Academic literature on the topic 'Digesters. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Digesters. eng"
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Finkler, Alcedir Luis, Luana Obregon, Mauricio de Campos, Paulo Sérgio Sausen, João Manoel Lenz, and Airam Teresa Zago Romcy Sausen. "A SIMULINK implementation of a vector shift relay with distributed synchronous generator for engineering classes." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0066.
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Abstract In recent years, the concerns regarding global warming have encouraged an increase in research on renewable energy and distributed generation. Different renewable resources are currently being used, and bioenergy is one among them. Biogas can be produced via digesters, and its energy is converted into electricity and injected into the electrical power system for supplying to meet the local or distant demands. Nevertheless, the generation of electricity via biogas on the consumer side brings new problems and challenges to the power system controller. Protection devices, such as a vector shift relay, are one of the most important components needed to connect a bioenergy system using synchronous generators into the mains. Although distributed synchronous generators are widely used and simulated in software tools, especially in MATLAB/SIMULINK, there is still a gap in technical literature detailing how to design or model a Vector Shift Relay. In view of this subject’s importance, this article aims to assist students, researchers, and engineers by proposing a step-by-step method on how to model and implement a vector shift relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK, although the methodology may easily be used in other simulation tools. A review of the topic is presented along with a detailed description of all needed blocks and expected results.
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Tinajero, A., and A. Noyola. "Increasing microbial activity in thermophilic anaerobic digestion of physicochemical sludge." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.512.
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Two thermophilic lab-scale reactors of 5 L were operated on a daily fed basis. Digester T1 received raw sludge (control) and digester T2 was fed with raw sludge plus metallic micronutrients and a bacilli additive. Raw sludge was obtained from a municipal chemically enhanced primary treatment plant. The effect of additives was clear on methane production, since on day 50, digester T2 produced 900 ml more methane than T1, an increase of 64%. On day 80, T2 reached twice the production of biogas of T1. Volatile solid removal (% VSR) in T2 increased to 29%; while T1 achieved only 15%. Acetic acid concentration in T2 diminished to 100 mg/L, which related to the higher biogas production. Based on the Mexican biosolids standard, the digested sludge reached Class A biosolids, in both digesters: fecal coliforms were reduced to less than 1000 MPN/gTS; Salmonella spp was totally eliminated and helminth egg counts were lower than one viable egg per gram of total solids.
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Villegas, J. D., H. Fruteau de Laclos, J. Dovat, Y. Membrez, and C. Holliger. "Nitrogen removal from digested manure in a simple one-stage process." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 1991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.430.
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A process based on partial nitrification and recirculation into the anaerobic digester was studied to remove nitrogen from digested manure and thus reduce enhanced gaseous ammonia emissions due to on-farm biogas production. An anaerobic reactor representing an anaerobic manure digester was fed with a nitrite solution and digested manure liquor. Nitrite was efficiently removed from the influent and ammonium formation was observed first. Ammonium was subsequently eliminated up to a maximum of 90% of the influent concentration, indicating anaerobic ammonium oxidation activity. This activity, however, decreased again and was lost at the end of the 4-month operation period. In a 1.5 L aerobic CSTR that was fed with digested manure liquor, ammonium was efficiently removed from the influent. Nitrite and nitrate formation was observed but mass balances indicated significant N-removal. Accumulation of suspended solids was observed at the end of the experiment suggesting presence of oxygen-free environments. In a second test in a 15 L CSTR where suspended solids sedimentation could be avoided, low N-removal rates were observed in the absence of biofilm carrier elements whereas high N-removal rates were achieved in their presence. A simple one-stage process based on immobilized biomass could therefore be installed downstream of agricultural anaerobic digesters in order to mitigate undesirable gaseous ammonia emissions.
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Kamarád, Luděk, Stefan Pohn, Günther Bochmann, and Michael Harasek. "Determination of mixing quality in biogas plant digesters using tracer tests and computational fluid dynamics." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051269.
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The total electricity demand of investigated biogas plants (BGP) makes up 7–8 % of the total electricity produced. Nearly 40 % of this energy is consumed just for mixing in digesters and the energy demand for mixing in some biogas plants can be even higher. Therefore, optimal mixing in anaerobic digesters is a basic condition for efficient plant operation and biogas production. The use of problematic substrates (e.g. grass silage or other fibrous substrates), installation of unsuitable mixing systems or inconvenient mixing intervals may lead to mixing problems. Knowledge about mixing in biogas digesters is still insufficient, so the objective of this study was to fill the information gaps in the literature by determining the minimal retention time of substrates fed into anaerobic digesters and to describe substrate distribution and washing out rates from investigated digesters. Two full-scale biogas plant digesters (2000 m3 and 1500 m3) using different mixing systems and substrates were investigated. To characterize the substrate distribution, lithium hydroxide monohydrate solutions were used for tracer tests at concentrations of 47.1 mg Li+ / kg TS and 46.6 mg Li+ / kg TS in digester. The tracer concentration in the digester effluents was measured during two hydraulic retention times and compared. Although the tracer was detected in the digester effluent at nearly the same time in both cases, the tracer tests showed very different distribution curves. The tracer concentration in effluent B grew much slower than in effluent A and no significant short circuiting streams were detected. Although the data calculated by computational fluid dynamics methods (CFD) showed a very good agreement with the full scale results, full comparison was not possible.
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Miot, Alexandre, Robert Ballard, Karla Guevarra, Tracy Chouinard, Kirit Bavishi, and Drury Whitlock. "Retrofit of Egg-Shaped Digesters for Thermophilic Batch Operation, Heat Recovery and Digester Foaming Abatement: Lessons Learned." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 8 (January 1, 2016): 3632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716819713899.
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Shrestha, Ankita, Mieke C. A. A. van-Eerten Jansen, and Bishnu Acharya. "Biodegradation of Bioplastic Using Anaerobic Digestion at Retention Time as per Industrial Biogas Plant and International Norms." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104231.
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Bioplastics are gaining interest as an alternative to fossil-based plastics. In addition, biodegradable bioplastics may yield biogas after their use, giving an additional benefit. However, the biodegradability time in international norms (35 days) far exceeds processing times in anaerobic digestion facilities (21 days). As the bioplastic packaging does not indicate the actual biodegradability, it is important to understand the time required to biodegrade bioplastic if it ends up in the anaerobic digestion facility along with other organic waste. For this work, cellulose bioplastic film and polylactic acid (PLA) coffee capsules were digested anaerobically at 55 ℃ for 21 days and 35 days, which are the retention times for industrial digestors and as set by international norms, respectively. Different sizes of bioplastics were examined for this work. Bioplastic film produced more biogas than bioplastic coffee capsules. The biodegradability of bioplastic was calculated based on theoretical biogas production. With an increase in retention time, biogas production, as well as biodegradability of bioplastic, increased. The biodegradability was less than 50% at the end of 35 days for both bioplastics, suggesting that complete degradation was not achieved, and thus, the bioplastic would not be suitable for use in biogas digesters currently in use.
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Rojas Oropeza, M., N. Cabirol, S. Ortega, L. P. Castro Ortiz, and A. Noyola. "Removal of fecal indicator organisms and parasites (fecal coliforms and helminth eggs) from municipal biologic sludge by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0189.
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In this work, two egg-shaped, 5L-volume, anaerobic sludge digesters were used, one under mesophilic conditions (35°C, M1), and the other under thermophilic conditions (55°C, T1). Both digesters were fed with the purged sludge from an anaerobic treatment plant (start-up period) and from an activated sludge plant (stabilization period), treating municipal wastewaters. The purpose of the study was to establish the technical feasibility of the anaerobic thermophilic sludge treatment comparatively, during the stages of start-up and stabilization of the process, for removing pathogenic microorganisms and parasites efficiently. The results show that, in both stages, the anaerobic thermophilic digester presents higher efficiency on the removal of pathogens and parasites, than the mesophilic digester. Anaerobic thermophilic digestion is close to complying with the EPA (1996) limits for “Class A” type biosolids, referring to the number of parasitic helminth eggs (0.25 HELarval/gTS), and to the pathogen indicator fecal coliforms (<1000 MPN/gTS). Therefore, the results show that thermophilic anaerobic digestion of biologic sludge may be considered as a suitable technology for the production of Class A biosolids, for further use in agriculture without restrictions.
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Sutter, Gerhard, and Peter Jäger. "Egg-Shaped Anaerobic Digesters, Taiwan." Structural Engineering International 4, no. 3 (August 1994): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686694780601999.
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Jäger, Peter. "Two Egg-Shaped Digesters, Australia." Structural Engineering International 7, no. 4 (November 1997): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686697780494518.
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Li, Y. Y., O. Mizuno, T. Miyahara, T. Noike, and K. Katsumata. "Ecological analysis of the bacterial system in a full-scale egg-shaped digester treating sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0625.
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A full-scale investigation was conducted to evaluate the treatment performance and the bacterial system in an egg-shaped digester treating sewage sludge. The experiment was continued over one year to measure the methanogenic activities using various substrates and the population levels of various trophic groups of methanogenic bacteria, as well as the degradation of each component of organic matters. A total of 10 full-scale egg-shaped sludge digesters fed with concentrated sludge were investigated in this study. At a retention time of 30 days and mesophilic condition of 36 °C, the average reduction efficiencies of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, which are the three main components in raw sludge, were 74.2%, 55.2% and 42.2%, respectively. As a result, the removal efficiencies of volatile solids (VS) and total CODcr reached 54.2% and 60%, respectively, and 1 m3 influent concentrated sludge produced 23.3 m3 digestion gas in which methane content was about 60%. The comparison between the specific methanogenic activity and the actual specific methane production rate in the digester suggestes that the retention time of the digester could be reduced from 30 days to 15 days without affecting their performance. In addition, both the hydrogen and acetate-consuming methanogenic bacteria were enumerated on the order of 107 MPN/ml.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Digesters. eng"
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Miranda, Adélia Pereira. "Suínos em diferentes fases de crescimento alimentados com milho ou sorgo : desempenho, digestibilidade e efeitos na biodigestão anaeróbia /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104907.
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Resumo: Avaliaram-se dietas formuladas com milho ou sorgo para suínos nas fases inicial, crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho dos animais, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e características de fezes e urina e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos. No ensaio de desempenho não foram verificadas diferenças quanto ao consumo médio diário de ração, ganho médio diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade em cada fase de crescimento dos animais utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes, não se observando diferenças para coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da energia bruta, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade, energia digestível e metabolizável. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e proteína digestível foram verificados nos animais alimentados com dietas à base de milho na fase terminação. Para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo foram verificados maiores valores de matéria seca digestível nas fases crescimento e terminação. Verificou-se maior produção média de fezes para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo, gerando maiores coeficientes de resíduo. Os maiores teores de sólidos totais e voláteis foram verificados nas fezes de animais alimentados com dieta à base de milho, em todas as fases de crescimento. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes nas fezes e na urina variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. O abastecimento de 20 biodigestores indicou maiores reduções nos teores de sólidos voláteis e maiores produções de biogás quando se utilizaram fezes de suínos alimentados com dietas formuladas à base de milho. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes no afluente e efluente dos biodigestores variaram entre os tratamentos e fases.Abstract: There were evaluated diets formulated with corn or sorghum for pigs in the initial stages, growing and finishing on the growth performance of animals, digestibility of nutrients, production and characteristics of feces and urine and anaerobic digestion of pigs manure. In the test of growth performance were not found differences in the average daily consumption of feed, average daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was performed a test of digestibility at each stage of growth of animals using the total collection of feces, no difference was observed for digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy, coefficient to metabolize, digestible and metabolizable energy. The highest rates of digestibility of crude protein and digestible protein were observed in animals fed with diets based on corn in the finishing stage. For animals fed diets formulated with sorghum there were observed higher values of digestible dry matter in growing and finishing phases. There was a greater average production of feces by animals fed with diets based on sorghum, generating higher coefficient of waste. The highest levels of total and volatile solids were found in the feces of animals fed with diets containing corn, in all the stages of growth. The average concentrations of minerals in feces and urine varied among treatments and stages. The supply of 20 anaerobic digesters indicated greater reductions in the volatile solids levels and greater production of biogas when using waste from pigs fed with diets based with corn. The average concentrations of minerals in the affluent and effluent in the anaerobic digesters varied among treatments and stages.
Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Coorientadora: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Antônio Carlos de Larentiz
Banca: Maria Benincasa Vidotti
Doutor
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Steil, Lara. "Avaliação do uso de inóculos na biodigestão anaeróbia de resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88047.
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Resumo: Investigou-se a influência da utilização de inóculos sobre a digestão anaeróbia de resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos em biodigestores modelo batelada com volume útil de 60 L operados à temperatura ambiente, por meio da caracterização do potencial e distribuição da produção de biogás ao longo do tempo, o estudo da redução de sólidos, a análise das características dos efluentes quanto à concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e por meio da determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes fecais e totais nos afluentes e efluentes. Avaliou-se também a atividade metanogênica nos biodigestores com 10 % de inóculo. Foram testadas três concentrações de inóculo: 0, 10 e 15 %. Os resultados mostraram que os resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos são bons substratos para o processo de digestão anaeróbia, apresentando potenciais médios que variaram de 0,3828 a 0,4403 m3, de 0,3495 a 0, 3915 m3, e de 0,1949 a 0,4466 m3 de biogás por kg de ST adicionados, respectivamente para resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos. Com base em todos os parâmetros estudados, as concentrações de inóculo que promoveram melhores resultados foram 10 % para resíduos de aves de postura e frangos de corte, e 15 % para resíduos de suínos. O tratamento anaeróbio revelou-se eficiente na remoção de coliformes totais e fecais independente da concentração de inóculo, alcançando porcentagens médias de redução de NMP que variaram de 99,71 % de 1,09 x 102 a 100 %. A atividade metanogênica específica foi mais elevada nas amostras provenientes dos biodigestores operados com resíduos de aves de postura (0,0340 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), seguida pelos resíduos de frangos de corte (0,0188 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1) e suínos (0,0029 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Estes resultados parecem estar mais associados aos teores...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: This study was carried out in 60 L volume batch digesters at ambient temperature and investigated the inoculums concentration effects on anaerobic digestion of laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes through evaluation of potential and distribution of biogas production along the time, solids removal, analyze of volatile fatty acids efluent concentration and by monitoring the most probable number (MNP) of total and faecal coliforms in the inffluents and effluents. Specific methanogenic activity (SMA) into the 10 % inoculum digesters was also measured. Three inoculum concentrations (0, 10 and 15 %) were tested. Results showed that laying hens, poultry litter and piggery wastes are good substrats to anaerobic digestion. The potential biogas production varied from 0.03828 to 0.4403 m3, 0.3495 to 0.3915 m3 and 0.1949 to 0.4466 m3 of biogas kg-1 of total solids added, respectively for laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes. The best results for inoculum concentration were 10 % for laying hens and poultry wastes, and 15 % for piggery wastes. Anaerobic digestion was efficient for reduction of the most probable mean number of total and faecal coliforms. Reduction of MNP mean varied from 99.71 of 1,09 x 102 to 100 %. SMA test showed the best activity was from laying hens wastes (0,03400 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), followed by poultry wastes (0,01877 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h- 1) and by piggery wastes (0,00293 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Results of SMA test appear to be most affected by volatile solids content of the samples than the best ability of the microrganisms to convert substrate. The best organic load rate for activity test were 0,25 g DQO g-1 SV.
Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Coorientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Rosana Filomena Vazoller
Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Mestre
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Aires, Airon Magno. "Biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de frangos de corte com ou sem separação das frações sólida e líquida /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96593.
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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas JúniorBanca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST.
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Murambadoro, Daniel K. "The structural performance of egg-shaped sludge digesters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5019.
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Jesus, Carlos Massuretti de. "Utilização de alimentos contendo substâncias lipídicas e açucaradas por formigas urbanas /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99534.
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Orientador: Odair Correa BuenoBanca: Maria Izabel Souza Camargo
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Resumo: A capacidade de obtenção de alimento pelas formigas tem um impacto direto no crescimento e na reprodução da colônia. A forma de utilização dos alimentos, a atividade das glândulas anexas e os órgãos do sistema digestório são fatores importantes para avaliar e entender o padrão alimentar de um determinado grupo. Sendo que estes fatores permitem identificar os possíveis locais onde ocorre a digestão e a absorção do alimento. Assim, o objetivo do presente projeto foi analisar comparativamente o trajeto e acúmulo de diferentes tipos de alimentos no interior do sistema digestório de quatro espécies de formigas, pertencentes a três das principais subfamílias que ocorrem em áreas urbanizadas no Brasil. Para tal, corantes com solubilidades específicas para água ou lipídeos foram incorporados em dietas sólidas e líquidas, e oferecidos às colônias. Em intervalos regulares, após a ingestão dos alimentos, as operárias foram dissecadas e observado e avaliado a localização dos marcadores no interior do seu sistema digestório. Os resultados encontrados permitiram concluir que o padrão de utilização das fontes alimentares é basicamente o mesmo para as espécies de formigas utilizadas. Os carboidratos são consumidos após um período menor de jejum quando comparados aos lipídeos, ao passo que as dietas líquidas são ingeridas em maior quantidade que as sólidas. Além disso, o trajeto percorrido pelos alimentos contendo as substâncias hidrossolúveis no interior do sistema digestório das operárias compreende a cavidade infrabucal, papo e ventrículo. Por outro lado, os alimentos contendo as substâncias lipídicas passam pela cavidade infrabucal, glândulas pós-faríngeas e papo; mas nunca foram encontrados no ventrículo
Abstract: The capacity of ants to obtain food has direct impacts on reproduction and colony growth. The different forms to use food, the annexed glands and digestive tract organs are important factors to evaluate and understand the alimentary patterns of ants. These patterns allow us to identify the possible places where the digestion and absorption of food occurs. Then, the objective of present study were analyze the distribution and accumulation of different types of food inside the digestory system of workers of four ant species, belonging to three main families that occur in Brazilian urbanized areas. For this, dyes with specific solubility in water or lipids were incorporated in solid and liquid diets, being offered to the colonies. At regularly periods of time, after ingestion of diets, the workers were dissected and the localization of dyes registered and analyzed. Our results suggests that the pattern in food utilization is basically the same to all species tested. Carbohydrates were consumed after a minor period of starvation, when compared to lipids, and liquid diets were ingested in greater quantities than solid diets. Moreover, carbohydrates entered the infrabucal pocket, crop and midgut. In the other hand, diets containing lipids passed trough infrabucal cavity, post-pharyngeal glands and crop, but they don't reach the midgut
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Fukayama, Ellen Hatsumi. "Características quantitativas e qualitativas da cama de frango sob diferentes reutilizações : efeitos na produção de biogás e biofertilizante /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104913.
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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas JuniorBanca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Júlio Cesar Pascale Palhares
Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter' production, the biogas' production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Costa, Laura Vanessa Cabral da. "Biodigestão anaeróbia da cama de frango associada ou não ao biofertilizante obtido com dejetos de suínos : produção de biogás e qualidade do biofertilizante /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96558.
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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas JúniorBanca: Regina Maria Quintão Lana
Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biogás e a qualidade do biofertilizante, produzidos a partir da associação da cama de frango diluída no biofertilizante obtido com estrume de suíno em diferentes proporções. Esta dissertação está dividida em 3 capítulos: a primeira parte consiste na descrição e apresentação da problemática dos resíduos gerados, objetivo do estudo e descrição do experimento. No Capítulo 2 analisa-se ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia em sistemas contínuos abastecidos diariamente com dejetos de suínos, por aproximadamente 60 dias, em tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 30 dias com a finalidade de obtenção de biofertilizante, sendo que este foi armazenado em um tanque aberto, para que estivesse nas mesmas condições encontradas em lagoas, isto é, sujeito aos efeitos dos processos de evaporação e precipitação pluviométrica, sendo este armazenado por aproximadamente 60 dias, conclui-se que o sistema de biodigestão anaeróbia é eficaz para produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O Capitulo 3 consiste no abastecimento de biodigestores batelada, em que o biofertilizante obtido na primeira fase serviu como diluente para a cama de frango. Foram abastecidos doze biodigestores, com três diferentes tratamentos, a saber: cama de frango+biofertilizante+água CF+B+A, a cama de frango+biofertilizante CF+B e a cama+água CF+A, operados com aproximadamente 135 dias de retenção hidráulica. Caracterizaram-se os teores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), análise de macro e micro nutrientes, bem como produção de biogás. Observou-se que o CF+B, foi o que melhor apresentou resultados em relação à produção e composição de biogás e melhores resultados para macro e micronutrientes.No capitulo 4, estão apresentados os dados de adequação de plantéis da avicultura de corte e suinocultura, para a operação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the production of biogas and the quality of fertilizer, produced from the combination of litter of broiler in diluted fertilizer obtained from pig manure in different proportions. This thesis is divided into 3 sections: the first part is the description and presentation of the problem of waste generated, objective of the study and description of the experiment. In Chapter 2 analyzes the test of anaerobic digestion in continuous systems supplied daily with pig manure, for approximately 60 days with hydraulic retention time (TRH) of 30 days with the purpose of obtaining fertilizer. The fertilizer produced during the whole period was stored in a tank open to the same conditions that were found in ponds, do then subject to the effects of the processes of evaporation and rainfall, which is stored for approximately 60 days, it appears that the system of anaerobic digestion is effective for production of biogas and fertilizer, adding values to swine. Chapter 3 is the supply of digester batch, where the biofertilizante obtained in the first round served as diluent of chicken litter. Were supplied twelve digester, with three different treatments: treatment 1 (biofertilizante+ litter of broiler + water), treatment 2 ( biofertilizante + litter of broiler) and treatment 3 (litter of broiler + water), operated at approximately 160 days of TRH. Were characterized the levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), analysis of macro and micronutrients, and production of biogas. It was observed that treatment 2, was presented the best results for production and composition of biogas, further reductions of volatile solids, and better results for macro-and micronutrients. Chapter 4 were's present adequacy by stud pigs and fowl, for the operation group digester with waste this activity from the production biogas and fertilizer.
Mestre
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Naidoo, Pranava. "Stresses in egg-shaped sludge digesters in the form of ellipsoidal shells of revolution." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30871.
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Anaerobic sludge digesters of the squat cylindrical shape have inherent flaws which drive up maintenance costs, limits its ability to maintain optimum environmental conditions and is not shaped for efficient mixing. The egg-shaped sludge digester is an effective solution to these flaws. However, the analysis of these structures are complex and design guides are not readily available to designers of anaerobic sludge digesters. In previous studies, various shells of revolution were considered as egg-shaped sludge digester geometries. In terms of stress behaviour, these studies found the geometries to be suitable to act as egg-shaped sludge digesters. This thesis extends the list of geometries explored and considers the stress behaviour in an ellipsoid of revolution. First, only the membrane stress distributions were considered by varying a parameter e (the major axis radius over the minor axis radius) of the ellipsoidal shell. To conduct the study, closed form solutions for the meridional and hoop stresses were derived. The stress distributions of the varying ellipsoidal geometries were then compared and analysed. Additionally, the parametric study considered structural efficiency of the shell. Following this, in order to judge the effectiveness of the geometry, it was compared to findings of previous studies on different geometries. The study compared the geometries on the bases of volume, smoothness and maximum hoop stresses. It was found that the ellipsoidal geometry faired extremely well against the other geometries in the volume and maximum hoop stress criteria. Due to the limitations of the membrane theory of shells to predict bending stresses at supports and other discontinuities, a finite element study was conducted to achieve a complete shell stress distribution. Special attention was paid to bending at the support region where large meridional stress peaks occur as well as bending stresses seen at the apexes. Following this, various support conditions were tested to gather a full understanding of how this affects the total stress distribution in the shell. Finally based on findings of the study a design guide for egg-shaped digesters of ellipsoidal geometry was given.
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Wong, Tak Ian. "Numerical flow simulations of an egg-shaped anaerobic sludge digester in wastewater treatment /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202005%20WONG.
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Neumann, Erika. "Desenvolvimento inicial de jatuarana, Brycon amazonicus (Teleostei, Characidae) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100202.
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Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever fases iniciais do ciclo de vida de Brycon amazonicus, analisando momentos da fertilização e do desenvolvimento inicial por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de luz (ML) e análise de variações morfométricas corporais. A temperatura média da água foi de 27,98 ± 0,81 ºC em laboratório, envolvendo período entre a extrusão dos gametas e 76 horas após a fertilização (PF), e de 30,30 ± 1,98 ºC em viveiro, onde as larvas foram estocadas de 76 h PF a 25 dias de idade. O diâmetro dos ovócitos na extrusão foi de 1,21 ± 0,06 mm, quando 87,7% deles tinham entre 1,11 e 1,30 mm. Até 180 min PF ocorreu aumento do espaço perivitelino e o diâmetro dos ovos chegou a 3,81 ± 0,40 mm. A penetração dos espermatozóides na micrópila e formação de cones de proteção ocorreram entre 10 e 30 segundos após a ativação dos gametas e a embriogênese foi concluída 13 h PF. No momento da eclosão as larvas possuiam 3,45 ± 0,38 mm de comprimento padrão, o volume do saco vitelino foi de 0,54± 0,17 μL e sua reabsorção total ocorreu 53 horas após a eclosão (PE). A maior eficiência de consumo de vitelo ocorreu entre 33 e 47 h PE. Com 25 h PE primórdios de dentes foram visualizados na boca conectada ao tubo retilíneo aberto com lume revestido por epitélio simples cilíndrico. Com 243 h PE o trato digestório estava dividido em cavidade bucofaríngea e esôfago revestidos por epitélio estratificado pavimentoso, estômago em forma de U com camada simples de células cilíndricas no lume e glândulas tubulares na região cárdica, e intestino médio com inúmeros cecos pilóricos na região proximal, dividido do intestino posterior por septo retal. O epitélio destes dois últimos segmentos era similar ao do estômago, diferenciando-se na quantidade e distribuição de células claras em seu interior... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: The present work aimed to describe the early phases of the life cycle of Brycon amazonicus. Methods included the analysis of fertilization and early development by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM) and the analysis of the variations in body morphometry. The period from gametes extrusion and 76 hours after fertilization (AF) was assessed in laboratory with a water temperature of 27.98 ± 0.81 ºC. From 76 hours AF to 25 days old the larval assessment was performed in fishery with a water temperature of 30.30 ± 1.98 ºC. The oocytes diameter at extrusion was 1.21 ± 0.06 mm, when 87.7% of them measured between 1.11.and 1.30 mm. Up to 180 min AF there was an enlargement of the perivitelline space and the oocytes diameter reached 3.81 ± 0.40 mm. The spermatozoa entrance inside micropyle and the formation of protection cones occurred between 10 to 30 seconds after gametes activation and embryogenesis was achieved 13 h AF. At hatching, total larval length was 3.45 ± 0.38 mm; the yolk sac volume was 0.54 ± 0.17 μL and its total reabsorption occurred 53 hours after hatching (AH). The greater consumption efficiency of yolk occurred between 33 to 47 h AH. At 25 h AH rudimentary teeth were observed in the mouth. Mouth was connected to the open linear tube with lumen covered by simple cylindrical epithelium. 243 h AH, digestory tract was divided in bucopharyngeal cavity and esophagus covered by squamous stratified epithelium; stomach had a U shape with a single layer of cylindrical cells at the lumen and tubular glands at cardiac region; midgut showed countless pyloric caeca at the anterior region, separated from hindgut by rectal septum. Midgut and hindgut had an epithelium similar to the stomach, except for the amount and distribution of clear vesicular cells inside it... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Orientadora: Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi
Coorientador: Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga
Banca: Sergio Fonseca Zaiden
Banca: José Augusto Senhorini
Banca: Leandro Muller Gomiero
Banca: Maria Célia Portella
Doutor
Books on the topic "Digesters. eng"
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Müller, Urs. Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichts zum ELG. 3rd ed. Zürich: Schulthess, 2015.
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Marshall, John G. A digested index to the statutes of the province of Nova Scotia: Showing all the statutes in force at the end of the session of the General Assembly in the year 1826, distinguishing the perpetual from the temporary statutes ... also showing the statutes repealed or expired previous to the above period, carefully compared and digested, with proper references, &c. [Halifax, N.S.?: s.n.], 2000.
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Hatfield, Anthea. Working with facts. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0030.
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This is basically an introduction to statistics. Even if you have never approached the subject before I hope you will not find it daunting. Once you understand statistics you can read articles where facts and figures appear with real understanding. Sit down quietly and take one section at a time. Once you have digested this chapter turn to the suggested reading at the end of the chapter.
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Test No. 311: Anaerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds in Digested Sludge: by Measurement of Gas Production. OECD, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264016842-en.
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Murphy, Patrick D. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041037.003.0007.
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The conclusion digests the main issues explored in the previous chapters. The core argument put forward is that the global media landscape that materialized at the end of the twentieth century has become a central mediator of eco-consciousness around the globe. This landscape is defined primary by the Promethean discourse, which assumes that growth is perpetual and that individuals operating within the market have the agency to solve any and all environmental problems. This discourse is problematic when considered in the face of anthropogenic climate change and declining natural resource reserves. However, even powerful discourses co-produced and are hence not immune to challenges. This means that alternative environmental discourses can be found within market driven media, suggesting that while the contemporary media commons is the domain of non-ecologically responsive normative trends, its also offers openings for more progressive environmental thought and action.
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Nithikathkul, Choosak, Prasert Saichua, Louis Royal, and John H. Cross. Capillariosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0065.
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Capillaria species are members of the superfamily Trichinelloidae. These worms have a filamentous thin anterior end and a slightly thicker oesophagus which is surrounded by glandular cells or stichocytes. This oesophageal pattern is called stichosomal oesophagus. Capillaria species are parasites which are found in many vertebrate animals. More than two hundred species have been reported in several vertebrate species, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Cross 1992; Chitwood et al. 1968), but only three species infect humans. These are Capillaria hepatica , C. aerophila and C. philippinensis (McCarthy and Moore 2000). Of these intestinal capillariosis, a fish-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by C. philippinensis , is the most important. Humans acquire the parasite, C. philippinensis, by eating uncooked or raw freshwater fish (Cross and Basaca-Sevilla 1991). The disease is endemic mainly in Philippines and Thailand where there are many reported fatalities.Although C . hepatica is found in rodents worldwide, only a few cases of hepatic capillariosis have been reported in humans from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America. The infection is acquired by the ingestion of embryonated eggs from the soil. Female worms deposit eggs in the liver tissue and granulomas develop around the egg. The eggs are released after the rodent is eaten and the liver digested. Eggs pass in the faeces and are deposited in the soil where they embryonate. Avoidance of contaminated soil would prevent human infection and destruction of rodents would control animal infections.Only 12 cases of human infection caused by Capillaria aerophila have been reported, the majority from Russia. The parasite is found within tissue of the respiratory passages of canines and felines worldwide.Anatrichosoma cutaneum (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae), also included in this chapter, is primarily a subcutaneous parasite of monkeys, but there are two reports of cutaneous infections in humans resulting in serpiginous lesions in the skin of the soles, palms, and nasal passages. In addition there is a further suspected case isolated from a breast nodule and a possible case of mucosal lesions in the mouth reported. Whole monkey colonies can be infected with this parasite and control is difficult.
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Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada. and Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee., eds. A digest of Canadian cases relating to railway, telegraph, telephone and express companies: Being a digest of "Canadian railway cases", vols. 1 to 24, together with decisions of the Federal and Provincial courts of Canada, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal therefrom, the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada, and provincial railway boards, up to the end of the year 1919, cross referenced and annotated. Toronto: Canada Law Book Co., 1994.
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A digested index to the statutes of the province of Nova Scotia: Showing all the statutes in force at the end of the session of the General Assembly in the year 1826, distinguishing the perpetual from the temporary statutes ... also showing the statutes repealed or expired previous to the above period, carefully compared and digested, with proper references, &c. [Halifax, N.S.?: s.n.], 1987.
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Court, Canada Exchequer, Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee., and Canada Supreme Court, eds. Index of Canadian cases judicially noticed: Being a list of Canadian cases dealt with in judgments reported in the official reports of the provincial courts and the Supreme and Exchequer courts of Canada, as well as of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council from the earliest times down to the end of the year 1910, together with a statement of the manner in which each case is judicially noticed. Toronto: Carswell Co., 1995.
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Reports of cases, argued and determined, in the Court of Vice-Admiralty, at Halifax in Nova-Scotia: From the commencement of the war, in 1803, to the end of the year 1813, in the time of Alexander Croke, LL.D., judge of that court. London: Printed for J. Butterworth and Son, ..., 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Digesters. eng"
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Joyce, Alyssa, Mike Timmons, Simon Goddek, and Timea Pentz. "Bacterial Relationships in Aquaponics: New Research Directions." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 145–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_6.
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AbstractThe growth rates and welfare of fish and the quality of plant production in aquaponics system rely on the composition and health of the system’s microbiota. The overall productivity depends on technical specifications for water quality and its movement amongst components of the system, including a wide range of parameters including factors such as pH and flow rates which ensure that microbial components can act effectively in nitrification and remineralization processes. In this chapter, we explore current research examining the role of microbial communities in three units of an aquaponics system: (1) the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for fish production which includes biofiltration systems for denitrification; (2) the hydroponics units for plant production; and (3) biofilters and bioreactors, including sludge digester systems (SDS) involved in microbial decomposition and recovery/remineralization of solid wastes. In the various sub-disciplines related to each of these components, there is existing literature about microbial communities and their importance within each system (e.g. recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), hydroponics, biofilters and digesters), but there is currently limited work examining interactions between these components in aquaponics system, thus making it an important area for further research.
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Faucitano, A., M. Jary, A. Vienot, and V. Nerich. "Cancers digestifs." In Pharmacie Clinique Pratique en Oncologie, 159–77. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-2-294-76375-5.00018-x.
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Defaix, Claire. "Infusion Colza digeste." In Ma thèse en 2 planches, 38–39. EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/978-2-7598-2300-0.c015.
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"Thermal cracking in wall of prestressed concrete egg-shaped digester." In Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages, 197–204. CRC Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271294-35.
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Zingoni, A. "On the Possibility of Parabolic Ogival Shells for Egg-Shaped Sludge Digesters." In Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 515–24. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043948-8/50054-0.
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Saussure, Philippe de. "Chapitre 14. Hypnose et troubles fonctionnels digestifs." In 15 pratiques en hypnose médicale et hypnoanalgésie, 244–63. Dunod, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dunod.bioye.2017.02.0244.
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Craig, Anne, and Anthea Hatfield. "Working with facts." In The Complete Recovery Room Book, 491–98. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846840.003.0030.
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This is basically an introduction to statistics. Even if you have never approached the subject before we hope you will not find it daunting. Once you understand statistics you can read articles where facts and figures appear with real understanding. Sit down quietly and take one section at a time. Once you have digested this chapter turn to the suggested reading at the end of the chapter.
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Farne, Hugo, Edward Norris-Cervetto, and James Warbrick-Smith. "Diarrhoea." In Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716228.003.0026.
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Strictly speaking, diarrhoea is an increase in the amount of stool passed daily to over 300 g of stool per day. This is usually accompanied by increased frequency and loosening of the stools. However, many patients will talk of ‘diarrhoea’ when they actually have melaena (dark, tarry stools from digested blood), steatorrhoea (pale, floating stools from undigested lipid), haematochezia (bright red stools from frank blood), or simply loose stools (soft faeces but no increase in frequency or quantity). Diarrhoea can be caused by: • Infection of the bowel (infectious diarrhoea) • Inflammation of the bowel (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticular disease) • Increased bowel motility (e.g. hyperthyroidism, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)) • Malabsorption of nutrients (e.g. coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency) • Obstruction overflow due to a mass allowing only liquid stool to pass beyond it (e.g. constipation—counterintuitively, hard faeces stuck in the bowel are a common cause of overflow diarrhoea in elderly people, colon cancer, ovarian cancer) • Medications (e.g. laxatives, colchicine, digoxin, metformin, thiazide diuretics, some antibiotics, etc.) For a young adult with acute diarrhoea, the most likely diagnoses are shown in Figure 20.1. Yes, it would. In elderly patients, neoplastic disease (villous polyps, colonic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer), diverticular disease, overflow diarrhoea secondary to constipation, ischaemic colitis, microscopic colitis, and bacterial overgrowth (e.g. in patients with diabetes mellitus) are much more likely, whereas coeliac disease is less likely to present for the first time (as it tends to present in younger patients). Curiously, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease are thought to have a bimodal distribution in incidence, with peaks at 15–25 and 50–80 years. • Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC): always, always, always start the management of a patient with ABC. Although the ABCs will be obviously normal in a large number of patients presenting in a non-emergency setting, you should always keep this in mind when admitting patients to hospital. Note that hypotension is a late and worrying sign in young patients. • Dehydration: in a patient with a 3-day history of diarrhoea, one should be concerned about the possibility of dehydration (hypovolaemia).
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Prashar, Yatindra, and Sherman M. Weissman. "[15] READS: A method for display of 3′-end fragments of restriction enzyme-digested cDNAs for analysis of differential gene expression." In Methods in Enzymology, 258–72. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(99)03017-7.
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Farne, Hugo, Edward Norris-Cervetto, and James Warbrick-Smith. "Nausea and vomiting." In Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716228.003.0019.
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The vomiting centre (mainly histamine and acetylcholine receptors) in the medulla oblongata can be activated by four main input systems shown in Figure 13.1: the vestibular system, the central nervous system, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (in the fourth ventricle of the brain), and cranial nerves IX and X. With these four inputs in mind, it becomes easier to understand some of the pathologies that can activate the vomiting centre and cause nausea and vomiting, as is shown in Figure 13.2. • Contents ■ Undigested: oesophageal disorders, e.g. achalasia, pharyngeal pouch ■ Partially digested: gastric outlet obstruction, gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying, e.g. seen in diabetes mellitus) ■ Bile (green): small bowel obstruction (distal to the ampulla of Vater) ■ Faeculent: distal intestinal or colonic obstruction. Note: the only time you will see faecal (i.e. true faeces), as opposed to faeculent (i.e. foul looking), vomiting is in patients with a gastrocolonic fistula… or coprophagia ■ Blood/coffee-ground: haematemesis (see Chapter 5) ■ Large volume: less likely to be functional. • Timing ■ Early morning: classically in pregnancy and raised intracranial pressure. ■ Duration: this is useful in identifying the severity (patients with severe nausea and vomiting present early) and a longer time course makes acute pathologies such as bowel obstruction less likely, as untreated this will either deteriorate or resolve. • Association with eating? ■ Vomiting within an hour of eating suggests an obstruction high in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract proximal to the gastric outlet. If this is the case, you should ask about peptic ulcer disease (or a history of dyspepsia) as this can cause scarring and pyloric stenosis. ■ Vomiting after a longer postprandial delay is consistent with an obstruction lower in the GI tract, usually in the small bowel. ■ Early satiety, postprandial bloating, and abdominal discomfort together suggest gastroparesis or outlet obstruction. • Use the SOCRATES mnemonic to characterize the pain (see Chapter 12). • The site is indicative of certain pathologies (e.g. right upper quadrant suggests a hepatobiliary cause, epigastric suggests a pancreatic or gastroduodenal cause). However, localization of pain is far from accurate in abdominal pathology due to the neural wiring and embryology, and also anatomical variations.
Conference papers on the topic "Digesters. eng"
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Rankin, M. J., T. A. Trabold, A. A. Williamson, and M. Augustine. "Analysis of Dairy Manure and Food Manufacturing Waste as Feedstocks for Sustainable Energy Production via Anaerobic Digestion." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91091.
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Anaerobic digestion is a waste-to-energy conversion process that offers potential economic and environmental benefits of organic waste diversion and renewable energy generation. However, these systems are often not feasible for small-to-medium size food processors, due to the significant capital investment involved. The key objective of this study is to identify the volume and composition of dairy manure and liquid-phase food manufacturing waste streams available in New York State (NYS) to make co-digestion of multiple feedstocks in centralized anaerobic digester facilities an economically attractive alternative. Organic waste volume and property data were obtained via Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) requests at the county and municipal levels for each of the 62 counties in NYS. Spatial analyses of dairy confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) locations relative to food manufacturing facility locations were analyzed using Microsoft MapPoint imaging software, which identified concentrations of high strength liquid-phase waste in the upstate corridor extending between Buffalo and Albany. The results show that if anaerobically digested, dairy CAFO manure and food manufacturing waste can contribute significantly to the State’s renewable energy portfolio. A laboratory scale two-phase anaerobic digester (bioDrillTS-AD200©) can help establish the correlation between waste properties (e.g. total solids, etc.) and quantity and quality of biogas produced.
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Lam, Henry, Mark Richter, and Geoff Ashton. "A New Approach to Maximize the Potential of Reciprocating Engines Operating on Bio-Fuel Energy." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54496.
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Since the Industrial Revolution one of the oldest and “greenest” bio-fuel energy sources has been the byproduct of sewage and landfill. These biogases also known as Land Fill Gas or Digester Gas can be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine, the clear choice for their efficiency in heat recovery and utility as a prime mover. The problem with bio-fuels is their unpredictable and varying fuel heating values which creates a challenge for maintaining air fuel ratio (AFR). If AFR is not controlled this can lead to engine instability and an increase in NOx, CO and THC emissions. With today’s ever increasing scrutiny of combustion pollutants this could spell the end of these types of fuels in combustion engines. AETC has embraced this challenge to provide a system that addresses the seasonal fuel gas quality, Low Heating Value (LHV) fluctuation to operate engines at best achievable emissions. This case study focuses on two Caterpillar 3516 Generator Engines rated 1000VA, at 1200 rpm, lean burn gas and turbocharged, running on renewable energy source supplementing power to a waste water treatment facility in California. The engines operate on wide range of fuel mixture including landfill, digester gas and air blended natural gas over a heating value range from 350–650 BTU. The fuel gas LHV constantly varies depending on fuel availability controlled by pressure switches within the individual fuel headers. Determining fuel heating values by using a gas calorimeter is not a viable option due to its high cost and poor reliability when operating in the environment of unfiltered Digester and landfill gas. AETC installed their Advanced Monitoring System (AMS) to utilize the engine as a calorimeter and to determine the fuels LHV. As part of the AMS functionality, the system acquired all the existing AFRC parameters such as kilo-Watt, RPM, Fuel Flow, Air Manifold Pressure and Temperature to determine the combustion performance. This simple approach offers surprisingly good performance while tying together basic thermodynamics, combustion performance and emissions. The system can also be used to parametrically determine engine emissions, based on the calculated combustion pressure without installing pressure sensors. The AMS monitors and determines emissions based on Trapped Equivalence Ratio, Effective Bulk Temperature or Pressure Ratio on single or multiple fuels providing a green/red light as an indicator of in/out of compliance accurately meeting today’s most stringent regulatory conditions.
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Bolin, Christopher D., and Abraham Engeda. "Modeling Static Instabilities of Biogas Flames in a Stirred-Reactor Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics Simulations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95095.
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Kinetic modeling of lean static stability limits of the combustion of biogas type fuels in a model of an ideal primary zone of a gas turbine combustor is presented here. In this study, CH4 is diluted with CO2 to simulate a range of gases representative of the products of anaerobic digestion of organic materials from different sources (e.g., landfill and animal waste digester). Fuels of this type are of interest for use in small gas turbines used in distributed generation applications. Predictions made by two detailed mechanisms (GRI-Mech 3.0 and San Diego) and one reduced mechanism (GRI-Mech 1.2, reduced) are employed to investigate the underlying kinetics near lean extinction. Approximate correlations to lean extinction are extracted from these results and compared to those of other fuels.
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Frey, Christina R., Victor K. Lai, and Victor H. Barocas. "Structural and Mechanical Differences Between Pure Collagen and Fibrin Gels and Partially Digested Co-Gels." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53675.
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Natural and bio-engineered tissues are often composed of multiple fiber networks (fibrin, collagen, elastin, etc.). The microstructure and interactions between components determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of the tissues. Examples of multi-fiber networks include skin (collagen and elastin) and thrombus during the wound healing process (collagen and fibrin). In addition, tissue engineers (eg. [1]) use fibrin as a scaffold to seed cells for tissue growth; over time, networks of collagen and fibrin coexist as the fibrin is degraded and replaced with cell-synthesized collagen. Our group has previously investigated the mechanical properties of single fiber networks of fibrin and collagen, but has shown that these do not obey the law of mixtures in a collagen-fibrin co-gel [2]. The goal of this project was to understand the interactions between the collagen and fibrin networks in a collagen-fibrin co-gel.
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Standen, G., P. Moodie, H. Pannekoek, C. L. Verweij, and I. R. Peake. "ANALYSIS OF THE VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (vWF) GENE IN 6 PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TYPE III VON WILLEBRANDS DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644641.
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DNA from 6 unrelated patients with severe type III von Willebrands disease (vWF antigen < 0.01u/dl) was studied with a cDNA probe for the 3' end of the vWF gene. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes using standard techniques and was digested with a range of restriction enzymes. DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose and were southern blotted onto hybond-N (Amersham). The probe used was pvWF1100, a 1.1kb PstI fragment derived from the 2.28kb vWFcDNA insert of pvWF2280 isolated from a human endothelial cell cDNA expression library (Verweij et al, Nucleic Acids Res 13 (1985) 4699-4717). The probe corresponds to nucleotides 7083 to 8191 of the vWF cDNA (first nucleotide of initiator methionine as 1).When digested with Bglll and probed with pvWF11000, normal DNA showed two invariant bands (13 and 4.9kb) and polymorphic bands of 9 and/or 7.4kb. This pattern was also seen in 5 of the 6 severe vWD patients DNA suggesting that in this 3' area of the gene they had no major deletions or rearrangements. In the 6th case however the band of 4.9kb was not seen and did not appear to be replaced by any novel fragments, suggesting a partial deletion including some of the 3' end of the gene. This patient had the clinically severest form of the condition in that the patient had developed, some 10 years ago, an antibody (inhibitor) to vWF as detected by the ability of the patients plasma to inhibit restocetin cofactor activity in normal plasma. His parents were related (his mother was his father's second cousin) and had levels of vWFAg, considerably lower than those of factor VIII activity. This situation has been previously reported in carriers of recessive severe vWD. vWD was also present in a second family member, but in a less severe form (vWFAg 3u/dl). This patient and all other members of the family have, to date, given normal restriction fragment patterns with the vWF probe and several enzymes, including BgIII.
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Zamarrón, C. "BINDING OF NATIVE PLASMINOGEN TO FIBRIN AND TO SOME FI BRINOGEN/FIBRIN DERIVATIVES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644832.
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In the fibrinolytic process: (a) fibrin provides a surface on which the major reactions of fibrinolysis occurs: the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the cleavage of fibrin by plasmin and the inhibition of plasmin by α2-antiplasmin, (b) some fibrinogen derivatives (e.g. the cyanogen bromide digested fibrinogen fragment denominated FCB-2) can exert stimulatory properties on the plasminogen activation and (c) the initial cleavage of fibrin by plasmin increases the rate conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.The purpose of the present work has been to correlate these three aspects of the fibrinolytic process with the binding of native plasminogen (Glu-Pg) to fibrin (Fn) , fibrinogen (Fg) and Fn/Fg derivatives.The Glu-Pg-Fg interaction, if exists, it is not detectable in equilibrium conditions by analytical centrifu gation. By using a solid-phase fibrin clot system (purified system) the Glu-Pg-Fn interaction gives the following dissociation constants: Kd=3.5×10−6 M and 1.2×10−5 m (unwashed and washed clots respectively). Being two the number of plasminogen binding sites per fibrin fibrin monomer. By activation with streptokinase or urokinase the amount of Pg required for an effective lysis of the fibrin clots is lower when the Pg is endogenous (inside the clot) versus exogenous (outside the clot).The binding of the isolated fragments of the cyanogen bromide digested fibrinogen to Glu-Pg was studied by affinity chromatography on Glu-Pg-Sepharose. The only fragment bound to Glu-Pg and eluted with 10 mM ε-amino caproic acid (ε;-ACA) was the fragment denominated FCB-2 The soluble fibrin monomer after 20 min plasmin digestion also binds to immobilized Glu-Pg and it is eluted with ε-ACA.Therefore, the binding of native plasminogen to fibrin and to some fibrinogen/fibrin derivatives is a determinant factor in the three aspects of the fibrinolytic process mencioned above.
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Flory, Michael, Joel Hiltner, and Clay Hardenburger. "Model-Based Calibration of a Biogas Engine Control System." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81049.
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Pipeline natural gas composition is monitored and controlled in order to deliver high quality, relatively consistent gas quality in terms of heating value and detonation characteristics to end users. The consistency of this fuel means gas-fired engines designed for electrical power generation (EPG) applications can be highly optimized. As new sources of high quality natural gas are found, the demand for these engines is growing. At the same time there is also an increasing need for EPG engines that can handle fuels that have wide swings in composition over a relatively short period of time. The application presented in this paper is an engine paired with an anaerobic digester that accepts an unpredictable and varying feedstock. As is typical in biogas applications, there are exhaust stream contaminants that preclude the use of an oxygen or NOx sensor for emissions feedback control. The difficulty with such a scenario is the ability to hold a given exhaust gas emission level as the fuel composition varies. One challenge is the design of the combustion system hardware. This design effort includes the proper selection of compression ratio, valve events, ignition timing, turbomachinery, etc. Often times simulation tools, such as a crank-angle resolved engine model, are used in the development of such systems in order to predict performance and reduce development time and hardware testing. The second challenge is the control system and how to implement a robust control capable of optimizing engine performance while maintaining emissions compliance. Currently there are limited options for an OEM control system capable of dealing with fuels that have wide swings in composition. Often times the solution for the engine packager is to adopt an aftermarket control system and apply this in place of the control system delivered on the engine. The disadvantage to this approach is that the aftermarket controller is not calibrated and so the packager is faced with the task of developing an entire engine calibration at a customer site. The controller must function well enough that it will run reliably during plant start-up and then eventually prove capable of holding emissions under typical operating conditions. This paper will describe the novel use of a crank-angle resolved four-stroke engine cycle model to develop an initial set of calibration values for an aftermarket control system. The paper will describe the plant operation, implementation of the aftermarket controller, the model-based calibration methodology and the commissioning of the engine.
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Kuyas, C., H. Sigrist, and P. W. Straub. "LOCALIZATION CF FIBRIN POLYMERIZATION SITES BY PHOTQAFFINITY LABELING." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643776.
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Fibrin polymerization is competitively inhibited by the te-trapeptide GlyProArgPro. This peptide corresponds to the N-terminal sequence of the fibrin α-polypeptide chain, which is exposed upon release of fibrinopeptide A by thrombin. A binding site for GlyProArgPro was suggested to be located in the C-terminal end of the 411 amino acids containing γ-chain (Varadi and Scheraga, Biochemistry, 25, 519, 1986). In order to characterize the polymerization domain, GlyProArgProLys-azidoazobenzene, a photoactivable derivative of GlyProArgPro was synthesized. Photoaffinity label was bound to fibrinogen in the dark and photolysis was carried out at 0°C. After reduction and S-carboxymethy-lation of the photoaffinity labeled fibrinogen, the polypeptide chains (Aα, Bβ,γ ) were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Photolabel binding was monitored imnunologically with anti-azo-benzene antibodies (ELISA, Western blot). Selective labeling of the γ-chain was observed. Labeled γ-chains were further digested with CNBr, and the resulting fragments were separated by reversed phase HPIC, immunologically characterized and identified by Edman degradation. GlyProArgProLys-azidoazobenzene was incorporated in the 18 kD CNBr-fragment (γ95-264). The CNBr-fragments arising from C-terminal end of the γ-chain were not labeled.Our results indicate that the binding site of GlyProArgPro is localized exclusively on γ-chain, within the sequence γ95-264.
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Samanta, I., R. K. Shah, and A. Wagner. "Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Applications." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2515.
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At its essence, a fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to form electricity, heat, and water. The source of this hydrogen may be from natural gas, coal, gasoline, diesel, alcohols, or natural decomposition products. Pure hydrogen is the ideal fuel, but it needs to be obtained by processing fossil fuels (natural gas, gasoline, diesel, oil, coal, etc.), biofuels (e.g., landfill gas, anaerobic digester gas, etc.), or chemical intermediates, or must be produced via renewable energy sources through electrolysis of water. Currently pure hydrogen is produced cryogenically at both a great energy and fiscal expense. In this paper, we cover all important fuel reforming processes for generating hydrogen for fuel cells and then discuss the associated reformers. The common techniques utilized for external fuel reforming processes are steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming. For high temperature fuel cells, direct and indirect internal reforming techniques are used and will be discussed. The methods for reforming of chemical intermediates (alcohol and ammonia), reforming of bio-fuels and aviation fuels are also discussed in this paper. For low temperature fuel cells such as PEM, carbon monoxide is a poison that adversely affects fuel cell performance. The CO content must be reduced to below 100 ppm. This is accomplished by use of the water-gas shift reaction, preferential oxidation, methanation, or may be accomplished by membrane separation techniques. Special emphasis in this paper will be the challenges and opportunities in fuel processing for fuel cells.
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van den Berg, E. A., E. Sprengers, M. Jaye, W. Burgess, and V. W. M. van Hinsbergh. "REGULATION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1 mRNA IN HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642856.
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Cultured human endothelial cells (HEC) increase their production of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) upon stimulation with endotoxin and IL-1, agents that are known to cause an increase in PAI-1 levels in vivo. In order to study the regulation of PAI-1 synthesis at the mRNA level, we isolated a cDNA clone for the human PAI-1 gene from an endothelial expression cDNA library in λ gt 11 by screening with a PAI-1 specific antibody. Three positive cross-hybridizing clones were isolated. The longest insert (1500 bp) was partially sequenced (1000 bp). The sequence was identical to the PAI-1 sequence recently reported by others. The identity of the cDNA clone was further confirmed by comparison with part of the amino acid sequence of PAI-1. For that purpose t-PA-PAI-1 complex was purified from HEC conditioned medium by immunoadsorption to anti-t-PA IgG, and a suitable peptide was sequenced after comparison of the HPLC elution profiles of CNBr digests of t-PA and t-PA-PAI-1 complex. The amino acid sequence (M)FRQFQADFT completely matches the sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence.By hybridization of the cDNA probe to Northern blots of total cellular RNA from human umbilical vein and artery EC (HUVEC, HUAEC), two transcripts of 2.3 and 3 kb were found. Primary HUAEC, incubated for 18 hours in growth medium, produced considerable although variable levels of PAI-1 activity and contained PAI-1 mRNA levels comparable to those found in subcultured HUAEC. When subcultured HUEC were incubated for 6 h with endotoxin, IL-1 or TNF, a 2-fold increase in PAI-1 mRNA was found with each of these mediators. Stimulation of the cells in the presence of cycloheximide resulted in a further increase of the 3 kb PAI-1 transcript. The 3’ end of this transcript contains a 75 bp AT-rich sequence. Similar 3’ AT-rich sequences have been found in mRNA’s for a number of inflammatory mediators and cellular oncogenes, and in some cases it has been shown that removal of the sequence increased mRNA stability. The influence of cyclohex-imid on the larger PAI-1 transcript might be explained by inhibition of synthesis of a specific nuclease that controls the level of mRNA’s harbouring such an AT rich sequence.