Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Digesters. eng'

Resumo: Avaliaram-se dietas formuladas com milho ou sorgo para suínos nas fases inicial, crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho dos animais, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e características de fezes e urina e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos. No ensaio de desempenho não foram verificadas diferenças quanto ao consumo médio diário de ração, ganho médio diário de peso e conversão alimentar. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade em cada fase de crescimento dos animais utilizando o método de coleta total de fezes, não se observando diferenças para coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e da energia bruta, coeficiente de metabolizabilidade, energia digestível e metabolizável. Os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta e proteína digestível foram verificados nos animais alimentados com dietas à base de milho na fase terminação. Para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo foram verificados maiores valores de matéria seca digestível nas fases crescimento e terminação. Verificou-se maior produção média de fezes para animais alimentados com dietas formuladas com sorgo, gerando maiores coeficientes de resíduo. Os maiores teores de sólidos totais e voláteis foram verificados nas fezes de animais alimentados com dieta à base de milho, em todas as fases de crescimento. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes nas fezes e na urina variaram entre os tratamentos e fases. O abastecimento de 20 biodigestores indicou maiores reduções nos teores de sólidos voláteis e maiores produções de biogás quando se utilizaram fezes de suínos alimentados com dietas formuladas à base de milho. As concentrações médias dos nutrientes no afluente e efluente dos biodigestores variaram entre os tratamentos e fases.
Abstract: There were evaluated diets formulated with corn or sorghum for pigs in the initial stages, growing and finishing on the growth performance of animals, digestibility of nutrients, production and characteristics of feces and urine and anaerobic digestion of pigs manure. In the test of growth performance were not found differences in the average daily consumption of feed, average daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was performed a test of digestibility at each stage of growth of animals using the total collection of feces, no difference was observed for digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy, coefficient to metabolize, digestible and metabolizable energy. The highest rates of digestibility of crude protein and digestible protein were observed in animals fed with diets based on corn in the finishing stage. For animals fed diets formulated with sorghum there were observed higher values of digestible dry matter in growing and finishing phases. There was a greater average production of feces by animals fed with diets based on sorghum, generating higher coefficient of waste. The highest levels of total and volatile solids were found in the feces of animals fed with diets containing corn, in all the stages of growth. The average concentrations of minerals in feces and urine varied among treatments and stages. The supply of 20 anaerobic digesters indicated greater reductions in the volatile solids levels and greater production of biogas when using waste from pigs fed with diets based with corn. The average concentrations of minerals in the affluent and effluent in the anaerobic digesters varied among treatments and stages.
Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Coorientadora: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Antônio Carlos de Larentiz
Banca: Maria Benincasa Vidotti
Doutor

Resumo: Investigou-se a influência da utilização de inóculos sobre a digestão anaeróbia de resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos em biodigestores modelo batelada com volume útil de 60 L operados à temperatura ambiente, por meio da caracterização do potencial e distribuição da produção de biogás ao longo do tempo, o estudo da redução de sólidos, a análise das características dos efluentes quanto à concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e por meio da determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes fecais e totais nos afluentes e efluentes. Avaliou-se também a atividade metanogênica nos biodigestores com 10 % de inóculo. Foram testadas três concentrações de inóculo: 0, 10 e 15 %. Os resultados mostraram que os resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos são bons substratos para o processo de digestão anaeróbia, apresentando potenciais médios que variaram de 0,3828 a 0,4403 m3, de 0,3495 a 0, 3915 m3, e de 0,1949 a 0,4466 m3 de biogás por kg de ST adicionados, respectivamente para resíduos de aves de postura, frangos de corte e suínos. Com base em todos os parâmetros estudados, as concentrações de inóculo que promoveram melhores resultados foram 10 % para resíduos de aves de postura e frangos de corte, e 15 % para resíduos de suínos. O tratamento anaeróbio revelou-se eficiente na remoção de coliformes totais e fecais independente da concentração de inóculo, alcançando porcentagens médias de redução de NMP que variaram de 99,71 % de 1,09 x 102 a 100 %. A atividade metanogênica específica foi mais elevada nas amostras provenientes dos biodigestores operados com resíduos de aves de postura (0,0340 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), seguida pelos resíduos de frangos de corte (0,0188 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1) e suínos (0,0029 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Estes resultados parecem estar mais associados aos teores...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study was carried out in 60 L volume batch digesters at ambient temperature and investigated the inoculums concentration effects on anaerobic digestion of laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes through evaluation of potential and distribution of biogas production along the time, solids removal, analyze of volatile fatty acids efluent concentration and by monitoring the most probable number (MNP) of total and faecal coliforms in the inffluents and effluents. Specific methanogenic activity (SMA) into the 10 % inoculum digesters was also measured. Three inoculum concentrations (0, 10 and 15 %) were tested. Results showed that laying hens, poultry litter and piggery wastes are good substrats to anaerobic digestion. The potential biogas production varied from 0.03828 to 0.4403 m3, 0.3495 to 0.3915 m3 and 0.1949 to 0.4466 m3 of biogas kg-1 of total solids added, respectively for laying hens, poultry and piggery wastes. The best results for inoculum concentration were 10 % for laying hens and poultry wastes, and 15 % for piggery wastes. Anaerobic digestion was efficient for reduction of the most probable mean number of total and faecal coliforms. Reduction of MNP mean varied from 99.71 of 1,09 x 102 to 100 %. SMA test showed the best activity was from laying hens wastes (0,03400 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1), followed by poultry wastes (0,01877 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h- 1) and by piggery wastes (0,00293 mmol CH4 g-1 SV h-1). Results of SMA test appear to be most affected by volatile solids content of the samples than the best ability of the microrganisms to convert substrate. The best organic load rate for activity test were 0,25 g DQO g-1 SV.
Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Coorientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Rosana Filomena Vazoller
Banca: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour
Mestre

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST.
Mestre

Orientador: Odair Correa Bueno
Banca: Maria Izabel Souza Camargo
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Resumo: A capacidade de obtenção de alimento pelas formigas tem um impacto direto no crescimento e na reprodução da colônia. A forma de utilização dos alimentos, a atividade das glândulas anexas e os órgãos do sistema digestório são fatores importantes para avaliar e entender o padrão alimentar de um determinado grupo. Sendo que estes fatores permitem identificar os possíveis locais onde ocorre a digestão e a absorção do alimento. Assim, o objetivo do presente projeto foi analisar comparativamente o trajeto e acúmulo de diferentes tipos de alimentos no interior do sistema digestório de quatro espécies de formigas, pertencentes a três das principais subfamílias que ocorrem em áreas urbanizadas no Brasil. Para tal, corantes com solubilidades específicas para água ou lipídeos foram incorporados em dietas sólidas e líquidas, e oferecidos às colônias. Em intervalos regulares, após a ingestão dos alimentos, as operárias foram dissecadas e observado e avaliado a localização dos marcadores no interior do seu sistema digestório. Os resultados encontrados permitiram concluir que o padrão de utilização das fontes alimentares é basicamente o mesmo para as espécies de formigas utilizadas. Os carboidratos são consumidos após um período menor de jejum quando comparados aos lipídeos, ao passo que as dietas líquidas são ingeridas em maior quantidade que as sólidas. Além disso, o trajeto percorrido pelos alimentos contendo as substâncias hidrossolúveis no interior do sistema digestório das operárias compreende a cavidade infrabucal, papo e ventrículo. Por outro lado, os alimentos contendo as substâncias lipídicas passam pela cavidade infrabucal, glândulas pós-faríngeas e papo; mas nunca foram encontrados no ventrículo
Abstract: The capacity of ants to obtain food has direct impacts on reproduction and colony growth. The different forms to use food, the annexed glands and digestive tract organs are important factors to evaluate and understand the alimentary patterns of ants. These patterns allow us to identify the possible places where the digestion and absorption of food occurs. Then, the objective of present study were analyze the distribution and accumulation of different types of food inside the digestory system of workers of four ant species, belonging to three main families that occur in Brazilian urbanized areas. For this, dyes with specific solubility in water or lipids were incorporated in solid and liquid diets, being offered to the colonies. At regularly periods of time, after ingestion of diets, the workers were dissected and the localization of dyes registered and analyzed. Our results suggests that the pattern in food utilization is basically the same to all species tested. Carbohydrates were consumed after a minor period of starvation, when compared to lipids, and liquid diets were ingested in greater quantities than solid diets. Moreover, carbohydrates entered the infrabucal pocket, crop and midgut. In the other hand, diets containing lipids passed trough infrabucal cavity, post-pharyngeal glands and crop, but they don't reach the midgut
Mestre

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Júlio Cesar Pascale Palhares
Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter' production, the biogas' production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior
Banca: Regina Maria Quintão Lana
Banca: João Antonio Galbiatti
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biogás e a qualidade do biofertilizante, produzidos a partir da associação da cama de frango diluída no biofertilizante obtido com estrume de suíno em diferentes proporções. Esta dissertação está dividida em 3 capítulos: a primeira parte consiste na descrição e apresentação da problemática dos resíduos gerados, objetivo do estudo e descrição do experimento. No Capítulo 2 analisa-se ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia em sistemas contínuos abastecidos diariamente com dejetos de suínos, por aproximadamente 60 dias, em tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 30 dias com a finalidade de obtenção de biofertilizante, sendo que este foi armazenado em um tanque aberto, para que estivesse nas mesmas condições encontradas em lagoas, isto é, sujeito aos efeitos dos processos de evaporação e precipitação pluviométrica, sendo este armazenado por aproximadamente 60 dias, conclui-se que o sistema de biodigestão anaeróbia é eficaz para produção de biogás e biofertilizante. O Capitulo 3 consiste no abastecimento de biodigestores batelada, em que o biofertilizante obtido na primeira fase serviu como diluente para a cama de frango. Foram abastecidos doze biodigestores, com três diferentes tratamentos, a saber: cama de frango+biofertilizante+água CF+B+A, a cama de frango+biofertilizante CF+B e a cama+água CF+A, operados com aproximadamente 135 dias de retenção hidráulica. Caracterizaram-se os teores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), análise de macro e micro nutrientes, bem como produção de biogás. Observou-se que o CF+B, foi o que melhor apresentou resultados em relação à produção e composição de biogás e melhores resultados para macro e micronutrientes.No capitulo 4, estão apresentados os dados de adequação de plantéis da avicultura de corte e suinocultura, para a operação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the production of biogas and the quality of fertilizer, produced from the combination of litter of broiler in diluted fertilizer obtained from pig manure in different proportions. This thesis is divided into 3 sections: the first part is the description and presentation of the problem of waste generated, objective of the study and description of the experiment. In Chapter 2 analyzes the test of anaerobic digestion in continuous systems supplied daily with pig manure, for approximately 60 days with hydraulic retention time (TRH) of 30 days with the purpose of obtaining fertilizer. The fertilizer produced during the whole period was stored in a tank open to the same conditions that were found in ponds, do then subject to the effects of the processes of evaporation and rainfall, which is stored for approximately 60 days, it appears that the system of anaerobic digestion is effective for production of biogas and fertilizer, adding values to swine. Chapter 3 is the supply of digester batch, where the biofertilizante obtained in the first round served as diluent of chicken litter. Were supplied twelve digester, with three different treatments: treatment 1 (biofertilizante+ litter of broiler + water), treatment 2 ( biofertilizante + litter of broiler) and treatment 3 (litter of broiler + water), operated at approximately 160 days of TRH. Were characterized the levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), analysis of macro and micronutrients, and production of biogas. It was observed that treatment 2, was presented the best results for production and composition of biogas, further reductions of volatile solids, and better results for macro-and micronutrients. Chapter 4 were's present adequacy by stud pigs and fowl, for the operation group digester with waste this activity from the production biogas and fertilizer.
Mestre

Anaerobic sludge digesters of the squat cylindrical shape have inherent flaws which drive up maintenance costs, limits its ability to maintain optimum environmental conditions and is not shaped for efficient mixing. The egg-shaped sludge digester is an effective solution to these flaws. However, the analysis of these structures are complex and design guides are not readily available to designers of anaerobic sludge digesters. In previous studies, various shells of revolution were considered as egg-shaped sludge digester geometries. In terms of stress behaviour, these studies found the geometries to be suitable to act as egg-shaped sludge digesters. This thesis extends the list of geometries explored and considers the stress behaviour in an ellipsoid of revolution. First, only the membrane stress distributions were considered by varying a parameter e (the major axis radius over the minor axis radius) of the ellipsoidal shell. To conduct the study, closed form solutions for the meridional and hoop stresses were derived. The stress distributions of the varying ellipsoidal geometries were then compared and analysed. Additionally, the parametric study considered structural efficiency of the shell. Following this, in order to judge the effectiveness of the geometry, it was compared to findings of previous studies on different geometries. The study compared the geometries on the bases of volume, smoothness and maximum hoop stresses. It was found that the ellipsoidal geometry faired extremely well against the other geometries in the volume and maximum hoop stress criteria. Due to the limitations of the membrane theory of shells to predict bending stresses at supports and other discontinuities, a finite element study was conducted to achieve a complete shell stress distribution. Special attention was paid to bending at the support region where large meridional stress peaks occur as well as bending stresses seen at the apexes. Following this, various support conditions were tested to gather a full understanding of how this affects the total stress distribution in the shell. Finally based on findings of the study a design guide for egg-shaped digesters of ellipsoidal geometry was given.

Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever fases iniciais do ciclo de vida de Brycon amazonicus, analisando momentos da fertilização e do desenvolvimento inicial por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de luz (ML) e análise de variações morfométricas corporais. A temperatura média da água foi de 27,98 ± 0,81 ºC em laboratório, envolvendo período entre a extrusão dos gametas e 76 horas após a fertilização (PF), e de 30,30 ± 1,98 ºC em viveiro, onde as larvas foram estocadas de 76 h PF a 25 dias de idade. O diâmetro dos ovócitos na extrusão foi de 1,21 ± 0,06 mm, quando 87,7% deles tinham entre 1,11 e 1,30 mm. Até 180 min PF ocorreu aumento do espaço perivitelino e o diâmetro dos ovos chegou a 3,81 ± 0,40 mm. A penetração dos espermatozóides na micrópila e formação de cones de proteção ocorreram entre 10 e 30 segundos após a ativação dos gametas e a embriogênese foi concluída 13 h PF. No momento da eclosão as larvas possuiam 3,45 ± 0,38 mm de comprimento padrão, o volume do saco vitelino foi de 0,54± 0,17 μL e sua reabsorção total ocorreu 53 horas após a eclosão (PE). A maior eficiência de consumo de vitelo ocorreu entre 33 e 47 h PE. Com 25 h PE primórdios de dentes foram visualizados na boca conectada ao tubo retilíneo aberto com lume revestido por epitélio simples cilíndrico. Com 243 h PE o trato digestório estava dividido em cavidade bucofaríngea e esôfago revestidos por epitélio estratificado pavimentoso, estômago em forma de U com camada simples de células cilíndricas no lume e glândulas tubulares na região cárdica, e intestino médio com inúmeros cecos pilóricos na região proximal, dividido do intestino posterior por septo retal. O epitélio destes dois últimos segmentos era similar ao do estômago, diferenciando-se na quantidade e distribuição de células claras em seu interior... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present work aimed to describe the early phases of the life cycle of Brycon amazonicus. Methods included the analysis of fertilization and early development by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM) and the analysis of the variations in body morphometry. The period from gametes extrusion and 76 hours after fertilization (AF) was assessed in laboratory with a water temperature of 27.98 ± 0.81 ºC. From 76 hours AF to 25 days old the larval assessment was performed in fishery with a water temperature of 30.30 ± 1.98 ºC. The oocytes diameter at extrusion was 1.21 ± 0.06 mm, when 87.7% of them measured between 1.11.and 1.30 mm. Up to 180 min AF there was an enlargement of the perivitelline space and the oocytes diameter reached 3.81 ± 0.40 mm. The spermatozoa entrance inside micropyle and the formation of protection cones occurred between 10 to 30 seconds after gametes activation and embryogenesis was achieved 13 h AF. At hatching, total larval length was 3.45 ± 0.38 mm; the yolk sac volume was 0.54 ± 0.17 μL and its total reabsorption occurred 53 hours after hatching (AH). The greater consumption efficiency of yolk occurred between 33 to 47 h AH. At 25 h AH rudimentary teeth were observed in the mouth. Mouth was connected to the open linear tube with lumen covered by simple cylindrical epithelium. 243 h AH, digestory tract was divided in bucopharyngeal cavity and esophagus covered by squamous stratified epithelium; stomach had a U shape with a single layer of cylindrical cells at the lumen and tubular glands at cardiac region; midgut showed countless pyloric caeca at the anterior region, separated from hindgut by rectal septum. Midgut and hindgut had an epithelium similar to the stomach, except for the amount and distribution of clear vesicular cells inside it... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Orientadora: Laura Satiko Okada Nakaghi
Coorientador: Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga
Banca: Sergio Fonseca Zaiden
Banca: José Augusto Senhorini
Banca: Leandro Muller Gomiero
Banca: Maria Célia Portella
Doutor

Percolating packed bed digesters were operated successfully in a batch mode using a wheat straw - dairy manure substrate of between 21 and 27% total solids. The vessels used had a nominal 10 1 volume and were constructed of perspex. Temperatures of 25-35°C were used, recirculation rates of 0-15 litres.hr-1 (the digesters having a diameter of 0.18 metres thus corresponding to superficial flow rates of between O and 0.382 l/m2 /hr), solid : liquid ratios of 1:1 to 4:1 and bed heights of 0.26 to 2.05 metres. The optima found were a temperature of 35°C, recirculation rate of 3 litres.hr1-, a solid: liquid ratio of 2:1 and a bed height of 1.5 metres. Experiments were conducted for periods of up to 70 days, though operation beyond a 40 day period was found to produce little extra biogas. The performance compared favourably with other high solids waste digesters with gas yields of 0.305 m 3 /kg VS added and solids losses of 47% volatile solids and 64% cellulose being obtained over a 40 day period. No major problems of inhibition or blocking occurred. Linking of digesters in series via their recirculation systems was found to be advantageous. Gas yields were found to be increased by approximately 18% and solids losses increased by approximately 20% when the waste was treated in this semicontinuous manner. These increases were found to be a result of the rapid transfer of well-adapted bacteria to the fresh digester. Lag phase in the fresh digester was reduced by three days and potentially inhibitory levels of volatile fatty acids were not present. Concentrations of up to around 5000 ppm VFAs were found during the start-up of batch digesters causing some inhibition of gas production. During semi-continuous operation however concentrations of around 2000 ppm were developed when fresh digesters were linked in, no inhibition occurred and in fact this concentration proved stimulatory to gas production. Experimentation into the optimum retention time of a maximum of three digesters in series was conducted, with retention times of 90, 60 and 30 days being considered. A 30 day retention period was found to depress gas production due to unstable conditions when fresh digesters were added by up to 32% compared with Batch Operation. Gas production was increased at both 60 and 90 day retention times by amounts similar to those previously stated. A retention time of 60 days was found to be optimum as little extra gas was produced after this time, with volatile solids losses being increased by only 9.3% by operating for a further 30 days. Colonisation of the solid substrate was shown to be rapid, by the use of adenosine 51 triphosphate analysis, gas production rate and electron microscope analysis. In addition a dynamic bacterial population appeared to be present in the solid phase with the rates of growth and attachment being approximately equal to the rates of decay and detachment. When digesters were operating in their steady phase, methanogens were present in the liquor at concentrations of between 10 6 - 10 7 /ml and non-methanogens at between 10 7 - 108 /ml showing a large population of bacteria to be present for the inoculation of fresh digesters.

Pharmaceuticals are biologically active compounds that may be consumed in hundreds of tonnes per year, and which are excreted into municipal sewerage systems. Many pharmaceuticals persist during sewage treatment, and significant environmental risk has been linked to incomplete removal of pharmaceuticals. Evaluation of this risk is important and should be as representative as possible, taking into consideration all significant exposure routes and removal processes. Sludge treatment processes are of particular interest because they offer a final opportunity for the removal of persistent compounds before the disposal of treated biosolids. During environmental risk assessment, it is currently assumed that anaerobic sludge treatment results in insignificant removal of persistent and adsorptive compounds from sewage sludge. This project was undertaken to address whether this assumption is valid. This thesis describes research into the behaviour and fate of pharmaceuticals in anaerobic digester sludge, and examines how redox conditions influence removal efficiency. Nine commonly used pharmaceuticals (caffeine, cimetidine, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, metformin, naproxen, paroxetine, propranolol and salicylic acid) were selected for use based upon detection levels within sewage sludge and predicted anaerobic biodegradability. Initial experiments were conducted to identify toxicity to anaerobic microorganisms and anaerobic biodegradability. No toxicity to the microorganisms in anaerobic sludge was identified at ≤ 50 mg C L-1for any of the selected pharmaceuticals. The extent of removal in anaerobic sludge and the principal removal mechanism was found to vary between the selected pharmaceuticals. Metformin and salicylic acid were removed by 82 and 93% through mineralisation, respectively; naproxen was completely removed through primary biodegradation; fluoxetine, paroxetine and propranolol were removed by 92 and 96 and 55% due to adsorption, respectively. It was hypothesised that the removal of pharmaceuticals in anaerobic sludge through biodegradation and adsorption would be observed at varying rates under differing redox conditions. Test systems using headspace gas flushing and chemical amendment were evaluated for the control of redox conditions, with Eh measurements and DOC removal being used to indicate the stability of the system and its capacity for biodegradation. The addition of nitrate, sulfate and carbonate resulted in poised Eh values in the region of +200, -200 and -200 mV, respectively and 81, 78 and 74% removal of DOC, respectively. This methodology was subsequently used to evaluate the removal of naproxen, propranolol and fluoxetine under carbonate-, nitrate- and sulfate-amended conditions. Significant differences (p = 0.001) in the removal of naproxen through primary biodegradation were found to exist between different redox conditions. Naproxen was completely removed under control conditions, while 26, 98 and 61% removal was observed under nitrate- sulfate- and carbonate amended conditions, respectively. Some differences were observed in Kd values, however, redox amendment was found to have little influence upon the elimination of propranolol and fluoxetine through adsorption. It was identified from this work that pharmaceuticals within the aqueous phase degraded under anaerobic conditions as predicted, while pharmaceuticals associated with the biosolids were removed through adsorption and present a potential threat to the environment on the disposal of treated biosolids. This work supports the current industry assumption that anaerobic treatment of biosolids offers limited opportunity for the removal of adsorptive pharmaceuticals, and also found no evidence for their enhanced removal under redox-controlled conditions. While research described within this thesis increases knowledge of the behaviour of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions, data is presented for a limited range of test substances only, and further investigation into the behaviour of additional compound classes is recommended.

The sugar industry processes sugar cane and sugar beet to manufacture edible sugar. A high rate anaerobic system followed by an activated sludge process to 'polish' the effluent is presently the best available technology not entailing excessive costs for the treatment of wastewater from sugar processing factories. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor systems are the most commonly implemented, with the higher loaded expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) type systems gradually replacing at least some of the UASB applications. This higher loading carries with it a greater risk of process instability, especially given the irregular quantity and composition of sugar processing wastes. Control actions are required for process efficiency, preferably with appropriate control parameters monitored on-line. The need to balance economics (with regards to quantities of chemicals dosed) with the safety/stability of the process further exacerbates the need for close control. There are a limited number of control actions available e.g. bicarbonate alkalinity (BA) dosing, temporary diversion of load by feed rate variation, or dilution with final effluent. Monitoring of conventional anaerobic digester systems typically consists of a combination of intermittent manual sampling followed by off-line analysis coupled with qualitative observations. Hence a decline in reactor performance could go unnoticed for a significant period of time. A simple yet reliable control system could not only minimise labour, but could also react to any changes in reactor conditions as soon as they occurred, leading to more efficient process operation, higher quality treatment and ultimately greater economic gain. The industrially recognised 'bottleneck' in the quest for automatic control is the availability of reliable and cheap on-line analysers. In the work presented here a series of experiments have been carried out on a simulated sugar processing wastewater using an on-line BA monitor in conjunction with an adaptive control strategy developed in a parallel PhD project. The possibility of achieving successful automatic control of an EGSB reactor through its start up phase and also during steady state operation (including some degree of process optimisation) and a series of organic step-change experiments was investigated. Two different control actions to maintain a BA set-point in the reactor, organic loading rate (OLR) variation and BA dosing, were compared. Research was carried out on a 30 1 EGSB reactor rig operating at 37 °C, fitted with on-line sensors to measure temperature, gas production, carbon dioxide percentage and pH. All sensors were interfaced with a PC configured to scan the sensors at one minute intervals. Five attempts to automatically start-up the EGSB reactor were made (Experiments 1-5), using OLR variation as a control action at a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 23.3 hours, with various improvements and adjustments made to the reactor and control system after each. It was concluded that it was not possible to automatically control start-up to steady state using OLR as a control action using the BA monitor and controller in their present forms. Main reasons for this were the susceptibility of the laboratory-scale BA monitor to blockage by biomass washed out of the reactor (a common occurrence during the start-up phase) and the severity of loading rate oscillations. For Experiment 6 BA was dosed according to the relationship of the on-line BA monitor output to the BA setpoint, and OLR was changed approximately weekly according to operator expertise based on on- and off-line data and visual observations. HRT was maintained at 22 hours. A successful, sustainable startup was achieved, with mean % COD removal during the first 10 weeks being 78 % at a mean OLR of 9 kgCOD/m3 /day. After the successful start-up period, the reactor's HRT was approximately halved to 11.2 hours, and two OLR stepchange experiments (from 10.0 kgCOD/m 3/day to 28.1 kgCOD/m3 /day, and from 11.8 kgCOD/m3/day to 32.4 kgCOD/mVday) of twelve hour duration were carried out, followed by a removal of the control system and a similar organic step-change experiment (13.0 kgCOD/m 3/day to 32.9 kgCOD/m 3/day). It was found that approximately halving the HRT had no significant effect on the biomass or biomass activity. The HRT change did however adversely affect the smoothness of control, although control was not lost, as the on-line BA was always kept between 1500 and 2000 mgCaCO3/l. All parameters measured (pH, BA TVFA, effluent COD, carbon dioxide percentage, off-line methane percentage) indicated that conditions were less severe during and after organic step-changes when control was present. The controller also minimised the time spent at pH values potentially damaging to the bacteria (time spent at pH less than 6.0 in the two OLR step-change experiments where control was present (Experiments 6.3 and 6.4) was no greater than one hour, and in the experiment with no control (Experiment 6.5) was 8 hours) and returned the reactor to conditions conducive to efficient waste water treatment faster than when no control was present. Throughout all experiments controller oscillations remained severe. In this case, BA dosing as a control action was preferable, as the destructive effect of severe oscillations in the volume of BA dosed was considerably less than the effect of severe oscillations in the OLR, which repeatedly led to washout. Although it was possible to control the reactor subjected to OLR step-changes using the BA monitor based control system, control of the start-up phase was problematic. The BA monitor was not reliable or robust enough to provide the requisite data for use in the automatic control of the start-up of a high rate anaerobic digester. A thorough professional re-engineering of the B A monitor to deal with a greater sample flow rate, deliverable by a full-scale reactor (using wider bore tubing and larger flows, a more precise pumping system, and possibly with a suitable low maintenance sample filtration unit) could provide a suitably reliable and robust instrument.

Two pilot scale (1 and 2m3) inclined tubular digesters were designed and constructed adjacent to a large dairy unit. The digesters were instrumented to monitor automatically gas production, temperatures and the electrical energy used for heating. Operation of the digesters was reliable. Aspect ratio, angle of inclination, retention time and type of slurry could be varied independently, and the effect of these parameters on digester performance was investigated in five sets of operating conditions during a 20 month period. These parameters had the following values : Aspect ratio, 10 and 20 ; Retention time, 15 and 20 days ; Temperature 25 and 35 degrees Centigrade ; Feedstock, whole and mechanically separated slurry. Gas yields ranged from 0.282 - 0.318 m3/kg VS added with whole slurry at 35 C. The maximum gas yield was with a digester inclination of 20 to the horizontal, aspect ratio of 10, and retention time 20 days. For a digester inclination of 20°, gas yields ( m3/ kg vs added) from whole slurry were higher at an aspect ratio of 10 than 20 for both 25 and 35°c operating temperatures. At 10 inclination, gas yields were marginally lower at an aspect ratio of 10 for both whole and separated slurry. Stability of the digestion process was greatest at 20° inclination, this being attributed to the more uniform temperature distribution arising from mixing caused by the evolved biogas, and convection currents. Tracer studies which were designed to characterize the flow of feed components through the digester, showed actual retention times to be less than the nominal values at the times they were carried out. With separated slurry, the flow of soluble components was very similar to a completely mixed system. Energy production from the digesters was investigated, digester heating requirement exceeding gross energy production, primarily because of the large heat losses which occurred due to the experimental nature of the plant. It was predicted that this would be improved in farm scale versions. A technical and economic appraisal established that the design could be scaled up to farm scale ( >100m 3 ), but major problems would arise from the need to support a reactor of this size at the optimum inclination of 20°.This was shown in the capital construction cost estimates. Comparisons with the more common continuously stirred tank reactor were made.

This research is to determine the anaerobic digestion (AD) potential and green house gas mitigation of small and medium anaerobic digester systems in Bangladesh which could provide energy for the country's need. This was determined for two common feedstocks: cattle dung and poultry litter. A third potential feedstock is also investigated as a novel and significant new source: waste rice straw used in cattle markets. These three feedstocks were chosen because between them, they cover a large fraction of scenarios in the country where AD could be used. All of the data needed to determine the energy parameters of these three representative AD facility types were collected (i.e. biogas yield, biogas composition, life cycle data). Highest biogas yield of 0.099 m3/kg feedstock and methane percentage 74.4% were found from cattle market rice straw feedstock. The relative potential contributions to energy were then calculated. Where no reliable secondary data was available, primary data was obtained, through site visits and surveys. In order to determine the potential distribution of these representative AD facility types across the country, a survey of 125 smallholdings/farms in one district was carried out. This showed that 70% of the potential energy from AD would come from the cattle feedstock (87% of energy for the cattle feedstock would come from domestic plants). The poultry feedstock contributes 16% of the potential energy (63% of energy from poultry feedstock would come from medium sized plant) and the rice straw from the cattle markets is 14% (53% large and 47% very large). The energy capacity is presented in terms of the potential development of small, medium and large AD facilities. The total potential for biogas energy from cattle farms, poultry farms and cattle market rice straw in Bangladesh is 240 x106 MJ (240 TJ). This energy is equivalent to 66.7 x 106 kWh which can meet the cooking energy requirements of 30 million people in Bangladesh. This study also contains a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the result showed that the lifetime Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a 3.2 m3 cow dung fed AD plant is 130 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Biogas as cooking fuel can reduce the GWP by 109 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. It means the reduction of GWP of a domestic AD plant is of 84% to 21 tonnes CO2 equivalent.

This thesis reports on investigations that have contributed to an advancement in the applied and fundamental understanding on how the nature, related storage and processing of digested sewage sludge can influence polymer conditioning and dewatering. The work concentrated more specifically on evaluating the impact of thermal hydrolysis as a pre-treatment to anaerobic digestion (AD) of mainly secondary sewage sludges (Advanced AD, AAD plants) in comparison with conventional mesophilic AD (CMAD) on conditioning and dewatering of the digestate, as this knowledge seemed to be lacking for an AAD technology that is increasingly being implemented. An additional contribution to knowledge from this study relates to the evaluation of how polymer conditioning and dewatering of digested sludges could be monitored using rheometric measurements. It was concluded that digested sludge biofloc characteristics (size, shear viscosity and organic matter composition) affected the most the conditioning and dewatering results but these varied depending on the process conditions i.e. AAD versus CMAD and digestate handling conditions. The reduction in particle size and shear viscosity (η[0.1 s-1]) per g Total Solids as well as the increased solubilization of protein, organically bound nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand of the digestates which contributed to the increased conditioning requirements affected also the dewatering rate and the strength of the flocs produced after conditioning. The changes in the digested sludge biofloc characteristics were detected by rheometric measurements which were well correlated with changes in organic matter composition and polymer conditioning requirements (r of 0.9 and 0.8). It was proposed that the variations in η[0.1 s-1] and organic matter content such as soluble protein could be used to predict polymer dose requirements to achieve good filterability (R2 of 0.7; significance F and p < 0.05). Future work is however required in order to consolidate these findings by monitoring conditioning, dewatering and η[0.1 s-1] of the digestate at full scale.

碩士
靜宜大學
化粧品科學系
99
One competitive tyrosinase inhibitory peptide prepared from egg white hydrolysate (EWH) digested by papain was identified. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were pH 5.5, temperature 45℃, reaction time 4 hrs and the enzyme/substrate ratio 12:100. After separation by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography, fractions with tyrosinase inhibitory activity were collected. The collected fractions were further separated by RP-HPLC and 5 peaks were observed. The amino acid sequence of peak 3 peptide that showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity was identified by using LC-MS/MS. The M/Z ratio obtained from LC-MS/MS was 749.2, and its amino acid sequence was identified asHPNHVF with IC50 of 0.017mg/ml. In the future, the tyrosinase inhibitory peptide may be applied in food-process industry to control the browning reaction of food which filled with polyphenolics and/or cosmetic industry to be an additive in natural whitening cosmetics and care products.