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1
Previtali, Mattia, and Riccardo Valente. "Archaeological documentation and data sharing: digital surveying and open data approach applied to archaeological fieldworks." Virtual Archaeology Review 10, no. 20 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.10377.
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<p>The open data paradigm is changing the research approach in many fields such as remote sensing and the social sciences. This is supported by governmental decisions and policies that are boosting the open data wave, and in this context archaeology is also affected by this new trend. In many countries, archaeological data are still protected or only limited access is allowed. However, the strong political and economic support for the publication of government data as open data will change the accessibility and disciplinary expertise in the archaeological field too. In order to maximize the impact of data, their technical openness is of primary importance. Indeed, since a spreadsheet is more usable than a PDF of a table, the availability of digital archaeological data, which is structured using standardised approaches, is of primary importance for the real usability of published data. In this context, the main aim of this paper is to present a workflow for archaeological data sharing as open data with a large level of technical usability and interoperability. Primary data is mainly acquired through the use of digital techniques (e.g. digital cameras and terrestrial laser scanning). The processing of this raw data is performed with commercial software for scan registration and image processing, allowing for a simple and semi-automated workflow. Outputs obtained from this step are then processed in modelling and drawing environments to generate digital models, both 2D and 3D. These crude geometrical data are then enriched with further information to generate a Geographic Information System (GIS) which is finally published as open data using Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards to maximise interoperability.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Open data will change the accessibility and disciplinary expertise in the archaeological field.</p></li><li><p>The main aim of this paper is to present a workflow for archaeological data sharing as open data with a large level of interoperability.</p></li><li><p>Digital acquisition techniques are used to document archaeological excavations and a Geographic Information System (GIS) is generated that is published as open data.</p></li></ul>
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Huggett, Jeremy. "Data Legacies, Epistemic Anxieties, and Digital Imaginaries in Archaeology." Digital 2, no. 2 (2022): 267–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/digital2020016.
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Archaeology operates in an increasingly data-mediated world in which data drive knowledge and actions about people and things. Famously, data has been characterized as “the new oil”, underpinning modern economies and at the root of many technological transformations in society at large, even assuming a near-religious power over thought and action. As the call for this Special Issue recognizes, archaeological research is socially and historically situated and consequently influenced by these same broader developments. In archaeology, as in the wider world, data is the foundation for knowledge, but its capacity is rarely reflected upon. This paper offers just such a reflection: a meditation on the nature of archaeological digital data and the challenges for its (re)use. It asks what we understand by data: its etymology and comprehension, its exceptionality and mutability, its constructs and infrastructures, and its origins and consequences. The concept of the archaeological data imaginary is introduced to better understand approaches to the collection and use of archaeological data, and a case study examines how knowledge is mediated and remediated through the data embedded in grey literature. Appreciating the volatility and unpredictability of digital data is key in understanding its potential for use and reuse in the creation of archaeological knowledge.
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Hagmann, Dominik. "Überlegungen zur Nutzung von PHAIDRA als Repositorium für digitale archäologische Daten." Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare 71, no. 1 (2018): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.31263/voebm.v71i1.1974.
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Archaeological data are characterized by a variety of data types and file formats that store different kinds of information respectively contents. This spectrum ranges from texts and tables to object photographs, vector graphics and the increasingly popular 3D models for example. This diversity of archaeological data is due to the use of different methods and various approaches in archaeology. Depending on the individual project, numerous digitized and heterogeneous datasets are added as well. Among others, one of the main challenges in long-term data archiving and data dissemination in archaeology is to handle this inhomogeneous information within a repository. In this article it will be shown that the system PHAIDRA at the University of Vienna enables researchers to make complex archaeological datasets available in a sustainable way.
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Petrosyan, Artur, Hayk Azizbekyan, Boris Gasparyan, Roberto Dan, Arsen Bobokhyan, and Mariam Amiryan. "Foregrounding Daily Data Collection on Archaeological Fieldwork." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 4 (2021): 402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.30.
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OverviewDaily data collection during archaeological fieldwork forms the basis for later interpretation and analysis. Across the world, we observe a wide variety of digital data collection methods and tools employed during fieldwork. Here, we detail the daily practices at four recent survey and excavation projects in the South Caucasian country of Armenia. As archaeology continues to become ever more digital, it is useful to consider these day-to-day recording processes at a typical field project. We provide details on both the types of data collected and the ways they are collected so as to foreground these topics. Finally, we reflect on how our work is currently impacted by digital changes and how it may continue to change in the future.
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McKeague, Peter, Veer Rein van't, Isto Huvila, et al. "Mapping Our Heritage: Towards a Sustainable Future for Digital Spatial Information and Technologies in European Archaeological Heritage Management." Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 2, no. 1 (2019): 89–104. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.23.
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The enormous increase in digital spatial information has led archaeologists all over Europe to rely ever more on digital data to prepare and carry out archaeological research, both in academic and heritage man- agement contexts. Spatial information is increasingly used to guide heritage management policies, from urban design to rural planning and tourism. Furthermore, spatial information is more and more employed to involve the general public, using digital technologies in museums and other places of archaeological inter- est, but also to involve amateur archaeologists in data collection programmes using crowdsourcing. With this proliferation of data and data use, issues of sustainability of digital data repositories, accessibility and reliability of data, standardization of data formats and management of property rights are currently widely debated inside and outside archaeology. However, they have not yet led to generally accepted practices of data management across or even within European countries. In this paper, we sketch the state-of-the-art of archaeological spatial data management, identify the major problem areas and reflect on potential improvements. We conclude that technical solutions are available, but will need a long-term transnational strategy in order fulfill the promise of open and sustainable spatial archaeological data for all user groups involved.
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McKeague, Peter, Veer Rein van't, Isto Huvila, et al. "Mapping Our Heritage: Towards a Sustainable Future for Digital Spatial Information and Technologies in European Archaeological Heritage Management." Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 2, no. 1 (2019): 89–104. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.23/.
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The enormous increase in digital spatial information has led archaeologists all over Europe to rely ever more on digital data to prepare and carry out archaeological research, both in academic and heritage man- agement contexts. Spatial information is increasingly used to guide heritage management policies, from urban design to rural planning and tourism. Furthermore, spatial information is more and more employed to involve the general public, using digital technologies in museums and other places of archaeological inter- est, but also to involve amateur archaeologists in data collection programmes using crowdsourcing. With this proliferation of data and data use, issues of sustainability of digital data repositories, accessibility and reliability of data, standardization of data formats and management of property rights are currently widely debated inside and outside archaeology. However, they have not yet led to generally accepted practices of data management across or even within European countries. In this paper, we sketch the state-of-the-art of archaeological spatial data management, identify the major problem areas and reflect on potential improvements. We conclude that technical solutions are available, but will need a long-term transnational strategy in order fulfill the promise of open and sustainable spatial archaeological data for all user groups involved.
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Bornik, Alexander, and Wolfgang Neubauer. "3D Visualization Techniques for Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation of GPR Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071709.
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The non-invasive detection and digital documentation of buried archaeological heritage by means of geophysical prospection is increasingly gaining importance in modern field archaeology and archaeological heritage management. It frequently provides the detailed information required for heritage protection or targeted further archaeological research. High-resolution magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) became invaluable tools for the efficient and comprehensive non-invasive exploration of complete archaeological sites and archaeological landscapes. The analysis and detailed archaeological interpretation of the resulting large 2D and 3D datasets, and related data from aerial archaeology or airborne remote sensing, etc., is a time-consuming and complex process, which requires the integration of all data at hand, respective three-dimensional imagination, and a broad understanding of the archaeological problem; therefore, informative 3D visualizations supporting the exploration of complex 3D datasets and supporting the interpretative process are in great demand. This paper presents a novel integrated 3D GPR interpretation approach, centered around the flexible 3D visualization of heterogeneous data, which supports conjoint visualization of scenes composed of GPR volumes, 2D prospection imagery, and 3D interpretative models. We found that the flexible visual combination of the original 3D GPR datasets and images derived from the data applying post-processing techniques inspired by medical image analysis and seismic data processing contribute to the perceptibility of archaeologically relevant features and their respective context within a stratified volume. Moreover, such visualizations support the interpreting archaeologists in their development of a deeper understanding of the complex datasets as a starting point for and throughout the implemented interactive interpretative process.
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Kansa, Sarah Whitcher, and Eric C. Kansa. "Data Beyond the Archive in Digital Archaeology." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (2018): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.7.
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ABSTRACTThis special section stems from discussions that took place in a forum at the Society for American Archaeology's annual conference in 2017. The forum, Beyond Data Management: A Conversation about “Digital Data Realities”, addressed challenges in fostering greater reuse of the digital archaeological data now curated in repositories. Forum discussants considered digital archaeology beyond the status quo of “data management” to better situate the sharing and reuse of data in archaeological practice. The five papers for this special section address key themes that emerged from these discussions, including: challenges in broadening data literacy by making instructional uses of data; strategies to make data more visible, better cited, and more integral to peer-review processes; and pathways to create higher-quality data better suited for reuse. These papers highlight how research data management needs to move beyond mere “check-box” compliance for granting requirements. The problems and proposed solutions articulated by these papers help communicate good practices that can jumpstart a virtuous cycle of better data creation leading to higher impact reuses of data.
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Freeman, Mark Antony, and Xiaohua Zhu. "A tentative evaluation framework for digital archaeological data sites." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 54, no. 1 (2017): 675–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2017.14505401112.
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Herrmann, Jason T. "Special Issue on Digital Domains." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2, no. 3 (2014): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.3.145.
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More and more archaeologists who once relied on shovels and surveys now regularly collect data with digital sensors and use computer-based management systems to carry out complex analyses. Geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc), satellite remote sensing, aerial and close-range photography, terrestrial and aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), near-surface geophysics, and a wide array of visualization schemes designed to integrate and display data from multiple platforms are now integral to every stage of archaeological investigation, interpretation, and reporting. Even though these methods are an increasing part of archaeological research worldwide, there have been few conferences, meetings, or workshops dedicated to sharing methods and applications in digital archaeology in North America or even in the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of a few special sessions in regional or general archaeological conferences. This deficit is particularly striking in comparison with the situation in Europe, where several societies dedicated to archaeological geomatics regularly hold both continental and regional meetings.
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Doneus, M., U. Forwagner, J. Liem, and C. Sevara. "APIS – A DIGITAL INVENTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE BASED ON REMOTE SENSING DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 16, 2017): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-67-2017.
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Heritage managers are in need of dynamic spatial inventories of archaeological and cultural heritage that provide them with multipurpose tools to interactively understand information about archaeological heritage within its landscape context. Specifically, linking site information with the respective non-invasive prospection data is of increasing importance as it allows for the assessment of inherent uncertainties related to the use and interpretation of remote sensing data by the educated and knowledgeable heritage manager. APIS, the archaeological prospection information system of the Aerial Archive of the University of Vienna, is specifically designed to meet these needs. It provides storage and easy access to all data concerning aerial photographs and archaeological sites through a single GIS-based application. Furthermore, APIS has been developed in an open source environment, which allows it to be freely distributed and modified. This combination in one single open source system facilitates an easy workflow for data management, interpretation, storage, and retrieval. APIS and a sample dataset will be released free of charge under creative commons license in near future.
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Abate, Nicodemo, Roberto Goffredo, Giorgia Dato, et al. "Adopting an Open-Source Processing Strategy for LiDAR Drone Data Analysis in Under-Canopy Archaeological Sites: A Case Study of Torre Castiglione (Apulia)." Remote Sensing 17, no. 7 (2025): 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071134.
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This study introduces a methodology for the improvement of the visibility of archaeological features using an open-source probabilistic machine learning framework applied to UAV LiDAR data from the Torre Castiglione site in Apulia, Italy. By leveraging a Random Forest classification algorithm embedded in an open-source software, the approach processes dense LiDAR point clouds to segment out vegetation from the ground and the structures. Key steps include training the classifier, generating digital terrain models, digital feature models, and digital surface models, and enhancing the visibility of archaeological features. This method has proven effective in improving the interpretation of archaeological sites, revealing previously hidden or difficult-to-access microtopographic and structural details, such as the defensive structures, terraces, and ancient paths of the Torre Castiglione site. The results underline this methodology’s ease of use in uncovering archaeological landscapes under a dense canopy. Moreover, the study emphasises the benefits of using open-source tools to enhance the documentation and analysis of remote or difficult archaeological sites.
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Sobotkova, Adela. "Sociotechnical Obstacles to Archaeological Data Reuse." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (2018): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2017.37.
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ABSTRACTThe ease of digital data capture and the proliferation of concepts such as the “data deluge” suggest that modern researchers are drowning in datasets. Yet citations of archaeological datasets are few and far between, pointing to low rates of data reuse. This article explores the difficulties that surround data reuse in large-scale regional research, including the cost and coordination necessary to extract useful data from digitized PDF reports. The amount of correction and enhancement matches the effort needed to undertake a small field survey project and can only be circumvented with a thoughtful application of computer-assisted text analysis. Missing data in excavation report PDFs are not only intractable but also insidious due to their concealed nature, leading to poor outcomes in terms of (re)use. Consequently, the degree of data reuse in archaeology has been overestimated.
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Richards, Julian D. "Digital preservation and access." European Journal of Archaeology 5, no. 3 (2002): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2002.5.3.343.
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There is a crisis in the publication and archiving of archaeological field data in Europe. Computerized data are more fragile than paper archives but also more accessible via the Internet. This article explores the role of the Archaeology Data Service and examines some of the issues raised by the collection of digital data and their dissemination online and the implications for the future of archaeological publication. It discusses approaches to digital data preservation, the development of archival standards and ways of encouraging reuse. It explores the development of distributed online catalogues and archives and the need for metadata standards for cataloguing resources. Finally, it considers the role of XML as an emergent technology and introduces the European ARENA project which is developing a digital preservation and access infrastructure.
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Huggett, Jeremy. "Capturing the Silences in Digital Archaeological Knowledge." Information 11, no. 5 (2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11050278.
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The availability and accessibility of digital data are increasingly significant in the creation of archaeological knowledge with, for example, multiple datasets being brought together to perform extensive analyses that would not otherwise be possible. However, this makes capturing the silences in those data—what is absent as well as present, what is unknown as well as what is known—a critical challenge for archaeology in terms of the suitability and appropriateness of data for subsequent reuse. This paper reverses the usual focus on knowledge and considers the role of ignorance—the lack of knowledge, or nonknowledge—in archaeological data and knowledge creation. Examining aspects of archaeological practice in the light of different dimensions of ignorance, it proposes ways in which the silences, the range of unknowns, can be addressed within a digital environment and the benefits which may accrue.
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Saricaoglu, Tugba, and Gamze Saygi. "Data-driven conservation actions of heritage places curated with HBIM." Virtual Archaeology Review 13, no. 27 (2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2022.17370.
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Digital surveying tools provide a highly accurate geometric representation of cultural heritage sites in the form of point cloud data. With the recent advances in interoperability between point cloud data and Building Information Modelling (BIM), digital heritage researchers have introduced the Heritage/Historic Information Modelling (HBIM) notion to the field. As heritage data require safeguarding strategies to ensure their sustainability, the process is closely tied to conservation actions in the architectural conservation field. Focusing on the intersection of the ongoing trends in HBIM research and the global needs for heritage conservation actions, this paper tackles methodological pipelines for the data-driven management of archaeological heritage places. It illustrates how HBIM discourse could be beneficial for easing value-based decision-making in the conservation process. It introduces digital data-driven conservation actions by implementing a novel methodology for ancient building remains in Erythrae archaeological site (Turkey). The research ranges from a) surveying the in-situ remains and surrounding stones of the Heroon remains with digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning to b) designing a database system for building archaeology. The workflow offers high geometric fidelity and management of non-geometric heritage data by testing out the suitability and feasibility for the study of material culture and the physical assessment of archaeological building remains. This methodology is a fully data-enriched NURBS-based (non-uniform rational basis spline) three-dimensional (3D) model—which is integrated and operational in the BIM environment— for the holistic conservation process. Using a state-of-the-art digital heritage approach can be applied from raw data (initial stages) to decision-making about an archaeological heritage site (final stages). In conclusion, the paper offers a method for data-driven conservation actions, and given its methodological framework, it lends itself particularly well to HBIM-related solutions for building archaeology.
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Unhammer, Ole Fredrik, Magnus Mathisen Haaland, Simon James Armitage, Christopher Stuart Henshilwood, and Karen Loise van Niekerk. "Reconcilable differences: Using retrospective photogrammetry to bridge the divide between analogue and digital site data collected during long-term excavation projects." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0310741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310741.
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Over the last 30 years, high-resolution site documentation has rapidly developed, with analogue drawings and film photography being replaced with high-precision digital recordings. Today, most archaeological field data sets are produced using digital tools that store spatial and visual information in various digital formats directly, i.e., born-digital. A fully digital workflow makes the process of combining, comparing, and integrating field datasets quicker, easier, and potentially more analytically powerful. However, at sites where both analogue and born-digital data sets have been produced, additional procedural digitization steps are required before full data interoperability is achieved. In cases where the archaeological sites have a long excavation history, multiple generations of analogue and digital site documentation techniques have often been used, making it particularly challenging to physically reconstruct an excavated site based on its archival material. The Middle Stone Age site of Blombos Cave, South Africa, is a prime example of this type of challenging situation. This site features a more than 3-meter-deep and well-preserved archaeological sequence dated to between 300 and 100 000 years ago. Since it was initially excavated in 1991, multiple archaeological campaigns have been carried out (>15), and the excavations are still ongoing. The field documentation from Blombos Cave has, over the years, produced varied but rich datasets that have never been integrated into a single, coherent, and accessible archive. In this paper we evaluate the changes in excavation protocol at Blombos Cave over time, and we use this knowledge to digitally integrate and map the various stages of excavation within a three-dimensional framework using digital photogrammetry and archival photographs. The archaeological and analytical value of this approach is exemplified through multiple case studies, in which we demonstrate how and why the merging of old and new archaeological field data can lead to new results, specifically by offering more complete mapping and more accurate and analytically dynamic visualisations. The research history at Blombos Cave is not unique or site-specific. Our approach would be applicable to a wide variety of sites and contexts where long-running excavations have produced a mix of analogue and digital field data.
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Huggett, Jeremy. "Is Big Digital Data Different? Towards a New Archaeological Paradigm." Journal of Field Archaeology 45, sup1 (2020): S8—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2020.1713281.
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Abate, D., and M. David. "Out of the archaeologist's desk drawer: communicating archaeological data online." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5/W3 (August 11, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-w3-1-2015.
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During archaeological field work a huge amount of data is collected, processed and elaborated for further studies and scientific publications. However, access and communication of linked data; associated tools for interrogation, analysis and sharing are often limited at the first stage of the archaeological research, mainly due to issues related to IPR. Information is often released months if not years after the fieldwork. Nowadays great deal of archaeological data is ‘born digital’ in the field or lab. This means databases, pictures and 3D models of finds and excavation contexts could be available for public communication and sharing. Researchers usually restrict access to their data to a small group of people. It follows that data sharing is not so widespread among archaeologists, and dissemination of research is still mostly based on traditional pre-digital means like scientific papers, journal articles and books. This project has implemented a web approach for sharing and communication purposes, exploiting mainly open source technologies which allow a high level of interactivity. The case study presented is the newly Mithraeum excavated in Ostia Antica archaeological site in the framework of the Ostia Marina Project.
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Štular, Benjamin, Edisa Lozić, and Stefan Eichert. "Airborne LiDAR-Derived Digital Elevation Model for Archaeology." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (2021): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091855.
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The use of topographic airborne LiDAR data has become an essential part of archaeological prospection, and the need for an archaeology-specific data processing workflow is well known. It is therefore surprising that little attention has been paid to the key element of processing: an archaeology-specific DEM. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to describe an archaeology-specific DEM in detail, provide a tool for its automatic precision assessment, and determine the appropriate grid resolution. We define an archaeology-specific DEM as a subtype of DEM, which is interpolated from ground points, buildings, and four morphological types of archaeological features. We introduce a confidence map (QGIS plug-in) that assigns a confidence level to each grid cell. This is primarily used to attach a confidence level to each archaeological feature, which is useful for detecting data bias in archaeological interpretation. Confidence mapping is also an effective tool for identifying the optimal grid resolution for specific datasets. Beyond archaeological applications, the confidence map provides clear criteria for segmentation, which is one of the unsolved problems of DEM interpolation. All of these are important steps towards the general methodological maturity of airborne LiDAR in archaeology, which is our ultimate goal.
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Moullou, Dorina, Rebeka Vital, Stella Sylaiou, and Lemonia Ragia. "Digital Tools for Data Acquisition and Heritage Management in Archaeology and Their Impact on Archaeological Practices." Heritage 7, no. 1 (2023): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010005.
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The significance of data acquisition in archaeological practice has consistently held great importance. Over the past few decades, the growing prevalence of digitization in acquiring data has significantly transformed the landscape of archaeological fieldwork, influencing both methodology and interpretation. The integration of digital photogrammetry and laser scanning technologies in archaeology has transformed data acquisition, enabling efficient and precise documentation. However, this digital shift raises concerns about information overload, the potential loss of on-site insights, and the need for suitable data management methods. Over the past 15 years, digital tools like photogrammetry, laser scanning, and unmanned aerial vehicles have advanced cultural heritage documentation. These methods offer detailed 3D models of archaeological sites, artifacts, and monuments, with evolving accessibility and user friendliness. This paper delves into methods for documenting cultural heritage, examining the implications of various approaches on the archaeologist’s workflow and on the field as a whole.
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Huggett, Jeremy. "Deconstructing the Digital Infrastructures Supporting Archaeological Knowledge." Current Swedish Archaeology 31 (February 24, 2024): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2023.01.
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The last 30 years have seen significant investments in the development of digital infrastructures to support archaeological practice. From field recording systems to national data archives, these have come to play an increasingly dominant role in the collection, management, and access to the data used in the creation of new archaeological knowledge. Although a lot of attention has been paid to the technical creation of such systems, much less is said about the wider political, cultural and social aspects of these infrastructures. Focusing on large-scale national or transnational data infrastructures, this paper seeks to lay the groundwork for such an inquiry by making the infrastructure the centre of analysis, rather than its technical aspects. The paper asks how infrastructures emerge, are sustained, become embedded in practice, and how they subsequently contextualise and influence the formation of archaeological knowledge. The underlying and frequently hidden complexities of infrastructures and their nature as always under development should make a critical understanding of their implementation and application, the opportunities they offer, the constraints they impose, and the perspectives they adopt, an important precursor to their knowledgeable use in practice.
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Lauro, Vittorio, and Vincenzo Lombardo. "The Cataloging and Conservation of Digital Survey in Archaeology: A Photogrammetry Protocol in the Context of Digital Data Curation." Heritage 6, no. 3 (2023): 3113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030166.
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The technological advancement of software and hardware and the lowering of the prices of instrumentation has made photogrammetry the preferred instrument for surveying activities in archaeological projects. Consequently, archaeological datasets have been enriched with 3D models of archaeological finds and structures. Each project has developed its work pipeline for raw data acquisition and the elaboration of models and their archiving and dissemination. In most cases, the pipeline is the result of empirical experimentation and is designed to act within the specific context of the project. To date, we still lack a shared method for a photogrammetric survey that derives from the specific design and techniques/contexts. This paper aims at proposing an approach for a shared 3D survey workflow for photogrammetry in archaeology. The general approach relies on the digital data curation framework for cultural heritage and encompasses several specialized tasks. We describe the general functions and processes and how they can be implemented in a practical workflow. As a proof of concept, we show how a preliminary release of the workflow has been applied in the context of the BeArchaeo project, for the acquisition, processing, export, modeling, archiving, and indexing of 3D models, resulting from photogrammetric surveys. A long-term aim is a methodological approach for different endeavors of cultural heritage.
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Markiewicz, J., D. Zawieska, A. Bocheńska, A. Tobiasz, and S. Łapiński. "THE MULTITEMPORAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH IN THE ROYAL CASTLE IN WARSAW – FIRST RESULTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-675-2018.
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Modern measurement technologies are commonly applied not only to monitor Cultural Heritage objects; they are also applied during archaeological excavation works, when it is important to quickly perform measurements. The paper presents multitemporal integration of different image-based (UAV, close-range digital images) and range-based technologies (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), as well as data acquired in different periods, during archaeological works performed at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, especially for the Justice Court Tower. Measurements were performed in several periods, during deep archaeological excavation works. Due to the limited access to excavations different measurement technologies were applied which allowed to perform measurements within short time. As a results, the DSM (Digital Surface Model). the point cloud and orthoimages were generated. All of the products were stored in the GIS system which will be used for the needs of archaeological and architectural analyses.
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Neusius, Sarah W., Bonnie W. Styles, Tanya M. Peres, et al. "Zooarchaeological Database Preservation, Multiscalar Data Integration, and the Collaboration of the Eastern Archaic Faunal Working Group." Advances in Archaeological Practice 7, no. 4 (2019): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2019.33.
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ABSTRACTData preservation, reuse, and synthesis are important goals in contemporary archaeological research that have been addressed by the recent collaboration of the Eastern Archaic Faunal Working Group (EAFWG). We used the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) to preserve 60 significant legacy faunal databases from 23 Archaic period archaeological sites located in several contiguous subregions of the interior North American Eastern Woodlands. In order to resolve the problem of synthesizing non-standardized databases, we used the ontology and integration tools available in tDAR to explore comparability and combine datasets so that our research questions about aquatic resource use during the Archaic could be addressed at multiple scales. The challenges of making digital databases accessible for reuse, including the addition of metadata, and of linking disparate data in queryable datasets are significant but worth the effort. Our experience provides one example of how collaborative research may productively resolve problems in making legacy data accessible and usable for synthetic archaeological research.
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Heilen, Michael, and Shelby A. Manney. "Refining Archaeological Data Collection and Management." Advances in Archaeological Practice 11, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2022.41.
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ABSTRACTMost archaeological investigations in the United States and other countries must comply with preservation laws, especially if they are on government property or supported by government funding. Academic and cultural resource management (CRM) studies have explored various social, temporal, and environmental contexts and produce an ever-increasing volume of archaeological data. More and more data are born digital, and many legacy data are digitized. There is a building effort to synthesize and integrate data at a massive scale and create new data standards and management systems. Taxpayer dollars often fund archaeological studies that are intended, in spirit, to promote historic preservation and provide public benefits. However, the resulting data are difficult to access and interoperationalize, and they are rarely collected and managed with their long-term security, accessibility, and ethical reuse in mind. Momentum is building toward open data and open science as well as Indigenous data sovereignty and governance. The field of archaeology is reaching a critical point where consideration of diverse constituencies, concerns, and requirements is needed to plan data collection and management approaches moving forward. This theme issue focuses on challenges and opportunities in archaeological data collection and management in academic and CRM contexts.
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Kintigh, Keith. "The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration." American Antiquity 71, no. 3 (2006): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600039810.
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This forum reports the results of a National Science Foundation—funded workshop that focused on the integration and preservation of digital databases and other structured data derived from archaeological contexts. The workshop concluded that for archaeology to achieve its potential to advance long-term, scientific understandings of human history, there is a pressing need for an archaeological information infrastructure that will allow us to archive, access, integrate, and mine disparate data sets. This report provides an assessment of the informatics needs of archaeology, articulates an ambitious vision for a distributed disciplinary information infrastructure (cyberinfrastructure), discusses the challenges posed by its development, and outlines initial steps toward its realization. Finally, it argues that such a cyberinfrastructure has enormous potential to contribute to anthropology and science more generally. Concept-oriented archaeological data integration will enable the use of existing data to answer compelling new questions and permit syntheses of archaeological data that rely not on other investigators' conclusions but on analyses of meaningfully integrated new and legacy data sets.
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Derudas, Paola, and Brendan Foley. "Managing Data from Maritime Archaeology Investigations: AIR at Gribshunden." Acta Archaeologica 94, no. 1 (2024): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-09401053.
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Abstract Maritime archaeology excavations, even in a more complex environment, have the same objectives and requirements as terrestrial ones: documenting digging operations to analyze data in the best way, interpreting it, and producing new knowledge for the benefit of multiple communities. 3D documentation and management methodologies have spread widely among practitioners; however, 3D comprehensive tools for scholarly publications still require development. This article contributes to the discussion on archaeological data management and its need to encompass every aspect of the archaeological practice (Kansa & Kansa 2021). It presents the evolution of the documentation and data management strategies employed within the multidisciplinary project at the shipwreck site of Gribshunden (Rönnby 2021), profoundly conditioned by the project’s goals to optimize collection and analysis of its multidisciplinary nature. The use of the Archaeological Interactive Report (AIR) represents the most suitable solution for achieving such goals, as it addresses the issue of scattered data and allows for maintaining the connection between archaeological datasets and their interpretation and publication, which is crucial for performing archaeological Digital Data Curation (Dallas 2015a).
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Bertocci, Stefano, Andrea Arrighetti, and Matteo Bigongiari. "Digital Survey for the Archaeological Analysis and the Enhancement of Gropina Archaeological Site." Heritage 2, no. 1 (2019): 848–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010056.
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This paper concerns the path of knowledge that leads to the understanding of the morphology and evolution of the archaeological area discovered in the 1960s below the parish church of Gropina (AR). By dealing with archaeological surveying methods, the attention is focused on the digital survey technologies used, integrating data from laser scanner instruments with photogrammetric ones. The morphological base was necessary for the preparation of stratigraphic analyses, and allowed us to check the previous studies carried out on the building to extract a periodized planimetry. Finally, the digital drawing technologies have allowed us to hypothesize the schematic evolutionary models of the different phases of the building, and to use the digital survey to create a virtual platform through which to interact with the archaeological site, which is now closed to visitors.
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Oksanen, Eljas, Heikki Rantala, Jouni Tuominen, et al. "Digital Humanities Solutions for pan-European Numismatic and Archaeological Heritage Based on Linked Open Data." Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications 4, no. 1 (2022): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.11311.
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This paper discusses current challenges in archaeological cultural heritage data management and presents the interdisciplinary research project DigiNUMA. The project investigates solutions in data harmonisation and dissemination of pan-European cultural heritage through an interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral project in Digital Humanities, semantic computing, participatory heritage, museum collections management and archaeological/numismatic studies. Using Finnish and English numismatic data as a test case, DigiNUMA creates ontological infrastructure and a proof-of-concept data model for finely-grained Linked Open Data (LOD) harmonisation across national and international databases for cultural heritage data, and tests it through a broad suite of Digital Humanities analyses.
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Aricò, Manuela, Marcello La Guardia, and Mauro Lo Brutto. "3D Data Integration for Web Fruition of Underground Archaeological Sites: A Web Navigation System for the Hypogeum of Crispia salvia (Marsala, Italy)." Heritage 6, no. 8 (2023): 5899–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6080310.
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The diffuse data fruition of archaeological hypogeum sites still represents a challenge due to their limited accessibility and their preservation and maintenance issues. This implies that the fruition of these peculiar archaeological sites is often possible through digital reconstructions and interactive web navigation systems. The survey methodologies based on terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry allow making accurate and detailed digital reconstructions of these sites that are useful for virtual fruition purposes. In addition, many different systems can be used for remote web navigation and fruition. This work presents a possible solution for the virtual fruition of archaeological hypogea with a multiscale 3D web navigation system based on WebGL open-source technology. The system has been implemented for the Roman hypogeum of Crispia salvia, located in Marsala (southern Italy). The hypogeum belongs to the Archaeological Park of Lilibeo-Marsala and is considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries in this area for its extraordinary frescoes. Public accessibility of this site is limited because it is located outside the boundaries of the Archaeological Park, in the modern town, and covered by a residential building. In this case, the web navigation system adds an important contribution due to the limited real accessibility to the site. This work shows the framework for the construction of the web navigation system, where 3D surveys, digital reconstructions, 3D modeling, and web development are integrated. The choice of using an open-source technology for the web navigation system limits the costs of the process, and, at the same time, grants the web dissemination of site information.
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Wollwage, Lance K., Allyson Brooks, Rob Smith, Morgan McLemore, Annie Strader, and Kim Gant. "Beyond Data Recovery: Developing Digital Information Systems for Cultural Resources in the Online Era." Advances in Archaeological Practice 8, no. 3 (2020): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.13.
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ABSTRACTFor historic property types such as archaeological sites and historic buildings, data recovery is often the main part of mitigation plans offered by federal agencies with undertakings that will destroy part or all of a cultural resource. In theory, by extracting important information before destruction, we recover some part of a historic resource's cultural value. In some situations, however, data recovery is impossible or otherwise undesirable, and “creative” or off-site mitigation measures are necessary to mitigate adverse effects. In such circumstances, the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation has accepted funding from federal agencies to create, implement, and enhance an online digital information system for cultural resources. This article describes the Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological Records Data (WISAARD) and provides an example of a federal agency funding WISAARD development as creative mitigation for the transfer of archaeological sites out of federal ownership. We discuss the benefits of such systems and address how their development meets preservation goals established by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.
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Roberts Thompson, Amanda D., Victor D. Thompson, Michiel Kappers, Kristine Schenk, and Mark Williams. "Long-Term Legacies and Their Challenges in the Age of Modern Curation at the University of Georgia." Advances in Archaeological Practice 7, no. 3 (2019): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2019.16.
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ABSTRACTFormally established in the fall of 1947, the Laboratory of Archaeology at the University of Georgia is an archaeological research and collection repository. It is considered one of the premier institutions for curation of archaeological collections from the American Southeast. For over 70 years, the Laboratory has served as a repository for objects and associated records generated from archaeological projects and research undertaken by faculty, students, CRM professionals, and state and federal agencies. The Laboratory curates over 20,000 cubic feet of artifacts as well as paper and digital archives. In addition, the Laboratory houses the Georgia Archaeological Site File and manages data from more than 59,000 archaeological sites, including over 11,500 archaeological reports. In this paper, we explore implementation procedures for bringing legacy collections up to modern curation standards. We also outline how we migrate the data on paper records into the digital realm, articulating them within a comprehensive framework.
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Kansa, Eric, and Sarah Whitcher Kansa. "Digital Data and Data Literacy in Archaeology Now and in the New Decade." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 1 (2021): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.55.
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OVERVIEWDigital data play an increasingly important role in how we understand the present and the past. The challenges inherent in understanding and using digital data are as intellectually demanding as any other archaeological research endeavor. For these reasons, data management cannot be regarded as a simple compliance or technical issue. For data to be meaningfully preserved and used in intellectually rigorous ways, they need to be integrated fully into all aspects of archaeological practice, including ethics, teaching, and publishing. In this review, we highlight some of the significant and multifaceted challenges involved in managing data, including documentation, training, methodology, data modeling, trust, and ethical concerns. We then focus on the importance of building data literacy broadly among archaeologists so that we can manage and communicate the data our discipline creates. This involves more than learning to use a new tool or finding a data manager for one's excavation or survey. Long-term, responsible stewardship of data requires understanding the workflows and human roles in data management. Putting effort now into thoughtful data management and broad data-literacy training means we will be able to make the most of the “bigger” data that archaeologists now produce. An important aspect of this reorientation will be to look beyond the boundaries of our own research projects and information systems. Future research, teaching, and public engagement needs will also compel us to explore how our data articulates with wider contexts—within and beyond our discipline.
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Klehm, Carla. "The Use and Challenges of Spatial Data in Archaeology." Advances in Archaeological Practice 11, no. 1 (2023): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2022.38.
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OverviewSpatial data, under the broader umbrella of digital data, is becoming increasingly integral to all stages of archaeological research design and dissemination. As archaeologists lean toward reuse and interoperability, with ethics on their minds, how to treat spatial data is of particular importance. This is because of the complexities involved at every life-cycle stage, from collection to publication, including black box issues that may be taken for granted, and because the size of spatial data can lead to archiving difficulties. Here, the “DIY” momentum of increasingly accessible spatial methods such as photogrammetry and handheld lidar is examined alongside forthcoming changes in publication policies that will impact the United States in particular, framed around a conversation about best practices and a call for more comprehensive training for the archaeological community. At its heart, this special issue seeks to realize the potential of increasingly digitized—and increasingly large amounts of—archaeological data. Within cultural resource management, this means anticipating utilization of data through widespread standardization, among many interrelated activities. A desire to enhance the utility of archaeological data has distinct resonances with the use of spatial data in archaeology, as do some wider challenges that the archaeological community faces moving forward.
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Gálicz, Ivett Vargáné, Róbert Magda, and Lóránt Dénes Dávid. "Archaeological Parks in the Service of Tourism—A Comparative Analysis of Hungarian and Western-European Archaeological Parks." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (2024): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083313.
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This study reviews the significance of archaeological parks in the tourism sector, with a specific focus on how digital presence and visitor feedback impact their cultural and touristic appeal. Utilizing statistical analyses such as regression and cluster analysis on data sourced from both Hungarian and Western European parks from the Roman Period, the research scrutinizes TripAdvisor and Google ratings, alongside the volume of photographs and reviews. The findings highlight a modest correlation between digital visibility and overall visitor ratings, underscoring the complex relationship between online engagement and the quality of visitor experience. Notably, the cluster analysis identified two distinct groups, signifying diverse levels of visitor engagement and digital visibility across the parks. The conclusions drawn advocate for a comprehensive strategy to enhance visitor experiences, emphasizing the integration of digital engagement with the promotion of the parks cultural and historical values. By exploring the influence of digital presence on the appeal of archaeological parks, our study sheds light on the evolving interface between urban studies and digital heritage, highlighting how digital tools and online platforms are becoming increasingly integral in shaping the perceptions and experiences of urban cultural sites.
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Xu, Kezhen. "Digital Archaeology: A Review of the Application of Information Technology in Archaeological Data Management and Analysis." Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences 3 (November 26, 2024): 192–98. https://doi.org/10.62051/dwtdzk11.
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This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current application of information technology in archaeological data management and analysis, discusses the progress and practical application of digital archaeology, and looks ahead to its future development directions and challenges. With the rapid development of information technology, archaeology has gradually introduced digital tools such as database management systems, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing technology, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). These technologies not only improve the efficiency of data management but also offer entirely new methods for analysis and presentation in archaeological research. This paper evaluates the application of different digital tools in archaeology, analyzes their technical advantages and limitations, and proposes strategies to address issues related to technical complexity, data standardization, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The study aims to provide valuable references for archaeologists, technology developers, and cultural heritage conservation professionals, promoting the further development and application of digital archaeology to achieve the efficient preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage.
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Grickevich, Marina, Irina Andreeva, Alexander Belitskii, and Alexander Khoperskov. "Digital Technologies as Basis for Archaeological Heritage Preservation: 3D-Modeling for Geoinformation System." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001064.
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Modern information technologies provide unique opportunities of cultural heritage preservation and creation of new software tools analyzing archaeological data. In the current article, we discuss the features of designing services of the system supplying work with spatially distributed archaeological data by example of the specialized geoportal implementation at Volgograd State University. The design of the database with geospatial reference supported by the geoinformation system has been considered as well. A set of services for creation, visualization and publishing of 3D models is described. Our approach allows combining a digital terrain model with a 3D model of the archaeological excavation.
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Göldner, Reiner. "Archiving Archaeological Research Data - On Requirements, Objectives and First Experiences from a German Respectively Saxon Point of View." Studies in Digital Heritage 1, no. 2 (2017): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23205.
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Preserving digital data over long times is an ambitious task. While most analogue documents are best stored without touching them, digital data need permanent care and curation. Regarding some differences between analogue and digital data - lifecycle, complexity, functionality and so on - it can be realized, that digital archiving is a new challenge.This paper will deal with requirements and objectives on archiving archaeological research data, as discussed in a working group of the Association of State Archaeologists in Germany (Verband der Landesarchäologen in Deutschland – VLA). Interesting themes of that discussions were “Archive Objectives”, “Worthiness of Archiving”, “Suitability of Archiving” and “Future Use Scenarios”. This paper will also deal with first experiences in building up a digital archive for archaeological research data in Saxony. This archive follows principles of “Open Archival Information System” (OAIS). It is based on professional software that has to be adapted to the special requirements of archaeological data like e.g. excavation documentation. OAIS defines six complex functions to be performed, e.g. data management and preservation planning. Preservation strategies are presented to give an idea on how to preserve content and function of archive material while systems are changing over time. This is an alternative to the idea, knowing file formats will solve all preservation problems.Archiving is the most intensive and most expensive way to store data. But aren’t there any alternatives? This paper will address some small steps leading towards a proper archiving without using large budgets. Going such steps will help to reduce the risk of losing important digital information. Going these steps will also bridge the gap until proper preservation tools will be available at a reasonable price.This article may be helpful for archaeologists that are about to build up an archive to preserve digital data for long terms. The presented concept of preservation strategies may be of interest for specialists on digital archiving.
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Magnani, Matthew, Matthew Douglass, Whittaker Schroder, Jonathan Reeves, and David R. Braun. "The Digital Revolution to Come: Photogrammetry in Archaeological Practice." American Antiquity 85, no. 4 (2020): 737–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.59.
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The three-dimensional (3D) revolution promised to transform archaeological practice. Of the technologies that contribute to the proliferation of 3D data, photogrammetry facilitates the rapid and inexpensive digitization of complex subjects in both field and lab settings. It finds additional use as a tool for public outreach, where it engages audiences ranging from source communities to artifact collectors. But what has photogrammetry's function been in advancing archaeological analysis? Drawing on our previous work, we review recent applications to understand the role of photogrammetry for contemporary archaeologists. Although photogrammetry is widely used as a visual aid, its analytical potential remains underdeveloped. Considering various scales of inquiry—graduating from objects to landscapes—we address how the technology fits within and expands existing documentation and data visualization routines, while evaluating the opportunity it presents for addressing archaeological questions and problems in innovative ways. We advance an agenda advocating that archaeologists move from proof-of-concept papers toward greater integration of photogrammetry with research.
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Huggett, Jeremy. "Reuse Remix Recycle." Advances in Archaeological Practice 6, no. 2 (2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.1.
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ABSTRACTPreservation of digital data is predicated on the expectation of its reuse, yet that expectation has never been examined within archaeology. While we have extensive digital archives equipped to share data, evidence of reuse seems paradoxically limited. Most archaeological discussions have focused on data management and preservation and on disciplinary practices surrounding archiving and sharing data. This article addresses the reuse side of the data equation through a series of linked questions: What is the evidence for reuse, what constitutes reuse, what are the motivations for reuse, and what makes some data more suitable for reuse than others? It concludes by posing a series of questions aimed at better understanding our digital engagement with archaeological data.
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Bevan, Andrew. "The data deluge." Antiquity 89, no. 348 (2015): 1473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.102.
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Archaeology has wandered into exciting but daunting territory. It faces floods of new evidence about the human past that are largely digital, frequently spatial, increasingly open and often remotely sensed. The resulting terrain is littered, both with data that are wholly new and data that were long known about but previously considered junk. This paper offers an overview of this diluvian information landscape and aims to foster debate about its wider disciplinary impact. In particular, I would argue that its consequences: a) go well beyond the raw challenges of digital data archiving or manipulation and should reconfigure our analytical agendas; b) can legitimately be read for both utopian and dystopian disciplinary futures; and c) re-expose some enduring tensions between archaeological empiricism, comparison and theory-building.
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Wilshusen, Richard H., Michael Heilen, Wade Catts, Karyn de Dufour, and Bradford Jones. "Archaeological Survey Data Quality, Durability, and Use in the United States." Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, no. 2 (2016): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.2.106.
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AbstractHigh-quality archaeological surveys and data are vital to preservation planning and mitigation efforts. Federal and state historic preservation offices (SHPOs) are accumulating and reviewing more data at an ever-faster pace. Given the critical nature of this information, a SAA task force was charged with assessing current survey practices and concerns. Our review indicates that survey policies and archaeological standards have improved substantially over the last two decades, but SHPOs remain challenged by insufficient professional training for field archaeologists, the need for standardization and integration of new technologies in field work, reporting, and review, as well as the sheer quantity and variety of digital data. A number of analytical tools and metrics are available to assess data quality, but seemingly there is not time or money for states to evaluate how to improve existing and future survey data. We draw upon a survey of SHPOs, a review of current literature, and our own experience to assess archaeological survey quality, data utility and durability for current and anticipated future uses. We offer suggestions on how to move forward, including consideration of an e-106 system for streamlining transfer and exchange of digital data and upgrading current approaches to survey and planning.
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Carlson, Eric S. "Representation and Structure Conflict in the Digital Age." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2, no. 4 (2014): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.4.269.
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AbstractDigital imaging technologies have enhanced archaeological research and profoundly expanded the scale of the discipline’s potentialities. As illustrators and archaeologists move away from using hand-drawn images (of hand-held, real-life objects) to depict artifacts and other archaeological information, certain capabilities of the traditional illustrative process are lost. One such loss is the ability to present a complete and informed representation of an artifact free of the distortions and visual limitations that single-perspective (i.e., digital or photographic) imagery produces. This is accomplished by the illustrator through the unification of multiple views of the artifact from various perspectives into a single two-dimensional image that communicates to the viewer important attributes of the artifact, free of distortion and remaining true to the measured, analytical conventions of the illustrative process. Liberation from the single-viewpoint perspective was one of the fundamental elements of the Cubist movement. Traditional archaeological illustrators utilize Cubist principles to communicate visually to the viewer a complete, accurate, and undistorted package of information about an artifact. The supplanting of hand-drawn illustrations by digital images in today’s archaeological publications threatens to revert the visual representation of data back to uninformed, surficial “snapshots” of incomplete objects.
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Grilli, Eleonora, and Fabio Remondino. "Classification of 3D Digital Heritage." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (2019): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070847.
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In recent years, the use of 3D models in cultural and archaeological heritage for documentation and dissemination purposes is increasing. The association of heterogeneous information to 3D data by means of automated segmentation and classification methods can help to characterize, describe and better interpret the object under study. Indeed, the high complexity of 3D data along with the large diversity of heritage assets themselves have constituted segmentation and classification methods as currently active research topics. Although machine learning methods brought great progress in this respect, few advances have been developed in relation to cultural heritage 3D data. Starting from the existing literature, this paper aims to develop, explore and validate reliable and efficient automated procedures for the classification of 3D data (point clouds or polygonal mesh models) of heritage scenarios. In more detail, the proposed solution works on 2D data (“texture-based” approach) or directly on the 3D data (“geometry-based approach) with supervised or unsupervised machine learning strategies. The method was applied and validated on four different archaeological/architectural scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is reliable and replicable and it is effective for restoration and documentation purposes, providing metric information e.g. of damaged areas to be restored.
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Parrinello, Sandro, and Giulia Porcheddu. "Sistemi informativi dinamici a supporto della documentazione archeologica per interventi in emergenza." Restauro Archeologico 30, no. 2 (2023): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rar-14150.
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This paper analyses data archiving procedures carried out during emergency archaeological excavations. It proposes a model for developing an information system capable of streamlining both the survey practices and the management of the excavation site. The opportunity to digitally acquire what emerged during an archaeological campaign as well as ordering data stemming from the stratigraphic analysis in a single digital database has offered us the possibility to discuss the cataloguing systems used in emergency situations. This drove us to experiment with novel application protocols for digitally recording archaeological evidence. The aim of this research is to reduce the loss of information and create dynamic archives for knowledge. Archaeologists can fill in this digital result with their considerations and hypotheses, as well as creating a study platform directly accessible during the phase of excavation, thus combining 3D digital surveys with archiving systems.
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Sylaiou, Stella, Zoi-Eirini Tsifodimou, Konstantinos Evangelidis, et al. "Redefining Archaeological Research: Digital Tools, Challenges, and Integration in Advancing Methods." Applied Sciences 15, no. 5 (2025): 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052495.
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This paper explores the diverse array of digital tools utilized for data acquisition in archaeology. This abstract outlines the various categories of digital tools commonly employed, including geographic information systems (GISs), global positioning systems (GPSs), remote sensing technologies, 3D scanning and photogrammetry, drones and aerial photography, as well as mobile applications and digital recording systems. Each category is elucidated with examples of their application in archaeological research, emphasizing their roles in site mapping, spatial data collection, artefact documentation, and landscape analysis. Furthermore, it discusses the advancements, challenges, and best practices associated with the integration of digital tools into archaeological fieldwork. It also highlights the potential for future developments in digital technologies to enhance data acquisition capabilities further, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of human history and cultural heritage.
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Sirovoca, Filomens, and Ivan Radman-Livaja. "Archiving Archaeological Data in Croatia." Internet Archaeology, no. 63 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.63.1.
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Matsumoto, Mieko, and Espen Uleberg. "Curation of Digital Archaeological Data in Norway." Internet Archaeology, no. 58 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.58.29.
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Archaeological documentation from surveys and excavations in Norway are created by a limited number of actors. Excavations are mainly carried out by the five university museums. NIKU (Norwegian Institute for Cultural Research) is responsible for excavations of medieval cities and churches. Maritime museums excavate in lakes, rivers, and below past and present sea level. Archaeological surveys are mainly the responsibility of the counties. Riksantikvaren (Directorate of National Heritage) is responsible for the national Historic Environment Records (HER), Askeladden, which offers the possibility to upload or insert links to reports from archaeological investigations. Riksantikvaren also archives excavation documentation from churches and medieval cities. The Norwegian university museums have, since the 1990s, cooperated on digitising a national repository and making the collections available online. Presently there are also repositories at the maritime museums, Riksantikvaren and the counties. The infrastructure ADED (Archaeological Digital Excavation Documentation) is a repository for detailed excavation documentation, and the BItFROST infrastructure project contributes to better storage and availability of 3D data. Future development will be more complete national databases, and towards closer international cooperation, creating better integration and availability of several repositories.
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Tsiafaki, Despoina, and Markos Katsianis. "Stewardship of Digital Archaeological Data in Greece: a landscape of fragmentation." Internet Archaeology, May 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.58.8.
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This article provides an overview of the current situation in Greece regarding digital archaeological data stewardship. A brief chronicle of Greek archaeology sets the scene for a better understanding of the present situation. Greek archaeology is supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Sports, with the Archaeological Service as the central organisation in charge of antiquities. However, archaeological data resulting from archaeological fieldwork are produced by several other entities. This article presents the policies governing both physical and digital documentation archives. It introduces the current practices for archaeological data preservation and the relevant digital infrastructures, attempting to showcase the existing environment. We categorise prevailing problems on three levels, all based on the fact that digital and open access arrived recently in a well-established environment formed gradually over almost two centuries. Even so, fragmentation and variation would be the proper terms to describe the status of the stewardship of digital archaeological data in Greece. Our review shows that there is substantial effort directed towards digital archaeological data stewardship and accessibility by all stakeholders within the archaeological sector. Finally, we add a few thoughts and suggestions, and indicate the need to generate a network that could take steps towards more inclusive strategies within digital data stewardship. The key to leveraging change is raising awareness about data sustainability and reuse, and the COVID-19 outbreak indicates a clear change in mentality in this direction, since open access resources have begun to be key to education and research conducted in Greece.