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Journal articles on the topic 'Digestive enzymes'
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1
Eriksen, Ellen K., Halvor Holm, Einar Jensen, Ragnhild Aaboe, Tove G. Devold, Morten Jacobsen, and Gerd E. Vegarud. "Different digestion of caprine whey proteins by human and porcine gastrointestinal enzymes." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 3 (March 22, 2010): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510000577.
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The objective of the present study was twofold: first to compare the degradation patterns of caprine whey proteins digested with either human digestive juices (gastric or duodenal) or commercial porcine enzymes (pepsin or pancreatic enzymes) and second to observe the effect of gastric pH on digestion. An in vitro two-step assay was performed at 37°C to simulate digestion in the stomach (pH 2, 4 or 6) and the duodenum (pH 8). The whey proteins were degraded more efficiently by porcine pepsin than by human gastric juice at all pH values. Irrespective of the enzyme source, gastric digestion at pH 2 followed by duodenal digestion resulted in the most efficient degradation. Lactoferrin, serum albumin and the Ig heavy chains were highly degraded with less than 6 % remaining after digestion. About 15, 56 and 50 % Ig light chains, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin remained intact, respectively, when digested with porcine enzymes compared with 25, 74 and 81 % with human digestive juices. For comparison, purified bovine β-LG was digested and the peptide profiles obtained were compared with those of the caprine β-LG in the digested whey. The bovine β-LG seemed to be more extensively cleaved than the caprine β-LG in the whey. Commercial enzymes appear to digest whey proteins more efficiently compared with human digestive juices when used at similar enzyme activities. This could lead to conflicting results when comparing human in vivo protein digestion with digestion using purified enzymes of non-human species. Consequently the use of human digestive juices might be preferred.
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Pennec, Marcel Le, Jean-Claude Martinez, Anne Donval, Angèle Herry, and Peter Beninger. "Enzymologie du tractus digestif de la modiole hydrothermale Bathymodiolus thermophilus (Mollusque Bivalve)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-307.
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Although the structure and ultrastructure of the digestive tract of the hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus conform to those of other bivalves, enzymological data are lacking. To address this question, digestive enzyme assays and histoenzymological tests were performed on different regions of the digestive tract: labial palps, oesophagus, stomach, digestive gland, intestine, and rectum. Carbohydrases, mainly present in the digestive gland and the stomach, were the most active of the 33 enzymes studied. These enzymes would allow substantial digestion of particles from the immediate environment as well as those descending from the photic zone. Acid phosphatases present in all the compartments of the digestive tract indicate intracellular digestion, whereas alkaline phosphatase activity, mainly in the digestive gland and the stomach, demonstrates absorption phenomena. We conclude that, in addition to the nutrient supply furnished by chemoautotrophic bacteria in the gill bacteriocytes, the digestive tract is functional and provides at least some of the nutritive requirements of this species.
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Rothman, Stephen, Charles Liebow, and Lois Isenman. "Conservation of Digestive Enzymes." Physiological Reviews 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00022.2001.
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The traditional understanding is that an entirely new complement of digestive enzymes is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestines with each meal. This is thought to be necessary because, like food itself, these enzymes are degraded during digestion. In this review we discuss experiments that bring this point of view into question. They suggest that digestive enzymes can be absorbed into blood, reaccumulated by the pancreas, and reutilized, instead of being reduced to their constituent amino acids in the intestines. This is called an enteropancreatic circulation of digestive enzymes.
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Korotko, G. F. "Transport of enzymes by lymph flow digestive glands." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 3 (March 19, 2024): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-223-3-134-138.
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The exosecretes of the digestive glands contain two pools of hydrolytic enzymes - newly formed in the secretory cycle of glandulocytes and recreted from blood flowing to the glands. The second pool of enzymes is repeated many times due to the incretor transport and resorption of hydrolases and zymogens from the secretions of the ductal system of the glands and the chyme of the gastrointestinal tract into the composition of the interstitial fluid and the lymph formed by it. These processes ensure the recycling of digestive gland enzymes, reusable delivery of hydrolases and their inclusion in the composition of exosecretes. The key role in providing enzyme digestion is played by the transport of resorbed and increted enzymes by the lymph flow. This is the digestive role of lymph and lymph flow.
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Sargeant, H., H. M. Miller, and M. A. Shaw. "Dietary zinc oxide supplementation in weaner piglets does not cause differential expression of digestive enzymes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021050.
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Piglet weaner diets are often supplemented with the antimicrobial mineral zinc oxide (ZnO) to minimise the characteristic growth check post weaning in commercial systems. Zinc has been shown to decrease the incidence of scours, maintain gut morphology and feed intake, and increase growth rate, although the mechanism for these effects remains unclear. Weaning is often accompanied with a decrease in digestive enzyme production by enterocytes, decreasing digestive and absorptive capacity. Digestive enzyme requirements also alter with the dietary change from milk to a solid cereal-based diet, and improvements in enzymatic adaptations may increase digestion and absorption and improve feed utilisation. It is hypothesised in this study that the growth effects of ZnO are linked to improvement in digestion by altering digestive enzyme expression and activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the effects of ZnO are linked to expression of the digestive enzymes lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and aminopeptidase N (ANPEP) in the small intestine (S.I.).
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Lim, Wen Xin Janice, Cheryl S. Gammon, Pamela von Hurst, Lynne Chepulis, and Rachel A. Page. "The Inhibitory Effects of New Zealand Pine Bark (Enzogenol®) on α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Enzymes." Nutrients 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14081596.
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The New Zealand pine bark extract (Enzogenol®) has previously been shown to elicit acute hypoglycaemic effects in humans. The present study investigated the underlying mechanisms of Enzogenol® in reducing postprandial glucose in humans. The potential inhibitory action of Enzogenol® against digestive enzymes: α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme was determined. Enzogenol® demonstrated the ability to inhibit all three enzymes: α-amylase enzyme activity (IC50 3.98 ± 0.11 mg/mL), α-glucosidase enzyme activity (IC50 13.02 ± 0.28 μg/mL), and DPP-4 enzyme activity (IC50 2.51 ± 0.04 mg/mL). The present findings indicate the potential for Enzogenol® to improve postprandial glycaemia by delaying carbohydrate digestion via the inhibition of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and enhancing the incretin effect via inhibiting the dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 enzyme. The inhibitory actions of Enzogenol® on enzymes should therefore be further validated in humans for its potential use in type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention and management.
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Zhang, Aoying, Tao Li, Lisha Yuan, Mingtao Tan, Dun Jiang, and Shanchun Yan. "Digestive Characteristics of Hyphantria cunea Larvae on Different Host Plants." Insects 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2023): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14050463.
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Digestive physiology mediates the adaptation of phytophagous insects to host plants. In this study, the digestive characteristics of Hyphantria cunea larvae feeding preferences on different host plants were investigated. The results showed that the body weight, food utilization, and nutrient contents of H. cunea larvae feeding on the high-preference host plants were significantly higher than those feeding on the low-preference host plants. However, the activity of larval digestive enzymes in different host plants presented an opposite trend, as higher α-amylase or trypsin activity was observed in the group feeding on the low-preference host plants than that feeding on the high-preference host plants. Upon treatment of leaves with α-amylase and trypsin inhibitors, the body weight, food intake, food utilization rate, and food conversion rate of H. cunea larvae significantly decreased in all host plant groups. Furthermore, the H. cunea comprised highly adaptable compensatory mechanisms of digestion involving digestive enzymes and nutrient metabolism in response to digestive enzyme inhibitors. Taken together, digestive physiology mediates the adaptation of H. cunea to multiple host plants, and the compensatory effect of digestive physiology is an important counter-defense strategy implemented by H. cunea to resist plant defense factors, especially the insect digestive enzyme inhibitors.
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Brun, Antonio, Daniel Mendez-Aranda, Melisa E. Magallanes, William H. Karasov, Carlos Martínez del Rio, Maude W. Baldwin, and Enrique Caviedes-Vidal. "Duplications and Functional Convergence of Intestinal Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 6 (February 15, 2020): 1657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa034.
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Abstract Vertebrate diets and digestive physiologies vary tremendously. Although the contribution of ecological and behavioral features to such diversity is well documented, the roles and identities of individual intestinal enzymes shaping digestive traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the sucrase-isomaltase (SI)/maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) dual enzyme system long assumed to be the conserved disaccharide and starch digestion framework in all vertebrates is absent in many lineages. Our analyses indicate that independent duplications of an ancestral SI gave rise to the mammalian-specific MGAM, as well as to other duplicates in fish and birds. Strikingly, the duplicated avian enzyme exhibits similar activities to MGAM, revealing an unexpected case of functional convergence. Our results highlight digestive enzyme variation as a key uncharacterized component of dietary diversity in vertebrates.
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Yüngül, Mücahit, and Yaşar Özdemir. "Digestion in Fish, Digestive Enzymes and Secretions." International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.344892.
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Slamet, Bejo, and Titiek Aslianti. "DEVELOPMENT OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ACTIVITY ON BLACK SADDLED CORAL GROUPER (Plectropomus laevis) LARVAE." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i1.12427.
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ABSTRACTProtease, amylase, and lipase enzymes were used as biological indicators to measure larvae’s food digestion. The aim of this study was to describe digestive enzyme activity development of black saddled coral grouper (Plectropomus laevis) larvae. The just hatching larvae were reared in concrete tank 2x3x1 m3 with stocking density of 10 larvae/L. In the larval rearing media were added with Nanochloropsis oculata at 105 cel/ml started from 1 day old (D-1). The larvae was fed with rotifer (Brachionus rotundiformis) at 10-20 ind/ml started from D-2 and artificial diet from D-10. To analyze the protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes activities, samples were taken 0.5-1 g or about 1000 larvae on D-3, D-4, D-6, D-8 and 500 larvae on D-10, D-12, D-16, and D-20. The result showed that the protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes activity were positively correlated with the growth. Digestive enzymes activity was increased when larvae started on endogenous feeding (D-3), become down on D-6, stable on D-8 to D-10, increased on D-12, and reached the highest level on D-16. Digestive enzymes activity was higher when larvae started feeding with artificial diet compared to the larvae before feeding with artificial diet. Keywords: digestive enzymes, development, larvae, blacksaddled coral grouper
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Ding, Jingyun, Huiyan Wang, Zequn Li, Jiangnan Sun, Peng Ding, Xiaomei Chi, Mingfang Yang, Yaqing Chang, and Chong Zhao. "Digestive Enzyme Activities and Gut Emptying Are Correlated with the Reciprocal Regulation of TRPA1 Ion Channel and Serotonin in the Gut of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius." Biology 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040503.
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The energetic link in the benthic community is based on physiological characteristics of the low food absorption efficiency of sea urchins. Low food absorption efficiency of sea urchins is correlated with the activity of digestive enzymes and the duration of food in their gut. Thus, the digestive enzymes activities (pepsin and amylase enzyme activities) and gut emptying are important indicators in assessing nutrient digestion and absorption in sea urchins. In the present study, the relationship between these indicators and molecules related to digestive physiology were quantified in sea urchins. We found (1) an inter-regulatory relationship existed between Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in the gut of Strongylocentrotus intermedius; (2) digestive enzyme activities were negatively correlated with the TRPA1 and concentration of 5-HT in the gut of S. intermedius; (3) gut emptying rate was positively correlated with TRPA1 and concentration of 5-HT in the gut of S. intermedius. The present study revealed that the digestion and absorption of food are correlated with the TRPA1 and 5-HT in the gut of S. intermedius, which provides valuable information about the digestive physiology of sea urchins. This novel finding is relevant to understanding the low food digestibility of sea urchins. It also provides valuable information to the digestive physiology of sea urchins, which are key to maintaining the stability of food webs in the marine ecosystem.
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Sabat, Pablo, and Sandra P. Gonzalez. "Digestive Enzymes in two Species of Marine Cinclodes (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)." Condor 105, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.4.830.
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AbstractChanges in digestive enzyme activity along the intestine may be related to changes in substrate concentration in the intestine. We examined the distribution of digestive enzymes along the intestine in two species of carnivorous passerine birds from the genus Cinclodes. Both species lacked sucrase activity, suggesting that these species are unable to feed on sucrose-rich diets. Distribution of maltase and aminopeptidase-N activity differed from that found in other passerines, including omnivorous species, but resembled those found in herbivorous and frugivorous birds. We hypothesize that the type of prey items that Cinclodes consume may explain the pattern of maltase and aminopeptidase-N expression.Enzimas Digestivas en Dos Especies de Cinclodes Marinos (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)Resumen. Los cambios en los niveles de actividad enzimática digestiva a lo largo del intestino de aves pueden estar relacionados con cambios en la concentración de substratos en el intestino. En este estudio examinamos la distribución de enzimas digestivas a lo largo del intestino en dos especies de aves paseriformes del género Cinclodes. Ambas especies carecen de actividad de sacarasa lo que sugiere que estas especies son incapaces de consumir dietas ricas en sacarosa. La distribución de la actividad de maltasa y aminopeptidasa-N difiere de la documentada para otros paseriformes, incluyendo especies omnívoras, y es similar a la encontrada en aves herbívoras y frugívoras. Se sugiere que el tipo de presas consumidas por Cinclodes explicaría el patrón de expresión de maltasa y aminopeptidasa-N.
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Merkurieva, G. Yu. "Enzyme preparations for the correction of digestion." Kazan medical journal 76, no. 3 (May 15, 1995): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj100895.
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Enzyme therapy is an intensively developing area of medicine. Enzyme preparations (EP) are most widely used as a means of replacement therapy for diseases of the digestive system. The therapeutic effect, due to the hydrolytic activity of their constituent enzymes in relation to the main food substrates - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, is to compensate for the deficiency of their own enzymes, resulting from a decrease in the exocrine function of the pancreas or under unfavorable conditions for digestion in the gastrointestinal tract [1, 3].
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Liu, Hui, Qian Li, and Chunbao Li. "Changes in the Structure and Digestibility of Myoglobin Treated With Sodium Chloride." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_043.
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Abstract Objectives Changes in the structure of myoglobin affect its digestibility and myoglobin can't be completely broken down of pepsin. The exact mechanism of this breakdown is not clear. It can be inferred that myoglobin is broken down into polypeptides whose structures do not fully conform to the spatial characteristics of digestive enzymes. Myoglobin dissolution in different salt concentrations and changes in secondary structure were examined by spectroscopic examination. The molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the stability of these structural changes and their combination with digestive enzymes. Finally, since the products of digestion are determined by the catalytic centers of digestive enzymes, the substrate channel is extended to study the relationship between digestive enzymes and substrates. Methods In this study, different concentrations of sodium chloride were added for a certain period of time in advance to detect changes in the secondary structure of myoglobin, leading to changes in digestibility. Myoglobin and digestive enzymes were docked for molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the energy and structural changes in the interactions between substrates and proteins. Results Salt-treated protein can affect the secondary structure changes of protein. High concentration of salt-treated protein will lead to protein aggregation and denaturation, affecting digestibility. Low concentration of salt-treated protein may lead to exposure of sleeping areas, reducing digestibility. In terms of structure, salt ions lead to changes in the bonding of amino acids in the protein and affect the substrate's entry into the enzyme activity center. Conclusions Treatment of myoglobin with different salt concentrations did not change its tertiary structure but low salt concentrations lowered its digestibility, probably due to salt ions altering a number of key amino acid bonds, making the structure more stable and less susceptible to digest. Some low molecular weight peptides remain after pepsin digestion. This may be due to the distance between the key amino acids in the active catalytic center of pepsin being insufficient to form stable conformations with small peptides. Funding Sources This work was supported by the grants from NSFC (32072211).
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Yaman, M. A., U. Nasution, Allaily, M. Daud, and Zulfan. "Increase in body weight and protein retention on meat chicken due to the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes in fermented diet containing maggot flour and local materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012107.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of meat chickens due to the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes in the fermented diet containing maggot flour and local materials. The research was carried out at Field Laboratory of Animal Science, University of Syiah Kuala-Banda Aceh, Indonesia for 66 days. A total of 100 meat chickens were designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments, namely P0 = 100% fermented ration (control), P1 = 0.5% probiotic + 0% digestive enzymes + 100% fermented diet, P2 = 0% probiotic + 0.5% digestive enzymes + 100% fermented diet, P3 = 0.5% probiotic + 1% digestive enzymes + 100% fermented diet, P4 = 1% probiotic + 0.5% digestive enzymes + 100% fermented diet with 4 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and significant difference of data was analyzed by Duncan’s multiple distance test. The results showed that the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes with different levels of administration in the fermented diet had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the increase in final body weight and percentage of protein retention. The best results were obtained on chicken fed on fermented diet contained 0, 5% digestive enzymes by increasing on final body weight, protein retention, feed conversion and feed efficiency which were higher than fermented feed containing probiotics. In conclusion, it was well known that digestive enzyme effected synergistically on fermented diet in increasing protein retention resulted a higher final body weight of meat chicken.
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Whitcomb, David C., and Mark E. Lowe. "Human Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 52, no. 1 (January 5, 2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9589-z.
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Detweiler, Mark B. "Digestive Enzyme Adjunct to Oral Headache Medication to Improve Absorption and Reduce Vomiting." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 13, no. 4 (July 1997): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259701300406.
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Objective: To report a case in which a digestive enzyme complex (Nature's Plus Digestive Enzymes: pancreatin, pepsin, ox bile extract, malt diatase, and papain) apparently improved the absorption and efficacy of an oral headache medication and alleviated vomiting associated with the headache. Case Summary: A 47-year-old white woman with a history of adverse drug reactions and allergies had been experiencing one to four disabling headaches per week for 2 years. One or two headaches each week would be accompanied by vomiting. This patient experienced adverse effects with most standard headache medications. For 40 months since taking a complex of digestive enzymes as an adjunct to her headache medication, the patient's vomiting has been eliminated, and her postheadache symptoms have been reduced. Discussion: Altered digestive processes are a common finding in severe headache episodes. Exogenous digestive enzymes may facilitate the absorption of oral medication during gastric disruption and consequently increase drug efficacy and the relief of symptoms. Conclusions: Digestive enzymes merit further study to ascertain their effectiveness in increasing the absorption and efficacy of oral medications prescribed for headaches accompanied by emesis.
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Pooja Pareek, Rakesh Chhimpa, Rajesh Kumar Sharma, and Dinesh Chandra Sharma. "A review of the physiological function of Pachakpitta and its correlation with contemporary science." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 8, no. 7 (September 1, 2023): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.7.19.
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Tridosha theory is the foundation of Ayurvedic science. One of the three Doshas, called Pitta, is very important for digestion and metabolism. There are five different varieties of Pitta Dosha: Pachaka, Ranjaka, Alochaka, Bhrajaka, and Sadhaka. Food digestion, Sara and Kitta Vibhajan, and feeding the Agneya component of Pitta, which is distributed throughout the body, are all tasks carried out by the Pachaka Pitta. It also goes by the name Jatharagni. after aiding in food digestion, this Agni form Pitta divides the Sara and Kitta Bhaga. All digestive enzymes, such as amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic enzymes, can be compared to Pachaka Pitta, as suggested by the functions of this substance. The goals of digestive enzymes, gastrointestinal hormones, and local hormones can be linked to the actions of Pachaka Pitta.
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Zhang, Xiaoying, Yiming Li, Yue Li, Jiangli Zhao, Yudou Cheng, Yongxia Wang, and Junfeng Guan. "Changes of Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Pear Ferment in Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion In Vitro." Foods 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12061211.
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Fruit ferment is rich in polyphenols, organic acids, enzymes, and other bioactive components, which contribute to their antioxidant ability. In this study, we investigated the effect of the simulated gastric and intestinal digestion in vitro on the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic components content, organic acid content, protease activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), hydroxyl (·OH) radical scavenging activity (·OH-RSA), and total reducing capacity in ‘Xuehua’ pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd) ferment. The result showed that the TPC, TFC, protease activity, and phenolic components such as arbutin, protocatechuic acid, malic acid, and acetic acid showed a rising trend during the simulated gastric digestion in ‘Xuehua’ pear ferment, and these components might contribute to the increasing of ·OH-RSA and total reducing capacity. The SOD activity and epicatechin content showed an increasing trend at first and then a decreasing trend, which was likely associated with DPPH-RSA. During in vitro-simulated intestinal digestion, the majority of evaluated items reduced, except for protease activity, quercetin, and tartaric acid. The reason for the decreasing of bio-accessibility resulted from the inhibition of the digestive environment, and the transformation between substances, such as the conversion of hyperoside to quercetin. The correlation analysis indicated that the antioxidant capacity of ‘Xuehua’ pear ferment was mainly affected by its bioactive compounds and enzymes activity as well as the food matrices and digestive environment. The comparison between the digestive group with and without enzymes suggested that the simulated gastrointestinal digestion could boost the release and delay the degradation of phenolic components, flavonoids, and organic acid, protect protease and SOD activity, and stabilize DPPH-RSA, ·OH-RSA, and total reducing capacity in ‘Xuehua’ pear ferment; thus, the ‘Xuehua’ pear ferment could be considered as an easily digestible food.
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Bhattacharyya, B. K., S. Chowdhury, S. Das, S. Mukherjee, and D. Bhattacharjee. "Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency with Enteric Coated Pancreatin Formulations: An Overview." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2013): 2125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.3.3.
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Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. It is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Pancreatin products contain the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. The patients with pancreatic diseases often suffer from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In such condition pancreas does not secrete required amount of digestive enzymes for proper digestion to occur. Severe pancreatic insufficiency occurs in cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, tumors or after surgical resection. Thus pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in clinical manifestation of malnutrition, weight loss and steatorrhea leading towards the increased risk of morbidity and mortality. For the improvement of clinical symptoms, restriction of fat intake and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy are recommended. The enzyme substitution therapy is very much challenging because the optimal enzyme dose is highly variable to mimic the physiological pattern of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Regulatory authorities have approved several pancreatic enzyme formulations in the form of enteric coated minimicrosphere which are now available commercially. This review focuses on the physiological considerations of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and its treatment with enteric coated pancreatin formulations.
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Allaily, Allaily, Andrie Wahyu Septian, and Muhammad Daud. "Analysis of Broiler Chicken Business with Addition of Probiotics and Digestive Enzymes in Fermented Ration." JURNAL ILMIAH PETERNAKAN TERPADU 10, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jipt.v10i2.p124-132.
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Broiler chicken business as a producer of animal protein sources in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the high operating costs of broiler chickens, especially the cost of feed, are one of the factors that cause of breeder profits to be small. To produce high margins and reduce production costs, breeders need to look for feed materials that are cheap. The thing that can be done is to add feed additives in the form of probiotics and digestive enzymes in fermented rations. This study was conducted to review information about the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes in rations in the maintenance of broiler chickens to the feasibility of broiler chicken maintenance efforts. The study used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 5 treatments and 4 repeats, the study treatment were P0= without the addition of probiotics and digestive enzymes, P1 = 0.5% probiotics + 0% digestive enzymes, P2 = 0% probiotics + 0.5% digestive enzymes, P3 = 0.5% probiotics + 1% digestive enzymes, P4 = 1% probiotics + 0.5% digestive enzymes. Results from the study showed the addition of fermented rations without probiotics and 0.5% digestive enzymes (P2) is feasible and beneficial if run in the maintenance of broiler chickens. Rations with the addition of digestive enzymes by 0.5% are more beneficial than other rations treatments.
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Kumlu, M., and D. A. Jones. "Digestive Protease Activity in Planktonic Crustaceans Feeding at Different Trophic Levels." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 1 (February 1997): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400033841.
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Trypsin-like enzyme activity of the larvae of two planktonic predatory crustaceans, Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae) and the omnivorous larvae of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Brachyura) were investigated at each larval stage until metamorphosis. Two copepods, herbivorous or omnivorous grazers, Centropages typicus and Temora longicornis (Copepoda: Calanoidae) were also investigated for this enzyme. A comparison of trypsin-like activity in these and other decapod larvae shows a pattern with high levels in herbivores, low levels in carnivores and intermediate levels in omnivores. Herbivorous planktonic crustaceans appear to rely on high digestive enzyme activities to extract nutrients from less digestible algae or particulates, whereas carnivorous larvae have limited enzymatic capacity as they feed at higher trophic levels upon large and easily digestible prey. Omnivorous Carcinus maenas larvae have intermediate levels of digestive enzymes and are able to transfer between herbivorous and omnivorous feeding.
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Saborowski, R., U. Bickmeyer, L. Rojo Arreola, L. Rojo Arreola, M. A. Navarette del Toro, and F. L. García-Carreño. "Digestive enzymes in decapod crustaceans." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 151, no. 1 (September 2008): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.026.
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Lazzari, Rafael, João Radünz Neto, Fabio de Araújo Pedron, Vania Lucia Loro, Alexandra Pretto, and Carolina Rosa Gioda. "Protein sources and digestive enzyme activities in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 3 (2010): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000300002.
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Digestive enzymes activity influence feed utilization by fish, and its understanding is important to optimize diet formulation. This study reports the digestive enzyme activities of jundiá juveniles fed diets with protein sources. Fish were fed six experimental diets for 90 days: MBY (meat and bone meal + sugar cane yeast), SY (soybean meal + sugar cane yeast), S (soybean meal), MBS (meat and bone meal + soybean meal), FY (fish meal + sugar cane yeast) and FS (fish meal + soybean meal), and then sampled every 30 days and assayed in two intestine sections for digestive enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase - activities; gastric protease was assayed in the stomach. Digestive and hepatosomatic index, intestinal quotient, digestive tract length and weight gain were also measured. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were higher (p < 0.0001) in fish fed diets containing animal protein sources (MBY, MBS, FY and FS diets). Alkaline proteases were negatively affected by dietary soybean meal in the SY and S diets. Amylase activity had greater variation between diets and intestine sections. Fish fed MBY and MBS diets showed higher gastric protease activity (p < 0.0001). Weight gains were higher in fish fed the MBS and FS diets (p < 0.05). Highest values (p < 0.05) of digestive tract length were observed in fish fed MBS and FY diets, but no correlation with enzymes activities was found. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was affected by diet composition. Dietary composition influenced digestive enzymes activities of jundiá.
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Buddington, R. K., and J. W. Hilton. "Intestinal adaptations of rainbow trout to changes in dietary carbohydrate." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): G489—G496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.4.g489.
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Although omnivores are able to alter the structure and functions of their digestive system in response to changes in dietary carbohydrate content, it is unclear whether carnivores are capable of such adaptive flexibility. Hence we recorded growth rates, intestinal morphometrics and histology, and nutrient uptake rates and concentrations of disaccharidases in the intestines of a carnivorous fish, the rainbow trout, fed different levels and types of carbohydrate. The trout is unable to adaptively regulate digestive system structure and function to increase glucose availability in response to increasing levels of dietary carbohydrates, even to easily digestible forms such as glucose. Paradoxically, a reduction in the concentrations of enzymes associated with carbohydrate digestion in response to elevated levels of easily digested carbohydrates suggests that carnivores may actually try to repress carbohydrate digestion when glucose is available in high quantities. Thus the lower levels of carbohydrate in the diet of trout throughout their evolution has resulted in a reduced ability to phenotypically regulate the digestion of carbohydrates.
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Pluschke, Anton M., Paulus G. M. Jochems, Barbara A. Williams, and Michael J. Gidley. "Protection of α-amylase from proteolysis by adsorption to feed components in vitro and in the porcine small intestine." Animal Production Science 58, no. 4 (2018): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15765.
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The interactions between digestive enzymes and non-substrate feed components, and the impacts these have on enzyme activity, have rarely been studied. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of granular wheat starch and whole porcine diets to protect porcine pancreatic α-amylase from proteolysis by trypsin both in vitro and in vivo. Granular wheat starch protected α-amylase from degradation in vitro by adsorbing trypsin and reducing its proteolytic activity. This protection was also found for a complete pig diet and corresponded to undetectable soluble-trypsin activity in the presence of the diet. Pancreatic α-amylase from small intestinal digesta of pigs was active from the duodenum to the ileum (~200–330 U/mL) irrespective of the addition of a protease inhibitor immediately after sampling, most likely due to binding with other food components protecting it from proteolysis. We conclude that non-specific binding between pancreatic digestive enzymes and food components may be competitive with enzyme–substrate complex formation, and therefore important in determining differences in the rate of digestion of macronutrients along the small intestine.
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Wahyuni, Sri, Teguh Satria Amin, Nomi Noviani, and Leni Handayani. "ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMYLASE-PRODUCING MICROBES FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF TILAPIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Teunuleh 2, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51612/teunuleh.v2i4.68.
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Enzymes are natural products that play an important role in various industrial applications, from food processing to chemical products. One of the most widely used enzymes is amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that plays a role in starch hydrolysis. Amylolytic bacteria can be isolated in the digestive tract of fish. This is most bacteria that occupy the digestive tract have high activity. This study aims to obtain a potential isolate producing amylase bacteria whose activity can be determined through morphological characterization and activity test of enzyme-producing bacteria. The results obtained from this study were ten isolates with the potential to produce amylase enzymes, which were marked with a positive test after the addition of iodine.
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Coccia, Elena, Ettore Varricchio, and Marina Paolucci. "Digestive Enzymes in the CrayfishCherax albidus: Polymorphism and Partial Characterization." International Journal of Zoology 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/310371.
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We will deal with the partial characterization and the activity of the following digestive enzymes: amylase, pectinase, alginase, lipase, and protease present in the digestive tract of juvenile freshwater crayfishCherax albidus. Gastric juices, the hepatopancreas, and the intestine were sampled for enzyme analysis. Among carbohydratases, amylase activity was the highest. It was significantly higher in the intestine than in the gastric juice and hepatopancreas. Lipase activity was significantly higher in the hepatopancreas and the intestine compared to the gastric juice. Both alkaline and acid proteases were found. Alkaline proteases were characterized by employing specific protease inhibitors. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin activity was detected. The majority of alkaline protease activity was ascribable to trypsin. Several isoforms of digestive enzymes were identified by gel electrophoresis. This work provides basic information to study the digestive abilities of crayfish.
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Głogowski, Robert, M. Clauss, and Grzegorz Bełżecki. "Biochemical properties and hydrolytic activity in the nutria (Myocastor coypus) digestive tract." ANIMAL SCIENCE AND GENETICS 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3912.
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Current understanding of site-specific digestion of carbohydrates in mammals is that whereas starch can be degraded by mammalian enzymes, other complex carbohydrates (e.g. pectin, inulin, xylan or cellulose) are typically digested by the enzymes of symbiotic microbes. To test whether the previously reported presence of complex carbohydrate-digesting enzymes in the small intestine of sheep represent actual small intestinal enzyme activity or just outflux of microbial enzymes from the forestomach, we applied the same methodology of isolating enzymes from gastrointestinal contents and applying them in vitro to test substrates in nutria (Myocastor coypus), a hindgut-fermenting rodent without a forestomach. No enzymatic activity against carbohydrates was detected in the stomach, excluding an effect of coprophagy on the presence of the investigated enzymes. While – as expected – starch digestion was highest in the small intestine, and that of the other carbohydrates was highest in the caecum, there was nevertheless detectable enzymatic activity against pectin, inulin, xylan and cellulose in the small intestine. Further investigations notwithstanding, we suggest that these results indicate a certain degree of unspecific carbohydrase activity by small intestinal enzymes that plays no relevant role in vivo due to the short residence time of digesta in the small intestine.
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Xie, Shumin, Runyao Liu, Huiling Zhang, Fei Yu, Tingting Shi, Jiawei Zhu, Xinlei Zhou, et al. "Comparative Analyses of the Exopalaemon carinicauda Gut Bacterial Community and Digestive and Immune Enzyme Activity during a 24-Hour Cycle." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112258.
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The change in life activities throughout a cycle of approximately 24 h is called the circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm has an important impact on biological metabolism, digestion, immunity, and other physiological activities, but the circadian rhythm of crustaceans has rarely been studied. In this study, the activity of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, trypsin, and lipase) and immune enzymes (superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, and catalase), as well as the circadian rhythm of the intestinal bacterial community of Exopalaemon carinicauda, were studied. The results showed that the digestive and immune enzyme activities of E. carinicauda changed significantly (p < 0.05) at four time points throughout the day by one-way ANOVA analysis, with the highest value at 24:00 and the lowest value at 12:00. The highest values of alpha diversity and richness were observed in the 24:00 samples, which were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results obviously showed that the samples from the same sampling time had higher similarity in the bacterial community structure. Candidatus hepatoplasma had the highest abundance among the intestinal microorganisms at 24:00, and Marinomonas had the highest abundance at 12:00. This study contributed to the understanding of digestive enzyme activity, immune enzyme activity, and the circadian rhythm of the intestinal bacterial community structure in E. carinicauda. It will play an important role in optimizing feeding times and improving digestion and nutrient utilization for E. carinicauda. The results of this study provide a basis for further study on the physiological mechanism of diurnal variation of intestinal flora in crustaceans.
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HUTAPEA, Albert M., Chaivat TOSKULKAO, Duang BUDDHASUKH, Prapin WILAIRAT, and Thirayudh GLINSUKON. "Digestion of Stevioside, a Natural Sweetener, by Various Digestive Enzymes." Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 23, no. 3 (1997): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.23.177.
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Cavonius, L. R., E. Albers, and I. Undeland. "In vitro bioaccessibility of proteins and lipids of pH-shift processed Nannochloropsis oculata microalga." Food & Function 7, no. 4 (2016): 2016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fo01144b.
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Zibaee, A., and A. R. Bandani. "Effects of Artemisia annua L. (Asteracea) on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutellaridae), against Beauveria bassiana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 2 (June 12, 2009): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990149.
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AbstractPlant extracts are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their usage in plant protection. Many of the natural plant compounds which are used in the control of pests are known to affect the digestion and immune functions of insects. In this study, effects of Artemisia annua extract on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of Eurygaster integriceps were investigated to reach a better understanding of its role in the control of this pest as the most destructive one in the production of wheat in the Near and Middle East, eastern and southern Europe and North Africa. Feeding and injection methods were used to study the plant extract effects on digestive enzymes and cellular immunity, respectively. When adult E. integriceps fed on food and water containing plant extracts, activity of the digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases, protease and lipase, in addition to cellular immune reactions (total and differentiate hemocyte numbers, phagocytosis, nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity) against Beauveria bassiana were affected and significantly decreased in comparison with controls, in that the clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activities and immune reactions. A. annua extract had a significant effect on kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) of digestive enzymes and phenoloxidase activity so that the presence of the plant extract decreased the value of Vmax and increased Km, causing the reduction of enzyme affinity to the substrate, overall velocity of the reaction and finally interfering with the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex. The understanding of fungal-induced immune responses and identification of factors regarding fungal virulence could be important in accelerating host death in a biological control scenario. Hence, the combination of botanical pesticides and microbes to control insect pest populations would be a safe and possibly rapid method to decrease their damage and environmental risk due to the use of chemical pesticides.
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Kwasek, Karolina, Christian Gonzalez, Macdonald Wick, Giovanni S. Molinari, and Michal Wojno. "Fish muscle hydrolysate obtained using largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides digestive enzymes improves largemouth bass performance in its larval stages." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): e0261847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261847.
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The present study utilized digestives tracts from adult largemouth bass (LMB) to hydrolyze Bighead carp muscle and obtain an optimal profile of muscle protein hydrolysates that would be easily assimilated within the primitive digestive tract of larval LMB. Specifically, muscle protein source was digested for the larva using the fully developed digestive system of the same species. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop an optimal in vitro methodology for carp muscle hydrolysis using LMB endogenous digestive enzymes, and 2) to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of the carp muscle protein hydrolysate on LMB growth, survival, occurrence of skeletal deformities, and whole-body free amino acid composition. The study found that the in vitro hydrolysis method using carp intact muscle and LMB digestive tracts incubated at both acid and alkaline pH (to mimic digestive process of LMB) yielded a wide range of low molecular weight fractions (peptides), as opposed to the non-hydrolyzed muscle protein or muscle treated only with acid pH or alkaline pH without enzymes from LMB digestive tracts, which were comprised of large molecular weight fractions (polypeptides above 150 kDa). Overall, the dietary inclusion of the carp muscle hydrolysate improved growth performance of larval LMB in terms of final average weight, weight gain, DGC, SGR, and body length after 21 days of feeding compared to fish that received the diet based on non-hydrolyzed carp muscle. The study also found that hydrolysate-based feed significantly reduced skeletal deformities. The positive growth performance presented by fish in the hydrolysate-fed group possibly resulted from matching the specific requirements of the larvae with respect to their digestive organ development, levels of digestive enzymes present in the gut, and nutritional requirements.
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Arenas-Pardo, Martín Alberto, Martha Gabriela Gaxiola-Cortés, Alvaro Fabricio Barreto-Altamirano, Adriana del Carmen Paredes-Medina, Iveth Gabriela Palomino-Albarrán, Patricia Margarita Balam-Uc, Juan Carlos Maldonado-Flores, and Carlos Alfonso Álvarez-González. "Changes in Digestive Enzyme Activities during Larval Development of Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)." Aquaculture Nutrition 2024 (May 8, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1309390.
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The spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)—an important commercial species—has a high potential for aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico. To optimize its feeding during larval rearing, this study aims to evaluate the primary gastric (pepsin), intestinal (leucine aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase), and pancreatic (alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase) enzyme activities from hatching to day 30. A multivariate analysis identified three digestive enzyme development stages during the spotted seatrout larval transformation. The first stage occurred between 1 (mean ± standard error (SE) = 1.73 ± 0.14 millimeter (mm) standard length (SL)) and 3 (2.14 ± 0.07 mm SL) days after hatching (DAH); a period of digestive stability showed the highest activity in amylase and bile salt-dependent lipase. The second stage (from 4 (2.53 ± 0.09 mm SL) to 20 (10.92 ± 0.51 mm SL) DAH) was a period of digestive transition, during which leucine aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, and alkaline proteases were identified as the predominant enzymes from 4 to 5 DAH. In the third stage—a period of digestive stability—pepsin was the major enzyme that occurred between 25 (16.51 ± 0.81 mm SL) and 30 (25.91 ± 0.82 mm SL) DAH. These results indicate that the spotted seatrout larvae have a digestive system adapted to lipids and carbohydrates at the onset of feeding, with an immediate transition to protein digestion when exogenous feeding begins. Additionally, the digestive system of the spotted seatrout may be considered mature at 25 DAH. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of digestive tract development in the spotted seatrout larvae.
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Truong, Ha H., Sonia Y. Liu, and Peter H. Selle. "Starch utilisation in chicken-meat production: the foremost influential factors." Animal Production Science 56, no. 5 (2016): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15056.
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Starch is the chief dietary energy source for chicken-meat production, the majority of which is derived from the grain basis of diets for broiler chickens. The utilisation of starch from maize is of a high order in terms of ileal starch digestibility coefficients but this is not necessarily the case with wheat or sorghum. This may stem from the fact that maize essentially lacks the soluble non-starch polysaccharides in wheat and ‘non-tannin’ phenolic compounds found in sorghum. Numerous factors may influence starch digestibility with emphasis placed on starch–protein interactions as starch granules are located in the prolamin protein matrixes of grain endosperm. This close proximity facilitates any physical and chemical interactions and in this connection particular attention has been paid to kafirin, the dominant protein fraction in sorghum. Nevertheless, despite their apparent importance, the precise nature of starch–protein interactions has not been well defined. Exogenous phytases are routinely included in broiler diets primarily to liberate phytate-bound phosphorus; however, phytate may impede starch digestion and may retard glucose absorption. Additional feed additives, including non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, other exogenous enzymes and reducing agents may have the capacity to influence starch utilisation. Nevertheless, ileal and total tract starch digestibility coefficients are static parameters and overlook the digestive dynamics of starch, which is inappropriate given the possibility that slowly digestible starch enhances energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency. However, if the slowly digestible starch concept is valid, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Consideration is given to the suggestion that slowly digestible starch ameliorates the catabolism of amino acids to provide energy to the gut mucosa by increasing the provision of glucose to posterior small intestinal segments. There is the prospect that whole grain feeding provides slowly digestible starch in addition to generating heavier relative gizzard weights. The digestive dynamics of starch and protein are inter-related and the digestion of starch and absorption of glucose should not be considered in isolation from protein digestion and amino acid absorption in the quest to improve the performance of broiler chickens. The foremost factor influencing starch utilisation in chicken-meat production may be the interaction between starch and protein digestive dynamics.
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Wu, Lingfeng, Yufeng Liu, Yin Qin, Lu Wang, and Zhenqiang Wu. "HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS Characterization, Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Ability of Digestive Enzymes with Molecular Docking Analysis of Various Parts of Raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.)." Antioxidants 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080274.
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The anti-oxidative phenolic compounds in plant extracts possess multiple pharmacological functions. However, the phenolic characterization and in vitro bio-activities in various parts of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) have not been investigated systematically. In the present study, the phenolic profiles of leaves (LE), fruit pulp (FPE), and seed extracts (SE) in raspberry were analyzed by HR-HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS method, and their antioxidant activities and digestive enzymes inhibitory abilities were also investigated. The molecular docking analysis was used to delineate their inhibition mechanisms toward type II diabetes related digestive enzymes. Regardless of LE, FPE, or SE, 50% methanol was the best solvent for extracting high contents of phenolic compounds, followed by 50% ethanol and 100% methanol. The LE of raspberry displayed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). A total of nineteen phenolic compounds were identified. The quantitative results showed that gallic acid, ellagic acid, and procyanidin C3 were the major constituents in the three extracts. The various parts extracts of raspberry all exhibited the strong antioxidant activities, especially for LE. Moreover, the powerful inhibitory effects of the three extracts against digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) were observed. The major phenolic compounds of the three extracts also showed good inhibitory activities of digestive enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying inhibitory mechanisms of the main phenolic compounds against digestive enzymes were clarified by molecular docking analysis. The present study demonstrated that the various parts of raspberry had strong antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes, and can potentially prevent oxidative damage or diabetes-related problems.
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Ravee, Rishiesvari, Faris ‘Imadi Mohd Salleh, and Hoe-Han Goh. "Discovery of digestive enzymes in carnivorous plants with focus on proteases." PeerJ 6 (June 5, 2018): e4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4914.
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BackgroundCarnivorous plants have been fascinating researchers with their unique characters and bioinspired applications. These include medicinal trait of some carnivorous plants with potentials for pharmaceutical industry.MethodsThis review will cover recent progress based on current studies on digestive enzymes secreted by different genera of carnivorous plants:Drosera(sundews),Dionaea(Venus flytrap), Nepenthes(tropical pitcher plants),Sarracenia(North American pitcher plants), Cephalotus(Australian pitcher plants), Genlisea(corkscrew plants),andUtricularia(bladderworts).ResultsSince the discovery of secreted protease nepenthesin inNepenthespitcher, digestive enzymes from carnivorous plants have been the focus of many studies. Recent genomics approaches have accelerated digestive enzyme discovery. Furthermore, the advancement in recombinant technology and protein purification helped in the identification and characterisation of enzymes in carnivorous plants.DiscussionThese different aspects will be described and discussed in this review with focus on the role of secreted plant proteases and their potential industrial applications.
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Tshisikhawe, Musundwa Locardia, Mamonokane Olga Diale, Adrian Mark Abrahams, and Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini. "Screening and Production of Industrially Relevant Enzymes by Bacillus paranthracis Strain MHDS3, a Potential Probiotic." Fermentation 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2023): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110938.
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The digestive process and intestinal protein absorption are influenced by a variety of factors. Due to their numerous health advantages, including potential favorable effects on protein digestion and absorption, probiotics have gained increased attention in recent years. Probiotics can control the intestinal microflora, which in turn affects the intestinal bacteria responsible for proteolysis. Additionally, certain probiotics can release exoenzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins and others can stimulate the host’s digestive protease and peptidase activity. By boosting transport and enhancing the epithelium’s capacity for absorption, probiotics can also improve the absorption of tiny peptides and amino acids as well as lessen detrimental protein fermentation, which lowers the toxicity of metabolites. The present study explored the production of enzymes by Bacillus paranthracis strain MHDS3, a probiotic candidate isolated from Pellaea calomelanos. Bacillus paranthracis displayed enzyme activities of amylase (31,788.59 IU), cellulase (4487.486 IU), and pectinase (13.98986 IU) through submerged fermentation. The CAZyme analysis of B. paranthracis revealed 16 CAZyme gene clusters associated with cellulose, amylase, and pectinase activity. Thus, B. paranthracis is a promising probiotic strain that can produce enzymes with biotechnological applications.
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Aman Yaman, M., Farhan Ananda Rangkuti, M. Daud, and Zulfan. "Differences in morphometric characterization of female BSA hybrid chickens fed on wet fermented diet containing a combination of maggot flour (Hermetia illucens) and active digestive enzymes in ration." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012048.
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Abstract The present study was aimed to examine the effect of feeding fermented diet containing a combination of maggot flour and active digestive enzymes in the ration on feed consumption, weight gain and exterior appearance or morphometric parameters of female BSA hybrid chickens (BSA-HC). The present study was carried out at Field Laboratory of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Science, University of Syiah Kuala-Banda Aceh for 90 days, starting from December 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022. The study used a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments which were: P0 (control: chicken fed on commercial diet), P1 (chicken fed on a wet fermented diet, 9% maggot flour and 0.5% enzyme), P2 (chicken fed on a wet fermented diet, 12% maggot flour and 1 % enzyme), and P3 (chicken fed on a wet fermented diet without maggot flour and without digestive enzymes). Each treatment was repeated 4 times and total number of chickens used in the study was 80 female hybrid chickens. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and it was continued with Duncan’s Multiple Test by SPSS program. The results showed that difference in a combination of maggot flour and active digestive enzymes percentage in wet fermented diet had an effect on the increased in morphometric parameters such us: thigh circumference, height, and head width of chicken until 9 weeks of chicken age. However, feeding of wet fermented diet containing maggot flour and digestive enzymes resulted the same effect on morphometric parameters as commercial diet on BSA-HC hens resulted a high efficiency feed. It was presumably due to the nutritional value contained in wet fermented diet was absorbed by part of chicken body which was supported by the development of body and digestive organs. Although a combination of maggot flour and active digestive enzymes percentage in wet fermented diet does not significantly affect the morphometric parameters, the nutritional content such as protein and energy contained in the feed increased the process of performance and growth process of female hybrid chicken which was comparable to commercial diet.
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Li, Wenjing, Xincheng Zhao, Wei Yuan, and Kongming Wu. "Activities of Digestive Enzymes in the Omnivorous Pest Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 110, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tow263.
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The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür, 1843, an omnivorous species that feeds on plants and animals, has become a major pest in China as production of Bt-cotton has grown to such a large scale. Its omnivory is likely to be critical for its success, but the digestive mechanism(s) underlying processing and adsorption of such diverse foods is relatively unknown. Here, we examined the activities of digestive enzymes of A. lucorum in the salivary gland complex and midgut and the effect of sex, age, and food source on these activities. Amylase and protease were present in the salivary gland complex and the midgut, but were higher in the salivary gland complex. Trypsin-like enzyme was also present in both organs, but chymotrypsin-like enzyme was present only in the midgut. Sex, age, and food source affected the activities of these digestive enzymes. In general, the activities of these enzymes peaked at 10 d after emergence, and amylase and protease activities were higher in female adults than in males. Of the food sources tested, green bean pods (Gb) induced the highest amylase activity, whereas Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1809 eggs (He) and a mixture of Gb and He induced higher activities of the trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes. The results from food switching experiments confirmed that amylase activity could be induced by plant sources, and animal sources induced protease activity. Thus, the types and activities of digestive enzymes in A. lucorum provide the physiological basis of the pest’s omnivory.
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Guo, Jiayue, Alyssa Gutierrez, Jiannan Feng, Libo Tan, and Lingyan Kong. "Inhibition of Starch Digestion by Dallic Acid and Alkyl Gallates." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa052_022.
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Abstract Objectives Retardation of starch digestion is an effective way of optimizing glycemic response. Certain bioactive food components inhibit starch digestion by binding with starch digestive enzymes or starch molecules in the digestive tract. Inclusion complexation between starch and guest compounds is a specific non-covalent binding mode and may contribute to a lower digestibility of starch. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effects of alkyl gallates on in vitro starch digestion and the mechanism of inhibition. Methods Raw and cooked high amylose maize starch (HAMS) and potato starch (PS) were tested for in vitro enzymatic digestion. Gallic acid (GA) and alkyl gallates, including butyl (BG), octyl (OG), dodecyl (DG), hexadecyl (HG), and octadecyl (SG) gallates, were either added during digestion or processed to form inclusion complexes with starch prior to digestion. Starch digestibility profiles, represented by rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) contents, were determined. Results GA and alkyl gallates significantly increased (P < 0.05) RS content in raw starches. Cooked starches had significantly lower RS contents than raw starches. GA and BG increased RS content in cooked HAMS, while all compounds except for SG increased RS content in cooked PS. DG and HG caused a significant increase in SDS contents in cooked HAMS but not in raw starches and cooked PS. Significant increases in SDS and RS contents were seen in HAMS inclusion complexes with DG and HG, compared with uncomplexed starch. Conclusions The bioactive food components tested could all inhibit starch digestion either by inhibiting the enzymes or by forming starch inclusion complex. As alkyl chain length increased, their inhibition on enzymatic activity decreased, but their ability to bind starch increased. While cooking makes starch more digestible, adding certain bioactive food components could compensate for RS loss, suggesting a practical way of modulating glycemic response. Funding Sources USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture.
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Terra, Walter R., Renata O. Dias, and Clélia Ferreira. "Recruited lysosomal enzymes as major digestive enzymes in insects." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 2 (March 22, 2019): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180344.
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Abstract The mass recruitment to the midgut contents of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes occurred in insects under three major selective pressures. Hemipteran (true bugs, aphids, and cicadas) ancestors lost their serine peptidases (SP) on adapting to feed on protein-free plant sap. When they returned to protein diets, their cathepsins L and B were recruited to replace their lost SP. Among beetles of the series Cucujiformia, cathepsins L were recruited to hydrolyze ingested plant inhibitors that affect their major SP and/or to deal with special seed proteins, such as prolamins. Larval flies have a very acid middle midgut and use cathepsin D to digest bacteria from their infected food. All the recruited enzymes originated from duplicated genes. The recruited digestive enzymes differ from their lysosomal counterparts in critical regions of their amino acid sequences that resulted in changes in substrate specificities and other kinetic properties. The discharge of digestive cathepsins in the midgut contents, instead of lysosomes, seems to be a consequence of their overexpression or the existence of new targeting signals. Their activation at the midgut contents occurs by an autoactivation mechanism or with the help of other enzymes or by a combination of both. The targeting to lysosomes of the insect lysosomal enzymes does not follow the mammalian mannose 6-phosphate route, but an incompletely known mechanism.
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Nozigul, Kiyomova, and Muminov Beknazar. "Effects Of Different Food Contaminants On The Activity Of Digestive Enzymes." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue02-16.
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This article examines the effects of various contaminants on the activity of digestive enzymes, including disaccharides, as well as helps to understand the etiology and pathology of the disease in various food intoxications, as well as to identify adequate treatment options.
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Mahaswetta Saikia. "Zymograms as a Tool to Detect PPIs in Host plants of Antheraea Assamensis." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2023): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i4.1422.
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Antheraea assamensis (vernacular: ‘muga’) larvae is commercially reared on two tree species of the Lauraceae family, Persea bombycina and Litsea monopetala for its golden yellow, lustrous cocoon silk. Biochemical and molecular studies suggested that the midgut digestive enzymes and their transcripts in larvae feeding on P. bombycina differ from those found in larvae feeding on L. monopetala indicating that host plant 'choice' affects the digestive physiology of this insect. Ingestion of plant proteinase inhibitors is known to influence expression of digestive enzymes. Using reverse zymography technique trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors were detected in herbivore-induced leaves of L. monopetala and P. bombycina that could inhibit midgut proteinases of A. assamensis. Such interactions may affect proteolytic digestion in larvae reared on different host plant species. This work may have significance in quality of silk produced by muga silkworm, ultimately benefiting the silkworm rearers/industry.
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Oghenochuko, Oghenebrorhie Mavis, Fiyinfoluwa Georgina Leramo, Olamide Modinat Adeosun, Paul Bangura, and Festus Idowu Adeosun. "Biology, digestive enzymes and organosomatic indices of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède, 1803) from Oyan Dam, Southwestern Nigeria." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.08.
Full textAbstract:
Some aspects of the biology, digestive enzymes and organosomatic indices of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus purchased from fishermen in Oyan dam was investigated. This study was aimed at providing information on the composition of food materials found in the gut and specific activities of selected enzymes as it affects the domestication of the species. 100 specimens of the species were examined for stomach contents, length-weight relationship, digestive enzyme assay and organosomatic indices, using standard methods. Food items observed were detritus (4%), fish part (12%), Insecta (13%). Sand was observed to be 11% of total stomach volume. The logarithmic equation for length-weight relationship lnW=2.68lnl-3.79 indicated that an increase in length led to a corresponding increase in weight with ‘R’ = 0.611, calculated ‘r’=0.78, ‘a’=2.68 and ‘b’=3.79 indicating positive allometric growth pattern. Amylase exhibited high activity in the stomach, while lipase and proteinase in the stomach and posterior intestine. Specific activities of digestive enzymes showed significant differences (p<0.05). Viscerosomatic (2.92± 0.25), hepatosomatic (2.27± 0.22) indices and Fulton condition factor (1.93± 0.06) were recorded. Feed items present in the species confirm its overlapping feeding habit, indicating that the species is an omnivorous detritivore. This was also depicted in the activities of the different digestive enzymes.
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Greenway, Steven C., and Kenneth B. Storey. "Effects of seasonal change and prolonged anoxia on metabolic enzymes of Littorina littorea." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-056.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of seasonal change (July versus November) and prolonged anoxia (N2 atmosphere at 5 or 10°C for 6 days) exposure in vivo on the activities of 18 enzymes, as well as the kinetic properties of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), were investigated in foot muscle and digestive gland of the marine periwinkle Littorina littorea L. Seasonal differences in enzyme maximal activities were tissue-specific, with generally increased activities during the summer and changes in a greater number of enzymes in digestive gland than in foot muscle. Seasonal differences in the kinetic properties of PFK and PK were observed in both tissues. PK from digestive gland of winter animals showed a much higher S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate and stronger changes in enzyme kinetic properties in response to anoxia than did the enzyme in summer animals; this may suggest the presence of seasonal isozymes. The effects of anoxia were tissue- and season-specific. Anoxia exposure during the winter induced a greater number of changes in enzyme maximal activities in foot muscle than in digestive gland. Anoxia-induced changes in the kinetic properties of both PFK and PK were also seen in both organs. For PK, these changes were consistent with less active enzyme forms in the anoxic state. Hence, both seasonal and environmental (anoxia) factors influence enzyme maximal activities and kinetic properties in L. littorea.
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Kocáb, Ondřej, Jana Jakšová, Ondřej Novák, Ivan Petřík, René Lenobel, Ivo Chamrád, and Andrej Pavlovič. "Jasmonate-independent regulation of digestive enzyme activity in the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 12 (March 27, 2020): 3749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa159.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Carnivorous plants within the order Caryophyllales use jasmonates, a class of phytohormone, in the regulation of digestive enzyme activities. We used the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina from the order Lamiales to investigate whether jasmonate signaling is a universal and ubiquitous signaling pathway that exists outside the order Caryophyllales. We measured the electrical signals, enzyme activities, and phytohormone tissue levels in response to prey capture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins in the digestive secretion. We identified eight enzymes in the digestive secretion, many of which were previously found in other genera of carnivorous plants. Among them, alpha-amylase is unique in carnivorous plants. Enzymatic activities increased in response to prey capture; however, the tissue content of jasmonic acid and its isoleucine conjugate remained rather low in contrast to the jasmonate response to wounding. Enzyme activities did not increase in response to the exogenous application of jasmonic acid or coronatine. Whereas similar digestive enzymes were co-opted from plant defense mechanisms among carnivorous plants, the mode of their regulation differs. The butterwort has not co-opted jasmonate signaling for the induction of enzyme activities in response to prey capture. Moreover, the presence of alpha-amylase in digestive fluid of P. × Tina, which has not been found in other genera of carnivorous plants, might indicate that non-defense-related genes have also been co-opted for carnivory.
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V.A, Toptikov, Totsky V.N., Alieksieieva T.G., and Kovtun O.A. "Hydrolytic enzymes expressivity in different parts of the Rapana digestive system." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 88, no. 3 (June 21, 2016): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj88.03.005.
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Oliveira, J. A., M. G. A. Oliveira, R. N. C. Guedes, and M. J. Soares. "Morphology and preliminary enzyme characterization of the salivary glands from the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, no. 3 (June 2006): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005420.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPodisus nigrispinus (Dallas) is a common predator in agricultural and natural systems in Neotropical America. Its feeding strategy involves extra-oral digestion and to better understand this process its salivary glands were extracted and subjected to morphological and preliminary enzyme characterization. The salivary glands of P. nigrispinus are formed by a pair of main and accessory gland complexes. The main salivary glands are further divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe. The compartmentalization of the salivary gland complex is likely to be important for the production, activation and release of the digestive enzymes used in the extra-oral digestion of prey items. Proteases and lipase, important digestive enzymes involved in zoophagy, were detected in the salivary glands of P. nigrispinus. The prevailing trypsin-like protease activity was characterized by using the serine-protease substrate N-α-benzoyl-L-Arg-p-nitroanilidine (L-BApNA) and the trypsin inhibitors tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and benzamidine. The KM value obtained for trypsin-like activity was 1.57 mm and the different peaks of optimum pH and temperature activity suggest the presence of multiple forms of this enzyme in P. nigrispinus. Detection of amylase activity in the salivary glands of this predator suggests its ability to digest starch and obtain nutrients from plants, which may have adaptative value under prey scarcity.