role in the second order estimation as the Pinsker constant in the density estimation problem or the Fisher information in parametric estimation problems. The second chapter is dedicated to a problem of estimation of the solution of a Backward Stochastic Differential Equation (BSDE). We observe a diffusion process which is given by its stochastic differential equation with the diffusion coefficientdepending on an unknown parameter. The observations are discrete. To estimate the solution of a BSDE, we need an estimator-process for a parameter, which, for each given time, uses only the available part of observations. In the literature there exists a method of construction, which minimizes a functional. We could not use this estimator, because the calculations would not be feasible. We propose an estimator-process which has a simple form and can be easily computed. Using this estimator we estimate the solution of a BSDE in an asymptotically efficient way
Ackermann, Christophe. "Processus associés à l'équation de diffusion rapide. Indépendance du temps et de la position pour un processus stochastique." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10186.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is twofold. First, we give a stochastic modelisation of a partial differential equation known as equation of "fast" diffusion. The latter describes a diffusion phenomenon which occurs in the plasma physics. Thus, we study the solution of a differential stochastic equation, the density of which satisfies the equation of "fast" diffusion: we treat in particular the case when the initial measure is the Dirac measure at 0. Secondly, we deal with the question of the independence of time and position for a stochastic process. We consider a random walk S(n) with independent identically distributed increments and we study the standard stopping times T such that T and S(T) are independent. We give a description of the stopping distributions of S(T) in the case of a Bernoulli symmetric random walk. We finally complete this work by giving a characterization of the stopping distributions of the Brownian motion
Bossy, Mireille. "Vitesse de convergence d'algorithmes particulaires stochastiques et application à l'équation de Burgers." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11007.
Full textBen, Abdeddaiem Maroua. "Tests d'ajustement pour des processus stochastiques dans le cas de l'hypothèse nulle paramétrique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1016/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the problem of the construction of several goodness of-fit (GoF) tests in the case of somestochastic processes observed in continuous time. As models of observations, we take "small noise" and ergodic diffusionprocesses and an inhomogeneous Poisson process. Under the null hypothesis, we treat the case where each model depends on an unknown one-dimensional parameter and we consider the minimum distance estimator for this parameter. Our goal is to propose "asymptotically distribution free" (ADF) GoF tests of asymptotic size α ϵ (0,1) in the case of the parametric null hypotheses for the considered models. Indeed, we show that the limit of each studied statistic does not depend on the model and the unknown parameter. Therefore, the tests based on these statistics are ADF.The main purpose of this work is to construct a special linear transformation. In particular, we solve Fredholm equation ofthe second kind with degenerated kernel. Its solution gives us the desired linear transformation. Next, we show that theapplication of this transformation to the basic statistics allows us to introduce statistics with the same limit (the integral of the square of the Wiener process). The latter is "distribution free" because it does not depend on the models and the unknown parameter. Therefore, we construct the ADF GoF tests which are based on this linear transformation for the diffusion ("small noise" and ergodic) and inhomogeneous Poisson processes
Pierret, Frédéric. "Modélisation de systèmes dynamiques déterministes, stochastiques ou discrets : application à l'astronomie et à la physique." Observatoire de Paris, 2015. https://hal.science/tel-02095306.
Full textThe general problem is to analyze the impact of the choice of a mathematical framework in modeling on model predictions. In this thesis we study the deterministic, stochastic, discrete and time-scale framework. In particular we study the preservation of important structures by these various formalisms such as: the variational structure (Lagrangian and Hamiltonian), symmetries and in particular the first integrals (Noether theorems), the equilibrium points or more generally invariant sets and dynamical properties (stability, positivity, etc. ). These developments use the embedding formalism and in the discrete case, it allows to clarify the construction of variational or non-standard integrators. In the stochastic case, we obtain a modification of the Euler-Maruyama scheme which preserves dynamical constraints such as positivity. Each of these tools and results are illustrated in problems from astronomy and physics. We study a two-body problem with a stochastic perturbation then, a problem on the rotation of a body having stochastic variations of its flattening. The change of nature induced surprising effects such as an acceleration of the precession for the two-body problem, and for the rotation it allows to interpret, for example for the Earth, the effects observed until then unexplained. All this work has led to rethink the modeling and for that we constructed new objects into a framework that we called scale dynamic and allows to study objects and multiscale structures
Delorme, Mathieu. "Processus stochastiques et systèmes désordonnés : autour du mouvement Brownien." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE058/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study stochastic processes appearing in different areas of statistical physics: Firstly, fractional Brownian motion is a generalization of the well-known Brownian motion to include memory. Memory effects appear for example in complex systems and anomalous diffusion, and are difficult to treat analytically, due to the absence of the Markov property. We develop a perturbative expansion around standard Brownian motion to obtain new results for this case. We focus on observables related to extreme-value statistics, with links to mathematical objects: Levy’s arcsine laws and Pickands’ constant. Secondly, the model of elastic interfaces in disordered media is investigated. We consider the case of a Brownian random disorder force. We study avalanches, i.e. the response of the system to a kick, for which several distributions of observables are calculated analytically. To do so, the initial stochastic equation is solved using a deterministic non-linear instanton equation. Avalanche observables are characterized by power-law distributions at small-scale with universal exponents, for which we give new results
Perrut, Anne. "Systèmes de particules : un processus de réaction-diffusion à deux espèces et un modèle non gradient." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES074.
Full textHozé, Nathanaël. "Modélisation et méthodes d'analyse de la diffusion et agrégation au niveau moléculaire pour l'organisation sous-cellulaire." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066695.
Full textIn the present PhD thesis, we study diffusion and aggregation in the context of cellular biology. Our goal is to obtain physical laws of several processes such as particle assembly or laws of diffusion in microdomains, in order to determine how subcellular processes are constructed from elementary molecular organization. This change of scale can be formulated and analyzed using several tools such as partial differential equations, statistical physics, stochastic processes and numerical simulations. We present here several methods and we apply them to study questions in biophysics, neurobiology and cellular biology. Examples are receptors trafficking on cellular membrane, nuclear organization and the dynamics of viral assembly. In the first part, to obtain an estimation of the effective diffusion coefficient of a Brownian particle moving in between obstacles, we compute the mean time for a Brownian particle to arrive to a narrow opening defined as the region of minimal distance between two disks of identical radius. The method relies on M\"obius conformal transformation applied to the Laplace equation. Using this result, we develop statistical methods to solve a reverse engineering problem which consists in recovering parameters of a stochastic equation from a large number of short trajectories. Applying this method to superresolution data of receptor trafficking, we identify novel molecular organization, which are described as potential wells (deterministic part of the SDE). We next solve a different question: how is it possible to reconstruct surfaces from a large sample of short stochastic trajectories? By using Ito's formula, we derive a new class of nonlinear partial differential equations that allow us to reconstruct the surface. This section is illustrated with numerical examples. In the second part, we focus on an aspect of nuclear organization and our goal is to model and analyze telomere dynamics (ends of the chromosomes) in the cell nucleus. Early experimental findings reveal that yeast telomeres organize dynamically in a small numbers of clusters, yet this process remains poorly understood. Thus, we use a statistical physics approach to study the joint dynamics of the 32 telomeres, that we model as independent Brownian particles that can also form aggregates. We estimate the number of clusters and the number of telomeres per cluster using exact formula that we derive from our model. We identify the relevant parameters by comparing our results with experimental data. In particular, we show that a single parameter - the ratio of the association to the dissociation rate - is sufficient to account for telomere clustering in various conditions. Finally, we develop an empirical model to study particle aggregation to a single nucleation site. The distribution of particles in small clusters before arriving is a key ingredient to derive kinetic laws. We derive these laws using first a deterministic model and then a stochastic jump process, which allows us to obtain also an explicit expression for the mean time that the nucleation site is filled. We discuss some applications to HIV capsid formation
Bailleul, Ismaël. "Frontière de Poisson d'une diffusion relativiste." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112251.
Full textIn this PhD thesis, we study the asymptotic behaviour of a diffusion defined on minkowski's spacetime. The analytic counterpart of this problem is to determine the set of bounded functions belonging to the kernel of some second order differential operator. Using probabilistic methods (stochastic differential equations, coupling), one gives an explicit description of this set of functions. In the same time, one give a completely different proof of this result, in the spirit of preexisting works on random walks on groups. Besides, one shows how the geometry of spacetime reflects on the asymptotic behaviour of the diffusion. In some sense, a typical (random) trajectory eventually behaves as a light ray
Illien, Pierre. "Fluctuations and correlations of a biased tracer in a hardcore lattice gas." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066264/document.
Full textWe study the dynamics of a tracer submitted to an external force in a bath of particles. We propose a model which takes explicitly into account the dynamics of the bath, and which describes the correlations between the dynamics of the tracer and the response of the bath. We consider a biased tracer in a lattice gas of hardcore particles: the tracer performs a biased random walk whereas the bath particles perform symmetric random walks. We study in particular the fluctuations of the position of the tracer. In the high-density limit, we obtain exact results at leading order in the density of vacancies. In confined geometries, an analytical calculation of the fluctuations of tracer position predicts a long superdiffusive regime, and a crossover to an ultimate diffusive regime. We give a simplified description of the system that unveils the physical mechanism explaining this anomalous behavior. We show the existence of a velocity anomaly in quasi-1D systems.We also study the general case of an arbitrary density of particles on a lattice in contact with a reservoir. This situation is a N-body problem described by a master equation, that can be solved by resorting to a mean-field-type approximation, which consists in the decoupling of relevant correlation functions. It is then possible to determine approximate values of the velocity, the diffusion coefficient and the distribution of the position of the tracer. We finally show that the decoupling approximation is exact in the high-density and low-density limits
Clément, Alexandre. "Élements finis stochastiques étendus pour le calcul de structures à géométrie aléatoire : application à la prise en compte de la corrosion de structures en région littorale." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2079.
Full textIn a structural analysis, the incorporation of uncertainties related to material properties, loading or geometry seems today essential if one seeks to obtain reliable numerical predictions. Stochastic finite element method allows solving this kind of problem when the uncertainties deal with material properties or loading. However, there is still no available efficient strategy to deal with uncertainties on the geometry although it could have a great interest in various applications such as corrosion modelling in a random environment. The aim of this thesis is to develop a computational strategy which allows taking into account these geometrical uncertainties. The proposed method, called X-SFEM, is based on an extension to the stochastic framework of the deterministic X-FEM method. It lies on an implicit representation of the random geometry by the level sets technique and on a Galerkin approximation for the construction and the resolution of the problem. The method is presented for problems with random shape, where only the boundary is random, and for problems of random material interface. For this latter kind of problem, we proposed a new enrichment strategy of the approximation space based on the partition of unity method and which is well adapted to the stochastic framework. We present the various developments carried out for this work and we show the efficiency of the method with several numerical examples. Finally, we proposed an application of the X-SFEM method to a mechanical problem of a structural component submitted to marine corrosion impact
Daw, Ibrahima. "Principe de grandes déviations pour la famille des mesures invariantes associées à des processus de diffusion en dimension infinie." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES039.
Full textEtoré, Pierre. "Approximation de processus de diffusion à coefficients discontinus en dimension un et applications à la simulation." Nancy 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136282.
Full textIn this thesis numerical schemes for processes X generated by operators with discontinuous coeffcients are studied. A first scheme for the one-dimensional case uses Differential Stochastic Equations with Local Time. Indeed, in dimension one, the processes X are solutions of such equations. We construct a grid on the real line, that is transformed by a proper bijection in a uniform grid of step h. This bijection also transforms X in some process Y , that behaves locally like a Skew Brownian Motion (SBM). We know the transition probabilities of the SBM on a uniform grid, and the average time it spends on each of its cells. A random walk can then be built, that converges to X in h1/2. A second scheme, that is more general, is proposed still for the dimension one. A non uniform grid on the real line is given, whose cells have a size proportional to h. Both the transition probabilities of X on this grid, and the average time it spends on each of its cells, can be related to the solutions of proper elliptic PDE problems, using the Feynman-Kac formula. A time-space random walk can then be built, that converges to X again in h1/2. Next some directions to adapt this approach to the two-dimensional case are given. Finally numerical exemples illustrate the studied schemes
Ghamlouch, Houda. "Modélisation de la dégradation, maintenance conditionnelle et pronostic : usage des processus de diffusion." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0019/document.
Full textA major concern for engineers and managers nowadays is to make high quality products and highly reliable systems. In this context, reliability analysis and failure prediction, besides of efficient maintenance decision-making are strongly required. Deterioration modeling and analysis is a fundamental step for the understanding and the anticipation of system behavior. Consider a functional system operating in unstable conditions or environment where the deterioration level is not observable and could not be determined by direct measures. For this system a set of measurable health indicator that indirectly reflects the system working conditions and deterioration level can be defined and examined. Considering these indicators, the development of a mathematical model describing the system behavior is required.In this thesis, we consider a set of non-monotone indicators evolving in a dynamic environment. Taking into account the major features of the data evolution as well as the impact of dynamic environment consequences and potential shocks, stochastic models based on Wiener and jump processes are proposed for these indicators. Each model is calibrated and tested, and their limits are discussed. A decision-making approach for preventive maintenance strategies is then proposed. In this approach, knowing the RUL of the system, a simulation-based real options analysis is used in order to determine the best date to maintain. Considering a case study of a wind turbine with PHM structure, the decision optimization approach is described
Breden, Maxime. "Équations aux dérivées partielles et systèmes dynamiques appliqués à des problèmes issus de la physique et de la biologie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27903.
Full textThis thesis falls within the broad framework of partial differential equations and dynamical systems, and focuses more specifically on two independent topics. The first one is the study of the discrete coagulation-fragmentation equations with diffusion. Using duality lemma we establish new Lp estimates for polynomial moments of the solutions, under an assumption of convergence of the diffusion coefficients. These moment estimates are then used to obtain new results of smoothness and to prove that strong enough fragmentation can prevent gelation even in the diffusive case. The second topic is the one of computer-assisted proofs for dynamical systems. We improve and apply a method enabling to a posteriori validate numerical solutions, which is based on Banach’s fixed point theorem. More precisely, we extend the range of applicability of the method to include operators with a dominant linear tridiagonal part, we improve an existing technique allowing to compute and validate invariant manifolds, and we introduce an new technique that significantly improves the usage of polynomial interpolation for a posteriori validation methods. Then, we apply those techniques to prove the existence of traveling waves for the suspended bridge equation, and to study inhomogeneous steady states of a cross-diffusion system.
Profeta, Christophe. "Pénalisations, pseudo-inverses et peacocks dans un cadre markovien." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10088/document.
Full textAs suggested by the title, this thesis comprises three parts.- The first part is dedicated to the penalization of regular recurrent linear diffusions. More precisely, we start by examining null recurrent diffusions, and we exhibit a large class of functionals for which the penalization principle is satisfied. This study relies on the construction of a sigma-finite measure W similar to that of Najnudel-Roynette-Yor. We then deal with the case of the penalization of a positively recurrent diffusion (reflected on an interval) with an exponential function of its local time at 0. The results we obtain in this set-up are quite different from the null recurrent framework, and we see a new phenomena of composition of penalizations.- In the second part, we extend the notion of pseudo-inverses (a notion recently introduced by Madan-Roynette-Yor in the framework of Bessel processes) to more general diffusions. We show in particular that we may realize the family of pseudo-inverses associated to a diffusion started from 0 and taking positive values as the last passage times of another diffusion, constructed thanks to Biane's transform.- The last part of this thesis deals with peacocks, i.e. with processes which are increasing in the convex order. A theorem due to Kellerer states that to every peacock, one can associate a martingale which has the same one-dimensional marginals. Guided by this theorem, we first exhibit large families of peacocks, essentially constructed from "conditionally monotone" processes, and we then associate martingales to some of these peacocks thanks to the Skorokhod embeddings of Hall-Breiman, Bass and Azéma-Yor
Diel, Roland. "Temps local et diffusion en environnement aléatoire." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590440.
Full textScaman, Kevin. "Etude et contrôle de phénomènes diffusifs dans un réseau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN039/document.
Full textThe propagation of a characteristic through a network is the subject of study of many scientific fields. Epidemics, viral marketing or information propagation through a social network are among the many examples of real phenomena modeled by the evolution of a characteristic propagating through the edges of a network. Thus, being capable of acting on these diffusion processes is of capital interest for many fields. Despite the large literature about the theoretical aspects of diffusion processes, and more specifically the discovery of an epidemic threshold under which the propagation is not sustainable, a number of practical limitations prevent the use of these studies in real-life scenarios. In this thesis, we work on reducing the distance separating theory from practice, following three distinct research directions: the generalization of theoretical results to a larger, and more realistic, class of diffusion models, the development of efficient dynamic control measures utilizing the structure of network to its advantage, and, finally, the definition of new mathematical tools bridging the gap between spatial and network approaches in epidemiology. More specifically, our work allows the rigorous analysis of the behavior of a network's characteristics when it converges, in a structural sense, to a given metric space, and could open the way to the application of control strategies on networks to spatial and macroscopic information (e.g. transportation or demographic data) about the contact network in a given population
Essid, Marwa. "Approximation de la réserve d'une compagnie d'assurance par un processus de diffusion et étude de quelques indicateurs de risque." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35462.
Full textRisk management is an area that continues to evolve each year. Indeed, several models are built to model the wealth of an insurance company and follow its behavior over time. One of the targets of this modeling is to provide risk indicators that give visibility about the company’s situation and help the company’s managers make the necessary decisions. The majority of models rely on the composed Poisson processes and consider the number and time of sinisters. We propose in this thesis a new stochastic model based on stochastic differential equation for risk management. It is a reserve approximation model obtained by a diffusion process. In this model we do not take into account the number or the instants of sinisters, we only take into account the total of losses and of incomes together with the growth of each business line. Some risk indicators are also defined and adjusted according to our model. We consider then a multidimensional risk process, where each component of the vector is the reserve process for one line of business for the company. We assume the independence between the different lines to facilitate the modelling. Finally, we propose a simulation study using an Euler-Maruyama scheme coupled to a Monte- Carlo method. Then, we explain the behavior of each line and we compute the approximation of some risk indicators. The findings of the numerical study support the conclusion that our method works and provide good results. With regard to the numerical results, it can be concluded that the initial capital has a great role and can in some cases save the company’s situation. Moreover, the threshold level that has been introduced into the model is also very important for the insurance company’s health.
Résumé en espagnol
Dziekan, Piotr. "Dynamics of far-from-equilibrium chemical systems : microscopic and mesoscopic approaches." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066402/document.
Full textMany nonlinear systems under non-equilibrium conditions are highly sensitive to internal fluctuations. In this dissertation, stochastic effects in some generic reaction-diffusion models are studied using two approaches of different precision. In the mesoscopic approach, evolution of the system is governed by the master equation, which can be solved numerically or used to set up kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. On the microscopic level, particle computer simulations are used. These two stochastic approaches are compared with deterministic, macroscopic reaction-diffusion equations.In the Introduction, key information about the different approaches is presented, together with basics of nonlinear systems and a presentation of numerical algorithms used.The first part of the Results chapter is devoted to studies on reaction-induced perturbation of particle velocity distributions in models of bistability and wave front propagation. A master equation including this perturbation is presented and compared with microscopic simulations.The second part of the Results deals with pattern formation in reaction-diffusion systems in the context of developmental biology. A method for simulating Turing patternsat the microscopic level using the direct simulation Monte Carlo algorithm is developed. Then, experiments consisting of perturbing segmentation of vertebrate embryo’s bodyaxis are explained using the Turing mechanism. Finally, a different possible mechanism of body axis segmentation, the “clock and wavefront” model, is formulated as a reaction-diffusion model
Galanti, Marta. "Processus de diffusion et réaction dans des milieux complexes et encombrés." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2004/document.
Full textThe overall purpose of this thesis is to analyze diffusion processes and diffusion-reaction processes in different types of non-ideal conditions, and to identify to which extent these non-ideal conditions influence the mobility of particles and the rate of the reactions occurring between molecules. In the first part of the thesis we concentrate on the effects of macromolecular crowding on the mobility of the agents, providing therefore a description of various diffusion processes in densely populated media. All the processes are analyzed by modeling the dynamics of the single agents as microscopic stochastic processes that keep track of the macromolecular crowding. The second part of the thesis aims at characterizing the role of the environment’s geometry (obstacles, compartmentalization) and distributed reactivity (competitive reactants, traps) on the reaction between selected molecules. The Smoluchowski theory for diffusion influenced reactions is thus adapted to domains arbitrarily decorated with obstacles and reactive boundaries, and the stationary diffusion equation is explicitly solved through harmonic-based techniques. The explicit calculation of the reaction rate constant and the derivation of simple approximated formulas are used for investigating nano-technological applications and naturally occurring reactions
Aristone, Flavio. "Contribution à l'étude des processus de diffusion sur les propriétés de transport vertical par minibande." Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0029.
Full textPajot, Anthony. "Toward robust and efficient physically-based rendering." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2801/.
Full textPhysically-based rendering is used for design, illustration or computer animation. It consists in producing photorealistic images by solving the equations which describe how light travels in a scene. Although these equations have been known for a long time and many algorithms for light simulation have been developed, no algorithm exists to solve them efficiently for any scene. Instead of trying to develop a new algorithm devoted to light simulation, we propose to enhance the robustness of most methods used nowadays and/or which can be developed in the years to come. We do this by first identifying the sources of non-robustness in a physically-based rendering engine, and then addressing them by specific algorithms. The result is a set of methods based on different mathematical or algorithmic methods, each aiming at improving a different part of a rendering engine. We also investigate how the current hardware architectures can be used at their maximum to produce more efficient algorithms, without adding approximations. Although the contributions presented in this dissertation are meant to be combined, each of them can be used in a standalone way: they have been designed to be internally independent of each other
Naboulsi, Rami (19. "Description cinétique fractionnaire du transport chaotique dans les systèmes complexes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11019.
Full textM'Foutou, Jean. "Application de modèles stochastiques à la simulation de la diffusion et de la combustion turbulente." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES053.
Full textChainais, Pierre. "Cascades log-infiniment divisibles et anlayse multirésolution : application à l'étude des intermittences en turbulences." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSL0205.
Full textYang, Xiaochuan. "Etude dimensionnelle de la régularité de processus de diffusion à sauts." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1073/document.
Full textIn this dissertation, we study various dimension properties of the regularity of jump di usion processes, solution of a class of stochastic di erential equations with jumps. In particular, we de- scribe the uctuation of the Hölder regularity of these processes and that of the local dimensions of the associated occupation measure by computing their multifractal spepctra. e Hausdor dimension of the range and the graph of these processes are also calculated.In the last chapter, we use a new notion of “large scale” dimension in order to describe the asymptotics of the sojourn set of a Brownian motion under moving boundaries
Lemonnier, Rémi. "Application des processus stochastiques aux enchères en temps réel et à la propagation d'information dans les réseaux sociaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN068/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study two applications of stochastic processes in internet marketing. The first chapter focuses on internet user scoring for real-time bidding. This problem consists in finding the probability for a given user to perform an action of interest, called conversion, in the next few days. We show that Hawkes processes are well suited for modelizing this phenomena but that state-of-the-art algorithms are not applicable to the size of datasets involved. We therefore develop two new algorithms able to perform nonparametric multivariate Hawkes process inference orders of magnitude faster than previous methods. We show empirically that the first one outperforms state-of-the-art competitors, and the second one scales to very large datasets while keeping very high prediction power. The resulting algorithms have been implemented with very good performances for several years in 1000mercis, a pioneering marketing agency being the industrial partner of this CIFRE PhD, where they became an important business asset. The second chapter focuses on diffusion processes graphs, an important tool for modelizing the spread of a viral marketing operation over social networks. We derive the first theoretical bounds for the total number of nodes reached by a contagion for general graphs and diffusion dynamics, and show the existence of two well distinct regimes: the sub-critical one where at most $O(sqrt{n})$ nodes are infected, where $n$ is the size of the network, and the super-critical one where $O(n)$ nodes can be infected. We also study the behavior wrt to the observation time $T$ and reveals the existence of critical times under which a long-term super-critical diffusion process behaves sub-critically. Finally, we extend our works to different application fields, and improve state-of-the-art results in percolation and epidemiology
Barré, Chloé. "Physique statistique des phénomènes de blocage dans les flux particulaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066227/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents a study of blocking phenomenon in particulate streams flowing through anarrow channel. In particular, it examines situations in which blocking is controlled by the limitedcarrying capacity of the channel. It builds on a simple stochastic model, introduced by Gabrielli etal. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 170601, 2013), in which particles arrive randomly according to a Poissondistribution at the entrance of a one-dimensional channel with an intensity λ and, unless interrupted,exit after a transit time, τ. Blocking occurs instantaneously when N=2 particles are simultaneouslypresent in the channel. The quantities of interest include the probability that the channel is still openat time t (survival probability) and the flux and total number of exiting particles. The thesisexamines a number of generalizations including when more than two particles must be present toinduce blockage, N>2, a time dependent intensity, a finite blocking time, and multi-channelsystems. We obtain exact and approximate analytical results using tools such as the masterequations describing the evolution of the n-particle partial probabilities, large deviation theory andqueuing theory. The theoretical results are validated by comparison with the results of numericalsimulations. The final chapter of the thesis uses a different approach, namely a brownian dynamics simulation of a two dimensional system of soft particles subjected to an external driving and dragforces. The presence of an obstacle in the middle of the channel can cause irreversible orintermittent clogging depending on the system geometry, temperature and particle stiffness
Youmbi, Tchuenkam Lord Bienvenu. "Étude de méthodes précises d'approximation d'équations différentielles stochastiques ou d'équations aux dérivées partielles déterministes en Finance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4126/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is devoted to the study of precise methods forapproximating stochastic differential equations (SDE) or deterministic partialdifferential equations (PDE). The first part is devoted to the development ofbias correction methods in parametric diffusion processes. Three models arestudied in particular : Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, auto-regressive and Movingaverage. At the end of this work, several approximations of bias have beenproposed following two approaches : the first consists in a Taylor developmentof the obtained estimator while the second one relies on a stochastic expansionof the latter.The second part of this thesis deals with the approximation of the heatequation obtained after changing variables from the Black-Scholes model. Likethe vast majority of PDE, this equation does not have an exact solution, sosolutions must be approached using explicit or implicit time schemes. Itis often customary to prefer the use of implicit methods to solve parabolic PDEsuch as the heat equation, but in the past few years, the stabilized explicitRunge-Kutta methods which have the largest possible domains of stabilityalong the negative real axis, are increasingly used. We show that the useof this type of explicit methods and in particular the ROCK (Runge-Orthogonal-Chebyshev-Kutta) schemes give very good results even if the initial conditionsare not very regular, which is the case in the financial models
Peigney, Benjamin-Edouard. "Contribution à l'analyse de problèmes multi-échelles : application à des processus de diffusion et de combustion." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC096.
Full textThe results established in this thesis deal with some multi-scale problems for which we design specially taylored techniques in order to tackle a specific physical problem, in which the multi-scale aspect plays a crucial role. We also try to justify, as rigorously as possible, the different methods we propose. The first considered multi-scale problem deals with the heat equation inside a cracked medium. In particular, following a homogeneization approach, we show that the crack effects can be modeled by a volume source term in the homogenized heat equation. The second multi-scale problem is related to the modeling of fusion plasma, in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) context. We derive an accurate kinetic modeling of the combustion process of hydrogen. The multi-scale aspect of the problem comes from the coexistence of two energy scales that are required to describe the different ion populations. A multiscale analysis of the Fokker-Planck operator leads to an original and efficient strategy to solve the kinetic modeling of ICF target combustion
Roussel, Julien. "Analyse théorique et numérique de dynamiques non-réversibles en physique statistique computationnelle." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1115/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with four topics related to non-reversible dynamics. Each is the subject of a chapter which can be read independently. The first chapter is a general introduction presenting the problematics and some major results of computational statistical physics. The second chapter concerns the numerical resolution of hypoelliptic partial differential equations, i.e. involving an invertible but non-coercive differential operator. We prove the consistency of the Galerkin method as well as convergence rates for the error. The analysis is also carried out in the case of a saddle-point formulation, which is the most appropriate in the cases of interest to us. We demonstrate that our assumptions are met in a simple case and numerically check our theoretical predictions on this example. In the third chapter we propose a general strategy for constructing control variates for nonequilibrium dynamics. In particular, this method reduces the variance of transport coefficient estimators by ergodic mean. This variance reduction is quantified in a perturbative regime. The control variate is based on the solution of a partial differential equation. In the case of Langevin's equation this equation is hypoelliptic, which motivates the previous chapter. The proposed method is tested numerically on three examples. The fourth chapter is connected to the third since it uses the same idea of a control variate. The aim is to estimate the mobility of a particle in the underdamped regime, where the dynamics are close to being Hamiltonian. This work was done in collaboration with G. Pavliotis during a stay at Imperial College London. The last chapter deals with Piecewise Deterministic Markov Processes, which allow measure sampling in high-dimension. We prove the exponential convergence towards the equilibrium of several dynamics of this type under a general formalism including the Zig-Zag process (ZZP), the Bouncy Particle Sampler (BPS) and the Randomized Hybrid Monte Carlo (RHMC). The dependencies of the bounds on the convergence rate that we demonstrate are explicit with respect to the parameters of the problem. This allows in particular to control the size of the confidence intervals for empirical averages when the size of the underlying phase space is large. This work was done in collaboration with C. Andrieu, A. Durmus and N. Nüsken
Loverdo, Claude. "Stratégies de recherches optimales et marches aléatoires intermittentes : de l'enzyme de restriction au vol de l'albatros." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445482.
Full textMarchand, Jean-Louis. "Conditionnement de processus markoviens." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733301.
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