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1
Kyryliv, B. Ya, A. V. Hunchak, and О. М. Stefanyshyn. "Activity of hydrolytic enzyme in the poultry of different species." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 89 (2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8918.
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In the processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients of feed in the body a special place belongs to the digestive system. Hydrolysis of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of farm poultry is closely linked to its physiological state, the intensity of metabolic processes in the body and its productivity. However, there are no significant differences in the course and regulation of digestive functions between individual poultry species. At the same time, for different types of poultry, certain distinctive patterns of the course of digestive processes and, in particular, the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, due to the peculiarities of the structure and functioning of the digestive system, are characteristic. In the article is given a fragment of complex systemic researches, which is concerning the proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic activity of enzymes in tissues of the organs of the digestive canal (mucous membrane of the glandular and duodenum, pancreas, liver) of the quail breed “Pharaoh”, as well as chicken egg productivity direction cross “Hayseks Brown” and the Beijing Broiler Duck Cross STAR 53 (heavy) selection of the French firm “GRIMAUD FRERES SELECTION” during the critical periods of their growth and development. Namely, in the period of adaptation of the organism after hatching (day-old chicks of all species), complete resorption of residual yolk (7-day quail and 6-day chickens and ducks) and puberty (120-day chickens, 42-day quails, 180-daily ducks) All poultry was kept in poultry farms and received balanced full-fodder feeds, taking into account its species, age and physiological condition. The technology of keeping quails and chickens in cellular batteries, and ducks – on the mesh floor, with free access to the feed and water. It was established, that the nature of changes in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes had organ-tissue and species specificity. This is due not only to the particularities of digestion in quails, chickens and ducks, but also the energy value of rations used in feeding each type of farm poultry, which significantly affects metabolic processes in the body.
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Untari, Tri, Okti Herawati, Marla Anggita, Widya Asmara, Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni, and Michael Haryadi Wibowo. "The Effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on Antibiotic Resistance and the Digestive System of Broiler Chicken in Sleman, Yogyakarta." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304005.
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Chicken is a major source of animal protein consumption in Indonesia. The problem facing the poultry industry is the incidence of resistance which increases mortality of the chicken production. One of the causes of resistance case is the use of antibiotics in feed additives. The public understanding about the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in chickens in antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of chicken needs to be done to avoid the impact on economic losses and health problems. This study aims to provide an understanding of the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of broiler chickens. This study was carried out at a broiler chicken farm in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Based on the histopathological result of the digestive tract of chickens that were given antibiotics as AGP, there was no inflammation occurs, but the administration of antibiotics caused antibiotic resistance in various type of antibiotics including tetracycline (90% resistance), streptomycin (60% resistance), amoxicillin (50% resistance), erythromycin (80% resistance), and no resistance for gentamycin.
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Purnomo, Hindriyanto Dwi. "The Use of Naive Bayes for Broiler Digestive Tract Disease Detection." Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering 3, no. 01 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jitce.3.01.1-7.2019.
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Broiler chicken is a species of chicken that have high productivity. In order to get a good quality of chicken, good treatments of the breeding factors is needed, so the chicken will not easily infected by diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases are common disease that infects chickens. The mortality level caused by gastrointestinal diseases is considered high. This study is designed to address the problem by developing a system using the Naive Bayes algorithm. 60 chicken data samples were used, and the result shows that Naive Bayes might be used to detect gastrointestinal diseases among chickens with accuracy level of 93.3%. The number was confirmed by using confusion matrix evaluation method, and gave same level of accuracy compared to the expert judgments.
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Vertiprakhov, V. G., and A. A. Grozina. "EXOCRINE PANCREATIC FUNCTION IN CHICKENS AS A RESULT OF ADDING FEED ACIDIFIERS IN THEIR DIET." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 6 (2019): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-6-9.
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Feed acidifiers are used in animal diets for the prevention of proliferation of intestinal pathogenic microorganisms and resulting gastrointestinal digestive disorders. These additives, containing organic acids, have also been found to improve productivity and feed efficiency in poultry. There is information about correlation between digestive enzymes’ activity and intestinal microbiota of meattype chickens. However, the exact mechanism of the beneficial impact of organic acids on the digestion system still remains understudied. The paper presents the results of experiments conducted on Hisex White chicken with chronic fistulae of the main pancreatic duct, fed on a diet supplemented with an acidifier containing 2-furoic acid. No significant effect of this acidifier was found on the digestive pancreatic function. The dynamics analysis showed that the chickens’ secretion rate of pancreatic juice after postprandial 30 minutes dropped by over two times in the testing period when using acidifiers in their diet. After 150 minutes this rate was lower by 27.3% compared to the control group, which corresponds the neurochemical phase of secretory regulation. Analysis of enzyme dynamics (amylase, lipase and protease) showed a slight increase in the activity of proteases in pancreatic juice (by 1.2- 12.4%), compared to the control group, in the phase of complex-reflex regulation of pancreatic secretory activity related to the recognition of the taste qualities of the feed. Feed conversion ratio in the test group of broiler chickens increased by 1.52% when using acidifiers in the diet. The result of the study showed that the use of acidifiers has a beneficial effect on chickens’ gastrointestinal digestion as well as an inhibitive action on intestinal pathogens.
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Maguey-Gonzalez, Jesus A., Matias A. Michel, Mikayla F. A. Baxter, et al. "Effects of Humic Acids on Recovery of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis." Annals of Animal Science 18, no. 2 (2018): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0037.
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AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of humic acids (HA) on recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis, in an in vitro digestive system and on intestinal colonization in neonate broiler chickens. In experiment 1, two runs using an in vitro digestion model with two sources of HA (commercial or natural extraction) at 0.1 or 0.2%, and inoculated with 107 CFU/tube of S. Enteritidis, were carried out. In experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n=25) with or without 0.2% of isolated HA from worm compost, and challenged with 106 CFU of S. Enteritidis per chicken at 10-d old. All chicks were euthanized 24-h post challenge, and were subjected to serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) determination. A section of ileum was removed to obtain total concentration of IgA. Ceca-cecal tonsils were removed to evaluate Salmonella recovery, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total Gram negative bacteria. In experiment 1, neither concentration of commercial nor natural HA were able to reduce the recovery of S. Enteritidis in any of the simulated compartments (P>0.05). Only the crop compartment showed significant differences in pH in both trials between control and treated groups. In experiment 2, no significant differences were observed in serum concentration of FITC-d, intestinal IgA, S. Enteritidis recovery, LAB or total Gram negative bacteria in the ceca between control and treated chickens. In conclusion, no effects of HA on recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis, in an in vitro digestive system and on intestinal colonization of Salmonella, bacterial counts in ceca, intestinal IgA and serum FITC-d in neonate broiler chickens were observed. Further studies to evaluate the effect of HA under feed restriction model as an inducer of intestinal inflammation are currently being conducted.
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Liu, S. Y., and P. H. Selle. "Starch and protein digestive dynamics in low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17296.
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Digestive dynamics of starch and protein is defined as digestion of starch and protein, absorption of glucose and amino acids from the gut lumen and their transition across enterocytes to enter the portal circulation. Digestive dynamics consider the extent, rate and site of nutrient digestion along the small intestine and the bilateral, post-enteral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids. The underlying premise is that glucose and amino acids should be made available in appropriately balanced quantities at the sites of protein synthesis for efficient protein deposition and growth performance. Previous studies have suggested that feed conversion efficiency may be enhanced by rapidly digestible protein and that crystalline amino acids could be considered sources of ‘rapid protein’. At present, crystalline lysine, methionine and threonine are routinely included in broiler diets; moreover, an increasing array of both essential and non-essential crystalline amino acids is becoming commercially available. Despite unrestricted feed access in commercial chicken-meat production systems during the period of illumination, it appears that the intermittent feed consumption patterns of broiler chickens still provide scope for asynchronies in digestion and absorption of nutrients, which affects broiler performance. A better understanding of the post-enteral, bilateral bioavailability of glucose and amino acids in low-protein diets containing high levels of synthetic amino acids is clearly desirable and this applies equally to the relationship between crystalline and protein-bound amino acids.
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Ekaningtias, Maya, Hastari Wuryastuty, and Wasito Wasito. "Pendekatan Diagnosis Avian Influenza Virus dan Newcastle Disease Virus pada Kasus Lapangan Ayam Petelur: Imunopatologis Streptavidin Biotin." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 35, no. 1 (2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.29299.
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Poultry can be infected not only by one type of virus, but also by more than one type of virus. Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two important pathogens in poultry that can cause recurrent outbreaks and often lead to clinical symptoms and pathological lesions similar in poultry with high morbidity and mortality causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. This study aims to detect and differentiate pathogenic viruses in commercial laying chickens with similar clinical symptoms, especially torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and anatomic pathological lesions, such as foci necrotic hemorrhages in the digestive tract by applying streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical immunological test (IHC SB). Samples (chickens) were taken from the cases of the disease in poultry in several commercial poultry farms. The layer chickens in which showed clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, and hemorrhagic lesions in the lungs and / or digestive system are suspected of having AIV and NDV infections. After being necropsied, then lungs and gastrointestinal tract were tested IHC SB. The IHC SB results were examined with a digital microscope camera system. The results of the present study indicated that AIV antigen was detected in the lungs, but not in the digestive tract, whereas, NDV was detected in the digestive tract, but not in the lungs. It was concluded, that the IHC SB can be applied for confirmation of the diagnosis of AIV and NDV and indicated, that the commercial laying chickens with clinical symptoms of torticolis and curled toe paralysis, as well as pathological hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract could be infected by both viruses.
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Korchan, L., and A. Zamaziy. "Distribution of nematodoses of poultry in farms of Poltava region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 102 (2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10201.
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The task of meeting the needs of the population with high-quality poultry products is to create a stable veterinary welfare in farms of various forms of ownership by in-depth study of the epizootic situation of nematodoses, which are registered in poultry. This will effectively develop and implement a system of treatment and prevention measures and reduce the incidence and death of poultry, especially from mixed helminthiasis. The aim of the work was to study the species composition, distribution and features of the course of nematodoses of the digestive tract in poultry in the farms of Poltava region. A total of 241 coprooscopic studies of chickens and 186 – geese were performed. Parasitological studies have shown that nematodoses of the digestive tract among domestic geese and chickens in farms of Poltava region are very common invasive diseases, where the extensiveness of invasion ranges from 16.59 to 74.69 %. In the studied chickens, pathogens of heterakosis (EI – 74.69 %), ascaridiosis (41.49 %), capillariosis (31.54 %), trihostrongilosis (16.59 %) were detected. Among the studied geese, pathogens of heterakosis (41.94 %), amidostomosis (27.42 %), capillariosis (25.81 %) and trihostrongilosis (16.67 %) were found. It is proved that nematodoses of the digestive tract mainly occur in the form of polyinvasions. In 67.22 % of patients with nematodoses of chickens, the simultaneous course of several parasitic pathogens was established, in geese this figure was 57.69 %. Monoinvasions were detected in 32.78 and 42.31 % of patients with nematodoses of chickens and geese, respectively. Out of the polyinvasions of chickens, two-component ones predominated, where heterakosis-capillariosic and ascaridiosis-heterakosic were most often diagnosed (51.24 and 33.06 % of patients with polyinvasions). Ascaridiosis-trihostrongilosis-capillariosic (9.92 %) and heterakosis-trihostrongilosis-capillariosic (5.78 %) invasions were less frequent. Among geese, heterakosis-capillariosic (40 % of patients with polyinvasions) and amidostomosis-capillariosic (28.89 %) invasions dominated among polyinvasions. A smaller percentage were heterakosis-amidostomosis-capillariosic (20 %) and amidostomosis-trihostrongilosis (11.11 %) invasions. Prospects for further research are to establish the effectiveness of modern anthelmintics in polyinvasions of geese and chickens.
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Diaz, G. J., M. L. Vargas, and A. Cortés. "Evaluation of the supplementation of a feed additive as a potential protector against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin on growing broiler chickens." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 3 (2016): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8416.
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ABSTRACT A trial was conducted to evaluate a feed additive containing epoxidase activity from a bacterium (Mycofix-S) as a potential protection against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm dietary T-2 toxin in male growing broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were individually wing-banded and allotted into each of the four experimental groups. Group 1: negative control, no T-2 toxin or additive; group 2: Mycofix-S, 2.5 g/kg; group 3: positive control, 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin; group 4: 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin + 2.5 g/kg Mycofix-S. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 28 days (days 1 to 28 of age). Each experimental treatment was replicated 6 times, with 6 birds per replicate pen. Response variables included performance parameters, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amylase, relative weight of selected organs and histology of the upper digestive system. T-2 toxin at 2.5 ppm significantly (P = 0.016) decreased the 28-day body weight gain and cumulative feed intake without affecting feed conversion. The feed additive counteracted these adverse effects. Serum enzyme activities were not significantly (P>0.05) affected for the four experimental groups but when data from the groups receiving T-2 toxin was pooled and compared against the pooled data from groups without the toxin a significant decrease in amylase activity was observed in chickens receiving T-2 toxin. The histological examination of the upper digestive system revealed lesions in mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum in the chickens fed T-2 toxin without the additive. Chickens fed T-2 toxin plus the additive showed lesions in the same tissues except in the duodenum. The results of the present study show that the addition of 2.5 g/kg of the feed additive tested protects against adverse effects on performance and also the integrity of the duodenal mucosa.
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Cruz-Polycarpo, V. C., J. B. Freschi, G. V. Polycarpo, R. G. A. C. Araujo, A. Barbieri, and R. L. M. Sousa. "Isolated and combined organic acids in diets of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria acervulina." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 4 (2020): 1511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11647.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isolated or combined citric and benzoic acids added to the diets of broiler chickens on performance, allometry of the digestive system organs, intestinal pH and quantity of microorganisms in the jejunum. A total of 840 male Cobb broiler chicks were utilized, distributed in a complete random design in 2 × 2 factorial scheme, supplemented or not with citric acid, and sodium benzoate, with seven replications. At 14 days old, 1mL of a solution containing 1 × 105 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina per bird was inoculated orally. There was no effect of the acids on the broiler’s performance in the 1 to 21-day period. In the total period (1 to 42 days), the broilers fed with a blend of citric and benzoic acid presented greater feed intake, without increment in weight gain. The data of allometry of the digestive system organs and the jejunal pH values were not influenced by the treatments. The citric acid increased the bacterial quantity of gram-positive coccus and total anaerobes in the jejunum. Under the conditions of the present study, we conclude that the citric and benzoic acids, isolated or combined, do not benefit the nutrition of broilers challenged with E. acervulina.
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Boroomand, Zahra, Keramat Asasi, and Ali Mohammadi. "Pathogenesis and Tissue Distribution of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolate IRFIBV32 (793/B Serotype) in Experimentally Infected Broiler Chickens." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/402537.
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Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate IRFIBV32 (793/B serotype) in experimentally infected chicken. Ninety-one-day-old commercial broilers were divided randomly into two groups (seventy in the experimental and twenty in the control group). Chicks in the experimental group were inoculated intranasally with 105ELD50/0.1 mL of the virus at three weeks of age. The samples from various tissues were collected at1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, and 20 days postinoculation. Chickens exhibited mild respiratory signs and depression. Viral RNA was detected in the kidney, lung and tracheas on days 1 to 13 PI, in the oviduct between, days 3 and 13, in testes between days 1 and 11 PI, and in the caecal tonsil consistently up to day 20 PI. The most remarkable clinical signs and virus detection appeared on day 1 PI. Data indicated that the number of infected chickens and viral RNA detection from tissues was reduced with increasing antibody titer on day 20 PI. The results demonstrated that the IRFIBV32 virus has wide tissue distribution for respiratory, urogenital, and digestive systems.
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Matsenko, O. V., L. L. Kusch, and Y. V. Maslak. "Functional condition of broiler chicken liver using multienzyme preparation «Natyzyme»." Veterinary science, technologies of animal husbandry and nature management, no. 6 (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2020.06.11.
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The results of investigation using multienzyme preparation «Natyzyme» for broiler chickens to provide ultimate digestion of feed by preventive treatment of digestive system organs, increase of poultry growth intensity and correction of physiological spectrum of homeostasis have been shown in this article. Fifty chickens of cross Ross 308 of first (experimental) group since the sixth day of growth were inserted preparation «Natyzyme» added to feed in a dose of 35 gr on 100 kg of feed during 30 days, while the poultry of second (control) group was not used that preparation. The influence of enzyme preparation «Natyzyme» was estimated on 14th and 36th day of poultry birth according to analysis of productive indices, the results of biochemical and histological researches. It was defined the chick livability and liveweight gain of poultry during the period of growth, feed conversion ratio and EEI (European efficiency index) of poultry operation. Blood sampling was carried out in above mentioned period to define indices, characterized functional liver state: protein contain, albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, that were investigated spectrophotometrically. The liver samples were taken for histological research on the 36th day of poultry birth. Obtained digital data were processed mathematically of variation statics. The use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to broiler body weight gain on 5.1 % (р ≤ 0,05), viability – on 4.0 %. The results of biochemical researches of blood serum showed higher protein content in chickens of experimental group to 14 and 36th day of experience on 3.2 and 8.9 % (р ≤ 0,05) accordingly. In connection with increasing protein content the index of synthetic activity of liver has grown – cholinesterase contain: on 14th day of birth on 7.1 %, 36th day of birth – on 14.6 % (р ≤ 0,05). The indices of enzymes transamination activity - alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum of experimental chicken group on 14th and 36th day of birth accurately have not differed from control data. According to the histological analysis of liver the positive influence of multienzyme preparation on the chicken broilers body has been diagnosed. Unlike the chicken liver of control group, where the presence of liver beam decomplexation in the composition of particles and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was detected, the chickens of experimental group did not have the such features of the microscopic structure. As a result, the use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to greater growth and safety of broiler chickens, reducing of feed costs per 1kg of poultry gain, increasing the European efficiency index of poultry, had a positive effect on the functional state of the liver, that blood biochemical results and data of histological researches have been proved, that shows the advantages of its use in the feeding of broiler chickens.
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Lenz, Stephen D., Frederic J. Hoerr, Alfred C. Ellis, Maria A. Toivio-Kinnucan, and Maria Yu. "Gastrointestinal Pathogenicity of Adenoviruses and Reoviruses Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Alabama." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10, no. 2 (1998): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000205.
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Adenoviruses and reoviruses isolated from commercial broiler chickens were evaluated for gastrointestinal pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free Leghorn chickens. The viruses were originally isolated from either the proventriculus or a gastrointestinal pool of tissues of broiler chickens with proventriculitis or enteritis. Isolates were cloned by terminal dilution. Day-old chickens were inoculated by oral and ocular routes with undiluted tissue culture fluids (titers of 102-104 TCID50/ml) and then examined at necropsy on days 5, 10, and 15 postinoculation. Chickens in all virus groups (but not the control group) developed wet, unformed fecal droppings that persisted for the duration of the study. Mild lesions occurred in reovirus-inoculated chickens and included hyperplasia of lymphocyte aggregates in various organs and mild gizzard erosions. Chickens inoculated with adenovirus isolates developed marked gizzard erosions and necrotizing pancreatitis as well as mild proventriculitis. Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies occurred in gizzard epithelium and pancreatic acinar cells at the sites of lesions. Lymphocytic atrophy occurred in the bursa of Fabricius. Respective viruses were reisolated from proventriculus and duodenum collected from chickens of each group; no viruses were isolated from controls. Under the conditions of this study, adenovirus isolates were more pathogenic than the reovirus isolates in the digestive system.
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Shevchenko, L. V., and Yu V. Dobrozhan. "The effect of doxycycline on the microbial composition of chicken manure." Sučasne ptahìvnictvo, no. 7-8 (October 12, 2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/poultry2020.07-08.018.
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The use of antibiotics during treatment of infectious diseases of chickens causes the release of their residues with manure and entry into the environment, which creates a risk of antibiotic resistance pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and violates the microbiocenosis of the digestive system of chickens. The purpose of research was to determine the effect of doxycycline as one of the most common antibiotics used in poultry on the microbial composition of chicken manure. Ingestion of doxycycline solution to the laying hens in therapeutic doses for 7 days caused a decrease of the number of gram-negative rodshaped bacteria, which include most strains of E. coli, by 43.5 %. The use of an aqueous solution of doxycycline to laying hens at therapeutic concentrations caused a 5.2-fold decrease of the number of Citrobacter colonies and a 4.4-fold decrease in Proteus mirabilis colonies in the laying hens manure, indicating a certain sensitivity of these microorganisms to doxycycline. Doxycycline at therapeutic concentrations did not affect to the number of microorganisms of the enterobacteria family: Klebsiella, Enterobacter and E. Faecalis, which were not sensitive to doxycycline. The effect of doxycycline in therapeutic concentration on the number of Staphylococcus in the chickens manure, including the opportunistic S. epidermidis, and the pathogenic species S. aureus, has not been established either. After stopping the use of doxycycline in the therapeutic concentration to the chickens of industrial herd on day 10, it was found that the number of E. coli bacteria in the manure was restored almost to the level of the control group. Microorganisms belonging to the genus Klebsiella, their numbers in the chickens manure 10 days after cessation of use of doxycycline in therapeutic concentration, recovered 4 times slower than the control.
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Reznichenko, Aleksei. "Efficiency of using Vitaferm in broiler poultry farming." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700099.
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The cultivation of poultry without the use of antibacterial drugs is a vital direction of modern production, since the entry of domestic poultry products to the foreign market involves their absence in raw materials of animal origin. As experience confirms, enrichment of feed rations with enzyme preparations and vitamins reduces the waste of young animals, significantly increases the feed absorption, and reduces their feed-gain relations per production unit. This allows enhancing the productivity of poultry farming while simultaneously improving the quality of resulting products. We have studied the effect of the new vitamin-enzyme complex Vitaferm on the broiler-chickens body against the background of the antibacterial drugs exclusion from their antiepizootic measures. Studies have shown a positive effect of Vitaferm on the poultry body which is manifested by an increase in average daily growth, livability enlargement and reduced feed-gain relations per production unit. These changes can be explained by the normalization of the digestive system of broiler-chickens with the Vitaferm use. It is known that antibiotics inhibit the body’s immune system and disturb the balance of intestinal microflora. Thus, the use of vitamin-enzyme complex Vitaferm with broiler-chicken feed at the rate of 15.0 g/kg, starting from the day-old up to 10 days, is proposed for the complete or partial exclusion of antibacterial drugs from the antiepizootic measures scheme.
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CHANG, M. H., and T. C. CHEN. "Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni in a Simulated Chicken Digestive Tract by Lactobacilli Cultures." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 11 (2000): 1594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1594.
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Studies were conducted to investigate the impact of a selected lactobacilli mixed culture on Campylobacter jejuni in simulated chicken digestive tract models. Veronal buffer solutions corresponding to the pH of successive segments of the chicken digestive tract were prepared. The lactobacilli mixtures were prepared by mixing four fresh lactobacilli cultures, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactobacillus brevis. The C. jejuni and lactobacilli mixture were mixed with sterile poultry feed, and the previously prepared veronal buffer solutions were then added separately. The mixture was incubated at 41.1°C for various lengths of time with periodic agitation. The feed passage time for five segments of the digestive tract were adopted: crop (pH 4.5), 30 min; proventriculus (pH 4.4), 15 min; gizzard (pH 2.6), 90 min; small intestine (pH 6.2), 90 min; and large intestine (pH 6.3), 15 min. The Campylobacter and lactobacilli were enumerated. An antagonistic effect on C. jejuni by the tested lactobacilli spp. was found in individual sections and the complete simulated digestive tract models. In the simulated complete chicken digestion system, no C. jejuni were found during the final incubation period when a lactobacilli mixture was present. The results of this in vitro study indicate the potential value of future in vivo studies.
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Razaev, S. V., G. N. Vyayzenen, N. V. Popova, et al. "Productivity and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens blood of cross Ross 508." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2012-05.
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The growth of production and consumption of dietary poultry meat causes an urgent need to develop and use new and more effective elements of technologically complete compound feed and broiler chicken rearing in the regions. In order to increase the range of non-traditional feed products and feed additives and reduce the deficit of raw protein, amino acids and vitamins, it is advisable to use non-traditional methods to increase the efficiency of compound feed use when broilers rearing. One of the available non-traditional methods for increasing the efficiency of using compound feed in meat production should be considered the use of synthetic amino acids for a new purpose, namely as a modulator of spatial through the infrared laser beam. The purpose of the research was to improve the industrial technology for rearing of broiler chickens using aeroionotherapy and low-intensity laser radiation. Experimental studies have been carried out under the production conditions of poultry house No. 1 (halls No. 2 and No. 3) of the Novgorodskaya poultry farm in the Novgorod region. Broiler chickens of cross Ross 508 have been kept in three-tier BKM-3B cell batteries. The use of low-intensity infrared laser radiation with minimal parameters of the “Uzor 2K-Super” laser (80 Hz wavelength) and air ionization of air oxygen (AN-1 and AI-P aeronizers, modes 2 and 3) against the background of the main diet of cross-Ross 508 broiler chickens improved the state of carbohydrate, protein, fat, amino acid, and vitamin metabolism by increasing the assimilation processes of their body. It has been caused functional activation of the digestive system in it, along with an increase in enzyme, immune and hormonal systems and made it possible to fully realize the level of meat productivity, feed-efficiency and improve some blood biochemical parameters.
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Sosa-Montes, E., U. Martínez-Martínez, A. Pro-Martínez, F. González-Cerón, J. Gallegos-Sánchez, and L. T. Rodríguez-Ortega. "Nutritive value of full-fat dehulled sunflower seeds in diets for broiler chickens." South African Journal of Animal Science 51, no. 4 (2021): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i4.15.
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The goal of this research was to evaluate the nutritive value of full-fat de-hulled sunflower seeds (DHSS) in feeding broiler chickens. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 determined the proximal analysis of DHSS, the essential amino acid content, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME). In experiment 2, two diets were formulated, namely a control and a diet containing 10% DHSS. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) were calculated. In experiment 3, the performances of broilers fed the two diets were evaluated in terms of the relative weights of digestive system organs, breast meat colour, growth and feed consumption. Full-fat de-hulled sunflower seeds were characterized as having 507.9 g/kg EE, 282.1 g/kg CP, 21.02 MJ/kg AME and 9.3 g/16 g N arginine. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM in the 10% DHSS diet was 658.0 g/kg, similar to that of the control diet (643.0 g/kg). Partial substitution of DHSS for soybean meal (SBM) did not affect the relative weight of digestive system organs, except for the liver. The relative weights of the liver were 17.90 g/kg bodyweight in birds fed the DHSS diet and 16.37 g/kg bodyweight (P <0.05) in the control. The colour of the breast meat was 3.5% darker and 13.8% less yellow for DHSS birds compared with the control. Growth and feed consumption were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Therefore, 10% DHSS can partially replace SBM in broiler finisher diets.
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Martínez-Pérez, Raul B., Jorge A. Rodríguez, Luis Alonso Leyva Soto, Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui, and Lourdes M. Diaz-Tenorio. "Cannonball jellyfish digestion: an insight into the lipolytic enzymes of the digestive system." PeerJ 8 (September 8, 2020): e9794. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9794.
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The digestive system and metabolism of the cannonball jellyfish Stomolophus sp. 2 are not well-known. The digestion study was critical to explain its ecology and bloom success. Different enzymes are involved in food digestion, which hydrolyze carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This study detected lipolytic activity in enzymatic extracts from gastric pouches of Stomolophus sp. 2 collected in the summer of 2013 at Bahía de Kino, Sonora, México (28°47′47″N 111°57′25″W). Lipase/esterase activity showed optimal pH at 11.0 and 50–60 °C with a half-life (t1/2) of 33 min at 55 °C, whereas halotolerance of this activity was recorded from 0-4 M NaCl. Metal ions Ca2+ and Mn2+ did not affect the activity, but Mg2+ decreased it 14.2% ± 3.15, while chelating agents as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reduced the activity 8.55% ± 2.13. Inhibition of lipase/esterase activity with tetrahydrolipstatin and paraoxon-ethyl decreased the activity 18.2% ± 2.3, and 62.80% ± 0.74, respectively, whereas phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (a protease inhibitor) did not affect it. The enzyme displayed a higher specificity for short-chain triglycerides, but triolein, coconut oil, olive oil, and fish oil were hydrolyzed. For the first time, phospholipase activity from the gastric pouch of Stomolophus sp. 2 was detected using L-α-phosphatidylethanolamine from chicken egg yolk as a substrate. These results suggest that Stomolophus sp. 2 hydrolyze several kinds of lipids, and lipolytic enzymes are active at alkaline pH under different saline conditions, which may be essential to digest different preys.
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Herawati, Maria, Bangkit Lutfiaji Syaefullah, and Ni Putu Vidia Tiara Timur. "Efisiensi Ekonomi Pemeliharaan Ayam Kampung Super yang Diberi Fitobiotik dengan Teknologi Nanoenkapsulasi Minyak Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus)." wahana peternakan 4, no. 2 (2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/jwputb.v4i2.209.
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Red fruid as one of Indonesia’s native medicinal plants as a phytobiotic is developed to maintain the health status of livestock. The drawback of using phytobiotics as feed additives is done by making nanoencapsulation so that the products are easily absorbed by the livestock digestive system. This research was conducted to know the value of the economic efficiency using red fruit oil nanoencapsulation in super native chickens. The study used a descriptive method with 5 treatments and 4 replication. P0 (control), P1 (2.5% red fruit oil extract), P2 (2.5% red fruit oil nanoencapsulation), P3 (5% red fruit oil nanoencapsulation), P4 (10% red fruit oil nanoencapsulation). The result showed that the economic efficiency of using feed in each treatment was efficient (EEPP<1) dan the best business efficiency (R/C) in P2 treatment (1,474). The conclusion of this study is that the use of red fruit oil nanoencapsulation in super native chicken can provide a better economic efficiency value than those without nanoencapsulation. The use of 2.5% red fruit oil nanoencapsulation gave the best economic efficiency value compared to other treatments.
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Kumala, Amelia Setya Nur, Muhammad Anwar Djaelani, and Enny Yusuf Wachidah Yuniwarti. "Rasio Otot-Tulang Ekstremitas Posterior Ayam Pedaging Setelah Pemberian Teh Kombucha Dalam Air Minum." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 19, no. 1 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.19.1.62-68.
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Kombucha tea beverage obtained by fermenting sweetened green tea for 12 days with Acetobacter xylinum and Saccharomyces which produce various kinds of organic acids, vitamins, and acts as a probiotic. Kombucha tea role as growth promoter is to enhance the metabolic processes in the digestive system of broiler, so that the nutrients can be absorbed and fulfilled properly for optimal growth and development. The research was conducted from September to October 2014 in the Laboratory of Biological Structure and Function, Diponegoro University. Posterior limb (femur-tibiotarsus) meat-bone ratio analysis was used to investigate the effects of kombucha tea on the productivity of broiler chicken. A total of 20 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatment concentrations ( 0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of kombucha tea in drinking water) for 32 days. Statistical analysis using ANOVA at 0,05 significance level and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test showed significantly different results on body weight and water intake, while feed intake, meat weight, bone weight and meat-bone ratio showed no significant results. It can be concluded from this study that the decrease of broiler chicken body weight due to consumption of 40% kombucha tea concentration in drinking water, do not cause a decrease in posterior limb meat and bone weight so that the posterior limb meat-bone ratio were not significantly different. Key words: Kombucha tea, broiler chicken, posterior limb, meat-bone ratio.
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Szczypka, Marianna, Agnieszka Suszko-Pawłowska, Maciej Kuczkowski, et al. "Effects of Selected Prebiotics or Synbiotics Administered in ovo on Lymphocyte Subsets in Bursa of the Fabricius, Thymus, and Spleen in Non-Immunized and Immunized Chicken Broilers." Animals 11, no. 2 (2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020476.
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The effects of in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics on the lymphocyte subsets of the lymphoid organs in non-immunized 7-day-old broiler chickens and in non-immunized, sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized, and dextran (DEX)-immunized 21- and 35-day-old birds were studied. The substances were injected on the 12th day of egg incubation: Prebiotic1 group (Pre1) with a solution of inulin, Prebiotic2 group (Pre2) with a solution of Bi2tos (non-digestive transgalacto-oligosaccharides), Synbiotic1 group (Syn1) with inulin and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1, and Synbiotic2 group (Syn2) with Bi2tos and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB SC1. In 7-day-old chicks, a decrease in T splenocytes was noticed in all groups. The most pronounced effect in 21- and 35-day-old birds was an increase in TCRγδ+ cells in Syn1 and Syn2 groups. A decrease in bursal B cells was observed in DEX-immunized Pre1 group (21-day-old birds), and in the Syn1 group in non-immunized and SRBC-immunized 35-day-old birds. An increase in double-positive lymphocytes was observed in Pre1 (35-day-old birds) and Pre2 (immunized 21-day-old birds) groups. In Pre1 and Syn1 groups (21- and 35-day-old), an increase in B splenocytes and a decrease in T splenocytes were observed. We concluded that Syn1 was the most effective in the stimulation of the chicken immune system.
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Alagawany, Mahmoud, Shaaban S. Elnesr, Mayada R. Farag, et al. "Use of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Herb as a Feed Additive in Poultry: Current Knowledge and Prospects." Animals 9, no. 8 (2019): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080536.
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Supplementation of livestock and poultry diets with herbal plants containing bioactive components have shown promising reports as natural feed supplements. These additives are able to promote growth performance and improve feed efficiency, nutrient digestion, antioxidant status, immunological indices, and poultry health. Several studies have used complex herbal formulas with the partial inclusion of licorice. However, the individual use of licorice has been rarely reported. The major problem of the poultry industry is the epidemiological diseases, mainly confined to the respiratory, digestive, and immune systems. Licorice has certain bioactive components such as flavonoids and glycyrrhizin. The roots of this herb contain 1 to 9% glycyrrhizin, which has many pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiviral, anti-infective and anti-inflammatory properties. Licorice extracts (LE) have a positive effect on the treatment of high-prevalence diseases such as the immune system, liver, and lung diseases. Studies showed that adding LE to drinking water (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 g/L) reduced serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05) of broiler chickens. Moreover, LE supplementation in poultry diets plays a significant role in their productive performance by enhancing organ development and stimulating digestion and appetite. Along with its growth-promoting effects, licorice has detoxifying, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other health benefits in poultry. This review describes the beneficial applications and recent aspects of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) herb, including its chemical composition and role in safeguarding poultry health.
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Rehman, Zaib Ur, Luping Che, Shanhui Ren, et al. "Supplementation of Vitamin E Protects Chickens from Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Exacerbation of Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 4 (2018): 1655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490984.
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Background/Aims: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly devastating and contagious disease in poultry, which is mainly attributed to extensive tissue damages in the digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. However, nature and dynamics of NDV-induced oxidative stresses in the intestine of chickens remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we examined the magnitude of intestinal oxidative stress and histopathological changes caused by the virulent NDV infection, and explored the protective roles of vitamin E (vit. E) in ameliorating these pathological changes. For these purposes, chickens were divided into four groups namely i) non supplemented and non-challenged (negative control, CON); ii) no supplementation of vit. E but challenged with ZJ1 (positive control, NS+CHA); iii) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 50 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE50+CHA); and 4) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 100 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE100+CHA). In all groups, we analyzed concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) using biochemical methods. The virus loads were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition assays. We also examined the histopathological changes in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa at 3 and 5-day post infection (dpi) with NDV. Results: A significant elevation in the NO level was observed in NDV challenged chickens compared to the CON chickens at 2 dpi. The MDA contents were significantly increased whereas GSH was significantly decreased in NDV-challenged chickens compared to control. Furthermore, activities of GST, CAT, SOD, as well as the TOAC were markedly decreased in challenged chickens in comparison with control. Virus copy numbers were higher in NDV infected NS+CHA group compared to other groups. Severe histopathological changes including inflammation, degeneration and broken villi were observed in the intestine of NDV challenged chickens. However, all these malfunctions of antioxidant system and pathological changes in the intestine were partially or completely reversed by the vit. E supplementation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NDV infection causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the duodenum and jejunum of chickens, which can be partially or fully ameliorated by supplementation of vit. E. Additionally, these findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to the intestinal damages in NDV infected chickens. These findings will help to understand the pathogenesis of NDV and further investigation of therapeutic agents for control of Newcastle disease.
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JøRgensen, Henry, Xin-Quan Zhao, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, and Bjørn O. Eggum. "The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens." British Journal of Nutrition 75, no. 3 (1996): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960141.
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AbstractThe present study was undertaken to provide detailed information about the effect of fibre source (pea fibre, wheat bran or oat bran) at inclusion levels of 0, 187 and 375 g/kg diet on the development of the digestive tract, nutrient digestibility and energy and protein metabolism in broiler chickens. Heat production was measured using open-air-circuit respiration chambers. Diets with increasing levels of pea fibre decreased the DM in droppings and increased excreta output (2·5-fold) relative to DM intake. Adaptation to increased dietary fibre levels included increases in the size of the digestive system, with pea fibre exerting a stronger impact than wheat bran or oat bran. The length of the intestine, and particularly the length and weight of the caecum, increased with the fibre level. The digestibility of all nutrients also decreased with increasing fibre level. The decrease in the digestibility in relation to NSP for the three fibre sources was bigger for oat bran (0·0020 per g dietary NSP) than for pea fibre and wheat bran (0·0014 and 0·0016 per g dietary NSP) indicating that the cell walls in oat bran (aleurone and subaleurone) had a significant negative effect on the digestibility of cellular nutrients, i.e. protein and fat. The degradation of the NSP constituents was far lower in chickens than found in other animal species such as pigs and rats, thus supporting the view that chickens do not ferment fibre polymers to a great extent. Excretion of organic acids (mainly lactic acid and acetic acid) accounted for up to 2% of metabolizable energy (ME) intake with the highest excretion for the high-fibre diets. H2excretion was related to the amount of NSP degraded and indicated higher microbial fermentation with increasing fibre levels. The chickens' feed intake responded to a great extent to dietary ME concentration but expressed in terms of metabolic body size (W0·75) ME intake was depressed at the high fibre levels. Dietary NSP was able to explain between 86% (oat bran) and 96% (pea fibre) of the variation in ME concentration. The amount of energy available from fermentation of NSP appears to reach a maximum of 42 KJ/d independent of fibre source and level. Expressed in relation to ME intake the NSP fermentation contributed 3-4%. With increasing fibre intake the partitioning of retained energy between body protein and body fat changed in favour of protein.
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Kim, Min-Jeong, Joo-Hyun Lee, and In-Surk Jang. "Post-Hatching Development of Digestive Organs, Intestinal Digestive Enzymes and Hepatic Antioxidant Defense System in White Leghorn Chicks." Korean Journal of Poultry Science 48, no. 1 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2021.48.1.31.
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Satoh, S., M. Furuse, Y. H. Choi, and J. Okumura. "Cholecystokinin is not a major regulator in the digestive system in the chicken." Experientia 50, no. 9 (1994): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01956461.
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Safitri, Eva, Nur Annis Hidayati, and Rossy Hertati. "PREVALENSI BAKTERI Salmonella PADA AYAM POTONG YANG DIJUAL DI PASAR TRADISIONAL PANGKALPINANG." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 4, no. 1 (2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v4i1.1012.
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Salmonella bacteria is a pathogenic bacterium that can multiply in the digestive tract of animals and humans. The presence of Salmonella in the digestive system causes Salmonella contamination is often associated with the mouth through food contaminated with Salmonella. The Center for Science in The Public Interest (CSPI) states that chicken meat ranks first in food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Salmonella bacteria in chicken carcass in traditional markets, Pangkalpinang. The method used is descriptive with quantitative survey methods. The results showed that the prevalence of Salmonella bacteria in Pagi market, Putih market, and Ratu Tunggal market were 41.2%, 50% and 0%.
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Nascimento, Eduardo Souza do, Cristina Amorim Ribeiro de Lima, Ronner Joaquim Mendonça Brasil, Noédson de Jesus Beltrão Machado, Felipe Dilelis de Resende Sousa, and Gerusa da Silva Salles Corrêa. "Digestible lysine for broiler chickens with lower genetic potential grown on free-range system." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 4 (2016): 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016404009316.
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ABSTRACT Determining the actual lysine requirement is crucial as it is an essential amino acid and plays animportant role in the metabolism of broilers. In addition, it is the second limiting amino acid for broilers fed with rations formulated basedon corn and soybean meal. The aim of this study was to determine the digestible lysine requirement for male broilers with lower genetic potential for growth in a semi-confined system as well as to evaluate the effects of different values of digestible lysine on performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 300 broiler chickensfrom a commercial lineage EMBRAPA 041 were used with an average initial weight of 987 g. The broilers were distributed into 20 experimental units in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.586; 0.746; 0.906; 1.066, and 1.226% digestible lysine), four replicates and 15 broilers per experimental unit.In both periods, there were linear effect of digestible lysine values on the lysine intake and lysine utilization efficiency and quadratic effect on final body weight, weight gain and feed: gain ratio.There was a quadratic effect on the absolute weight of carcasses, breast, thigh + drumstick and income gizzard.For rearing of male broilers with lesser genetic growth potential reared in semi-confinement, rations with 1.040% and 1.103% digestible lysine can be recommended for maximum weight gain in periods from 35 to 70 and 35 to 84 days of age, respectively.
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Stęczny, Kamil, and Dariusz Kokoszyński. "Effect of probiotic preparations (EM) and sex on morphometric characteristics of the digestive system and leg bones, and caecal microflora in broiler chickens." Journal of Applied Animal Research 48, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1718680.
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Jawad, Hasan Saad, Lokman Hakim bin Idris, Md Zuki bin Bakar, and Azhar bin Kassim. "Anatomical Changes of Akar Putra Chicken Digestive System after Partial Ablation of Uropygial Gland." American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 4 (2015): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2015.217.229.
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Veini, M., O. E. Tsitsiloni, S. M. Martini, and A. A. Haritos. "Multiple molecular forms of soluble esterases in the digestive system of the developing chicken." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 83, no. 4 (1986): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(86)90145-8.
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Pinchasov, Y. "Early transition of the digestive system to exogenous nutrition in domestic post-hatch birds." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 3 (1995): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950049.
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The effect of early transition of the digestive system to exogenous nutrition was examined in three experiments with growing birds. A nutrient mixture (0·5 ml) of glucose, starch and oil (1:1:0·5, by vol) was orally administered immediately after hatch to turkey poults (Meleagris gallopavo) having immediate or delayed access to feed (Expt 1). Increasing amounts (0, 0·25 and 0·5 ml) of this mixture were administered immediately after hatch to turkey poults (Expt 2), or to broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus; Expt 3). The relative weights of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its ingesta content, and the amylolytic capability of the pancreas were examined during the immediate post-hatch period (to 30 h). Oral administration of nutrients immediately after hatching only slightly influenced the growth of the pancreas and its amylolytic activity, but significantly increased GIT weight in both species, in a dose-dependent manne. It is suggested that early post-hatching of the digestive system by the forced administration of nutrient mixture induces anatomical and metabolic changes in the digestive system slightly earlier than in birds with late access to feed. This increases GIT content and plasma glucose levels, resulting in enhanced feed consumption and growth promotion.
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Duskaev, G. K., O. V. Kvan, and Sh G. Rakhmatullin. "Eucalyptus viminalis leaf extract alters the productivity and blood parameters of healthy broiler chickens." Veterinary World 13, no. 12 (2020): 2673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2673-2680.
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Background and Aim: As an alternative to natural and chemically synthesized direct-acting bactericides, there has been an increase in the use of plant extracts, which possess a set of phytochemicals with potential for microbial disease control; this is due to the spectrum of secondary metabolites present in extracts, which include phenolic compounds, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyacetylenes. The biologically active substances within plant extracts, which perform protective functions for plant tissues, can have ambiguous effects on the animal body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the ability of gamma-octalactone, isolated from Eucalyptus viminalis extract, to inhibit various LuxI/LuxR quorum-sensing (QS) systems in bacteria, and to evaluate its effect on broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical analysis of E. viminalis extract was performed. The ability of gamma-octalactone to inhibit QS was evaluated using four different LuxI/LuxR bacterial test systems. In vivo assessments were performed on one hundred and twenty 7-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres cross), split into four groups of 30 chickens: 1. Control group: Basic diet (BD); 2. experimental Group I: BD + gamma-octalactone at a dosage of 0.05 ml/kg live weight/day; 3. experimental Group II: BD + gamma-octalactone at a dosage of 0.1 ml/kg live weight/day; and 4. experimental Group III: BD + gamma-octalactone at a dosage of 0.2 ml/kg live weight/day. Hematological blood parameters were assessed using an automatic hematological analyzer (URIT-2900 Vet Plus, URIT Medial Electronic Co., China) and an automatic biochemical analyzer (CS-T240, Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd., China). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics Version 20 (IBM); averages (M), standard deviations (σ), and standard deviation errors (m) were calculated. Results with p≤0.05 were considered significant. Results: Based on the phytochemical analysis results, libraries of compounds with putative QS inhibitory properties were compiled. Gamma-octalactone exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on the LuxI/LuxR QS systems, characterized by EC50 values of 0.15-0.4 mM. In the in vivo portion of this study, broiler chicken live weights increased in all experimental groups, with the most significant increase in Group III (14.0%), in relation to the control group. Blood serum from the experimental group chickens had significantly higher levels of triglycerides and uric acid (p≤0.05), in comparison to the control group chickens. With respect to blood serum enzyme activity and antioxidant status indicators, the experimental group chickens had a higher level of gamma-glutamyl transferase, an enzyme associated with amino acid metabolism, than those in the control group; this increase was especially pronounced in Group III, with 37.0% increase (p≤0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were higher in the experimental groups than the control group, corresponding to increases of 30.4-56.2% (p≤0.05), 33.3-83.3%, and 27.9-45.5% (p≤0.05) in Groups I, II, and III (p≤0.05), respectively. Morphological blood parameters did not display significant changes due to gamma-octalactone. Conclusion: According to the results of this in vivo study in broiler chickens, gamma-octalactone, isolated from E. viminalis leaf extract and supplied at a dosage of 0.2 ml/kg live weight/day, led to an increase in the activity of blood plasma digestive enzymes, increased live weight, and had a positive effect on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status.
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Gilani, Saad, Gordon S. Howarth, Soressa M. Kitessa, Rebecca E. A. Forder, Cuong D. Tran, and Robert J. Hughes. "New biomarkers for intestinal permeability induced by lipopolysaccharide in chickens." Animal Production Science 56, no. 12 (2016): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15725.
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Intestinal health is influenced by a complex set of variables involving the intestinal microbiota, mucosal immunity, digestion and absorption of nutrients, intestinal permeability (IP) and intestinal integrity. An increase in IP increases bacterial or toxin translocation, activates the immune system and affects health. IP in chickens is reviewed in three sections. First, intestinal structure and permeability are discussed briefly. Second, the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a tool to increase IP is discussed in detail. LPS, a glycolipid found in the outer coat of mostly Gram-negative bacteria, has been reported to increase IP in rats, mice and pigs. Although LPS has been used in chickens for inducing systemic inflammation, information regarding LPS effects on IP is limited. This review proposes that LPS could be used as a means to increase IP in chickens. The final section focuses on potential biomarkers to measure IP, proposing that the sugar-recovery method may be optimal for application in chickens.
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Guo, Shu-Yuan, Chao Li, Xiu-Mei Dai, Cui Zhao, and Wei-Shan Chang. "Experimental immunology Distribution of the type I interferon in different organs of chicken digestive system." Central European Journal of Immunology 4 (2014): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2014.47728.
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Maiorka, Alex, Fabiano Dahlke, and Maria Silvia Furquim de Azevedo Morgulis. "Broiler adaptation to post-hatching period." Ciência Rural 36, no. 2 (2006): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000200057.
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In the latest years more attention has been given to mechanisms for bird adaptation at post-hatching period by management of environmental conditions and formulations of diets offered during this period when digestive, immune, and thermo-regulating systems suffer slight changes. In post-hatching period, digestive system is anatomically complete, but its functionality is still immature in relation to adult birds. The chick immunity depends on maternal antibodies transferred to egg just before laying. In addition, variations within thermal comfort zone might affect initial development of chick. For example, high temperatures may induce hyperthermia with dehydration, while low temperatures may lead to hypothermia responsible by pulmonary hypertension syndrome. In conclusion, productivity might be enhanced when good conditions are offered to chicks during the period from last embryo development to first days after hatching.
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Fomenko, Ludmila, and Daria Prasolova. "Specific features of the structure of eosephagus,proventriculus and ventriculus in "Hisex Brown" chicken and Pekin duck." Agricultural Technologies 1, no. 2 (2019): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/agritech/01.02.04.
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The structural features of the esophagus, proventriculus and ventriculus of 4 chicken and duck carcasses were studied using the common anatomical dissection method. It is noted that the esophagus is a thin-walled, easily expandable tube, linking the pharynx to the proventriculus. It is subdivided into the cervical and thoracic regions. The length of the esophagus depends on the length of the neck. In a duck, it is 28.29 cm, in a chicken – 25.3 cm. In a hen that has a crop, there is a pre-and post-crop part. The feed swells and moistens in the crop. Ducks has a spindle-shaped crop, which is weakly developed. There is an esophagus opening in the proventriculus; the body, the top, the bottom and the intermediate zone of proventriculus are distinguished. The mucous membrane is formed in cellular folds, which are longitudinal, shriveled, with clearly visible papillae in the chicken, and in the duck they are flat. In the submucosal layer there are digestive glands that secrete mucus, enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The ventriculus consists of the body, the greater and lesser curvatures, the cranial and caudal grooves. It performs grinding of feed, and it is the largest organ of the digestive system due to the thick muscular wall. The inner surface of the ventriculus is covered with cuticle – a coarse, thick, non-tensile membrane that protects the mucosa from damage by solid food particles and from the effects of digestive juice.
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Roura, Eugeni, Brooke Humphrey, Gemma Tedó, and Ignacio Ipharraguerre. "Unfolding the codes of short-term feed appetence in farm and companion animals. A comparative oronasal nutrient sensing biology review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 4 (2008): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08014.
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The evolution of the chemical senses has resulted in a sensory apparatus for high taste and smell acuity in mammals and birds to ensure self-nourishment. Such peripheral chemosensory systems function as a code to unfold the nutritional value of feedstuffs. Food ingestion simultaneously evokes odor, taste and thermo-mechanical (somatosensing) sensations. Olfaction represents the capacity to identify feed volatiles that are predominantly derived from essential nutrients in plants. Comparative biology of olfaction shows that primates and chickens have a smaller olfactory epithelium and fewer olfactory receptor (OR) genes than non-primate mammals studied to date including farm and companion animals, such as the pig, the cow, the dog, the cat and the horse. A significant proportion of the total OR genes in mammals and birds have lost their functionality (pseudogenes) in a process that seems to reflect a decrease in the animal’s reliance on the sense of smell, particularly in humans and cows. The taste system allows animals to recognize a diverse repertoire of nutrient (sugars, amino acids, salts, acids and fats) or toxic related chemical entities that provide valuable information about the quality of food. Taste senses non-volatile molecules in the oral cavity through taste receptors (TR). The TR are expressed in the sensory cells forming the taste buds of the tongue’s papillae. Taste cells are linked to a network of solitary chemosensory cells diffused through many non-taste tissues involved in metabolic homeostasis. The number of functional taste receptor genes (TASR) in humans is equivalent to that in other mammals and superior to that in chickens. The TASR family 1 (TAS1R coding for umami and sweet TR) is conserved, in number and type, across the species evaluated, with the exception of the sweet receptor in chicken and feline species. The TASR family 2 (TAS2R coding for bitter TR) shows a strong adaptive capacity to dietary sources and digestive physiology across vertebrates. Pseudogenization (loss of gene functionality) in the TAS2R family seems to be a frequent strategy. The implications of oronasal nutrient sensing related to comparative animal feeding strategies and behaviors such as neophobia, feed refusal and hedonic preferences are discussed. Feed palatability and appetence might be one of the main driving forces in short-term feed consumption. Finally, practical applications relevant to animal production are outlined. Key words: Nutrient sensing, taste, olfaction, somatosensing, feed intake, farm, companion animals
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Furuse, M., Y. H. Choi, S. Satoh, and J. Okumura. "The action of the cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonist, devazepide, on the digestive system of the chicken." Experientia 52, no. 4 (1996): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01919540.
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Ahmet; DURU, SAHİN. "Effects of Tribulus terrestris (Puncture Vine) supplementation on performance and digestive system of broiler chicks." Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 16, no. 4 (2010): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/tarimbil_0000001147.
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Kapetanov, Milos, Dubravka Potkonjak, Igor Stojanov, Milica Zivkov-Balos, and Sandra Jaksic. "Clinical and pathomorphological diagnostics of mycotoxicosis in parent poultry flock caused by T-2 trychotecene." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 124 (2013): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1324137k.
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The most relevant mycotoxin from the trychotecene group, T-2, causes prominent citotoxic effects. The toxin is a secondary product of fungi from the genus Fusarium that contaminates feed. Oraly intaken, T-2 is absorbed fast in the upper digestive system and within only 3 to 4 hours later reaches liver, kidneys and muscle tissue. Clinical and pathological changes are sometimes not obvious. The case of mycotoxicosis in a breeder flock of chickens, here presented, is aimed to underline the significance of clinical and pathological diagnosis supported with laboratory analysis that gave an objective causative diagnosis. On the farm, the disease occurred suddenly and with total cessation of feed consumption. First cases were recorded in the flock at the age of 42 weeks. Grouping, intensive breathing and lying with overstretched legs and extended neck were symptoms observed in birds. Evident necrosis of beak tips and painful multi-focal necrosis in oral cavity were recorded during the clinical examination. On section, dark unclothed blood was first observed. Other postmortem findings included: filled gizzard with mucosal erosions and easy-removable cuticle, enlarged congested liver with multi-focal necrosis and subcapsulary bleeding. The mortality rate increased by 4%, and the drop of laying rate was by about 18%. The fertility rate decreased by 22%. There was the increased number of rejected hatching eggs, 12%. Culture of the complete diet resulted in approximately 150000 colonies per 1g of Fusarium. T-2 was detected by using ELISA in concentration of 480 ?g/kg, which corresponded to the upper limit of maximum permitted concentrations for chickens, according to national legislations. This bylaw interpretation of ?tolerable? concentrations of mycotoxins provokes controversy among experts and public.
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Wang, Y., Y. J. Ru, G. H. Liu, et al. "Effects of different rearing systems on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, digestive organ weight, carcass traits, and energy utilization in male broiler chickens." Livestock Science 176 (June 2015): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.03.010.
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Şahin, Ahmet. "Effects of DietaryTribulus terrestris L.Powder on Growth Performance, Body Components and Digestive System of Broiler Chicks." Journal of Applied Animal Research 35, no. 2 (2009): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2009.9707016.
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Proskina, Liga, Sallija Cerina, Anda Valdovska, Irina Pilvere, and Vilija Alekneviciene. "The possibility of improving meat quality by using peas and faba beans in feed for broiler chickens." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (January 28, 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1451.
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The price-to-quality ratio of broiler chicken meat is one of the reasons why consumers use these products in their daily diet. The quality of poultry products such as meat is closely associated with the nutritional value and quality of feed fed to broilers. In composing broiler diets, the main focus is turned on crude protein (CP). Because of the trend for the poultry industry to reduce its dependence on soybean meal as a source of protein, the role of pulses in the supply of protein and energy, which could partly replace the soybean meal in poultry diets, increases. Due to considerable progress in plant breeding, the present research study used peas (Pisum sativum) of the var. ‘Bruno’ and var. ‘Pinochio’ as well as faba beans (Vicia faba minora) of the var. ‘Lielplatone’ was developed in Latvia. Higher protein diets induce a higher meat protein content, accordingly, feed proteins are hydrolyzed in the digestive system into amino acids (AA) that, after absorption, are used to form proteins and to build different body tissues. The most important AA was twofold lower in peas and faba beans than in soybean meal. Although the amount of AA in feed is not directly proportional to the content of AA in broiler chicken meat, the amount of AA in poultry feed can significantly affect an important meat quality criterion for consumers – the nutritional value of protein. Therefore, the research aimed to identify changes in AA composition and chemical composition – a qualitative property of poultry meat – as a result of adding pulses (peas and beans) to poultry diets. The research results showed that the diets with an addition of faba beans and peas had a positive effect on the level of essential amino acids (EAA) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) in broiler meat, decreased cholesterol concentration in meat, and increased energy value of meat.
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Ravindran, V., L. I. Hew, G. Ravindran, and W. L. Bryden. "Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens." Animal Science 81, no. 1 (2005): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc42240085.
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AbstractThe apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in 107 samples representing 22 food ingredients were determined using 6-week-old broiler chickens. The ingredients assayed included five cereals (barley, maize, sorghum, triticale and wheat), two cereal by-products (rice polishings and wheat middlings), four oilseed meals (canola, cottonseed, soya-bean and sunflower meals), full-fat canola, maize gluten meal, four grain legumes (chickpeas, faba beans, field peas and lupins) and five animal protein sources (blood, feather, fish, meat and meat and bone meals). The mean ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in wheat and maize were higher than those in sorghum, triticale and barley. However, variations observed in individual amino acid digestibilities among samples within cereal type were greater than those determined between cereals. Threonine and lysine were the least digestible indispensable amino acids in the five cereals evaluated. The most digestible indispensable amino acid was phenylalanine in wheat and, leucine in maize and sorghum. In the case of the wheat middlings and rice polishings, threonine was the least digestible indispensable amino acid and arginine was the best digested.In the oilseed meals assayed, amino acid digestibility was highest for soya-bean and sunflower meals, intermediate for canola meal and lowest for cottonseed meal. Ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids in lupins were found to be slightly lower than those in soya-bean meal. The amino acid digestibilities of field peas, faba beans and chickpeas were considerably lower than those of lupins. Digestibility of arginine was the highest and that of threonine was the lowest of the indispensable amino acids in oilseed meals and grain legumes, except in cottonseed meal. Lysine was the least digestible amino acid in cottonseed meal.In the animal protein sources assayed, digestibility coefficients of amino acids in blood meal were high, intermediate in fish meal, and low in meat meal, meat and bone meal and feather meal. Variation in amino acid digestibility coefficients determined for blood meal samples was small. However, wide variations in amino acid digestibilities were observed for other animal protein sources, highlighting significant batch-to-batch differences. In particular, marked variations were determined for meat meal and meat and bone meal samples. Cystine was the least digested amino acid in animal protein meals, with the exception of blood meal in which isoleucine had the lowest digestibility. The limitations of using apparent digestibility values in diet formulations and the concept of the standardized digestibility system to overcome these limitations are discussed.
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Simon, Ádám, Gabriella Gulyás, Zoltán Mészár, et al. "Proteomics alterations in chicken jejunum caused by 24 h fasting." PeerJ 7 (March 26, 2019): e6588. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6588.
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The small intestine is the longest part of the chicken (Gallus gallus) gastrointestinal system that is specialized for nutrient absorption. It is known that decrease in intestinal villi area or height in early age can cause a reduction in essential nutrient intake, which may lead to delayed growth and consequently poorer performance of broiler chickens. The small intestinal absorptive surface is known to be affected by various factors, among others things the nutritional state. In our experiment, we aimed to investigate the possible protein expression alterations that lie behind the villus area and height decrease caused by feed deprivation. A total of 24 chickens were divided into three groups, namely ad libitum fed, fasted for 24 h, fasted for 24 h then refed for 2 h. The morphometric parameters were also measured in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum tissue sections using image analysis. Differential proteome analyses from jejunum samples were performed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Overall 541 protein spots were detected after 2D. Among them, eleven showed 1.5-fold or higher significant difference in expression and were successfully identified. In response to 24 h fasting, the expression of nine proteins was higher and that of two proteins was lower compared to the ad libitum fed group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the 24 h fasting mainly affects the expression of structural proteins, and proteins involved in lipid transport, general stress response, and intestinal defense.
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Jawad, Hasan S. A., I. H. Lokman, A. B. Z. Zuki, and A. B. Kassim. "Partial ablation of uropygial gland effects on growth hormone concentration and digestive system histometrical aspect of akar putra chicken." Poultry Science 95, no. 4 (2016): 966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev444.
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Low, Kristin E., Xiaohui Xing, Paul E. Moote, et al. "Combinatorial Glycomic Analyses to Direct CAZyme Discovery for the Tailored Degradation of Canola Meal Non-Starch Dietary Polysaccharides." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121888.
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Canola meal (CM), the protein-rich by-product of canola oil extraction, has shown promise as an alternative feedstuff and protein supplement in poultry diets, yet its use has been limited due to the abundance of plant cell wall fibre, specifically non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin. The addition of exogenous enzymes to promote the digestion of CM NSP in chickens has potential to increase the metabolizable energy of CM. We isolated chicken cecal bacteria from a continuous-flow mini-bioreactor system and selected for those with the ability to metabolize CM NSP. Of 100 isolates identified, Bacteroides spp. and Enterococcus spp. were the most common species with these capabilities. To identify enzymes specifically for the digestion of CM NSP, we used a combination of glycomics techniques, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay characterization of the plant cell wall fractions, glycosidic linkage analysis (methylation-GC-MS analysis) of CM NSP and their fractions, bacterial growth profiles using minimal media supplemented with CM NSP, and the sequencing and de novo annotation of bacterial genomes of high-efficiency CM NSP utilizing bacteria. The SACCHARIS pipeline was used to select plant cell wall active enzymes for recombinant production and characterization. This approach represents a multidisciplinary innovation platform to bioprospect endogenous CAZymes from the intestinal microbiota of herbivorous and omnivorous animals which is adaptable to a variety of applications and dietary polysaccharides.
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Ezema, Longinus S., Elochukwu C. Ifediora, Akande A. Olukunle, and Nnaemeka C. Onuekwusi. "Design and Implementation of an Esp32-Based Smart Embedded Industrial Poultry Farm." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 3 (2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.3.2397.
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Many poultry farmers are performing diverse operations manually. They, therefore, experience a huge financial loss as a result of their inability to properly automate the monitoring and control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and to ensure an adequate supply of light and water. These factors adversely affect the chicks and lead to respiratory, digestive, and behavioural disorders. This affects the chicks’ food intake and leads to an increase in mortality rate and chances of diseases. Therefore, this paper seeks to address these factors by developing an embedded poultry farm. The system was developed using an advanced yet low-cost and low-power System-on-Chip offering WiFi baseband processor and a plethora of peripheral interfaces for the actuators and sensors while Arduino emulator in Proteus 8 was the tool used for the design simulation. The system when tested was able to sense environmental parameter status wirelessly and responds accordingly to regulate and maintain an optimum condition for improved health condition for the chicks. The automated system will help for the purpose of improving productivity and environmental or climatic conditions in the poultry farm, making it conducive for the broiler chicks.