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1
VanSomeren, L. L., P. S. Barboza, D. P. Thompson, and D. D. Gustine. "Monitoring digestibility of forages for herbivores: a new application for an old approach." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 3 (March 2015): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0207.
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Ruminant populations are often limited by how well individuals are able to acquire nutrients for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Nutrient supply to the animal is dictated by the concentration of nutrients in feeds and the efficiency of digesting those nutrients (i.e., digestibility). Many different methods have been used to measure digestibility of forages for wild herbivores, all of which rely on collecting rumen fluid from animals or incubation within animals. Animal-based methods can provide useful estimates, but the approach is limited by the expense of fistulated animals, wide variation in digestibility among animals, and contamination from endogenous and microbial sources that impairs the estimation of nutrient digestibility. We tested an in vitro method using a two-stage procedure using purified enzymes. The first stage, a 6 h acid–pepsin treatment, was followed by a combined 72 h amylase–cellulase or amylase–Viscozyme treatment. We then validated our estimates using in sacco and in vivo methods to digest samples of the same forages. In vitro estimates of dry matter (DM) digestibility were correlated with estimates of in sacco and in vivo DM digestibility (both P < 0.01). The in vitro procedure using Viscozyme (r2 = 0.77) was more precise than the in vitro procedure using cellulase (r2 = 0.59). Both procedures can be used to predict in sacco digestibility after correcting for the biases of each method. We used the in vitro method to measure digestibility of nitrogen (N; 0.07–0.95 g/g), which declined to zero as total N content declined below 0.03–0.06 g/g of DM. The in vitro method is well suited to monitoring forage quality over multiple years because it is reproducible, can be used with minimal investment by other laboratories without animal facilities, and can measure digestibility of individual nutrients such as N.
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Singh, B., and H. P. S. Makkar. "Observations on the changes in in sacco digestibility of urea ammoniated wheat straw during treatment." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 2 (April 1988): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081545.
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The treatment of straw using ammonia released by the hydrolysis of urea and subsequent improvements obtained in digestibility of straws have been reported (Jayasuriya & Pearce, 1983; Williams, Innes & Brewer, 1984). Benefits achieved by this method compare well with those obtained by sodium hydroxide (Verma, 1983). Urea is widely and cheaply available in many developing countries; this favours its use in improving nutritive values of low quality roughages. In addition, this method is relatively safe, uncomplicated and inexpensive compared with some other chemical treatments. Considerable attention has been paid to the treatment conditions for treating cereal straws with liquid or anhydrous ammonia which lead to the optimum effects (Waagepetersen & Vestergaard Thomsen, 1977; Solaiman, Horn & Owen, 1979; Borhami & Sundstøl, 1982), but equivalent studies on the ammoniation of crop residues through urea are limited (Cloete & Kritzinger, 1984; Singh & Negi, 1985). No report is available on the changes in in sacco dry-matter digestibility (DMD) of urea ammoniated straw during treatment at different temperatures. This paper describes our observations on the changes in in sacco DMD of urea ammoniated wheat straw at different treatment times and temperatures.
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Doležal, Petr, and Jiří Skládanka. "The effect of the stage of maturity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 1 (2008): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856010055.
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The influence of the stage of maturity of alfalfa on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility was studied in a laboratory experiment. Alfalfa plants were analysed in 8 vegetation stages harvested in regular intervals before the beginning of bud setting until the fall of blossoms. The contents of nitrogenous substances, fat, crude fibre, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, Na, K and Mg were determined in the samples, and using the in sacco method also the organic matter digestibility in the rumen. Further we assessed the energy content and calculated the N−free extractives (BNLV) value. In some stages the chemical changes were monitored in the whole plant. It was discovered that during vegetation there was a statistically significant increase in the crude fibre content and in the ADF and NDF fractions and a reduction in nitrogenous substances. A strong negative correlation was detected between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and content of crude protein and net energy for lactation (r = −0.97 and r = −0.92, respectively). In the individual stages of vegetation the differences in the content of nitrogenous substances, fibre and fat were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The statistically highest content of crude protein (28.97%) was detected in the first stage before bud setting and the lowest (11.97%) in the stage after the fall of blossoms. Later vegetation also had a stronger depressive effect on the content of fat and NEL. The organic matter digestibility (P < 0.05) was the lowest in alfalfa in the last stage of sampling (62.6%) when it reached a mere 85.99% of the digestibility at the beginning of bud setting. The highest organic matter digestibility (72.80%) was detected in a sample of young alfalfa prior to bud setting. In the experiment we confirmed a strong and negative correlation (r = −0.97) between the crude fibre content and organic matter digestibility. The correlation was also strong between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and the content of magnesium (Mg).
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Andrés, S., F. J. Giráldez, J. S. González, R. Peláez, N. Prieto, and A. Calleja. "Prediction of aspects of neutral detergent fibre digestion of forages by chemical composition and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 2 (2005): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04164.
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Sixty-two herbage samples, harvested in natural meadows located in the mountains of León (north-west Spain), and characterised by a diverse botanical composition and different stages of maturity of the plants, were used to evaluate the ability of chemical composition and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction. In vitro digestibility was performed as described by the Goering and Van Soest procedure. Three dry Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with a rumen cannula were used to incubate the herbage samples. A Bran+Luebbe InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer was used to obtain the NIR spectra corresponding to the 62 original herbage samples. Prediction equations for the estimation of in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability parameters of the NDF fraction were generated using NIR spectra or chemical data as independent variables. The results showed that the in vitro digestibility and kinetic parameters of degradation of the NDF fraction could not be predicted accurately, probably as a consequence of the errors corresponding to the reference methods. In contrast, these errors did not greatly affect the extent of disappearance of the NDF fraction at later times, so the accuracy of prediction of these parameters was higher, especially when NIR spectra were used as independent variables. This is probably due to the close relationship that the parameters showed with the chemical data, since this kind of information, together with some physical characteristics of the samples, is included in the NIR spectra.
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Hvelplund, T., and M. R. Weisbjerg. "In vitro techniques to replace in vivo methods for estimating amino acid supply." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032419.
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Abstract Expressing the protein value of a food involves measurements of several of its characteristics. Many in vivo studies have shown, that the protein degradability in the rumen varies substantially both between and within foods and therefore estimation of protein degradability in the rumen is an important task in protein evaluation. The most common method used has been the in situ (in sacco, nylon bag) method but many in vitro methods have been introduced and are based on use of either buffer solubility, chemical methods, rumen fluid or enzymes. None of these in vitro methods has proven to be of general use. In further development of in vitro methods as well as the in situ method a major problem is lack of a set of samples with a ‘true’ in vivo degradability which can be used for calibration of alternative methods. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen has to be related to food characteristics which can be analysed easily. In vitro methods which can predict organic matter digestibility in foods are available and can be used to predict microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Intestinal digestibility of undegraded dietary protein varies substantially both between and within foods and easy methods to estimate intestinal digestibility are therefore essential. The mobile bag method is easy to use and seems to give reliable results on most foods but requires access to duodenal cannulated animals which prevents this method from being routine. Alternative in vitro methods have been developed but further research is required for validation of these methods on a wide range of foods before they can be accepted for general use.
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Majer, Vladimír, and Pavel Veselý. "An assessment of differences in the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein in brewer’s grains and maize draff." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 1 (2012): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260010097.
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The submitted thesis aims to assess the differences between the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein contained in brewer’s grains (BG) and maize draff (AMG). The effectiveness of ruminal degradability was tested using the “in sacco” method on 3 dry Holstain cows fitted with rumen cannulas. The dynamics of ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) was detected after 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours of samples incubation in the rumen. The intestinal digestibility of crude protein undegradable in the rumen was determined using the “mobile bag” method on 3 dry Holstain cows fitted with duodenal cannulas. The crude protein degradability of BG was detected in the above-mentioned hours (%): 4.06; 18.16; 32.40; 38.56, and 50.70; crude protein degradability of AMG: 42.04; 63.56; 84.47; 85.16, and 87.19. The effectiveness of rumen degradability of BG crude protein at the rate of passage of rumen content 6 % per hour was calculated at 35.33 % and that of AMG, at 76.29 %. Intestinal digestibility of BG crude protein and dry matter at the rate of passage of intestinal content 6 % per hour was calculated at 79.41 % and 22.84 %, respectively, and that of AMG, at 57.01 % and 11.33 %, respectively. The differences between the indicators of both feedstuffs were significant (P < 0.05). The results show that BG are mostly a source of crude protein with higher intestinal digestibility than AMG.
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Rajtar, Patrycja, Paweł Górka, Tomasz Schwarz, and Piotr Micek. "Effect of Hybrid Rye and Maize Grain Processing on Ruminal and Postruminal Digestibility Parameters." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1065–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0025.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of the method of fragmentation of hybrid rye and maize grain on digestibility parameters for ruminants. Varying degrees of fragmentation – none (whole grains; WG), crushed (CG) or ground to pass through a 4.0 (GG4.0) or 1.5 mm (GG1.5) screen – were estimated by the in sacco nylon bag technique, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and the in vitro gas production (GP) technique. WG, CG, GG4.0 and GG1.5 were categorized as none, slight, moderate and extensive fragmentation of the grain kernel, respectively. Three non-lactating cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to determine the effective rumen degradability (ERD) and intestinal and total tract digestibility (ID and TTD, respectively) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch. IVTD was determined with an ANKOM DaisyII Incubator, and GP and in vitro organic matter digestibility were determined with an ANKOMRF Gas Production System. Dry matter, CP and starch of hybrid rye grain were rapidly degraded in the rumen, and this degradability as well as ID and TTD was only marginally affected by the method of kernel fragmentation; however, among the methods used, the ERD of GG4.0 rye was the lowest. On the other hand, the greater the degree of kernel fragmentation, the higher ERD, ID and TTD were obtained for the DM, CP and starch of maize grain. In summary, rye grain is more susceptible to fermentation in the rumen than maize grain, but the means of grain processing may alter the rate, extent and site of their digestion, particularly for maize grain.
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Fazaeli, H., A. Azizi, Z. A. M. Jelan, and S. A. Mirhadi. "Effect of fungal treatment on the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of wheat straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013259.
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Fungal treatment has been recently considered as a promising method for improving the nutritive value of straw (Zadrazil et al., 1997). Several studies have been conducted to identify species of white-rot fungi for assessing their ability to improve the nutritive value of straw (Yamakamwa et al., 1992). Since there are many species of fungi in nature, there is an interest in characterising of some species. The objectives of this experiment were to study the effect of five Pleurotus fungi on the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability of wheat straw and evaluate their effect in upgrading the nutritive value of lignicellulosic materials.
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Rimbawanto, Efka Aris, S. N. O. Suwandyastuti, and Sri Rahayu. "Biotransformasi Limbah Ikan Menjadi Bahan Pakan untuk Ruminansia." Jurnal Agripet 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i1.287.
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Biotransformation of fish waste as feed matter for ruminantABSTRACT. Fish waste (head, viscera and tails) which ensilage with saccharomyces sp and lactobacillus sp, had a high quality and protein content of about 53,18 ± 0,83% and a good aroma. An experiment have been conducted by experimental method with in sacco trial and in vivo trial. The treatment tested were 4 kind of protein source : (1) fish waste silages mixed with tapioca ; (2) fish waste silages mixed with rice bran ; (3) soy bean kernels and (4) fish meal. The in sacco trial was carried out on 3 fistulated cows, to study the rate of protein degradability in the rumen. The in vivo trial was carried out by Completely Randomized Design on 16 heads of fat tail rams. The variable measured were: rumen fermentation product (VFA and N-NH3); energy and protein digestibility; daily body weight gain of the rams. The experiment showed, that the source of protein use have no significantly effect upon VFA both on the VFA total and individual VFA (acetate, propionate and butyrate). The highest propionate reach by soya bean kernels (P 0.01). Based on the all variables measured, it was indicated the silage of fish waste can be used to substituted of soya bean kernels or fish meal in the ration of sheep.
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Nsahlai, I. V., and N. N. Umunna. "Comparison between reconstituted sheep faeces and rumen fluid inocula and between in vitro and in sacco digestibility methods as predictors of intake and in vivo digestibility." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 2 (March 1996): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600073196.
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SUMMARYThis study (conducted in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia in 1993) examined (i) the effect of source of inoculum on in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (1VDMD) and gas production (GP) and (ii) the IVDMD, GP and in sacco degradability as predictors of in vivo DM digestibility (DMD) and intake. Six ruminally cannulated male sheep (used in the degradability studies and from which rumen fluid was harvested for the in vitro studies) and six intact sheep (from which faeces for reconstitution was obtained) were given teff straw ad libitum supplemented with 200 g/day of concentrate (1:1 mixture of noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cake and wheat middlings). In determining IVDMD on 26 feeds, pepsin-HC1 digestion was replaced with neutral detergent extraction. Microbial GP was measured on these feeds incubated with rumen fluid or reconstituted faeces inocula at various time periods. The degradability of each feed was determined by the nylon bag technique in three sheep. Eighty-eight intact male Ethiopian Menz type sheep (mean liveweight 256 (S.D. = 1·98) kg) were used in a randomized complete block experiment to determine intake and digestibility.Gas production using faeces inoculum (GP-F) was strongly related to GP using rumen fluid inoculum (GP-R) particularly at 48 h (R2 = 0·85; P <0·001) of incubation. The IVDMD obtained with reconstituted sheep faeces inoculum (IVDMD-F) had a strong positive relationship (R2 = 0·88; P <0·0001) with IVDMD measured using rumen fluid (IVDMD-R). The IVDMD values obtained by centrifugation were positively related to those obtained by filtration for the rumen fluid (R2 = 0·61) and reconstituted faeces (R2 = 0·47) inocula.The relationship between degradability and in vivo DMD was generally poor for roughages but improved with the length of incubation for forage legumes, being strongest at 24 h (R2 = 0·54). The in vivo DMD had the strongest relationship with GP-R at 24 h of incubation for roughages (R2 = 0·64) and legumes (R2 = 0·84). Dry matter degradability was poorly related to DM intake for roughages (R2 <0·10), while these were closely related for legumes particularly at 6 h of incubation (R2 = 0·55). The relationship between GP-R and intake was strongest at 12 h of incubation for roughages (R2 = 0·41) but was generally weak for legumes. The IVDMD accounted for a very low proportion of the variation in intake of roughages and legume forages. The gas production method was the best among the methods tested in predicting voluntary roughage intake, but not the intake of legumes. The nylon bag technique gave the best predictors (solubility, rate constant ‘c’ and Lag phase) of legume intake (R2 = 0·98).The discussion suggests explanations for why the nylon bag technique predicted performance from forage legumes better than from roughages, why the technique was much better as a predictor of intake than of in vivo DMD, and why the gas production technique predicted in vivo DMD and not the intake of legumes. Reconstituted faeces inoculum may replace rumen fluid inoculum in in vitro procedures. The IVDMD method is a less accurate predictor of in vivo DMD than GP and rumen degradability constants. Both feed factors and practices inherent in the methodologies may modify the predictiveness of indirect digestibility methods.
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Fariani, Armina, Gatot Muslim, Anggriawan N. T. Pratama, and Lili Warly. "Evaluation of the Digestibility of Various Types of Swamp Grass in South Sumatra on Pampangan Local Buffalo using the in Sacco Method." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2021.152.160.
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Homolka, P., J. Harazim, and J. Třináctý. "Nitrogen degradability and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein in rapeseed, rapeseed meal and extracted rapeseed meal." Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, No. 11 (January 7, 2008): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2320-cjas.
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In this study, nutritive values of rapeseed (R), rapeseed meal-expeller A (RM-A), rapeseed meal-expeller B (RM-B) and extracted rapeseed meal (ERM) were compared. The trials were performed using the <i>in sacco</i> method with three steers of the Czech Fleckvieh breed, which were fitted with a permanent ruminal cannula. Nylon bags with samples were incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. The effective degradability (ED) of crude protein (CP) was calculated at 0.08, 0.06 and 0.04 1/h of rumen particulate outflow rates (<i>k</i>), and the obtained ED values were 65.4, 70.8 and 77.4% for R, 86.7, 88.1 and 89.7% for RM-A, 82.2, 84.4 and 87.0% for RM-B and 56.3, 62.1 and 69.6% for ERM, respectively. The ED values significantly differed between feeds (<i>P</i> < 0.05) for all rumen particulate outflow rates. Disappearances of amino acids (AA) after 16 hours of incubation in the rumen of R, RM-A, RM-B and ERM were determined. In all cases, the concentrations of AA in the feeds determined after incubation in rumen were lower than in the original feeds. A mobile bag technique was used to determine intestinal digestibility. In the experiment, three dry cows fitted with permanent large ruminal cannula and the T-piece cannula in the proximal duodenum were used. The intestinal digestibilities of rumen undegraded CP (DSI) were estimated 30.0% in R, 15.4% in RM-A, 27.6% in RM-B and 65.3% in ERM. The DSI values significantly differ between the feeds (<i>P</i> < 0.05), except for the difference between R and RM-B.
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Mohammadi, Ghodrat, Mostafa Malecky, and Jamal Seifdavati. "Determining the nutritive value of some commercial pulse screenings using in sacco and in vitro methods." Animal Production Science 60, no. 3 (2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17576.
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The present study aimed at determining in sacco and in vitro the nutritive value of lentil screenings (LS), common vetch screenings (CVS) and bitter vetch screenings (BVS). For this purpose, three experiments (Exp.) were conducted. Ruminal degradation characteristics of the screenings were determined in Exp. 1 by the nylon bag technique using three ruminally fistulated rams. Gas production kinetics, and ruminal degradability and fermentation indices of the screenings were determined using 144 and 24-h incubations, respectively in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, a basal growing ration for lambs (control) was supplemented by 175 or 350 g/kg of either LS, CVS or BVS (LS175, LS350, CVS175, CVS350, BVS175 and BVS350 respectively), and ruminal degradability and fermentation of the rations were evaluated in vitro. Soluble and potentially degradable fractions of protein were 0.321 and 0.719, 0.362 and 0.688, and 0.333 and 0.707, for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. Metabolisable energy was 11.1, 11.6 and 12.1 MJ/kg DM for LS, BVS and CVS respectively. The screenings had comparable gas production profiles, ruminal digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentration. However, CVS and BVS had a higher propionate and a lower acetate:propionate ratio than LS (P < 0.05). Including BVS and LS in the mixed ration increased total volatile fatty acid at both inclusion levels, but only BVS enhanced propionate proportion and lowered the acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.05). These results revealed that these screenings have a good nutritional value and can be used in ruminant diets without adversely affecting the rumen fermentation.
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Grenet, E., and P. Barry. "In vivo and in sacco digestibility and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls of soyabean and rape integuments and of dehydrated beet pulp in sheep, observed by scanning electron microscopy." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 3 (December 1990): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075882.
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SUMMARYThe in vivo digestibility of soyabean integuments, rape integuments and dehydrated beet pulp was determined in sheep in the Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, in 1985. Organic matter digestibility was 83·5, 59·6 and 85·0%, respectively, for the three feeds. The nylon bag method was used to determine the disappearance of dry matter (DM) in the rumen. After 72 h, 89 and 96% DM had disappeared for soyabean integuments and beet pulp, respectively, but only 61% for rape integuments. The DM disappearance rate was slowest (P < 0·05) for soyabean integuments. Microscopic examination showed that the different layers of the soyabean integument could be ranked in increasing order of resistance to microbial degradation as follows: parenchyma, aleurone layer, column cell layer, palisade layer and epidermis. The hilum area was the most resistant and the only one lignified. The cell layers of the rape integument could be ranked in increasing order of resistance as follows: epidermis, aleurone layer and palisade layer. The last was highly lignified and not degradable. Degradation of beet pulp was fast, occurring first in the parenchyma. The vessels resisted degradation but were only a small part of the feed. This study shows why beet pulp has a low fill value and allows high intake. The soyabean integument is very digestible and is degraded slowly, whereas almost half of the rape integument is made up of a cell layer that is not degradable.
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Wanapat, M., F. Sundstøl, and J. M. R. Hall. "A comparison of alkali treatment methods used to improve the nutritive value of straw. II. In sacco and in vitro degradation relative to in vivo digestibility." Animal Feed Science and Technology 14, no. 3-4 (May 1986): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(86)90094-5.
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Moran, J. B. "Cereal grains in complete diets for dairy cows: a comparison of rolled barley, wheat and oats and of three methods of processing oats." Animal Science 43, no. 1 (August 1986): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018316.
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ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which dairy cows in early lactation were individually offered ad libitum complete diets containing firstly rolled barley, wheat or oats comprising proportionately 0·6 of the total dry matter (DM) and seeondly, whole oats, rolled oats or whole oats soaked in sodium hydroxide comprising proportionately 0·5 of the total DM. Organic-matter (OM) digestibility was measured using chromium III oxide as an external faecal marker and production of milk, milk fat and milk protein were monitored. Rumen digestion rates of each grain type were measured in sacco using non-lactating cows.In the first experiment, voluntary DM intakes did not differ between diets, OM digestibilities were, in decreasing order, wheat > barley > oats, and faecal starch concentrations were, in decreasing order, barley > wheat > oats. Cows given oats produced the most milk and milk fat while cows given wheat produced the most milk protein. Digested OM was used most efficiently by cows given oats and their greater productivity was attributed partly to higher levels of dietary fibre and lipid.In the second experiment, cows fed alkali-treated oats had higher (though non-significant) DM intakes and produced the most milk, milk fat and milk protein. Excretion rates of whole grain from cows given treated or untreated whole oats did not differ, but grain weight loss in transit through the gut was higher with the alkali-treated grain. Food intakes and yields of milk and milk solids were similar in cows given either whole untreated or coarsely rolled oats.
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Næsje, E., and R. B. Jensen. "139 In sacco and in vivo digestibility of silages in horses." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 100 (May 2021): 103602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103602.
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Hadi, Rendi Fathoni, Kustantinah Kustantinah, and Hari Hartadi. "Penggunaan Teknik In Sacco Mobile Sebagai Estimasi Kecernaan Nutrien Hijauan Pakan Ternak di dalam Intestinum." Sains Peternakan 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.14.2.12-21.
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<p>This study aims to explore the potential of forage optimally, the degradation rate of forage nutrients are usually given by the farmers at the time in the intestine of a variety of forage fodder. This study used four kinds of forage feed material: Gliricidia leaves (G), Manilkara leaves (S), Ficus leaves (B) and Cocoa leaves (C). This study was observed in intestinal digestibility. The data taken is nutrient digestibility of rumen and intestinal residues include DM, OM and CP. Samples were incubated in the intestine of cattle that canulation intestine with different time intervals, time/point of incubation: 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Samples were incubated in livestock that fistulation intestinal samples of rumen residue. The results showed that the digestibility of nutrients DM, OM and CP respectively forage percentage amount of intestinal digestibility value of feedstuffs in the rumen incubation time of 2-48 hours progressively decreased the percentage of nutrient digestibility. The conclusion of the study when it is time to stay forage in the rumen longer then the more nutrients are degraded by rumen microbes that escapes rumen degradation will be more and more and can be digested in the intestine will be less.</p><p><br /> Keywords: in sacco mobile, forage, intestine</p>
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Hadi, Rendi Fathoni, Kustantinah Kustantinah, and Hari Hartadi. "Penggunaan Teknik In Sacco Mobile Sebagai Estimasi Kecernaan Nutrien Hijauan Pakan Ternak di dalam Intestinum." Sains Peternakan 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sainspet.v14i2.4328.
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<p>This study aims to explore the potential of forage optimally, the degradation rate of forage nutrients are usually given by the farmers at the time in the intestine of a variety of forage fodder. This study used four kinds of forage feed material: Gliricidia leaves (G), Manilkara leaves (S), Ficus leaves (B) and Cocoa leaves (C). This study was observed in intestinal digestibility. The data taken is nutrient digestibility of rumen and intestinal residues include DM, OM and CP. Samples were incubated in the intestine of cattle that canulation intestine with different time intervals, time/point of incubation: 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Samples were incubated in livestock that fistulation intestinal samples of rumen residue. The results showed that the digestibility of nutrients DM, OM and CP respectively forage percentage amount of intestinal digestibility value of feedstuffs in the rumen incubation time of 2-48 hours progressively decreased the percentage of nutrient digestibility. The conclusion of the study when it is time to stay forage in the rumen longer then the more nutrients are degraded by rumen microbes that escapes rumen degradation will be more and more and can be digested in the intestine will be less.</p><p><br /> Keywords: in sacco mobile, forage, intestine</p>
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Dung, D. D., I. R. Godwin, and J. V. Nolan. "Nutrient Content and in sacco Digestibility of Barley Grain and Sprouted Barley." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9, no. 19 (December 1, 2010): 2485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2485.2492.
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Nicholson, J. W. G., R. E. McQueen, J. G. Allen, and R. S. Bush. "Composition, digestibility and rumen degradability of crab meal." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-012.
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The nutritive value of dried shellfish waste (referred to as crab meal) produced in New Brunswick in the mid-1980s was evaluated by physical, chemical and biological assays. Typically the crab meal was high in ash content (about 50%), consisting mainly of calcium carbonate and contained about 20% chitin, 25% crude protein (CP) and less than 2% lipid material. The meal could be separated by screening into a coarse fraction high in ash and chitin and a fine fraction lower in ash and higher in CP. Although the reactivity rate of crab meal ash was not as high as that of similar sized limestone particles (42 vs. 30.4 min for particles that passed a 500-μm screen but were retained on a 300-μm screen), it was high enough to suggest crab meal could be a useful rumen buffer. The CP of crab meal was highly resistant to degradation in the rumen in sacco. Less than 18% of the crab meal CP disappeared from bags suspended in the rumen for 24 h, compared with more than 87% for soybean meal and full-fat canola seed. The digestibility of crab meal dry matter by sheep was only 34.3 ± 3.7%, but the CP digestibility was 69.6 ± 4.1%. The chemical and physical attributes assayed and the results of the in sacco and sheep digestibility trials all suggest that crab meal should be a useful supplement for diets low in digestible undergraded protein. However its inclusion in a supplement for beef calves fed legume silage resulted in lower feed consumption and rate of gain (P < 0.01). Feeding soybean meal or full-fat canola resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.01) in feed efficiency, compared with calves fed the control and crab meal supplements. It was concluded that crab meal produced in New Brunswick would be a useful supplement for beef cattle if problems of palatability could be overcome. Key words: Crab meal, rumen degradability, digestibility, protein, palatability
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Chaudhry, Abdul Shakoor, and Ruba A. I. Mohamed. "Using fistulated sheep to compare in sacco and in vitro rumen degradation of selected feeds." Animal Production Science 51, no. 11 (2011): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10273.
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Despite its beneficial role in almost all feed evaluation systems, the in sacco method is inconsistent and labour intensive in estimating the degradation of ruminant feeds. This study compared a rumen fluid-based in vitro method with the in sacco method to estimate degradation of 12 feeds comprising six concentrates and six grasses representing three fields during two seasons of winter and spring. Three feed groups (n = 4) were formed by using two grasses (one per season) and two concentrates. These feeds were incubated alongside blanks, in duplicate, for various hours either in sacco in three fistulated sheep or in vitro by using rumen fluid from the same sheep over three periods using two separate 3 × 3 Latin square designs. The in sacco and in vitro data were statistically compared for the effects of sheep, feed group and period on degradation at each incubation time within each method. The degradation data were fitted exponentially to derive water soluble (a), insoluble (b) and degradation rate (c) constants to estimate effective degradability at rumen outflow rate of 0.02 (P0.02) for each feed in each method. These values were statistically compared for variations within and between feed types for each method. The sheep, group and period did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) for feed degradation at most incubation times within any of these two methods. The in vitro method was able to mimic the in sacco degradation of feeds, although the absolute in vitro values were always lower than the in sacco values. The higher in sacco degradation for almost all feeds were partly attributed to the much greater losses of these feeds during their washing with water at 0 h. The in vitro method did identify significant differences (P < 0.05) in dry matter or crude protein degradations between and within different concentrates and grasses in parallel to the in sacco method. The ranking of feeds was comparable for these methods. The in vitro method can be used in parallel to the in sacco method to estimate degradation of various feeds. However, there is a need for coordinated studies to improve the prediction ability of the in vitro method for its adoption to routinely estimate the degradation of ruminant feeds.
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Fiems, L. O., B. G. Cottyn, Ch V. Boucque, J. M. Vanacker, and F. X. Buysse. "Effect of grain processing on in sacco digestibility and degradability in the rumen." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 40, no. 8 (August 1990): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450399009428420.
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Rakhmani, S., J. D. Brooker, G. P. Jones, and B. Palmer. "Composition of condensed tannins from Calliandra calothyrsus and correlation with in sacco digestibility." Animal Feed Science and Technology 121, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.010.
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Chaudhry, A. S., R. T. Cowan, B. C. Granzin, and A. V. Klieve. "The nutritive value of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) when treated with CaO, NaOH or a microbial inoculant and offered to dairy heifers as big-bale silage." Animal Science 73, no. 2 (October 2001): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058318.
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AbstractA series of laboratory and animal studies examined the use of chemical and biological agents to enhance the digestibility of Rhodes grass (grass) cut at 60 (young) and 100 (mature) days of regrowth and ensiled as big round bales. The treatments included an untreated control (C), a microbial inoculant (I), NaOH, CaO and NaOH plus inoculant (NaOH + I). Inoculant was grown anaerobically, using a starter culture of rumen fluid from cattle given Rhodes grass. Treatments C, I, NaOH, NaOH + I, were offered separately to twelve dairy heifers, in a 3 ✕ 4 randomized complete block design, repeated twice for each grass silage. C and I had substantial mould growth, compared with no visible mould in NaOH or NaOH + I. CaO treatment was effective in preventing mould growth, but had little effect on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility of mature grass silage. NaOH reduced NDF content and increased in sacco digestibility (P < 0·05) but not the in vivo digestibility (P > 0·05) of both mature- and young-grass silage. The effects of other treatments on nutritive value were non-significant at both stages of maturity. NaOH increased the intake of mature-grass silage by 24-26% (P < 0·05), but had little effect on the intake of young-grass silage (P > 0·05). Treatment I consistently reduced grass silage intake (P < 0·05) for young-grass silage. The findings of these studies show that treating mature Rhodes grass with NaOH will improve its nutritive value and reduce mould growth in conserved herbage. However none of the treatments in this study had any consistently positive effects on the in vivo nutritive value or storage quality of young-grass silage.
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CROY, D. S., and L. M. RODE. "NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PULP MILL FIBER WASTE FOR RUMINANTS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-052.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of pulp fiber waste (PFW) from British Columbia pulp mills. In the first experiment, PFW from 10 mills was analyzed for chemical constituents and in sacco digestion in the rumen of steers. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and lignin contents ranged from 15.6 to 35.2%, 42.5 to 96.3% and 2.2 to 50.7%, respectively. Nitrogen content was low (< 0.1% N) in all samples. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content accounted for virtually all non-ash DM. Several PFW samples contained levels of Ca, Na, Al, Cd and Pb sufficiently high to be of concern if fed to ruminants. Five of the 10 samples of PFW surveyed contained mineral levels in a range suitable for feeding to ruminants and were observed to have 24-h in sacco digestibilities of >50%. These criteria were used to determine if a particular sample of PFW was suitable as a substitute for forage. In the second experiment, steers were fed red clover-timothy silage substituted with 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48% PFW from one of the mills. Digestibility of DM, OM, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and NDF in the diets increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of PFW in the diet. Digestibilities estimated by regression analysis for PFW were 79.7, 84.0, and 95.7% for DM, OM, and NDF, respectively. Voluntary intake of DM decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing PFW in the diet but intake of digestible DM declined only at the highest level of PFW in the diet. These results indicate that PFW from certain pulp mills can be used successfully as forage substitutes for ruminants. Keys words: Cattle, cellulosic waste, wood, digestibility, in sacco
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Myung, K. H., and J. J. Kennelly. "Effect of Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Rice Straw on in Sacco Ruminal Digestibility." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1989.311.
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Myung, K. H., and J. J. Kennelly. "Effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of rice straw on in Sacco ruminal digestibility." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1990.1.
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CHIQUETTE, J., K. J. CHENG, J. W. COSTERTON, and L. P. MILLIGAN. "EFFECT OF TANNINS ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF TWO ISOSYNTHETIC STRAINS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus L.) USING IN VITRO AND IN SACCO TECHNIQUES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-084.
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Two new isosynthetic strains of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), containing low or high concentrations of tannin, were tested using in vitro and in sacco digestibility techniques. The high tannin (HT) strain contained an average of five times more tannin on a dry matter basis, than the low tannin (LT) strain. After 24-h in vitro digestion, by a rumen inoculum, there was less (P < 0.01) dry matter disappearance (45.7 vs. 54.4%) from the HT strain. Also, the development of gas pressure was lower (P < 0.01) and production of volatile fatty acids less (P < 0.05) with the HT strain than with the LT strain. Average dry matter loss from four replicated nylon bags was also lower (P < 0.01) for the HT strain than for the LT strain after 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation in rumen. These data indicate that a LT strain of birdsfoot trefoil might improve the forage digestibility. Key words: Birdsfoot trefoil, tannin, digestibility
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Cross, Keith P., and Mark X. Cicero. "Independent Application of the Sacco Disaster Triage Method to Pediatric Trauma Patients." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 4 (July 5, 2012): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12000866.
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AbstractIntroductionThough many mass-casualty triage methods have been proposed, few have been validated in an evidence-based manner. The Sacco Triage Method (STM) has been shown to accurately stratify adult victims of blunt and penetrating trauma into groups of increasing mortality risk. However, it has not been validated for pediatric trauma victims.PurposeEvaluate the STM's performance in pediatric trauma victims.MethodsRecords from the United States’ National Trauma Data Base, a registry of trauma victims developed by the American College of Surgeons, were extracted for the 2007-2009 reporting years. Patients ≤18 years of age transported from a trauma scene with complete initial scene data were included in the analysis. Sacco triage scores were assigned to each registry patient, and receiver-operator curves were developed for predicting mortality, along with several secondary outcomes. Area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) was the main outcome statistic. Sensitivity analysis was performed using a Sacco score without age adjustment, using blunt versus penetrating trauma, and using patients <12 years of age.ResultsThere were 210,175 pediatric records, of which 90,037 had complete data for analysis. The STM with age adjustment predicted pediatric trauma mortality with an AUC of 0.933 (95% CI: 0.925-0.940). Without the age adjustment term, it predicted mortality with an AUC of 0.924 (95% CI: 0.916-0.933). The STM with age adjustment predicted blunt trauma mortality in 72,467 patients with an AUC of 0.938 (95% CI: 0.929-0.947) and penetrating trauma mortality in 10,099 patients with an AUC of 0.927 (95% CI: 0.911-0.943). These findings did not change significantly when analysis was limited to patients <12 years of age. The Sacco Triage Method was also predictive of some secondary outcomes, such as major injury and death on arrival to the emergency department.ConclusionThe Sacco Triage Method, with or without its age adjustment term, was a highly accurate predictor of mortality in pediatric trauma patients in this registry database. This triage method appears to be a valid strategy for the prioritization of injured children.Cross KP, Cicero MX. Independent application of the Sacco Disaster Triage Method to pediatric trauma patients. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-6.
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Hadi, Rendi Fathoni, Kustantinah (Kustantinah), and Hari Hartadi. "KECERNAAN IN SACCO HIJAUAN LEGUMINOSA DAN HIJAUAN NON- LEGUMINOSA DALAM RUMEN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE." Buletin Peternakan 35, no. 2 (June 27, 2012): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v35i2.594.
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<p>This study was aimed to explore the optimum potential of forage and the degradation rate the rumen of nutrient of forage (legume and non legume) derived different forage fodder used farmers. Seven forages i.e. Gliricidia (GL),<br />Manilkara (SW), Sesbania (TP), Ficus (BR), Calothyrsus (KL), Jackfruit (NG), and Cacao leaves (CO), were used in this experiment. Samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated cattle with different time intervals, namely 2, 4, 8,<br />12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The collected data were the nutrient digestibility residues in rumen, including dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Data<br />were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the degradation theory (DT) values of DM : GL 60.06%; SW 34.78%; TP 73.96%; BR 41.40%; KL 43.80%; NG 43.67%; and CO 28.67%. From in sacco rumen calculation, it was obtained the DT values of OM : GL 59.13%; SW 32.74%; TP 73.07%; BR 42.83%; KL 44.18%; NG 45.04%; and CO 26.80%. Calculation of in sacco rumen showed the DT values of CP : GL 66.14%; SW 32.49%; TP 81.46%; BR 42.89%; KL 31.84%; NG 47.05%; and CO 29.46%. The calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT values of NDF: GL 46.84%; SW 46.59%; TP 56.69%; BR 44.18%; KL 23.01%; NG 30.07%; and CO 55.43%. From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT<br />values of ADF: GL 61.27%; SW 43.95%; TP 56.53%; BR 40.11%; KL 21.08%; NG 44.66%; and CO 69.15%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) on the degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. It is concluded that not all of legume has higher DT values of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF fraction than non-legume. There is a tendency that the longer retention time in the rumen, the higher degradation rate.</p><p>(Keywords: Legume, Non-legume, In sacco rumen)<br /><br /></p>
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Aoyu, Wang, Lin Run, Chen Yaqi, Tao Mengjiao, and Hu Hai. "Comparison of the Effects of Sacco and START Triage Methods in the Death Risk Assessment of Mass Trauma Patients after Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s109—s110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002309.
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Introduction:Compared with traditional START Triage Method, the Sacco Triage Method is a new way to access death risk in disaster scenes. However, due to the difficulties in disaster medical research, there is still no evidence to prove which one is more effective.Aim:To assess and compare the value of START Triage Method and Sacco Triage Method in the death risk assessment of transport and the one-month death risk assessment of the earthquake mass trauma patients.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,612 patients who were transferred to the West China Hospital by assigning to different triage levels by Sacco Triage Method and START Triage Method respectively. Both of the triage methods were evaluated based on death cases on either during transport or in the emergency department, using the area under the receiver-operator curve.Results:For death during the transport and in the emergency department, the receiver-operator curve of two groups reflected as 0.721 and 0.649. For death in a consequence, the receiver-operator curve of the two groups was revealed as 0.667 and 0.519.Discussion:As an accurate triage method, the Sacco Triage Method may be used in a mass casualty incident. It is a more effective way than the START Triage Method for the evaluation of death risk assessment of the mass trauma patients.
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Stensig, Torkil, Martin R. Weisbjerg, and Torben Hvelplund. "Estimation of Ruminal Digestibility of NDF from in Sacco Degradation and Rumen Fractional Outflow Rate." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 44, no. 2 (May 1994): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064709409410188.
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Chiquette, J., G. Talbot, F. Markwell, N. Nili, and R. J. Forster. "Repeated ruminal dosing of Ruminococcus flavefaciens NJ along with a probiotic mixture in forage or concentrate-fed dairy cows: Effect on ruminal fermentation, cellulolytic populations and in sacco digestibility." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-066.
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Many studies have introduced exogenous bacterial strains into the rumen in an attempt to improve fermentation processes or counteract ruminal digestive disorders. Some attempts have been successful in the establishment of the new strain although others have failed. To a large extent, particular conditions necessary to the establishment of a new strain are not yet fully understood. In the present study, Ruminococcus flavefaciens NJ (NJ), isolated from the rumen of a wild moose, was introduced into the rumen of six ruminally fistulated non-lactating dairy cows receiving either a high concentrate or a high forage diet and supplemented on a daily basis with a probiotic mixture. In a second experiment, NJ and the probiotic mixture were given to young calves of 21 to 35 d of age. During repeated dosing, NJ modified the abundance of other cellulolytic bacterial populations compared with periods with no dosing. NJ also improved in sacco digestibility of timothy hay with the high concentrate diet. NJ declined rapidly in the rumen from 106 cells mL-1 after dosing to 102 cells mL-1, 24 h following dosing. The persistence of NJ increased with weeks of dosing in cows or when introduced in the rumen of young calves (105 cells mL-1 after 48 h and 102 cells mL-1 after 7 d). The presence of probiotics or a change in the concentrate to forage ratio in the diet did not succeed in establishing the new strain in the rumen. Key words: Ruminococcus flavefaciens NJ, probiotics, rumen fermentation, cellulolytic populations, in sacco digestibility, non-lactating dairy cows
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Njora, Grace Wambui, and Priscilla Ndegwa. "Motivation and Employee Retention in Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies in Nairobi City County, Kenya." International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i3.137.
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This study sought to assess how motivation affect employee retention in Savings and Credit Co-operative societies in Nairobi City County. The researcher conducted the study in SACCO societies located in Westlands sub-county.The objectives were as follows: to determine the effect of employee rewards in promoting employee retention in SACCO societies; to establish how job design affect employees retention in SACCO societies; and to evaluate how career opportunities affect employee retention in SACCO societies. The evaluation was done using questionnaires tailored towards collecting primary data in line with the objectives of the study. Due to the broad nature of the study, a descriptive research study design was used. The target population of the study was 270 SACCO societies located in Westlands sub-county. The researcher used simple random sampling to select senior staff and junior staff of employed in deposit taking SACCO societies, non-deposit taking SACCO societies, public service SACCO societies to arrive at a sample size of 83. The researcher distributed 83 questionnaires to the respondents of which 62 were returned representing a 75% response rate. The data collection instruments were checked for reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha method. The researcher used descriptive statistics to analyse data using mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics using regression analysis, and analysis of variance. The researcher employed multiple regression analysis at 5% level of significance to establish the association between the variables. The study findings established that the employee rewards, job design and career opportunities are crucial factors that positively affect retention of employees.The study recommends that SACCO societies should formulate well-structured employee rewards with supportive policies. The societies should improve on these rewards to improve the level of employee retention. The study also recommends that the SACCO societies should have a variety of career opportunities to satisfy different employee needs. The study suggest that in future, researchers should carry out a longitudinal study to establish the extent to which employee rewards, job design and career opportunities affect employee retention in SACCO societies.
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Fadel, J. G., P. Udén, and P. H. Robinson. "Effect of nitrogen and energy supplements on intake and digestion of oat straw by non-lactating dairy cows." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 3 (December 1987): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081715.
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SummaryUrea with molasses and starch, casein, and fish meal with maize gluten meal were compared with a urea control as different nitrogen and energy sources in straw diets fed ad libitum to four mature non-lactating Swedish Red and White cows in a 4 × 4 latinsquare design. Cows fed fish meal with maize gluten meal had increased neutral detergent (ND) fibre intake, digestibility, and total digestion compared with those fed the urea control. When fed casein, cows tended to have higher ND fibre intake, lower ND fibre digestibility, and higher total ND fibre digestion than the urea control. Cows fed urea with molasses and starch had the same ND fibre intake, lower ND fibre digestibility, and lower total ND fibre digestion than the control. Treatments had no influence on rumen pH, rumen in sacco ND fibre kinetics, rumen residence times and median faecal particle size. Rumen ammonia concentrations were lower for the urea with molasses and starch as well as for the fish meal with maize gluten meal treatments when compared with the urea control. Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations for supplemented diets were either unchanged or higher than for the control diet.
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Myung, K. H., and J. J. Kennelly. "Effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid on in sacco ruminal digestibility of aspen sawdust." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1992.635.
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Fonseca, A. J. M., A. A. Dias-da-Silva, and E. R. Ørskov. "In sacco degradation characteristics as predictors of digestibility and voluntary intake of roughages by mature ewes." Animal Feed Science and Technology 72, no. 3-4 (June 1998): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00121-7.
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Sacco, Robert G. "The Fibonacci Life Chart Method as a Predictor of Spiritual Experience." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v7n2p1.
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The Fibonacci Life Chart Method (FLCM) provides a framework linking development and spirituality. This study addressed the need for empirical research to test the hypotheses proposed by Sacco (Sacco, 2016). To address this problem, this study used case reports (N = 196) from the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre. The dynamical aspects of ages 11, 18, and 30 were examined as predictors of increased spiritual experience in adolescents and young adults. Results showed only ages 17 and 18 predicted a higher frequency of spiritual experience between ages 11 and 35. Age 18 was associated with a higher effect size (r = .27). This finding provides some empirical support for the FLCM as a predictor of spiritual experience, but not all hypotheses found support. Limitations to the study’s design are discussed along with implications for future research.
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Petit, Hélène V., Gaëtan F. Tremblay, Michèle Marcotte, and Richard Audy. "Degradability and digestibility of full-fat soybeans treated with different sugar and heat combinations." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-106.
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Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of different combinations of sugars and heating time and temperature on the ruminal undegradable protein fraction and DM digestibility of full-fat soybeans. In the first experiment, the influence of sugar addition before heating (none, soaked in either a high fructose corn syrup [HFCS] solution, lignosulfonate or molasses), micronization temperatures (100, 110, 120, and 130 °C), and temperature holding times (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) was examined in a 4 × 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. In the second experiment, the effect of heating in a sugar solution was studied in a 4 × 2 × 4 factorial design with four sugar treatments (none, soaked either in fructose, molasses or a high xylose product), two soaking temperatures (100 and 120 °C), and four soaking times (0, 60, 120, and 240 min). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro ruminal undegradable protein (RUP), and in sacco RUP were measured. In the first experiment, increased temperatures and heating to 120 min resulted in an increased RUP fraction of full-fat soybeans with no effect on DM digestibility, relative to when no sugar or fructose was added. There was a decrease in digestibility with increased temperature when lignosulfonate or molasses was added and with increased heating time when lignosulfonate was added. In the second experiment where soaking in sugar and heating were done simultaneously, lignosulfonate increased the RUP of soybeans without affecting its digestibility but values were numerically lower than when soaking and micronizing were conducted in two different steps as performed in the first experiment. Key words: protein, degradability, digestibility, micronization
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Dong, Shikui, Ruijun Long, Degang Zhang, Zizhi Hu, and Xiaopeng Pu. "Effect of Microwave Treatment on Chemical Composition and In sacco Digestibility of Wheat Straw in Yak Cow." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18, no. 1 (April 19, 2005): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.27.
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Offer, J. E., and N. W. Offer. "Calcium hydroxide treatment of malt distillers' grains 1. Effects on chemical composition and digestibility measuredin vitroandin sacco." Animal Science 55, no. 2 (October 1992): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037466.
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AbstractExperiment 1 investigated the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)treatment (80 g/kg malt distillers' grains (MDG) dry matter (DM) at ambient temperature (L) and at 60°C (LH). Organic matter digestibilitiesin vitro(1V0MD) were 0·30, 0·50 and 0·56 (s.e. 0·023) for untreated (C), L and LH respectively. The increase in IVOMD was less with MDG that had previously been ether-extracted (corresponding values 0·47, 0·53 and 0·54). The proportion of lipid in soap form was 0·03, 0·35 and 0·46 (s.e. 0·03) for C, L and LH respectively. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of treatment time, temperature and Ca(OH)2concentration on composition, IVOMD and organic matter digestibility in sacco (ISOMD). Response was most dependent on Ca(OH)2concentration. Mean values for 0, 40, 80 and 120 g Ca(OH)2per kg DM were for neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) (g/kg DM) 704, 586, 422 and 382; for water-soluble carbohydrate (g/kg DM) 2, 4,40 and 44; for ISOMD 0 h (without incubation) 0·25, 0·25, 0·51 and 0·57; for ISOMD 24 h (24-h rumen incubation) 0·63, 0·66, 0·84 and 0·86 and for IVOMD 0·51, 0·55, 0·65 and 0·65. Increasing treatment temperature from 20 to 80°C increased mean ISOMD 0 h from 0·31 to 0·49 but had less effect on ISOMD 24 h (0·74 and 0·79 respectively). Experiment 3 investigated the effects of treatment with 80 g Ca(OH)2per kg DM at 60°C for 16 h on rumen degradation in sacco. Instantaneous losses (a values%) for OM and NDF were increased by treatment from 14·6 to 45·5 and from 8·6 to 18·6 respectively. Treatment increased effective degradability (at 0·06 per h rumen outflow rate) from 0·43 to 0·66 for OM and from 0·40 to 0·46 for NDF. Total potentially digestible OM (a + b) increased from 0·65 to 0·91 for OM and from 0·58 to 0·84 for NDF. Ca(OH)2treatment enhances the nutritional value of MDG. Its mode of action involves reduction of the toxicity to rumen micro-organisms of unsaturated lipid by soap formation and the effect of alkali on the composition of the carbohydrate fraction.
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Makkar, H. P. S., and B. Singh. "Composition, tannin levels and in-sacco dry matter digestibility of fresh and fallen oak (Quercus incana) leaves." Bioresource Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1991): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90209-3.
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Chiquette, J., P. M. Flipot, and C. M. Vinet. "Effect of ammoniation and urea addition on chemical composition and digestibility of mature timothy hay, and rumen fluid characteristics of growing steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-037.
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Feed quality of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) harvested at the beginning of heading (H), with a crude protein (CP) content of 13.3%, was compared to timothy harvested at a late stage of growth either untreated (M) or treated with anhydrous ammonia (30 g kg−1 dry weight) (MA); or with urea added at feeding (MU) making it isonitrogenous with MA. These diets were fed to eight ruminally fistulated steers (220 ± 12 kg) in a 4 × 4 double Latin square. Treatments MA and MU increased the crude protein (CP) content of timothy from 8.3 (M) to 19.8 and 21.8%, respectively. Ammoniation improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) (68 vs. 62%), CP (66 vs. 47%), hemicellulose (HC) (85 vs. 67%), and cellulose (C) (79 vs. 65%), compared to M. In support, in sacco DM disappearance was about 18% units greater (P < 0.01) for ammoniated hay (MA) as compared with M. Ammoniated timothy hay had apparent digestibility of DM, CP and C (68, 66 and 79%, respectively) similar to that of timothy hay from early harvest (67, 65 and 75%, respectively) and greater HC digestibility (85%) than that of all other hays (77, 67 and 66% for H, M and MU, respectively). Except for CP, digestibility of the other constituents was greater following ammonia treatment than following urea application. Soluble protein was significantly higher in rumen fluid of steers fed MA compared to other treatments. Ammoniation increased energy released from structural carbohydrates, made available following the delignification process, which resulted in improved overall DM digestibility. Ammoniation compensated for deterioration caused by late harvest, resulting in forage constituent digestibility comparable to that of early harvested hay, while additional nitrogen (N) brought about by MU did not improve the overall digestibility of the forage. Ammoniation appears to be an efficient means of increasing N and structural carbohydrate digestibility of low-quality timothy forage. Key words: Ammoniation, urea addition, Phleum pratense L., digestion, rumen fluid
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KABABYA, D., A. PEREVOLOTSKY, I. BRUCKENTAL, and S. LANDAU. "Selection of diets by dual-purpose Mamber goats in Mediterranean woodland." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 2 (September 1998): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005577.
Full textAbstract:
The feeding behaviour of Mamber dairy goats grazing on Mediterranean woodland in the Upper Galilee mountains of Israel was studied throughout a year (1991/92). The percentages of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and condensed tannins (CT) were determined in samples collected by hand to simulate the plant parts selected by the goats. Total feed intake was evaluated by using Cr-sesquioxide as an external marker to determine the amount of faeces excreted, and 48 h in sacco degradability to assess the digestibility of samples. Overall, more time was spent by goats in feeding on ligneous material (tree and shrub foliage) than herbaceous vegetation (60 and 40% of total feeding time, respectively, P<0·05). The main ligneous species consumed by the goats were Quercus calliprinos, Sarcopoterium spinosum and Calicotome villosa (20, 13 and 7% of total grazing time, respectively). There was considerable variability in the 48 h dry matter (DM) in sacco degradability, and in the concentration of CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT, within and between seasons and plant species. Although requirements for nutrients varied according to the physiological stage of the goats, 48 h in sacco DM degradability and the concentration of non-ADF linked (available) CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT in the diet did not vary greatly: respective ranges were 45·0–49·4; 9–12·5; 44–53; 33–39; 12–17 and 3·5–4·7%. It is concluded that Mamber goats (i) may not select the best quality diet available, but may avoid wide variations in nutrient content of their diets throughout the year; and (ii) may not select a diet consistent with maximization of milk yield, but rather with optimization of body condition at the onset of the mating season.
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Syah, Rama Dian. "Arsitektur Keamanan Siber Dengan Protokol Denning-Sacco." Jurnal Informatika Universitas Pamulang 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/informatika.v5i2.5675.
Full textAbstract:
Currently messages can be transmitted using information and communication technology. The message that is transmitted can contain data and information that is privacy or confidential. Messages that are confidential and privacy are only intended for parties that have been determined. Attacks by unauthorized parties may occur during the process of sending the message. Security in a private or confidential message exchange system is very much needed. The message exchange system is regulated by protocol to avoid certain party attacks. The method used in this research is the Denning-Sacco Protocol which is implemented in the exchange of messages from the sender to the recipient. This protocol uses a security key generated by the Key Distribution Center (KDC). The Denning-Sacco Protocol was developed from the Needham-Schroeder Protocol. This study produces an overview of the architecture of the Denning-Sacco Protocol to overcome the weaknesses of the Needham-Schroeder Protocol called the relpy attack. The steps of exchanging messages using the Denning-Sacco Protocol are explained in detail.
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Davis, M., J. F. D. Greenhalgh, J. E. L. Boyd, and J. G. Shiach. "Fractionation of barley plant components other than grain and their evaluation in vivo and in sacco." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015245.
Full textAbstract:
Manual separation of both barley and wheat into distinct botanical fractions, with assessment by laboratory techniques, has shown the fractions to have widely different digestibility coefficients (Manley and Wood, 1978). Whole crop cereal harvesting followed by separation of the chopped whole crop into fractions could thus be of benefit to livestock producers. Claims have been made in the farming press (Power Farming, September 1978) by a Swedish company, that one of the straw fractions produced in their centralised separation plant had a higher energy protein content than unfractionated straw. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate two barley straw fractions produced by a simple air blast separation system, which would lend itself to on-farm use,thus significantly reducing transport costs.
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De Boever, J. L., J. M. Vanacker, D. F. Bogaerts, and C. V. Boucque. "Protein evaluation of cattle compound feeds: comparison of in sacco measurements and tabular values." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i3.568.
Full textAbstract:
The supply of true protein to the small intestine (DVE) and the degraded protein balance (OEB) of 29 experimental compound feeds were estimated in the rumen and intestine of dairy cows (reference), using the nylon bag technique. DVE and OEB were also calculated from tabulated values of the ingredients, taken from the Dutch CVB-tables, assuming additive effects. Reference DVE was on average 11 g/kg DM lower and OEB 6 g/kg DM higher than tabulated values, resulting from a higher rumen degradability of protein (-5.5 percentage units) and lower intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (-2.0 percentage units) and a lower rumen degradability of starch (+5.8% units) and DOM-content (+27 g/kg DM). The possible causes of these differences are discussed. After elimination of systemic differences, residual errors between reference and tabular values amounted to 5.9 and 14.9% for DVE and OEB, respectively. It is concluded that a reasonable relation exists between DVE- and OEB-content of compound feeds based on tabular values for the ingredients and those calculated from in sacco measurements.
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Zewdu, Tessema, Robert Baars, Alemu Yami, and Dawit Negassa. "In sacco dry matter and nitrogen degradation and their relationship with in vitro dry matter digestibility of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) as influenced by height of plant at cutting." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 1 (2002): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01018.
Full textAbstract:
In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) as well as in sacco rumen dry matter degradability (DMD) and nitrogen degradability (ND) studies of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) were carried out using a 3 3 factorial experiment arranged in a randomised complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments were 3 levels of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (0, 46, bacterium Synergistes jonesii is known to degrade these compounds and inoculation of the bacterium into the rumen protects cattle against mimosine and DHP toxicity. We report on the development, production, and storage of an in vitro, fermentor-based, mixed bacterial inoculum, which includes S. jonesii, for administration to cattle. This technique may be applicable to the production and delivery of other live, anaerobic, bacterial inocula for use in animal agriculture.
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Gunter, S. A., T. L. Springer, C. A. Loest, and J. J. Goldman. "Effect of processing method on in sacco ruminal degradability of organic matter and nitrogen from canola seeds and in vitro intestinal nitrogen digestion of the in sacco residue." Animal Production Science 54, no. 8 (2014): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13235.
Full textAbstract:
A novel crop on the Southern Plains of the United States is canola (Brassica napus L.), of which annual production has nearly doubled in the last 5 years. Although production has not exceeded the demand for oil, the question has arisen as to its supplemental value for cattle grazing the rangeland adjacent to production areas. In an experiment, six seed processing methods were evaluated by in sacco digestion of organic matter and nitrogen and in vitro intestinal in sacco residue: (1) whole seeds with no processing; (2) seed coats scarified in a pneumatic seed scarifier; (3) ground in a four-knife mill; (4) unprocessed seed rolled to 0.5 mm thick; (5) seeds roasted then rolled to 0.5 mm thick; and (6) steamed then rolled to 0.5 mm thick. Processing methods were compared with a solvent-extract canola seed meal. All processing methods increased in sacco organic matter and nitrogen digestion in the rumen with ground method being the greatest (P < 0.05). These results showed that the ground method produced the most (P < 0.05) ruminally degraded nitrogen/kilogram of organic matter digested in the rumen (67 g) of all methods evaluated. Further, extent of in vitro nitrogen digestion (intestinal) from in sacco residue was reduced by increases in ruminal digestion. Processing methods that broke the seeds increased (P < 0.05) the total extent of nitrogen digestion over whole and scarified treatments. The most limiting nutrient to augment energy intake and digestion in cattle grazing native pastures is ruminally degraded nitrogen and it seems that the most appropriate processing method is grinding to use whole canola seeds as a supplement. Other processing methods evaluated either increased processing cost or increased the ruminally undegraded nitrogen value.