Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Digital Light Processing'

Le cuivre, du fait de ses bonnes performances de conduction thermique (394 W/mK) et électrique (58 MS/m), est un métal d’intérêt dans le domaine de l’énergie et des télécommunications. La réalisation de composants plus performants nécessite la mise en forme de structures de plus en plus architecturées et précises. Dans ce contexte, l’impression 3D apparaît pertinente pour lever ces verrous techniques. Parmi les approches possibles, celle reposant sur le Digital Light Processing (DLP), proche de la stéréolithographie (SLA), permet l’obtention d’objets aux structures complexes avec une très grande résolution tout en limitant la perte de matière en comparaison à la fabrication soustractive. Actuellement, les études portant sur la mise en forme de métaux avec ce type de procédé restent marginales, ce qui laisse un large champ de recherche à explorer. Dans ce mémoire, des travaux portant sur la compréhension de phénomènes tels que l’interaction entre le rayonnement incident, les particules métalliques et la résine photosensible, l’impact des composants de la formulation sur l’imprimabilité et l’effet des traitements thermiques de déliantage et de frittage sur les conductivités électrique et thermique finales ont été conduits. Des simulations basées sur le modèle de la diffusion de la lumière par des particules sphériques (théorie de Mie) ont permis, dans un premier temps, d’orienter le choix vers trois poudres de cuivre de différente granulométrie. Ces simulations ont ensuite pu être confrontées à des mesures expérimentales afin de proposer un mécanisme de propagation lumineuse dans la formulation. Il en ressort que le diamètre des particules et l’état d’oxydation de surface ont un impact significatif sur la pénétration UV dans la résine. Après l’identification d’un photoamorceur ne contenant pas d’éléments pouvant altérer les propriétés finales du cuivre, comme le phosphore, la sélection d’un agent rhéologique (AR) performant et compatible a été évaluée. La caractérisation de sa compatibilité photochimique s’est faite en mesurant le coefficient d’absorption molaire de ce composant ainsi qu’en caractérisant les cinétiques de photopolymérisation par spectrophotométrie infrarouge en temps résolu pour des résines de concentration en AR différentes. Quant à l’évaluation de la performance de ce dernier, elle a été réalisée par rhéologie sur des formulations chargées à 50 %vol en poudre de cuivre. Ces étapes ont rendu possible l’impression d’objets par DLP en utilisant deux poudres de granulométrie différente. Les échantillons ainsi obtenus ont alors permis de définir des cycles thermiques permettant d’atteindre des taux de carbone et d’oxygène résiduel équivalents à celle de la poudre de départ et d’atteindre des conductivités thermique et électrique de 313 W/mK et 37 MS/m respectivement<br>Due to its good thermal conductivity (394 W/mK) and electrical conductivity (58 MS/m), copper is a metal of interest in the field of energy and telecommunications. The fabrication of more efficient components requires the shaping of architected and precise structures. In this context, 3D printing seems adequate to overcome these technical issues. Among the possible approaches, Digital Light Processing (DLP), which is close to stereolithography (SLA) allows to build objects including complex structures with a very high resolution while limiting material loss in comparison to subtractive manufacturing. However, the implementation of this technique for metal forming is scarcely described in the literature and leaves a wide field of research to explore. In this thesis, work on the understanding of phenomena such as interactions between incident radiation, metal particles and photosensitive resin, the impact of the formulation components on the printability and the effect of thermal treatments on the final properties has been carried out. Simulations based on the scattering of light by particles (Mie theory) were used to select three copper powders with different particle diameters. By coupling theoretical data with experiments in UV-Visible spectroscopy, a plausible light extinction mechanism was suggested. It appears that the particle diameter and surface oxidation have a significant impact on the UV propagation in the resin. After the selection of a photoinitiator (PI) free of elements that are harmful (e.g. phosphorus) for the final properties of copper, the selection of an efficient and compatible rheological agent (RA) has been investigated. Its compatibility with the photoinitiating system was made by measuring the molar absorption coefficient of the RA molecule and compared to the PI value. Furthermore, photopolymerization kinetics of resin concentrated with different RA levels using Real-Time infrared spectroscopy were monitored. Finally, the rheological behavior of formulations containing 50 vol% of copper particles has been assessed. These steps enabled the printing of objects with two different particles sizes, which were finally used to develop specific debinding and sintering conditions (atmosphere, heating rate and temperature dwell) to achieve copper objects with residual carbon content similar to the raw copper powder and with a thermal and an electrical conductivity of 313 W/mK and 37 MS/m respectively

Les technologies de fabrication additive offrent actuellement l’opportunité d’atteindre des géométries complexes pour une offre de matériau relativement large, allant des polymères aux métaux, ainsi que pour certaines céramiques. L’offre commerciale de matériaux de structure est encore limitée par des verrous technologiques généralement associés à la compatibilité entre le procédé de mise en forme et le matériau visé. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle voie, encore peu explorée dans la littérature, porte sur la fabrication additive de type Digital Light Processing (DLP) de la céramique de type carbure de silicium (SiC), à partir de polymères pré-céramiques. En effet l’utilisation d’une poudre de SiC dans une formulation photosensible, présente des limites en termes de taux de charge, liées à la compatibilité optique entre cette poudre et la longueur d’onde UV utilisée lors de la mise en forme couche par couche. L’utilisation de polymères se convertissant en céramique, avec des traitements thermiques adaptés, apporte la possibilité d’améliorer la compatibilité des constituants à la longueur d’onde de travail et permet l’obtention d’une céramique de type SiC. Trois polymères pré-céramiques commerciaux (deux polysiloxane et un polycarbosilane) ont été sélectionnés et des traitements thermiques de réticulation à 200 °C, suivis d’un traitement de pyrolyse compris entre 1000 et 1700 °C, sous argon, ont été réalisés pour étudier les évolutions microstructurales, les compositions chimiques, ainsi que les propriétés mécaniques. Il en ressort que ces matériaux polymères peuvent être convertis en céramique SiC polycristalline, avec une phase secondaire résiduelle riche en carbone. Des formulations photopolymérisables sous exposition UV, contenant un fort taux de charge en polymère pré-céramique (de 25 à 75 %pds), ont été développées et étudiées afin de pouvoir mettre en forme un objet cru par DLP, qui sera ensuite converti en céramique par traitement thermique. Avant la mise en forme par ce procédé, la réactivité de ces formulations a été caractérisée, en faisant varier les proportions des constituants, en particulier le système amorceur et l’incorporation d’un photoabsorbeur UV. La caractérisation de ces formulations a été principalement réalisée en mesurant l’épaisseur d’une monocouche polymérisée sous exposition UV, ainsi qu’en caractérisant la cinétique de photopolymérisation par spectroscopie infrarouge en temps réel. Pour finir, les objets fabriqués par DLP ont été convertis en céramique et leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur intégrité géométrique ont été caractérisées<br>Additive manufacturing technologies currently offer the opportunity to achieve complex geometries for a relatively wide material range, from polymers to metals, as well as for certain ceramics. The commercial offer of structural materials is still limited by technological obstacles generally associated with the compatibility between the forming process and the targetted material. In this thesis, a new way of study, still little explored in the literature, concerns the additive manufacturing by Digital Light Processing (DLP) of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic, from preceramic polymers. In fact, the use of a SiC powder into a photosensitive formulation has limits in terms of charge rate, linked to the optical compatibility between this powder and the UV wavelength used during the layer-by-layer shaping. The use of polymers converting into ceramic, with suitable heat treatments, brings the possibility of improving the compatibility of the constituents at the working wavelength and allows the production of a ceramic of the SiC type. Two commercial preceramic polymers (a polysiloxane and a polycarbosilane) were selected and cross-linked at 200 ° C, followed by a pyrolysis treatment between 1000 and 1700 ° C, under argon. The microstructural changes, chemical compositions, as well as mechanical properties were studied. It appears that these polymer materials can be converted into polycrystalline SiC ceramic, with a residual carbon-rich secondary phase. Photopolymerizable formulations under UV exposure, containing a high load of preceramic polymer (from 25 to 75 wt.%), have been developed and studied in order to be able to shape a green object by DLP, which will then be converted into ceramic by heat treatment. Before additively manufacture parts, the reactivity of these formulations was characterized by varying the proportions of the constituents, including the initiator system and the incorporation of a UV photoabsorbent. The characterization of these formulations was mainly carried out by measuring the thickness of a monolayer polymerized under UV exposure, as well as by characterizing the photopolymerization kinetics by real time infrared spectroscopy. Finally, green parts were produced by DLP and were converted into ceramics and their mechanical properties and geometric integrity were characterized

This thesis proposes the use of plenoptic cameras for improving the robustness and simplicity of machine vision in field robotics applications. Dust, rain, fog, snow, murky water and insufficient light can cause even the most sophisticated vision systems to fail. Plenoptic cameras offer an appealing alternative to conventional imagery by gathering significantly more light over a wider depth of field, and capturing a rich 4D light field structure that encodes textural and geometric information. The key contributions of this work lie in exploring the properties of plenoptic signals and developing algorithms for exploiting them. It lays the groundwork for the deployment of plenoptic cameras in field robotics by establishing a decoding, calibration and rectification scheme appropriate to compact, lenslet-based devices. Next, the frequency-domain shape of plenoptic signals is elaborated and exploited by constructing a filter which focuses over a wide depth of field rather than at a single depth. This filter is shown to reject noise, improving contrast in low light and through attenuating media, while mitigating occluders such as snow, rain and underwater particulate matter. Next, a closed-form generalization of optical flow is presented which directly estimates camera motion from first-order derivatives. An elegant adaptation of this "plenoptic flow" to lenslet-based imagery is demonstrated, as well as a simple, additive method for rendering novel views. Finally, the isolation of dynamic elements from a static background is considered, a task complicated by the non-uniform apparent motion caused by a mobile camera. Two elegant closed-form solutions are presented dealing with monocular time-series and light field image pairs. This work emphasizes non-iterative, noise-tolerant, closed-form, linear methods with predictable and constant runtimes, making them suitable for real-time embedded implementation in field robotics applications.

Recent research has indicated that the pupil diameter (PD) in humans varies with their affective states. However, this signal has not been fully investigated for affective sensing purposes in human-computer interaction systems. This may be due to the dominant separate effect of the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which shrinks the pupil when light intensity increases. In this dissertation, an adaptive interference canceller (AIC) system using the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm was developed to minimize the impact of the PLR on the measured pupil diameter signal. The modified pupil diameter (MPD) signal, obtained from the AIC was expected to reflect primarily the pupillary affective responses (PAR) of the subject. Additional manipulations of the AIC output resulted in a processed MPD (PMPD) signal, from which a classification feature, PMPDmean, was extracted. This feature was used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM), for the identification of stress states in the subject from whom the pupil diameter signal was recorded, achieving an accuracy rate of 77.78%. The advantages of affective recognition through the PD signal were verified by comparatively investigating the classification of stress and relaxation states through features derived from the simultaneously recorded galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals, with and without the PD feature. The discriminating potential of each individual feature extracted from GSR, BVP and PD was studied by analysis of its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve found for the PMPDmean feature encompassed the largest area (0.8546) of all the single-feature ROCs investigated. The encouraging results seen in affective sensing based on pupil diameter monitoring were obtained in spite of intermittent illumination increases purposely introduced during the experiments. Therefore, these results confirmed the benefits of using the AIC implementation with the HITV adaptive algorithm to isolate the PAR and the potential of using PD monitoring to sense the evolving affective states of a computer user.

Color theory was first formalized in the seventeenth century by Isaac Newton just a couple of decades after the first microscope was built. But it was not until the twentieth century that technological advances led to the integration of color theory, optical spectroscopy and light microscopy through spectral image processing. However, while the focus of image processing often concerns modeling of how images are perceived by humans, the goal of image processing in natural sciences and medicine is the objective analysis. This thesis is focused on color theory that promotes quantitative analysis rather than modeling how images are perceived by humans. Color and fluorescent dyes are routinely added to biological specimens visualizing features of interest. By applying spectral image processing to histopathology, subjectivity in diagnosis can be minimized, leading to a more objective basis for a course of treatment planning. Also, mathematical models for spectral image processing can be used in biotechnology research increasing accuracy and throughput, and decreasing bias. This thesis presents a model for spectral image formation that applies to both fluorescence and transmission light microscopy. The inverse model provides estimates of the relative concentration of each individual component in the observed mixture of dyes. Parameter estimation for the model is based on decoupling light intensity and spectral information. This novel spectral decomposition method consists of three steps: (1) photon and semiconductor noise modeling providing smoothing parameters, (2) image data transformation to a chromaticity plane removing  intensity variation while maintaining chromaticity differences, and (3) a piecewise linear decomposition combining advantages of spectral angle mapping and linear decomposition yielding relative dye concentrations. The methods described herein were used for evaluation of molecular biology techniques as well as for quantification and interpretation of image-based measurements. Examples of successful applications comprise quantification of colocalization, autofluorescence removal, classification of multicolor rolling circle products, and color decomposition of histological images.

<p>The color gamut, i.e. the range of reproducible colors, is in most conventional display systems not sufficient for accurate color reproduction of highly saturated colors. Any conventional three-primary display suffers from a color gamut limited within the triangle spanned by the primary colors. Even by using purer primaries, enlarging the triangle, there will still be a problem to cover all the perceivable colors. By using a system with more than three primary colors, in printing denoted Hi-Fi color, the gamut will be expanded into a polygon, yielding a larger gamut and better color reproduction. </p><p><i>Digital Light Processing (DLP)</i> is a projection technology developed by Texas Instrument. It uses a chip with an array of thousands of individually controllable micromirrors, each representing a single pixel in the projected image. A lamp illuminates the micromirrors, and by controlling the amount of time each mirror reflect the light, using pulse width modulation, the projected image is created. Color reproduction is achieved by letting the light pass through color filters, corresponding to the three primaries, mounted in a filter wheel. </p><p>In this diploma work, the DLP projector InFocus^® LP™350 has been evaluated, using the Photo Research^® PR^®-705 Spectroradiometer. The colorimetric performance of the projector is found to be surprisingly poor, with a color gamut noticeably smaller then that of a CRT monitor using standardized phosphors. This is due to the broad banded filters used, yielding increased brightness at the expense of the pureness of the primaries. </p><p>With the intention of evaluating the potential for the DLP technology in multi- primary systems, color filters are selected for additional primary colors. The filters are selected from a set of commercially available filters, the Kodak Wratten filters for science and technology. Used as performance criteria for filter selection is the volume of the gamut in the CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) uniform color space. </p><p>The selected filters are measured and evaluated in combination with the projector, verifying the theoretical results from the filter selection process. Colorimetric performance of the system is greatly improved, yielding an expansion of the color gamut in CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) color space by 79%, relative the original three-primary system. These results indicate the potential for DLP in multiprimary display systems, with the capacity to greatly expand the color gamut, by using carefully selected filters for additional primary colors.</p>

Die Grundlage vieler zukünftiger Flüssigszintillator-Neutrinoexperimente (SNO+, Daya Bay, LENA) ist das Lösungsmittel Lineare-Alkyl-Benzene (LAB, C6H5CnH2n+1, n = 10 - 13). Zusammen mit dem weit verbreiteten Szintillator 2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) ist es ein farb- und geruchsloses Detektormaterial mit hohem Flammpunkt. Im Vergleich zu toluol- oder xylolbasierten Szintillatoren ist LAB+PPO preiswert und nicht gesundheitsschädlich. Die Eigenschaften von LAB machen es ebenfalls interessant für die Anwendung an nELBE, die Neutronenfugzeitanlage im Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. Ein neuer Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Lichtausbeute im niederenergetischen Bereich (bis 2 MeV) wird vorgestellt. Kombiniert wurden Messungen mit (quasi) monoenergetischen Gammastrahlungs-Prüfstrahlern und einem in dieser Arbeit aufgebauten Compton-Spektrometer. Letzteres ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Lichtausbeute bis zu 5 keVee. Der Birks-Parameter wurde für eine Lösung von LAB + 3 g/l PPO sowie für den Flüssigszintillator NE-213 bestimmt. Die relative Lichtausbeute in Bezug auf letzteren konnte mit diesen Messmethoden ebenfalls ermittelt werden. Zur spektralen Analyse des Lumineszenzlichtes wurden Messungen an Fluoreszenz- und UV/VIS- Spektrometern durchgeführt. Die Pulsformdiskriminationsfähigkeit auf LAB basierenden Szintillatoren wurde während eines Flugzeitexperiments in einem gemischten n-gamma-Feld eines Cf(252)-Prüfstrahlers ermittelt. Dabei kamen unterschiedliche Algorithmen der semi-analogen und digitalen Pulsformdiskrimination zum Einsatz<br>Linear alkyl benzene (LAB, C6H5CnH2n+1, n = 10 - 13) is the proposed solvent for the SNO+, the Daya Bay Neutrino and LENA experiment. In solution with the commonly used scintillator PPO it is a colourless, odourless and cheap liquid scintillator with a high fash point and low health hazard compared to toluene based ones. The properties of LAB make this scintillator interesting also for nELBE, the neutron time-of-fight facility at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. A new approach to measure the light yield in the low-energy range using a combination of quasi-monoenergetic photon sources and a Compton-spectrometer is described. The latter allows the measurement of the light yield down to 5 keVee (electron equivalent). The Birks- Parameter was determined for a homemade solution (LAB + 3 g/l PPO) and for NE-213. The light yield (relative to this standard scintillator) was confrmed by measurements using a fuorescence spectrometer. The ability of pulse-shape-discrimination in a mixed n-gamma- field of a Cf(252) source was tested using different digital and semi-analogue techniques

Les technologies de photopolymérisation en cuve émergent rapidement dans le domaine de la fabrication additive. Pour suivre cette expansion rapide du marché, des résines photosensibles très efficaces et abordables sont nécessaires. Dans ce travail, nous introduisons un nouveau système photoamorceur à trois composants (3K PIS) basé sur le colorant Safranine O (SFH+) qui a été identifié comme un composé très efficace dans plusieurs 3K PIS pour les processus de photopolymérisation.Le colorant est combiné avec un sel de tétraphénylborate (TPB) comme donneur d'électrons et un dérivé de la triazine (TA) comme accepteur d'électrons pour former un système photocyclique. Le mécanisme réactionnel est exploré par photolyse laser éclair (LFP) et la photopolymérisation est étudiée par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier en temps réel (RT-FTIR). Des expériences infrarouges avec plusieurs irradiances permettent de créer un modèle empirique prédisant la conversion en fonction du temps et de l'intensité lumineuse.Ensuite, des expériences de profondeur de polymérisation sont menées suivant l'équation de Jacobs, permettant d’obtenir les paramètres d'impression3D de la résine ; à savoir l'énergie critique (Ec) et la profondeur de pénétration (Dp). Ces paramètres sont reliés aux analyses RT-FTIR, ce qui permet de déterminer le temps critique (tc) et la conversion au point de gel.Enfin, des pièces complexes de haute résolution sont imprimées avec la résine dont la composition a été sélectionnée en fonction de nos résultats, démontrant la viabilité de cette formulation pour l'impression 3D DLP<br>Vat photopolymerization technologies are emerging quickly in the field of additive manufacturing. To follow this fast expansion of the market, highly efficient and affordable photosensitive resins are necessary. In this work, we introduce a new three-component phototiniating system (3K PIS) based on the Safranine O (SFH+) dye which has been identified as a very efficient initiator in several 3K PIS for photopolymerization processes.The dye is combined with a Tetraphenylborate salt (TPB) as electron donor and a Triazine derivative (TA) as electron acceptor to form a photochemical regenerating cycle. The photocycling mechanism is explored via laser flash photolysis (LFP) and the photopolymerization is investigated through Real-Time-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR). Infrared experiments with several irradiances allow disclosure of an empirical model predicting conversion as a function of time and light intensity.Following this, cure depth experiments are conducted in agreement with Jacobs’ equation and the resin 3D printing parameters, i.e. critical energy (Ec) and penetration depth (Dp), are established. These parameters are linked to RT-FTIR data, resulting in the determination of the critical time (tc) and the conversion at gel point.Finally, high resolution complex pieces are printed with the resin which composition was tailored in accordance with our studies, demonstrating the viability of this formulation in DLP 3D printing

Submitted by JOSÉ ALBERTO DE OLIVEIRA null (allberto_oliveira@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-31T22:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - José Alberto de Oliveira (versão final).pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-13T12:21:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ja_me_guara.pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T12:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ja_me_guara.pdf: 6551312 bytes, checksum: 7dd566d1b98b52a7ee394607476cf4ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04<br>A morfologia de superfícies de fratura contém informações importantes do processo de fratura, tais como, o tipo de carregamento e a energia envolvida. Neste contexto, a fractografia quantitativa é uma ferramenta que permite caracterizar superfícies de fratura de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal na caracterização de diferentes micromecanismos de fratura, e correlacionar com a energia envolvida no processo de fratura, foram reproduzidas três condições de tratamento térmico do aço SAE 4340, visando obter micromecanismos de fratura característicos da ruptura dúctil e frágil. As superfícies de fratura foram geradas pelo ensaio de impacto charpy, ASTM A370, a temperatura ambiente. Com isso, através do método de reconstrução por extensão de foco na microscopia óptica, as superfícies de fratura foram reconstruídas, como resultado, foram obtidos mapas topográficos do relevo. A caracterização quantitativa da topografia foi realizada por meio da dimensão fractal, utilizando a abordagem monofractal, auto-similaridade, e bifractal que é calcada no conceito da auto-afinidade. As três condições de tratamento térmico foram eficazes, produzindo micromecanismos de fratura característicos da fratura dúctil, isto é, predominância de microvazios e da fratura frágil com predominância de clivagem. A abordagem monofractal se mostrou sensível a mudança de morfologia da superfície de fratura, no entanto, a sensibilidade foi pequena para morfologias similares, ou seja, na distinção entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem. Por outro lado, na abordagem bifractal a sensibilidade da dimensão fractal textural foi mais expressiva, evidenciando a diferença entre quasi-clivagem e clivagem.<br>The fracture surface morphology contains important information about the fracture process, such as the type of loading and the energy involved. In this context, quantitative fractography is a tool that allows qualitative and quantitative characterization of fracture surfaces. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fractal dimension in the characterization of different fracture micromechanisms and to correlate with the energy involved in the fracture process, three thermal treatment conditions of the steel SAE 4340 were reproduced in order to obtain fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile and fragile fracture. The fracture surfaces were generated by the charpy impact test, ASTM A370, at room temperature. Thus, through the method of reconstruction by extension of focus in optical microscopy, the fracture surfaces were reconstructed, as a result, topographic maps of the relief were obtained. The quantitative characterization of the topography was performed through the fractal dimension, using the monofractal, self-similarity, and bifractal approach that is based on the concept of self-affinity. The three heat treatment conditions were effective, producing fracture micromechanisms characteristic of the ductile fracture, that is, predominance of microvoids and fragile fracture with predominance of cleavage. The monofractal approach was shown to be sensitive to change in fracture morphology, however, sensitivity was small for similar morphologies, in the distinction between quasi-cleavage and cleavage. On the other hand, in the bifractal approach the sensitivity of the fractal textural dimension was more expressive, evidencing the difference between quasi-cleavage and cleavage.

This dissertation focuses on developing 3D printing as a fabrication method for microfluidic devices. Specifically, I concentrate on the 3D printing approach known as Digital Light Processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA) in which serially projected images are used to sequentially photopolymerize layers to build a microfluidic device. The motivation for this work is to explore a much faster alternative to cleanroom-based microfabrication that additionally offers the opportunity to densely integrate microfluidic elements in compact 3D layouts for dramatic device volume reduction. In the course of my research, an optical approach was used to guide custom resin formulation to help create the interconnected hollow regions that form a microfluidic device. This was based on a new a mathematical model to calculate the optical dose delivered throughout a 3D printed part, which also explains the effect of voids. The model was verified by a series of 3D printed chips fabricated with a commercial 3D printer and a custom resin. Channels as small as 108 µm x 60 µm were repeatably fabricated. Next, highly compact active fluidic components, including valves, pumps, and multiplexers, were fabricated with the same 3D printer and resin. The valves achieved a 10x size reduction compared with previous results, and were the smallest 3D printed valves at the time. Moreover, by adding thermal initiator to thermally cure devices after 3D printing, the durability of 3D printed valves was improved and up to 1 million actuations were demonstrated.To further decrease the 3D printed feature size, I built a custom 3D printer with a 385 nm LED light source and a 7.56 µm pixel pitch in the plane of the projected image. A custom resin was also developed to take advantage of the new 3D printer's features, which necessitated developing a UV absorber screening process which I applied to 20 candidate absorbers. In addition, a new mathematical model was developed to use only the absorber's molar absorptivity measurement to predict the resin optical penetration depth, which is important for determining the z-resolution that can be achieved with a given resin. The final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. With this resin, along with a new channel narrowing technique, I successfully created flow channel cross sections as small as 18 µm x 20 µm.With the custom 3D printer, smaller valves and pumps become possible, which led to the invention of a new method of creating large numbers of high density chip-to-chip microfluidic interconnects based on either simple integrated microgaskets (SIMs) or controlled-compression integrated microgaskets (CCIMs). Since these structures are directly 3D printed as part of a device, they require no additional materials or fabrication steps. As a demonstration of the efficacy of this approach, 121 chip-to-chip interconnects in an 11 x 11 array for both SIMs and CCIMs with an areal density of 53 interconnects per square mm were demonstrated, and tested up to 50 psi without leaking. Finally, these interconnects were used in the development of 3D printed chips with valves having 30x smaller volume than the valves we previously demonstrated. These valves served as a building block for demonstrating the miniaturization potential of an active fluid mixer using our 3D printing tools, materials, and methods. The mixer provided a set of selectable mixing ratios, and was designed in 2 configurations, a linear dilution mixer-pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer-pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 cubic mm and 2.6 cubic mm, respectively.

Die Grundlage vieler zukünftiger Flüssigszintillator-Neutrinoexperimente (SNO+, Daya Bay, LENA) ist das Lösungsmittel Lineare-Alkyl-Benzene (LAB, C6H5CnH2n+1, n = 10 - 13). Zusammen mit dem weit verbreiteten Szintillator 2,5-Diphenyloxazole (PPO) ist es ein farb- und geruchsloses Detektormaterial mit hohem Flammpunkt. Im Vergleich zu toluol- oder xylolbasierten Szintillatoren ist LAB+PPO preiswert und nicht gesundheitsschädlich. Die Eigenschaften von LAB machen es ebenfalls interessant für die Anwendung an nELBE, die Neutronenfugzeitanlage im Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. Ein neuer Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Lichtausbeute im niederenergetischen Bereich (bis 2 MeV) wird vorgestellt. Kombiniert wurden Messungen mit (quasi) monoenergetischen Gammastrahlungs-Prüfstrahlern und einem in dieser Arbeit aufgebauten Compton-Spektrometer. Letzteres ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Lichtausbeute bis zu 5 keVee. Der Birks-Parameter wurde für eine Lösung von LAB + 3 g/l PPO sowie für den Flüssigszintillator NE-213 bestimmt. Die relative Lichtausbeute in Bezug auf letzteren konnte mit diesen Messmethoden ebenfalls ermittelt werden. Zur spektralen Analyse des Lumineszenzlichtes wurden Messungen an Fluoreszenz- und UV/VIS- Spektrometern durchgeführt. Die Pulsformdiskriminationsfähigkeit auf LAB basierenden Szintillatoren wurde während eines Flugzeitexperiments in einem gemischten n-gamma-Feld eines Cf(252)-Prüfstrahlers ermittelt. Dabei kamen unterschiedliche Algorithmen der semi-analogen und digitalen Pulsformdiskrimination zum Einsatz.<br>Linear alkyl benzene (LAB, C6H5CnH2n+1, n = 10 - 13) is the proposed solvent for the SNO+, the Daya Bay Neutrino and LENA experiment. In solution with the commonly used scintillator PPO it is a colourless, odourless and cheap liquid scintillator with a high fash point and low health hazard compared to toluene based ones. The properties of LAB make this scintillator interesting also for nELBE, the neutron time-of-fight facility at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf. A new approach to measure the light yield in the low-energy range using a combination of quasi-monoenergetic photon sources and a Compton-spectrometer is described. The latter allows the measurement of the light yield down to 5 keVee (electron equivalent). The Birks- Parameter was determined for a homemade solution (LAB + 3 g/l PPO) and for NE-213. The light yield (relative to this standard scintillator) was confrmed by measurements using a fuorescence spectrometer. The ability of pulse-shape-discrimination in a mixed n-gamma- field of a Cf(252) source was tested using different digital and semi-analogue techniques.

La introducció dels feixos amb polaritzacions no uniformes ha aportat grans avenços en multitud d'àrees. En un nivell més fonamental, ha permès entendre la naturalesa de la llum d'una manera més amplia, estenent les teories òptiques conegudes, com ('escalar, a d'altres més precises com la vectorial. La síntesi de feixos amb una distribució no uniforme de la polarització segueix sent una tasca desafiant. Mentre que algunes tècniques utilitzen sistemes totalment òptics, en aquesta tesi, s'ha optat per incorporar dispositius optoelectrònics per modular la llum, obtenint així una major flexibilitat a la hora de dissenyar el feix. Per altra banda, el muntatge òptic utilitzat està basat en un interferòmetre de Mach-Zehnder per tal de manipular les dues components del feix, d'una manera independent, en cada braç de l'interferòmetre. D'aquesta manera, utilitzant en cada braç de l'interferòmetre un modulador de cristall líquid, tenim la capacitat de modular ambdues components del feix incident. Aquests moduladors són els proporcionats per Holoeye, concretament el model HEO 0017, els quals treballen en transmissió. Compten amb una configuració pixelada, dotant-nos d'una capacitat de modulació espacial amb una resolució de 32gm. Complementant aquesta modulació amb una tècnica d'holografia digital, som capaços de modular tant l'amplitud com la fase d'ambdues components del camp i, per tant, d'esculpir qualsevol forma amb qualsevol distribució de la polarització. Per tal de mostrar aquesta flexibilitat, s'ha sintetitzat un conjunt de feixos amb diversos perfils i diverses distribucions de la polarització. Els feixos generats s’han avaluat mitjançant un analitzador, compost d’una làmina retardadora λ/4 i un polaritzador lineal, enfront d’una càmera CCD de 14 bits de rang dinàmic del model Stingray F080B A5G. D’aquesta manera, s’han obtingut les distribucions dels paràmetres d’Stokes en el pla de la càmera. Aprofitant aquesta capacitat de modulació, s’ha dissenyat una tècnica d’encriptació hologràfica utilitzant el mateix sistema òptic amb lleugeres modificacions. Les claus secretes, que garanteixen la seguretat en la codificació, són màscares de polarització. Per incrementar el nivell de seguretat del sistema, s’han afegit dos paràmetres físics necessaris per poder desencriptar la informació. A més, s’ha simulat, sobre els resultats experimentals obtinguts, la resposta del sistema sota condicions de molt baixa il·luminació. Aquestes condicions, sovint utilitzades en treballs previs, augmenten significativament la robustesa del mètode d’encriptació. Un cop garantida la correcta manipulació d’ambdues components d’un feix paraxial, s’ha procedit a desenvolupar un marc teòric per sintetitzar feixos altament focalitzats amb una polarització tridimensional arbitrària. Per tal d’obtenir aquests feixos, s’ha utilitzat un objectiu de microscopi amb una obertura numèrica de NA=0.85, on s’ha modulat el camp en la pupil·la d’entrada mitjançant el mètode hologràfic anterior. El disseny del camp en la zona focal, en funció de la distribució de la polarització en la pupil·la d’entrada, s’ha realitzat en el marc de la teoria vectorial desenvolupada per B. Richards i E. Wolf. Per avaluar el funcionament del sistema, s’ha sintetitzat un feix altament focalitzat amb polarització circular en qualsevol pla, i s’ha comparat els resultats obtinguts experimentalment amb els extrets numèricament. La definició del grau de polarització en feixos altament focalitzats, encara ara, genera certs debats degut a que no es pot expandir d’una manera inequívoca com una suma directa del camp totalment polaritzat i del camp totalment despolaritzat. En aquesta tesi, hem fet l’estudi en el marc dels paràmetres d’Stokes generalitzats, obtenint una correspondència entre la distribució del paràmetres d’Stokes en la pupil·la d’entrada i la distribució del paràmetres d’Stokes de la contribució transversal del camp focalitzat. S’ha proposat un feix paraxial, que, un cop focalitzat, genera un camp amb les components transversals despolaritzades i que compta amb una component longitudinal no nul·la. Aquests tipus de feixos són de gran utilitat, entre d’altres camps, en la confecció de capes de invisibilitat.<br>Non uniformly polarized beams have provided great strides in many areas. The synthesis of arbitrary polarized beams remains a challenging task. While some techniques use full optics systems, in this dissertation we introduce a system where optoelectronic devices modulate the light, providing more flexibility in the beam design. Complementing this modulation with a digital holography method, we modulate both amplitude and phase of the field. Moreover, the optical assembly is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer where the two components of the field can be independently manipulated in each arm of the interferometer. Applying an arbitrary modulation in both compontents, we can sculpt any profile with any distribution of polarization. To show this flexibility, a set of beams with multiple profiles and polarization distribution have been presented. In addition, taking this modulation capability, we introduce an holographic encryption technique where the secret keys are polarization masks. Two physical parameters are necessary to decrypt the information, increasing the security of the system. We have simulated the system response under very low illumination. Once guaranteed the flexibility in the design of paraxial beams with arbitrary polarization distribution, a theoretical framework to synthesize highly focused beams with an arbitrary three-dimensional polarization has been developed. The B. Richards y E. Wolf theory relates the polarization distribution on the entrance pupil of a microscope objective with the vectorial structure of the field in the focal region. To evaluate the performance of the system we have implemented a highly focused beam (NA=0.85) with circular polarization in any plane. The definition of the degree of polarization in highly focused beams even now generates some discussion because it can not be expanded unequivocally as a direct sum of completely polarized fields and completely depolarized fields. In this thesis, we have made the study within the frame of generalized Stokes parameters. We have obtained a correspondence between the distribution of the Stokes parameters in the entrance pupil and the distribution of the transverse Stokes parameters in the focused field. We have proposed a paraxial beam, which once focused, it generates a field with the transverse components depolarized and a non-zero longitudinal component.

Developments in measurement technology, communication and data storage have resulted in measurement systems that produce large amount of data. Together with the long existing need for characterizing the performance of the power system this has resulted in demand for automatic and efficient information-extraction methods. The objective of the research work presented in this thesis was therefore to develop new robust methods that extract additional information from voltage and current measurements in power systems. This work has contributed to two specific areas of interest.The first part of the work has been the development of a measurement method that gives information how voltage flicker propagates (with respect to a monitoring point) and how to trace a flicker source. As part of this work the quantity of flicker power has been defined and integrated in a perceptionally relevant measurement method. The method has been validated by theoretical analysis, by simulations, and by two field tests (at low-voltage and at 130-kV level) with results that matched the theory. The conclusion of this part of the work is that flicker power can be used for efficient tracing of a flicker source and to determine how flicker propagates.The second part of the work has been the development of a voltage disturbance classification system based on the statistical learning theory-based Support Vector Machine method. The classification system shows always high classification accuracy when training data and test data originate from the same source. High classification accuracy is also obtained when training data originate from one power network and test data from another. The classification system shows, however, lower performance when training data is synthetic and test data originate from real power networks. It was concluded that it is possible to develop a classification system based on the Support Vector Machine method with “global settings” that can be used at any location without the need to retrain. The conclusion is that the proposed classification system works well and shows sufficiently high classification accuracy when trained on data that originate from real disturbances. However, more research activities are needed in order to generate synthetic data that have statistical characteristics close enough to real disturbances to replace actual recordings as training data.

Additive manufacturing is a fabrication approach which offers the possibility to build complex 3D structures from a virtual model without requiring moulds or costly post-processing steps to accom-plish the final structures. Digital Light Processing (DLP) and 2-Photon-Lithography (2PL), two lithog-raphy-based techniques, represent additive manufacturing processes, which offer the highest de-gree of achievable complexity and resolution in their printed structures. Both techniques print their 3D structures by using light to polymerise photosensitive materials. Photocurable preceramic poly-mer resins offer the possibility to be shaped by both DLP and 2PL printing and are subsequently transformed into ceramic material through pyrolysis, while maintaining their predetermined printed structure. This work is divided into four parts and presents complementary approaches at the material and production level to build highly complex 3D ceramic macro- and micro-structures, all based on the printing of a photosensitive siloxane preceramic polymer. In the first part the photosensitive polysiloxane is blended with other preceramic siloxane resins, of-fering no photosensitivity but a high ceramic yield upon pyrolysis. Complicated structures with cm-sized dimensions and resolution as low as 30 µm are shaped via DLP printing and turned into SiOC macro-structures with complete shape maintenance. The blending of two siloxanes offers the pos-sibility to control and alter the ceramic yield, shrinkage, resolution and free-carbon content of the structures, while at the same time exhibiting no diminished printing capability. Detailed sinter- and mechanical properties of one of the blends was investigated in detail and at all scales and demon-strated that, while the overall shape of ceramic structures are preserved during pyrolysis, different shrinkages as well as a change in aspect ratio depending on the structural configuration can occur and has to be taken into consideration. The photosensitive polysiloxane, already used for macro-fabrication to gain SiOC structures, was al-so used in 2PL printing to fabricate structures of the same complexity at the microscale. SiOC ce-ramics with homogenous shrinkage and feature sizes as low as 800 nm were built with the help of a new printing configuration and printed support structures. The third part of this work describes a complementary approach at the processing level, when SiOC ceramic structures are fabricated with a new hybrid additive manufacturing approach, combining DLP and 2PL printing. The advantages of DLP, the free standing and easy handling of macro-dimensional structures, are joined with the resolution capability of 2PL printing. Precisely positioned 3D structures with sub-µm sized features on top of cm-sized structured components were printed. In the final part the polymer processing capability of preceramic polymers and their transformation into a reactive ceramic phase upon pyrolysis is exploited. Instead of producing pure SiOC ceramics, the photocurable siloxane preceramic polymer is combined with alumina powders to develop a new ceramic phase, mullite, upon sintering. The phase transformation at low sintering temperatures de-veloped the new mullite phase within the 3D structure, fabricated due to the photosensitive capabil-ities of the siloxane via DLP printing. Due to the complementary approach in this work, 3D ceramic structures have been fabricated at the macroscale (DLP), microscale (2PL) and multi-scale (Hybrid additive manufacturing; DLP + 2PL) on basis of a photosensitive preceramic polymer. Different ceramic materials, SiOC and mullite, have been produced from the polysiloxane thanks to its transformation capability into SiOC ceramic and reactive SiO2 phase at high temperatures. Through the addition of passive and active fillers complex, dense, pore- and crack-free ceramic structures with no sign of delamination and complete mainte-nance of shape have been developed with varying properties.

Ce travail a pour objet de simuler le signal généré par des particules lors d'une diffusion quasi élastique de la lumière. Le but est de disposer d'un outil numérique susceptible de reproduire diverses configurations expérimentales et de pouvoir évaluer de nouvelles méthodes d'analyses du signal enregistré. La simulation proposée génère les temps d'arrivée des photoélectrons issues d'un photomultiplicateur. Nous nous sommes limités ici au cas connu théoriquement d'un ensemble de particules sphériques monodispersées. Les différentes étapes du calcul sont : 1. Génération d'un signal gaussien lorentzien à partir d'un bruit blanc filtre. Ce signal simule le champ diffusé par les particules ; 2. Génération d'un processus de poisson non homogène à partir du signal gaussien lorentzien. Ce processus simule la réponse de la photocathode à l'intensité diffusée. Le nombre de points maximum généré par fichier est de 524288 (2#1#9). La validité de la simulation est testée en comparant des statistiques de premier et de deuxième ordre du champ diffusé par les particules avec leurs valeurs initiales. La densité de probabilité des intervalles de temps des photoélectrons et la fonction d'autocorrélation du nombre de photocoups sont comparées favorablement avec leurs expressions théoriques respectives.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>電機工程學系<br>105<br>Near‐infrared projection system based on the Digital Light Processing (DLP™) technology and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that using the digital micro-mirror device (DMD). The white and black images are produced in the 0.9~1.1µm wavelength range by NIR light source and DMD chip. The near infrared filter interposed between the light source and the DLP chip to filter the visible light of the halogen lamp. The near infrared imaging is used extensively for military and civilian purposes. A DLP™-based projection system includes DMD, a driver circuit, a controller unit and a signal-processing unit to supports a fully digital approach. Depending on the application, the DLP™-based projection system will support digital and analog signal by using halogen lamp as a lighting source. The NIR light source was produced by adding the infrared filter in front of the illumination system and controlled by the pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control circuit to adjust the light intensity. The experiment results, NIR DLP™-based projection system has the 200 x150 pixels digital image and the image contrast of 66% and the screen uniformity 71.3%.

碩士<br>元智大學<br>電機工程學系<br>92<br>In recent years, under competition of projection display technology in DLP and LCOS, LCD is no longer big alone in the display market. According to advantage of small size and high-quality, DLP projection system becomes one of three major main streams display technology. In the future, we deeply believe that will be the goal of the technology to pursue smaller and higher- quality DLP projection system. Because of the more number of lenses are need to be used in the traditional spherical optics, in this thesis, we studied an optical design of DLP projector objective with less number of lenses . At first, we assess and consider the DLP projector specifications, and stipulate necessary specifications of the design by using the geometrical optics formula. Later on, we change their initial structure by referring the former designer’s experiences or patent and regarded it as the starting point of the lens designing. Then used optical software ZEMAX to optimize, and obtain the result of designing. Finally do the analysis and comparison which looks like the quality to the design instances of the thesis and patent, and do some conclusions for the question the thesis designed and the vision of the future.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>機械工程學研究所<br>105<br>The technology of 3D Printing has been well-developed in recent years. To print micro-scale structure, the TPP (Two-photon Polymerization) is the only feasible production technology for nanostructure but it requires the most expensive equipments. The micro-electromechanical system for producing micro-scale structure is also a well-defined technique. However, owing to the limitation of Reticle-Mask, it is considerably challenged for structure designing. The main issue of this article is to research on how to use the DLP (Digital Light Processing) Vat Polymerization to print micro-scale structure. The business DLP projector is adopted and its lens has been adjusted to fit the microscope to shrinkage the image. Furthermore, the study discusses the following variables that influence the production procedure, including different DB composition, exposure time and cutting thickness. My study intends to find a cost-efficient DLP technology that simulates the effect of micro-scale structure by using TPP technology and maintains the privilege to print larger micro-scale structure in a higher rate. By using MATLAB software to analyze and experiment, it has been decided to use the hex honeycomb structure model and gradually reduce the size of the structure from 150μm to 20μm. The edge length of 23μm is successfully printed to be a penetrable structure. Finally, 3-point bending test is used to compare the influences of different parameters.

碩士<br>中臺科技大學<br>牙體技術暨材料系碩士班<br>107<br>Polymethyl methacrylate（PMMA）applied to denture base material in clinical still has problems with polymerization shrinkage and monomer volatilized. Recently, digital light processing（DLP）technology is rapidly developing in dental technology, this technology is use three-dimensional print（3D Print）to make denture base materials. A novel denture manufacture method, can improve the work efficiency of denture manufacture. However, the influence mechanism of DLP technology for mechanical properties on the denture base material is still very limited. The study is to comparison of denture base properties between digital light processing technique and conventional thermal polymerization method. Three different build orientation（X- coordinate, Y- coordinate, Z- coordinate）were printed. The corresponding resin specimens were designated as DX, DY and DZ, respectively. The traditional thermal polymerization resin（control group）was designated as TH. The results show that the DZ build orientation show the best surface hydrophilicity, surface hardness and bending strength, which is the close to the mechanical properties of the traditional thermal denture base material.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>機械工程學研究所<br>107<br>The purpose of this research is to produce large-area micro-scale structures by 3D printing through Digital Light Processing (DLP), using a Top Exposure Stereolithography System, combined with a high precision three-axis stepping motor platform. Compared with the previous single-axis stepping motor platform, this system can print regular micro-structures that are close to the same size and 16 times larger in area. These structures will have more opportunity to supply the need of practical industrial. The influence of the micro-scale structure on the process will be discussed separately with the main printing parameters such as slice thickness, resin formulation and exposure time, and the solution to the over-curing. Then, after the structure is printed. The structure will subjected to pressure test. According to the experiment, the compressive strength of the three different area structures, 4x4 structure is the best, 2x2 structure is the second, and the 1x1 structure is the worst. The compression test of the three structures under this condition has no obvious proportional relationship.

博士<br>國立交通大學<br>光電系統博士學位學程<br>102<br>In recent years, due to the increasing demand for wireless communication, the bandwidths of radio frequency (RF) communication gradually become very crowded, and are not enough to use for high-speed services. Therefore, optical wireless communications are proposed to compensate or replace the deficiencies of RF communication due to the advantage for widely available bandwidth. Recently, due to the rapid development of solid-state lighting, light emitting diode (LED) has attracted lots of attention to use in next generation illumination due to the advantages, such as longer lifetime, lower cost, smaller size, lower power consumption, and higher modulation speed. Therefore, visible light communication (VLC) is used as a novel wireless technique, which is used with LED to provide communication and illumination simultaneously. With broad deployment of LEDs, the ubiquitous communication will become feasible. However, in order to pursue the high brightness of LEDs to illumination, it is still a technically challenged to avoid high diffusion capacitance and resistance, which limit the modulation bandwidth of LEDs to tens or hundreds of megahertz. Therefore, high spectrally efficient modulation format is a straightforward way to increase the capacity under the limited bandwidth. In this thesis, the spectrally efficient modulation formats, such as carrier-less amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation, discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation, single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) are introduced to use in the VLC system. Moreover, in order to enhance the performance, several digital signal-processing techniques are also used such as the adaptive equalizers and the bit- and power-loading algorithm. Moreover, we have experimentally demonstrate the indoor LED-based VLC over 2-m wireless transmission, and the data rate up to 500 Mbps can be achieved. In addition, due to the widely available bandwidth of visible spectra, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is also used in the VLC system, and the aggregated data can be achieved over 3.22 Gbps with 25 cm wireless transmission. In general, the performance of indoor VLC systems is very dependent on the arrangement of the relative locations of transmitters and receivers. In order to realize full-range illumination with wireless communication of consistent performance, multiple LEDs would be required to place in the appropriate positions. Therefore, the different lengths of electrical cables for the LED transmitted system may induce a serious interference. In order to mitigate the interference, the Alamouti STBC is proposed to use in the multi-LEDs system to avoid the serious power fading.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>光電工程學系研究所<br>102<br>In this study, a fast and multi-domain photo-alignment technique based on DLP (Digital Light Processing) system was demonstrated using Methyl Red doped liquid crystal films. Such a technique can be applied to pattern customized large-scale images. Complex photo-alignment images are usually patterned using a uniform light source together with a photomask. However, it is complicated and expensive to produce photomasks. By contrary, the DMD (Digital Micro-mirror Device) chip inside the DLP projector can act as an active photomask to control the output brightness of each pixel. In the photo-alignment process, the image was sent from the computer to the DLP system and subsequently projected onto a Methyl Red doped sample. Processing the output polarization of the system allows for the photo-aligned samples to present gray-scale images under crossed polarizers. In the experiments, samples were photo-aligned in the twisted nematic (TN) states. This work investigated the influence of the substrate materials contacting the liquid crystal, exposure time, dye concentration and light intensity on the performance of the photo-alignment. Optical paths were designed to pattern images with different sizes. This technique has great potential to be applied in fabricating security cards, gratings and other optically addressable devices. Besides high resolution, the capacity of being rewritten also expands its applicability.

Multi-dimensional digital signals have become an intertwined part of day to day life, from digital images and videos used to capture and share life experiences, to more powerful scene representations such as light field images, which open the gate to previously challenging tasks, such as post capture refocusing or eliminating visible occlusions from a scene. This dissertation delves into the world of multi-dimensional signal processing and introduces a tool of particular use for gradient based solutions of well-known signal processing problems. Specifically, a technique to reconstruct a signal from a given gradient data set is developed in the case of two dimensional (2-D), three dimensional (3-D) and four dimensional (4-D) digital signals. The reconstruction technique is multiresolution in nature, and begins by using the given gradient to generate a multi-dimensional Haar wavelet decomposition of the signals of interest, and then reconstructs the signal by Haar wavelet synthesis, performed on successive resolution levels. The challenges in developing this technique are non-trivial and are brought about by the applications at hand. For example, in video content replacement, the gradient data from which a video sequence needs to be reconstructed is a combination of gradient values that belong to different video sequences. In most cases, such operations disrupt the conservative nature of the gradient data set. The effects of the non-conservative nature of the newly generated gradient data set are attenuated by using an iterative Poisson solver at each resolution level during the reconstruction. A second and more important challenge is brought about by the increase in signal dimensionality. In a previous approach, an intermediate extended signal with symmetric region of support is obtained, and the signal of interest is extracted from it. This approach is reasonable in 2-D, but becomes less appealing as the signal dimensionality increases. To avoid generating data that is then discarded, a new approach is proposed, in which signal extension is no longer performed. Instead, different procedures are suggested to generate a non-symmetric Haar wavelet decomposition of the signals of interest. In the case of 2-D and 3-D signals, ways to obtain this decomposition exactly from the given gradient data and the average value of the signal are proposed. In addition, ways to approximate a subset of decomposition coefficients are introduced and the visual consequences of such approximations are studied in the special case of 2-D digital images. Several ways to approximate the same subset of decomposition coefficients are developed in the special case of 4-D light field images. Experiments run on various 2-D, 3-D and 4-D test signals are included to provide an insight on the performance of the reconstruction technique. The value of the multi-dimensional reconstruction technique is then demonstrated by including it in a number of signal processing applications. First, an efficient algorithm is developed with the purpose of combining information from the gradient of a set of 2-D images with different regions in focus or different exposure times, with the purpose of generating an all-in-focus image or revealing details that were lost due to improper exposure setting. Moving on to 3-D signal processing applications, two video editing problems are studied and gradient based solutions are presented. In the first one, the objective is to seamlessly place content from one video sequence in another, while in the second one, to combine elements from two video sequences and generate a transparency effect. Lastly, a gradient based technique for editing 4-D scene representations (light fields) is presented, as well as a technique to combine information from two light fields with the purpose of generating a light field with more details of the imaged scene. All these applications show that the developed technique is a reliable tool for gradient domain based solutions of signal processing problems.<br>Graduate

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>104<br>In this paper we propose a smartphone use in open system platforms that combines with a projector to produce a black mask which cover and track the speaker’s face to reduce the strong light from the projector shining toward the speaker’s eye. First, we use background subtraction to first eliminate the background of the captured image and then detect the skin color. In order to track the location of the speaker, this design also combines with the face detection to track the coordinates of the speaker’s face.

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>101<br>When a speaker stands in front of a projector screen while giving a presentation, the speaker’s eyes will be hurt by the direct light from the digital projector. This paper proposes a design to reduce the strong light by projecting a black round mask on the speaker's head. The black round mask is superimposed on the slide frame by the software of this design and the mask traces the speaker’s head. The depth camera captures the depth images from the area covering both the speaker and the projector screen. The location of the speaker’s head is determined and traced by using the middleware components in a notebook computer to process the depth images.

Measuring 3D surface geometry with precision and accuracy is an important part of many engineering and scientific tasks. 3D Scanning techniques measure surface geometry by estimating the locations of sampled surface points. In recent years, Structured-Light 3D scanners have gained significant popularity owing to their ability to produce highly accurate scans in real-time at a low cost. In this thesis we describe an approach for Structured-Light 3D scanning using a digital camera and a digital projector. We utilise the projective geometric relationships between the projector and the camera to carry out both an implicit calibration of the system and to solve for 3D structure. Our approach to geometric calibration is flexible, reliable and amenable to robust estimation. In addition, we model and account for the radiometric non-linearities in the projector such as gamma distortion. Finally, we apply a post-processing step to efficiently smooth out high-frequency surface noise while retaining the structural details. Consequently, the proposed work reduces the computational load and set-up time of a Structured-Light 3D scanner; thereby speeding up the whole scanning process while retaining the ability to generate highly accurate results. We demonstrate the accuracy of our scanning results on real-world objects of varying degrees of surface complexity. Introduction The projective geometry for a pair of pin-hole viewing devices is completely defined by their intrinsic calibration and their relative motion or extrinsic calibration in the form of matrices. For a Euclidean reconstruction, the geometry elements represented by the calibration matrices must be parameterised and estimated in some form. The use of a projector as the ‘second viewing’ device has led to numerous approaches to model and estimate its intrinsic parameters and relative motion with respect to the camera's 3D co-ordinate system. Proposed thesis work assimilates the benefits of projective geometry constructs such as Homography and the invariance of the cross-ratios to simplify the system calibration and the 3D estimation processes by an implicit modeling of the projector's intrinsic parameters and its relative motion. Though linear modeling of the projective geometry between a camera-projector view-pair captures the most essential aspects of the underlying geometry, it does not accommodate system non-linearities due to radiometric distortions of a projector device. We propose an approach that uses parametric splines to model the systematic errors introduced by radiometric non-linearities and thus correct for them. For 3D surfaces reconstructed as point-clouds, noise manifests itself as some high-frequency variations for the resulting mesh. Various pre and/or post processing techniques are proposed in the literature to model and minimize the effects of noise. We use simple bilateral filtering of the depth-map for the reconstructed surface to smoothen the surface while retaining its structural details. Modeling Projective Relations In our approach for calibrating the projective-geometric structure of a projector-camera view-pair, the frame of reference for measurements is attached to the camera. The camera is calibrated using a commonly used method. To calibrate the scanner system, one common approach is to project sinusoidal patterns onto the reference planes to generate reference phase maps. By relating the phase-information between the projector and image pixels, a dense mapping is obtained. However, this is an over-parameterisation of the calibration information. Since the reference object is a plane, we can use the projective relationships induced by a plane to implicitly calibrate the projector geometry. For the estimation of the three-dimensional structure of the imaged object, we utilise the invariance of cross-ratios along with the calibration information of two reference planes. Our formulation is also extensible to utilise more than two reference plane to compute more than one estimate of the location of an unknown surface point. Such estimates are amenable to statistical analysis which allows us to derive both the shape of an object and associate reliability scores to each estimated point location. Radiometric Correction Structured-light based 3D scanners commonly employ phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns to solve for the correspondence problem. For scanners using projective geometry between a camera and a projector, the projector's radiometric non-linearities introduce systematic errors in establishing correspondences. Such errors manifest as visual artifacts which become pronounced when fewer phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns are used. While these artifacts can be avoided by using a large number of phase-shifts, doing so also increases the acquisition time. We propose to model and rectify such systematic errors using parametric representations. Consequently, while some existing methods retain the complete reference phase maps to account for such distortions, our approach describes the deviations using a few model parameters. The proposed approach can be used to reduce the number of phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns required for codification while suppressing systematic artifacts. Additionally, our method avoids the 1D search steps that are needed when a complete reference phase map is used, thus reducing the computational load for 3D estimation. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with reconstruction of some geometric surfaces and a cultural figurine. Filtering Noise For a structured-light 3D scanner, various sources of noise in the environment and the devices lead to inaccuracies in estimating the codewords (phase map) for an unknown surface, during reconstruction. We examine the effects of such noise factors on our proposed methods for geometric and radiometric estimation. We present a quantitative evaluation for our proposed method by scanning the objects of known geometric properties or measures and then computing the deviations from the expected results. In addition, we evaluate the errors introduced due to inaccuracies in system calibration by computing the variance statistics from multiple estimates for the reconstructed 3D points, where each estimate is computed using a different pair of reference planes. Finally, we discuss the efficacy of certain filtering techniques in reducing the high-frequency surface noise when applied to: (a) the images of the unknown surface at a pre-processing stage, or (b) the respective phase (or depth) map at a post-processing stage. Conclusion In this thesis, we motivate the need for a procedurally simple and computationally less demanding approach for projector calibration. We present a method that uses homographies induced by a pair of reference planes to calibrate a structured-light scanner. By using the projective invariance of the cross-ratio, we solved for the 3D geometry of a scanned surface. We demonstrate the fact that 3D geometric information can be derived using our approach with accuracy on the order of 0.1 mm. Proposed method reduces the image acquisition time for calibration and the computational needs for 3D estimation. We demonstrate an approach to effectively model radiometric distortions for the projector using cubic splines. Our approach is shown to give significant improvement over the use of complete reference phase maps and its performance is comparable to that of a sate-of-the-art method, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In contrast with that method, proposed method is computationally less expensive, procedurally simpler and exhibits consistent performance even at relatively higher levels of noise in phase estimation. Finally, we use a simple bilateral filtering on the depth-map for the region-of-interest. Bilateral filtering provides the best trade-off between surface smoothing and the preservation of its structural details. Our filtering approach avoids computationally expensive surface normal estimation algorithms completely while improving surface fidelity.

Measuring 3D surface geometry with precision and accuracy is an important part of many engineering and scientific tasks. 3D Scanning techniques measure surface geometry by estimating the locations of sampled surface points. In recent years, Structured-Light 3D scanners have gained significant popularity owing to their ability to produce highly accurate scans in real-time at a low cost. In this thesis we describe an approach for Structured-Light 3D scanning using a digital camera and a digital projector. We utilise the projective geometric relationships between the projector and the camera to carry out both an implicit calibration of the system and to solve for 3D structure. Our approach to geometric calibration is flexible, reliable and amenable to robust estimation. In addition, we model and account for the radiometric non-linearities in the projector such as gamma distortion. Finally, we apply a post-processing step to efficiently smooth out high-frequency surface noise while retaining the structural details. Consequently, the proposed work reduces the computational load and set-up time of a Structured-Light 3D scanner; thereby speeding up the whole scanning process while retaining the ability to generate highly accurate results. We demonstrate the accuracy of our scanning results on real-world objects of varying degrees of surface complexity. Introduction The projective geometry for a pair of pin-hole viewing devices is completely defined by their intrinsic calibration and their relative motion or extrinsic calibration in the form of matrices. For a Euclidean reconstruction, the geometry elements represented by the calibration matrices must be parameterised and estimated in some form. The use of a projector as the ‘second viewing’ device has led to numerous approaches to model and estimate its intrinsic parameters and relative motion with respect to the camera's 3D co-ordinate system. Proposed thesis work assimilates the benefits of projective geometry constructs such as Homography and the invariance of the cross-ratios to simplify the system calibration and the 3D estimation processes by an implicit modeling of the projector's intrinsic parameters and its relative motion. Though linear modeling of the projective geometry between a camera-projector view-pair captures the most essential aspects of the underlying geometry, it does not accommodate system non-linearities due to radiometric distortions of a projector device. We propose an approach that uses parametric splines to model the systematic errors introduced by radiometric non-linearities and thus correct for them. For 3D surfaces reconstructed as point-clouds, noise manifests itself as some high-frequency variations for the resulting mesh. Various pre and/or post processing techniques are proposed in the literature to model and minimize the effects of noise. We use simple bilateral filtering of the depth-map for the reconstructed surface to smoothen the surface while retaining its structural details. Modeling Projective Relations In our approach for calibrating the projective-geometric structure of a projector-camera view-pair, the frame of reference for measurements is attached to the camera. The camera is calibrated using a commonly used method. To calibrate the scanner system, one common approach is to project sinusoidal patterns onto the reference planes to generate reference phase maps. By relating the phase-information between the projector and image pixels, a dense mapping is obtained. However, this is an over-parameterisation of the calibration information. Since the reference object is a plane, we can use the projective relationships induced by a plane to implicitly calibrate the projector geometry. For the estimation of the three-dimensional structure of the imaged object, we utilise the invariance of cross-ratios along with the calibration information of two reference planes. Our formulation is also extensible to utilise more than two reference plane to compute more than one estimate of the location of an unknown surface point. Such estimates are amenable to statistical analysis which allows us to derive both the shape of an object and associate reliability scores to each estimated point location. Radiometric Correction Structured-light based 3D scanners commonly employ phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns to solve for the correspondence problem. For scanners using projective geometry between a camera and a projector, the projector's radiometric non-linearities introduce systematic errors in establishing correspondences. Such errors manifest as visual artifacts which become pronounced when fewer phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns are used. While these artifacts can be avoided by using a large number of phase-shifts, doing so also increases the acquisition time. We propose to model and rectify such systematic errors using parametric representations. Consequently, while some existing methods retain the complete reference phase maps to account for such distortions, our approach describes the deviations using a few model parameters. The proposed approach can be used to reduce the number of phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns required for codification while suppressing systematic artifacts. Additionally, our method avoids the 1D search steps that are needed when a complete reference phase map is used, thus reducing the computational load for 3D estimation. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated with reconstruction of some geometric surfaces and a cultural figurine. Filtering Noise For a structured-light 3D scanner, various sources of noise in the environment and the devices lead to inaccuracies in estimating the codewords (phase map) for an unknown surface, during reconstruction. We examine the effects of such noise factors on our proposed methods for geometric and radiometric estimation. We present a quantitative evaluation for our proposed method by scanning the objects of known geometric properties or measures and then computing the deviations from the expected results. In addition, we evaluate the errors introduced due to inaccuracies in system calibration by computing the variance statistics from multiple estimates for the reconstructed 3D points, where each estimate is computed using a different pair of reference planes. Finally, we discuss the efficacy of certain filtering techniques in reducing the high-frequency surface noise when applied to: (a) the images of the unknown surface at a pre-processing stage, or (b) the respective phase (or depth) map at a post-processing stage. Conclusion In this thesis, we motivate the need for a procedurally simple and computationally less demanding approach for projector calibration. We present a method that uses homographies induced by a pair of reference planes to calibrate a structured-light scanner. By using the projective invariance of the cross-ratio, we solved for the 3D geometry of a scanned surface. We demonstrate the fact that 3D geometric information can be derived using our approach with accuracy on the order of 0.1 mm. Proposed method reduces the image acquisition time for calibration and the computational needs for 3D estimation. We demonstrate an approach to effectively model radiometric distortions for the projector using cubic splines. Our approach is shown to give significant improvement over the use of complete reference phase maps and its performance is comparable to that of a sate-of-the-art method, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In contrast with that method, proposed method is computationally less expensive, procedurally simpler and exhibits consistent performance even at relatively higher levels of noise in phase estimation. Finally, we use a simple bilateral filtering on the depth-map for the region-of-interest. Bilateral filtering provides the best trade-off between surface smoothing and the preservation of its structural details. Our filtering approach avoids computationally expensive surface normal estimation algorithms completely while improving surface fidelity.

Light field imaging technology is at the intersection of three main research areas: computer graphics, computational photography and computer vision. This technology has the potential to allow functionalities that were previously impracticable, if not impossible, like refocusing photographic images after the capture or moving around in a VR scene produced by a real-time game engine, with 6DoF. Traditional photography produces one single output whenever a user presses the shot button. Light field photography may have several different outputs because it collects much more data about a scene. Thus it requires post-processing in order to extract any piece of useful information, like 2D images, and that is a characteristic feature that makes this technology substantially different from all others in the field of image making. Post processing means using a specialised application and, since this technology is still in its infancy, those applications are scarce. This context presented a good opportunity for such a development. Light Field Processor is the main outcome of this work. It is a computer application able to open and decode images from Lytro Illum light field cameras, which it may then store as a new file format (Decoded Light Field), proposed in this dissertation, for later use. It is able to extract 2D viewpoints, 2D maps of viewpoints or the microlens array, videos showing the intrinsic parallax of the light field and metadata, as well as do some basic image processing.<br>A tecnologia de imagem de campo de luz está na intersecção de três grandes áreas de investigação: gráficos por computador, fotografia computacional e visão por computador. Esta tecnologia tem o potencial de possibilitar funcionalidades que eram anteriormente impraticáveis, senão mesmo impossíveis, tais como refocar imagens fotográficas após a captura ou movimentar-se numa cena de RV produzida por um motor de jogos em tempo real, com 6 graus de liberdade. A fotografia tradicional produz uma única saída sempre que um utilizador prime o botão de disparo. A fotografia campo de luz pode ter várias saídas diferentes porque junta muito mais dados acerca da cena. Logo ela requer pós-processamento por forma a extrair qualquer informação útil, como imagens 2D, e essa é uma funcionalidade característica que faz desta tecnologia substancialmente diferente de todas as outras no ramo da produção de imagem. Pós-processamento significa usar uma aplicação especializada e, uma vez que esta tecnologia ainda está na sua infância, essas aplicações são escassas. Este contexto proporcionou uma boa oportunidade para tal desenvolvimento. Light Field Processor é o principal resultado deste trabalho. É uma aplicação para computador capaz de abrir e descodificar imagens de cameras Lytro Illum campo de luz, que podem então ser armazenadas como um novo formato de ficheiro (Campo de Luz Descodificado), proposto nesta dissertação, para uso posterior. É capaz de extrair pontos de vista 2D, mapas 2D de pontos de vista ou conjunto de microlentes, vídeos mostrando a paralaxe intrínseca do campo de luz e metadados, assim como fazer algum processamento de imagem básico.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>In crime scene investigations it is necessary to capture images of impression evidence such as tire track or shoe impressions. Currently, such evidence is captured by taking two-dimensional (2D) color photographs or making a physical cast of the impression in order to capture the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the information. This project aims to build a digitizing device that scans the impression evidence and generates (i) a high resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface image, and (ii) a co-registered two-dimensional (2D) color image. The method is based on active structured lighting methods in order to extract 3D shape information of a surface. A prototype device was built that uses an assembly of two line laser lights and a high-definition video camera that is moved at a precisely controlled and constant speed along a mechanical actuator rail in order to scan the evidence. A prototype software was also developed which implements the image processing, calibration, and surface depth calculations. The methods developed in this project for extracting the digitized 3D surface shape and 2D color images include (i) a self-contained calibration method that eliminates the need for pre-calibration of the device; (ii) the use of two colored line laser lights projected from two different angles to eliminate problems due to occlusions; and (iii) the extraction of high resolution color image of the impression evidence with minimal distortion.The system results in sub-millimeter accuracy in the depth image and a high resolution color image that is registered with the depth image. The system is particularly suitable for high quality images of long tire track impressions without the need for stitching multiple images.

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum.<br>Criminology<br>D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)