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Journal articles on the topic 'Digital protective relays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Yadav, Gaurav, Yuan Liao, and Austin D. Burfield. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing for Protective Relays Using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS)." Energies 16, no. 3 (2023): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031039.

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With the increasing size and complexity of power systems, it is crucial to have an effective protection system in place to ensure its reliability. One of the important components of the protection system are relays. It is important for a relay to operate dependably and securely so that any fault can be cleared in time to minimize damages to the power network. However, it is important to test a relay in a realistic environment before commissioning it to the network. Testing a relay in the actual network can be expensive with limited fault scenarios. Hence, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing is

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2

Gurevich, Vladimir. "Susceptibility of modern relay protection: Will protection from cyber attacks help?" Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131026019g.

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Modern trends in relay protection (RP) based on the substitution of electromechanical protection relays (EMPR) by digital protective relays (DPR) have resulted in the emergence of an absolutely new problem, which was not known before. This problem is the possibility of an intentional remote destructive impact (IRDI) on relay protection in order to put it out of action or make it perform functions that have nothing to do with the current operational mode of protected electric equipment. Traditional and well-known methods ensuring information safety cannot fully prevent unauthorized actions of R

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3

Zorin, Yevhenii, and Oleksandr Chepelіuk. "Improvement of microprocessor voltage control relay operation algorithms for single-phase household consumers." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (9) (June 16, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2023.1.02.

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This paper pays attention to a single-phase voltage control relays work algorithms that are used for protection of the household consumers of electrical energy from unacceptable voltage deviations within power supply network. An overview, analysis and description of operation algorithms, voltage measurements and thresholds of current voltage control relays, based on microprocessors and microcontrollers have been carried out. The conducted overview and analysis systematizes information on the technical and functional features of the operational design, work algorithms, circuits and components o

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4

Chang, Choong-Koo, and Ahmed Mohamed Elmashtoly. "Protection Coordination Index Assessment Using Fuzzy Logic Controller." Energies 15, no. 4 (2022): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041377.

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This paper proposes the assessment method of the protection coordination index (PCI) for overcurrent protection relay and upstream relay. The protection coordination index is an indicator of how properly the equipment is protected by protective relay. The PCI is used to check the appropriateness of the protection coordination for both the component-wise and pair-wise. The protection index of each protection component of the integrated digital relay is assessed by a fuzzy logic controller. Then the device-level protection index and the composite protection coordination index between up and down

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5

Kim, Joorak, Gyu-Jung Cho, and Jaewon Kim. "Development of Railway Protective Relay Simulator for Real-Time Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010191.

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Electric railways use a single-phase system, with the line comprising a trolley wire (TF) that supplies power to the load with a neutral wire and an autotransformer (AF) feeder to absorb the return current of the rail. Testing the performance of the protective relay that detects the fault of the traction power-supply system (TPSS) and operates the circuit breaker is very important. Until now, the performance test of protective relays for the TPSS has been conducted via a simple-steady test or using an expensive real-time simulator. However, under a fast-moving environment in which the load con

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6

Setiawan, Eko, Septin Puji Astuti, and Handoko Handoko. "REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF ELECTRICAL POWER-RELATED DISASTERS: A FUZZY MCDM APPROACH." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 9, no. 1 (2018): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v9i1.1761.

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Many of disasters are related to electrical power systems. They affect human life and economy. In order to reduce the negative impacts caused by the failure of electricity power system due to disasters and to create a robust electrical power system, selecting the best relay of electricity power is a must. This study identified the best protective relay of electrical power systems of PLN in Surakarta region by applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP), one of MCDM approaches, combined with fuzzy logic. Extent analysis approach was implemented to derive priorities of various criteria, sub-criter

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7

Pottonen, L., P. Martinole, and O. Huet. "Selecting protective relays with digital test methods." IEEE Computer Applications in Power 14, no. 4 (2001): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.954528.

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8

Vijaykumar Kamble. "Analysis of Relay Coordination in Electrical Distribution Networks with Optimally Positioned Distributed Generation Units." Panamerican Mathematical Journal 34, no. 3 (2024): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/pmj.v34.i3.1787.

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As power demand increases and transmission and distribution capacity is limited, Distributed Generation (DG) units are gradually being incorporated into electrical power distribution networks. However, this integration may result in a significant impact on the coordination of protective relays, potentially generating issues such as blindness of protection and false tripping of overcurrent relays. To overcome these issues, an adaptive protection method is presented that adjusts relay sensitivity in response to changes in network design. The suggested technique dynamically modifies relay setting

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9

Denis, B. Solovev. "Selection of Digital Filter for Microprocessor Protection Relays." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (2018): 1498–512. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1498-1512.

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The article considers some issues related to replacement of electromechanical relays used for protection of power facilities with microprocessor relays. One of the urgent problems connected with implementation of microprocessor overcurrent protections is how to use current transducers other than usual current transformers and in particular Rogowski coils that become more and more widespread. In the article are compared twelve methods of synthesis of a digital filter basing on the analog prototype – second-order integrating filter. The bilinear filter and Boxer-Thaler filters are analyzed

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10

Abdelmoumene, Abdelkader, Hamid Bentarzi, Mahfoud Chafai, and Abderrahmane Ouadi. "Reliability assessment and improvement of digital protective relays." International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 7, S1 (2014): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-014-0300-z.

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11

Hong, Yang. "Study on Power Systems Protection via Digital Relaying." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 3489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.3489.

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Power systems need an auxiliary system that must take corrective actions on the occurrence of a fault. One of the most important equipments employed in the protection of power systems are protective relays. These are one of the most flexible, economic and well-known devices that provide reliable, fast and inexpensive protection. In this paper, we introduce a new method to protect the power system by digital relaying.

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12

Campos, Alana K. X. S., Washington L. A. Neves, and Damásio Fernandes. "A new phasor estimation method for digital protective relays." Electric Power Systems Research 142 (January 2017): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2016.10.001.

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13

Kuliński, Krzysztof, and Adam Heyduk. "Ground Fault in Medium-Voltage Power Networks with an Isolated Neutral Point: Spectral and Wavelet Analysis of Selected Cases in an Example Industrial Network Modeled in the ATP-EMTP Package." Energies 17, no. 7 (2024): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071532.

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The paper presents some case spectral analysis of zero-sequence voltages and currents in an example industrial power distribution network. The network layout is based on typical power delivery networks in underground coal mines. Ground fault simulations have been made using an ATP/EMTP program. Due to the high environmental risks, the reliability of the protection relay operation related to their selectivity plays an important role. This paper tries to find the reasons for nonselective operation and unnecessary tripping in extensive mine cable networks, particularly with large power sources of

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14

Kheshti, Mostafa, and Xiaoning Kang. "Optimal overcurrent relay coordination in distribution network based on Lightning Flash Algorithm." Engineering Computations 35, no. 3 (2018): 1140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose Distribution network protection is a complicated problem and mal-operation of the protective relays due to false settings make the operation of the network unreliable. Besides, obtaining proper settings could be very complicated. This paper aims to discuss an innovative evolutionary Lightning Flash Algorithm (LFA) which is developed for solving the relay coordination problems in distribution networks. The proposed method is inspired from the movements of cloud to ground lightning strikes in a thunderstorm phenomenon. LFA is applied on three case study systems including ring, interconne

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15

Welton, Drew, and William Knapek. "Important Considerations for Testing and Commissioning Digital Protective Relays: Avoid Misoperations." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 25, no. 4 (2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2018.2875182.

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16

Gurevich, Vladimir. "A new criterion needed to evaluate reliability of digital protective relays." Journal of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 5 (2012): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-012-0050-6.

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There is a wide range of criteria and features for evaluating reliability in engineering; but as many as there are, only one of them has been chosen to evaluate reliability of Digital Protective Relays (DPR) in the technical documentation: Mean (operating) Time Between Failures (MTBF), which has gained universal currency and has been specified in technical manuals, information sheets, tender documentation as the key indicator of DPR reliability. But is the choice of this criterion indeed wise? The answer to this question is being sought by the author of this article.

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17

Rosołowski, Eugeniusz, Jan Iżykowski, and Bogdan Kasztenny. "Adaptive measuring algorithm suppressing a decaying DC component for digital protective relays." Electric Power Systems Research 60, no. 2 (2001): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7796(01)00171-7.

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18

Miñambres Argüelles, J. F., M. A. Zorrozua Arrieta, J. Lázaro Domínguez, B. Larrea Jaurrieta, and M. Sánchez Benito. "A new method for decaying dc offset removal for digital protective relays." Electric Power Systems Research 76, no. 4 (2006): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2005.06.002.

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19

Malla, Nigam Bam, and Ajay KC. "Fault Identification and Protection of Induction Motor Using PLC and SCADA." Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Neural Network, no. 41 (December 1, 2023): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jaimlnn.41.27.38.

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If not properly maintained, AC induction motors are prone to malfunction. A protective system is put in place to keep an eye on the motor's performance under both normal and trip conditions to remedy this. The system may either modify the input voltage and current to restore normal performance in the event of faults like stator, rotor, bearing, or eccentricity issues or shut down the motor before irreparable harm is done. This guards against sudden shutdowns that could endanger employees, prevents unexpected motor failure, and reduces unforeseen costs. Due to their extensive industrial use, pr

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20

Hussain, Noor, Yousef Khayat, Saeed Golestan, et al. "AC Microgrids Protection: A Digital Coordinated Adaptive Scheme." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 7066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157066.

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A significant challenge for designing a coordinated and effective protection architecture of a microgrid (MG) is the aim of an efficient, reliable, and fast protection scheme for both the grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. To this end, bidirectional power flow, varying short-circuit power, low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability, and the plug-and-play characteristics of distributed generation units (DGUs), which are key issues in a MG system must be considered; otherwise, a mal-operation of protection devices (PDs) may occur. In this sense, a conventional protection system with

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21

Upadhyay, Aakanksha. "Investigate Advanced Techniques for Power System Protection, Fault Detection, and Restoration to Enhance the Reliability and Resilience of Electrical Grids." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 02 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem41405.

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Investigate Advanced Techniques for Power System Protection, Fault Detection, and Restoration is a critical area of study aimed at enhancing the reliability and resilience of electrical grids. As modern power systems face increasing complexities due to the integration of renewable energy sources, aging infrastructure, and growing demand for electricity, innovative protection strategies have become essential to mitigate risks associated with electrical faults and disturbances. The significance of this topic lies not only in improving the operational efficiency of power systems but also in minim

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22

Mishra, Debani Prasad, Rudranarayan Senapati, Suman Patra, and Bimalendu Mishra. "Enhancing the Performance of Reverse Power Relay for Generator Protection." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (December 28, 2021): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.33.

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The generator is the most important component in energy generation, and it needs to be protected from both internal and external disturbance. Reverse power relays (RPR), with the directional relay being the most commonly utilized as the principal safeguard, are used to trip the turbine generators to minimize the damage of prime mover. Modeling tools are helpful for learning the basics of a power system, especially for newbie engineers. These tools assist novice engineers in modulating the system in both normal and abnormal situations. This paper demonstrates how to model and simulate a digital

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23

Patil, Anusuya, Adarsha J, Pradeep Kumar, Praveen Kumar B. Ronada, and Mahabasha P. "Motor Protection Scheme." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 4085–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51194.

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Abstract: Motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Motor protection is also essential. To protect the motor we are using the microprocessor based motor protection relay against various faults. Induction motors are widely used in industry because of their rigidity and speed-control flexibility. Therefore, the problem of induction motor protection attracted many researchers. The digital protection techniques that are used in digital relays provide better performance and higher accuracy than the conventional electromagnetic and solid-state relays.

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24

Radimov, Sergiy M., and Valerii P. Plis. "Relay protection devices functionality comparative analysis." Herald of Advanced Information Technology 6, no. 3 (2023): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/hait.06.2023.15.

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With the development of technology, there has been an evolution in the electrical power industry, replacing conventional electromechanical relays with more advanced devices. Multifunctional microprocessor relay protection terminals becamesuch innovations.This transition marked a new era in the field of monitoring and control of electrical systems. One of the strategic tasks of the energy sector is the comprehensive technical re-equipment and reconstruction of relay protection and automation systems with a focus on maximum automation of dispatch control operations.Solving this problem is imposs

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25

Shaikh, Naeem Jilani, and Prabhood Kumar a. Khampariy. "Design of Digital Reverse Power Relay Model for Generator Protection." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (2022): 3975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43302.

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Abstract: Generators are one of the most important parts of the power system. Faults at the generator lead to severe failures and fatal accidents. Hence, generators’ protection is a major concern, especially from faults – voltage and current fluctuations, short circuit faults, frequency variations, over-fluxing, flow of reverse power, etc. In this project, a protection scheme is presented for power flow in opposite direction that is flow of power from grid to the generator, due to which the generator starts consuming and acts as a load. Modelling tools are important to have a basic idea of pow

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26

Kubkina, O. V., and V. G. Lysenko. "Automation of ac electric-traction NetWare digital protective relay operational control." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (2021): 042066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042066.

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Abstract The widespread use of microprocessor-based digital protective relay from various manufacturers, the expansion of the programmable protective relay terminals’ functional composition, the lack of hardware, software and algorithmic support unification, problems of electromagnetic protection necessitate consideration of the issues of digital protective relay operational control automation [1-3]. The authors believe that the attention paid by operating services to the means and methods of the AC electric-traction netware protective relay Functional check is insufficient. Monitoring the cor

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27

Plis, Valeriy. "RESEARCH OF DIGITAL PROTECTION TERMINALS." ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 37, no. 113 (2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/eltecs.37.113.2023.02.

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Abstract. Due to the development of technologies, the widely used electromechanical relays in the electric power industry have been replaced by multifunctional digital relay protection terminals. For the training of students and electrical personnel of enterprises, new approaches to the creation of experimental stands are needed, which will allow us to study the features of the use of digital protection and fully reveal their capabilities. The purpose of the work is to improve the quality of the knowledge and practical skills received by students in working with digital protection blocks. To a

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28

Perdana, Iqbal Nusya. "Replacement of several single function generator protection relay at Badak LNG." MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927703008.

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Badak LNG is a company that operates the largest LNG Plant in Indonesia with maximum production capacity of 22.5 MTPA. The company operates twelve (12) steam turbine generators and one gas turbine generator and one diesel engine generator to supply electricity for process, utility, storage, loading and plant support facility areas, which constitutes the criticality of power generator equipment to keep the reliability of production process. Generator protection relay is one of the equipment that monitors and protects the generator from fault resulting from either internal or external disturbanc

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29

ABDELMOUMENE, Abdelkader, Rachid BOUDERBALA, and Hamid BENTARZI. "Design and Evaluation of a DSP Based Differential Relay of Power Transformer." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 1, no. 1 (2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v1i1.20.

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The problem of mal operation of differential protection of power transformer due to the inrush magnetizing current has long considered as a challenging problem. Several types of protection relays have been used to solve the issue (basic relay, percentage relay, multi slop ….). Each of them has its advantage and its limits. In this paper, a Digital differential relay has been developed and simulated. The logic used to distinguish between the inrush current and the internal fault is based on the theory of harmonic analysis. The behavior of the presented relay has been simulated versus various si

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30

Shilin, Alexei, Pavel Dikarev, and Serghei Dement’ev. "Intelligent System of Relay Protection of Electrical Network 6-10 kV with the Implementation of Automatic Correction of the Operation Set Point." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 3(59) (August 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2023.3-59.02.

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The purpose of the study is to develop the architecture and working algorithm of intelligent relay protection of an electrical network with an isolated neutral. “Intellectualization” of relay protection is necessary to increase its sensitivity and reliability. This problem is relevant due to the accident rate of overhead power lines and incorrect operation of traditional relays. This is due to the fact that the set point is not adjusted according to the deviation of the line parameters with changing environmental and load conditions. The purpose of the study is achieved by solving the followin

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31

H., Sekhane, Labed D., and A. Labed M. "Modelling and performance testing of a digital over-current relay enhanced designed model." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 71–78. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2022.3.10.

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<strong><em>Introduction. </em></strong><em>The over-current relay is widely used to protect distribution and transmission electrical systems against excessive currents occurring due to short circuit or overload conditions. Many works have been carried out in the field of models simulation design of digital over-current relays in the literature, but unfortunately many of them are more complex design models, have very slow execution time and only work in simple faults cases. <strong>Purpose.</strong> The purpose of this work is to present the performance of a modified and improve

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32

Tobar-Rosero, Oscar A., John E. Candelo-Becerra, and Germán Zapata. "Performance Analysis of Overcurrent Protection in a Digital Substation with Process Bus." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (2022): 7958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137958.

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The digitization of electrical substations brings great challenges for the commissioning of electrical protections, and interoperability tests must be performed with different equipment. Therefore, this work evaluates the response time of an electrical protection relay operating with sampled values in a digital substation with a process bus. A test scheme is proposed to emulate the process bus based on analyzing the main components in a digital substation with multi-vendor device interoperability. In addition, the delay times of the protection relay with the process bus are measured, consideri

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33

Marei, Marwa M., Manal H. Nawir, and Ali Abdul Razzaq Altahir. "An improved technique for power transformer protection using fuzzy logic protective relaying." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 3 (2021): 1754–60. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1754-1760.

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The three-phase power transformer in the transmission or distribution substations represents one of the essential devices on electric power networks. Losing this devise cause a disconnection of the power utility to a large number of electrical loads. The robust protection system must be designed to protect the device during abnormal operations. A complete protection system for a poly-phase power transformer for one of the Karbala transmission networks (East Karbala substation) is modeled and simulated, adopting a fuzzy logic protective relaying using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. This study dis

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34

El Idrissi, Zineb, Touria Haidi, Faissal Elmariami, and Abdelaziz Belfqih. "Comparative study of optimization methods for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays with distributed generators." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12, no. 1 (2023): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp209-219.

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<span lang="EN-US">Due to the growing penetration of distributed generators (DGs), that are based on renewable energy, into the distribution network, it is necessary to address the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) in the presence of these generators. This problem has been solved by many metaheuristic optimization techniques to obtain the optimal relay parameters and to have an optimal coordination of the protection relays by considering the coordination constraints. In this article, a comparative study of the optimization techniques proposed in the literature address

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35

Zineb, El Idrissi, Haidi Touria, Elmariami Faissal, and Belfqih Abdelaziz. "Comparative study of optimization methods for optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays with distributed generators." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12, no. 1 (2023): 209–19. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp209-219.

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Due to the growing penetration of distributed generators (DGs), that are based on renewable energy, into the distribution network, it is necessary to address the coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) in the presence of these generators. This problem has been solved by many metaheuristic optimization techniques to obtain the optimal relay parameters and to have an optimal coordination of the protection relays by considering the coordination constraints. In this article, a comparative study of the optimization techniques proposed in the literature addresses the optimal coordinati

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36

Cui, Shijie, Peng Zeng, Chunhe Song, and Zhongfeng Wang. "Robust Fault Protection Technique for Low-Voltage Active Distribution Networks Containing High Penetration of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Resources." Processes 8, no. 1 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010034.

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With the decentralization of the electricity market and the plea for a carbon-neutral ecosystem, more and more distributed generation (DG) has been incorporated in the power distribution grid, which is then known as active distribution network (ADN). The addition of DGs causes numerous control and protection confronts to the traditional distribution network. For instance, two-way power flow, small fault current, persistent fluctuation of generation and demand, and uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RESs). These problems are more challenging when the distribution network hosts many conver

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37

Awada, Emad A. "Numerical Overcurrent Power Relay Enhancement Based on Integrated Discrete Wavelet Transform." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, no. 5 (2023): 878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.5.1910.

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As electrical power demands increases, the need for advanced protection relays has surged as a vital element in the power distribution system. That is, to ensure the continuity of power supply and eliminate abnormal faulty status, relays with different types and functions play a major role in electrical power system operation and protection as will. In the power system, current variation faults may accrue for many reasons, which may harm power system components, load, and jeopardize human safety. However, in now a day digital current relay, a large number of samples are collected and processed

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38

Yalla, M. V. V. S. "A digital multifunction protective relay." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 1 (1992): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.108907.

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39

Jang, Nak-Won, Jeong-Do Park, and Sung-Hwan Lee. "A Study on the Digital Protective Relay for Generator Fault Protection." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 33, no. 8 (2009): 1232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2009.33.8.1232.

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40

Solovev, Denis B. "Selection of Digital Filter for Microprocessor Protection Relays." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (2018): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1498-1512.

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The article considers some issues related to replacement of electromechanical relays used for protection of power facilities with microprocessor relays. One of the urgent problems connected with implementation of microprocessor overcurrent protections is how to use current transducers other than usual current transformers and in particular Rogowski coils that become more and more widespread. In the article are compared twelve methods of synthesis of a digital filter basing on the analog prototype – second-order integrating filter. The bilinear filter and Boxer-Thaler filters are analyzed in re

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41

Emad, Awada, Radwan Eyad, Nour Mutasim, Al-Qaisi Aws, and Y. Al-Rawashdeh Ayman. "Modeling of power numerical relay digitizer harmonic testing in wavelet transform." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 2 (2023): 659~667. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i2.4553.

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In today’s modern power devices and rapid growth power demands, the need for precise and accurate protection relays is a must for the power distribution system. That is, to segregate faulty sectors within fewer cycles, power relays should perform at the highest level of accuracy to detect abnormal conditions in power distribution. Therefore, this work will investigate the enhancement of the numerical relay testing in terms of harmonic distortions effect on the digitized output waveform as direct causes of relay failures. However, as it is an expensive process of testing the digitizing el

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Sekhane, H., D. Labed, and M. A. Labed. "Modelling and performance testing of a digital over-current relay enhanced designed model." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (May 30, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.3.10.

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Introduction. The over-current relay is widely used to protect distribution and transmission electrical systems against excessive currents occurring due to short circuit or overload conditions. Many works have been carried out in the field of models simulation design of digital over-current relays in the literature, but unfortunately many of them are more complex design models, have very slow execution time and only work in simple faults cases. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to present the performance of a modified and improved model of a digital over-current relay designed in Simulink/M

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Zamora, I., A. J. Mazón, V. Valverde, E. Torres, and A. Dysko. "Power Quality and Digital Protection Relays." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 02 (2004): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj02.270.

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Matthews, Ronald C., Trupal R. Patel, Adam K. Summers, Matthew J. Reno, and Shamina Hossain-McKenzie. "Per-Phase and 3-Phase Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Genetic Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061699.

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Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coordination concerns, particularly where they are utilized in an unbalanced manner or where loading among phases is unbalanced. Digital relays such as the SEL-751 (produced by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA) series have the capability of being set on a per-phase basis. This capability is underutilized in common practice. Additi

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Sortomme, Eric, S. S. Venkata, and Joydeep Mitra. "Microgrid Protection Using Communication-Assisted Digital Relays." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 25, no. 4 (2010): 2789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2009.2035810.

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Kasztenny, B., and M. Kezunovic. "Digital relays improve protection of large transformers." IEEE Computer Applications in Power 11, no. 4 (1998): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/67.721702.

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Vázquez M, Ernesto, Alejandro Zamora-Mendez, Mario R. Arrieta Paternina, Luis A. Trujillo-Guajardo, and Jose A. de la O Serna. "Dynamic phasor-driven digital distance relays protection." Electric Power Systems Research 184 (July 2020): 106316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106316.

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Baran, Petro, Victor Kidyba, and Yaroslava Pryshliak. "Current protection check by using digital testing system." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2018.01.001.

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Existing domestic technical facilities for setting up and checking current protection are mainly based on analogue devices, which do not provide the required check accuracy but are time-consuming. With the appearance of digital testing systems, a protection check can be automated. An appropriate algorithm and its digital implementation have been developed for the automatic check of current protection characteristics using a digital testing system. This resulted in creating a digital system module intended for testing devices of relay protection and automation, capable of automatic checking the

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Osintsev, Anatoly A., Aleksandra I. Naumova, and Elena I. Gracheva. "Analysis of distance protection’s operation in cases of deep saturation of current transformers." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801095.

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There is usually no information about permissible error of current transformers in modes succeed by large relative short-circuit current, at which microprocessor-based protections operate stably. By this reason, it is necessary to use data, defined for analog relays. It leads to value appreciation of a project because it is often essential to reduce current transformers’ error in case of a short circuit fault. Therefore, it is necessary to define the value of current transformers’ error, permitted for impedance relays. Conclusions of fundamental and applied sciences (mathematical analysis, the

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Černelič, Jernej, Boštjan Polajžer, Janez Zakonjšek, Alexey Nebera, and Gorazd Hrovat. "HARDWARE IN THE LOOP TESTING OF A PROTECTION MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM." Journal of Energy Technology 17, no. 2 (2025): 48–63. https://doi.org/10.18690/jet.17.2.48-63.2024.

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Protection, automation, and control (PAC) devices are very important for the reliable operation of electric power systems (EPS), which can be improved further by monitoring the PAC devices. One way is to apply a protection monitoring and diagnostic (PMD) system, which was tested using a real-time digital simulator and two numerical protection relays in the hardware in the loop configuration. Furthermore, the communication between the protection relays and the PMD system was also tested, while the EPS faults were simulated in a safe environment on a digital simulator in real-time. When a fault

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