Journal articles: 'Digital root'

1

Anosike, Joseph Ugonna, and Uchenna Petronilla Ogoke. "A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 10, no. 3 (2022): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/digital/v10n1p10x.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT This study compared four different transformation techniques by applying a simple linear regression on raw and transformed data. The R2 of each model was obtained and a test on the significance of these R2 was carried out. Also, the rxy(coefficient of correlation) were also obtained. The data used is a secondary data consisting of 53years (1964-2016) of the infant mortality rate in Nigeria (https://www.ceicdata.com/en/nigeria/health-statistics/ng-mortality-rate-infant-per-1000-live-births). The rxy were also compared and the results, 95.8%, 95.8%, 96.2%, 93.0%, and 92.9% respectively. The R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse are as follows: 91.8%, 91.7%, 92.5%, 86.6% and 86.4% respectively. However, the R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse compete favourably but the performance of inverse transformation suits the data most in terms of model accuracy. Key Words: Transformation, Raw data, logarithm, square-root, square, inverse

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Ugonna, Anosike Joseph, and Uchenna Petronilla Ogoke. "A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 10 (September 30, 2022): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/digital/v10n1p9.

Full text

Abstract:

This study compared four different transformation techniques by applying a simple linear regression on raw and transformed data. The R2 of each model was obtained and a test on the significance of these R2 was carried out. Also, the rxy(coefficient of correlation) were also obtained. The data used is a secondary data consisting of 53years (1964-2016) of the infant mortality rate in Nigeria (https://www.ceicdata.com/en/nigeria/health-statistics/ng-mortality-rate-infant-per-1000-live-births). The rxy were also compared and the results, 95.8%, 95.8%, 96.2%, 93.0%, and 92.9% respectively. The R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse are as follows: 91.8%, 91.7%, 92.5%, 86.6% and 86.4% respectively. However, the R2 obtained for the raw data, logarithm, square-root, square and inverse compete favourably but the performance of inverse transformation suits the data most in terms of model accuracy. Key Words: Transformation, Raw data, logarithm, square-root, square, inverse A Comparative Analysis on the Model Adequacy of Four Transformation Techniques

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Ezemenike, Ikechukwu John, Harold Ugochukwu Nwosu, and Matthew Uzoma Shadrach. "Reliability Analysis for a Systems with Multiple Failure Modes and Subsystems: The Case of a Nigerian Fabrication Company." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 11, no. 4 (2023): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/digital/v11n4p3.

Full text

Abstract:

The reliability of the equipment, the working environment, the effectiveness of maintenance, the operation techniques, the technical skills of Machinist, etc. all affect how well machining equipment performs. The consequences of equipment failure become more catastrophic as the size and variety of fabrication equipment keep growing. In order to locate the system's shortcomings and identify the parts or units with low reliability for the specified designed performance, reliability analysis is necessary. This research discusses the reliability analysis of the lathe machine. Four subsystems of the lathe machine are identified and root cause analysis was carried out for all subsystems failure modes. Minitab 19 was employed to estimate the parameters settings of certain probability distributions, which includes the Weibull, Exponential, Loglogistic and Lognormal distributions. According to findings of the analysis, the belt drive subsystem is critical to the reliability of the Lathe machine. The study also demonstrates how reliability analysis is valuable in determining inspection periods. Keywords: Reliability Analysis, Root Cause Analysis, Lathe Machine, Reliability importance, Minitab19

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Deshpande, Sanjay, and Rishikumar Agrawal. "Role of Digital Root in Number Theory." Journal of Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories 19, no. 1 (2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1726037x.2021.1909218.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Eberius, Matthias. "Digital Herbicides Tackle Weeds at the Root." Outlooks on Pest Management 28, no. 6 (2017): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v28_dec_12.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Stathaki, T. "Root moments: a digital signal-processing perspective." IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image, and Signal Processing 145, no. 4 (1998): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:19982148.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Lin, Chia-Yu. "Digital Root Patterns of Three-Dimensional Space." Recreational Mathematics Magazine 3, no. 5 (2016): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmm-2016-0002.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In this study, we define vedic cube as the layout of each digital root in a three-dimensional multiplication table. In order to discover the geometric patterns in vedic cube, we adopt two methods to analyze the digital root in a three-dimensional space. The first method is floor method, which divides vedic cube into several X-Y planes according to different Z values (floors) to analyze the geometric characteristics on each floor. The second method is symmetric plane method, which decomposes vedic cube by its main and secondary symmetric planes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

You, Sung Hyun, Hyun Ho Kang, and Moon Kyou Song. "Square Root Unscented Digital Phased-locked Loop." International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems 16, no. 1 (2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12555-017-0394-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Gupta, Shyam Sunder. "108.04 Digital root analysis of Smith numbers." Mathematical Gazette 108, no. 571 (2024): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2024.21.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Le, Marié Chantal, Norbert Kirchgessner, Patrick Flütsch, Johannes Pfeifer, Achim Walter, and Andreas Hund. "RADIX: rhizoslide platform allowing high throughput digital image analysis of root system expansion." Plant Methods 12, no. 1 (2016): 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-016-0140-8.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Phenotyping of genotype-by-environment interactions in the root-zone is of major importance for crop improvement as the spatial distribution of a plant’s root system is crucial for a plant to access water and nutrient resources of the soil. However, so far it is unclear to what extent genetic variations in root system responses to spatially varying soil resources can be utilized for breeding applications. Among others, one limiting factor is the absence of phenotyping platforms allowing the analysis of such interactions.Results: We developed a system that is able to (a) monitor root and shoot growth synchronously, (b) investigate their dynamic responses and (c) analyse the effect of heterogeneous N distribution to parts of the root system in a split-nutrient setup with a throughput (200 individual maize plants at once) sufficient for mapping of quantitative trait loci or for screens of multiple environmental factors. In a test trial, 24 maize genotypes were grown under split nitrogen conditions and the response of shoot and root growth was investigated. An almost double elongation rate of crown and lateral roots was observed under high N for all genotypes. The intensity of genotype-specific responses varied strongly. For example, elongation of crown roots differed almost two times between the fastest and slowest growing genotype. A stronger selective root placement in the high-N compartment was related to an increased shoot development indicating that early vigour might be related to a more intense foraging behaviour.Conclusion: To our knowledge, RADIX is the only system currently existing which allows studying the differential response of crown roots to split-nutrient application to quantify foraging behaviour in genome mapping or selection experiments. In doing so, changes in root and shoot development and the connection to plant performance can be investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Muhammad Talha Khan, Saroosh Ehsan, Anam Fayyaz, Haider Amin Malik, and Shafqat Hussain. "Accuracy of Working Length Measured by Apex Locator and Digital Radiography." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 1 (2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.301.24.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of electronic and radiographic method of working lengths calculation with actual working length of root canals. Precise working length determination is the most important part for successful root canal procedure. The most commonly used methods to determine the working length in root canal treatment are radiography and electronic apex locator. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done over a period of 06 months in the Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore. Sixty patients who were recommended extraction of their premolar teeth with sixty canals were selected by convenience sampling. The Root ZX* apex locator was used to determine electronic working length exactly identifying the apical constriction. Reference points were identified and radiographic working length were determined 1mm short of radiographic apex. The teeth were extracted along with file cemented before extraction inside root canal. The actual length of the root canal was then calculated using the same files and reference point with 3.5X magnification. Pearson chi square test was applied to compare the apex locator and digital radiographic measurement with actual working length. RESULTS: The Root ZX® apex locator was 95% accurate to identify the apical constriction as compared 70% accuracy given by radiographs within 0.5 mm of the apex. CONCLUSION: Electronic apex locator was more accurate as compared to digital radiography in working length determination. KEYWORDS: Working length (WL), Electronic apex locators (EAL), Radiographic working length(RWL), Apical constriction (AC) HOW TO CITE: Khan GI, Khan MT, Ehsan S, Fayyaz A, Malik HA, Hussain S. Accuracy of working length measured by apex locator and digital radiography. J Pak Dent Assoc 2021;30(1):24-28.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Pasian, C. C., F. Varela Ramirez, and S. Nameth. "Digital Video Technology as an Aid for Quantifying Root Rot." HortScience 34, no. 2 (1999): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.2.294.

Full text

Abstract:

Evaluation of disease severity in root systems is usually subjective, based on observation and categorization into an arbitrary scale of several categories. Results obtained using this approach can vary according to the observer's experience. A new, simple method for evaluating and quantifying the root severity index (RSI) was developed. This method consists of surrounding the root pan with a transparent film and tracing all roots with a marker. On a second transparency, only healthy roots are traced. Lengths of both healthy and diseased roots are measured with a root length/area meter (Dias II). The method of peripheral root-ball root tracings was evaluated with poinsettias infected with Pythium ultimum (Trow.). Results indicated that it was as effective as the traditional method of determining RSI for total and peripheral roots.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Kosturkov, D., E. Radeva, and T. Uzunov. "Digital Determination of Curvature of Root Canals of Extracted Teeth." Acta Medica Bulgarica 47, no. 1 (2020): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2020-0005.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIntroduction: Determination of the curvature of root canals at present is accomplished by complicated or expensive methods. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new digital method by which this curvature can be determined quickly, easily and accurately.The aim of this in-vitro study is to determine the angles of curvature of the root canals of extracted teeth by comparing a new digital method of measurement with an established digital method.Material and Methods: Forty-eight (48) root canals of extracted teeth were studied to achieve the goal. In all roots, curvature is measured by three methods: Method 1 – new digital photographic method and special Software (Screen Protractor); Method 2 – a new digital radiography method and special software (Screen Protractor); Method 3 – approved method, digital by X-ray and special Software (Durr dental).Results: The mean degrees of the measured curvature of the root canals in all three groups are similar and are about 22°. There are no statistically significant differences between them (p > 0.05).Conclusion: This shows that the new digital photographic and x-ray methods for measuring root curvature can accurately determine the curve angle for extracted teeth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Matania, Omri, Eric Bechhoefer, and Jacob Bortman. "Digital Twin of a Gear Root Crack Prognosis." Sensors 23, no. 24 (2023): 9883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23249883.

Full text

Abstract:

Digital twins play a significant role in Industry 4.0, offering the potential to revolutionize machinery maintenance. In this paper, we introduce a new digital twin designed to address the open problem of predicting gear root crack propagation. This digital twin uses signal processing and model fitting to continuously monitor the condition of the root crack and successfully estimate the remaining time until immediate maintenance is required for the physical asset. The functionality of this new digital twin is demonstrated through the experimental data obtained from a planetary gear, where comparisons are made between the actual and estimated severity of the fault, as well as the remaining time until maintenance. It is shown that the digital twin addresses the open problem of predicting gear root crack propagation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Decurcio, Daniel A., Mike R. Bueno, Julio A. Silva, Marco A. Zaiden Loureiro, Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto, and Carlos Estrela. "Digital Planning on Guided Endodontics Technology." Brazilian Dental Journal 32, no. 5 (2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202104740.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The aim of this review is to discuss the digital planning and the use of guided technology in Endodontics. The complexity of the root canals anatomy and the challenges in the microorganism’s control represent risk factors for failure after the infected root canal’s treatment. Scientific improvements associated with technological advances have enabled better predictability of therapeutic procedures results. The development of efficient and modern devices provided safer root canal treatments, with shorter clinical visits and greater patient comfort. Digital endodontics incorporated different tools and developed its own, advancing even further in resolving complex cases. The faithful copy of the internal anatomy provided by the advancement of CBCT devices and software’s, associated with the digital resources of 3D planning and printing, enabled the advent of guided endodontics. This technique is used at different stages of endodontic treatment, with specific indications and greater result predictability. Therefore, this study critically reviewed the potential clinical application of this guided access technique, and the operative steps for its safe performance in managing complex endodontic cases. The main indications are accessing calcified root canals, performing endodontic surgeries in difficult access areas, removing fiberglass posts, and accessing teeth with developmental anomalies. In summary, guided endodontics has been a precise strategy, effective, safe, and clinically applicable. This procedure represents incorporating technological resources and digital planning in the Endodontist clinical practice, increasing predictability to complex cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Thongmak, Mathupayas. "A Framework for Digital Transformation: Root Cause Analysis." International Journal of Business Information Systems 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbis.2022.10048578.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Stephens, S. A., and J. B. Thomas. "Controlled-root formulation for digital phase-locked loops." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 31, no. 1 (1995): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.366295.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Carvalho-Junior, J. R., L. Correr-Sobrinho, A. B. Correr, M. A. C. Sinhoreti, S. Consani, and M. D. Sousa-Neto. "Radiopacity of root filling materials using digital radiography." International Endodontic Journal 40, no. 7 (2007): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01246.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Allie, M., and R. Lyons. "A root of less evil [digital signal processing." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 22, no. 2 (2005): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2005.1406500.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Reukers, E., G. Sanderink, A. M. Kuijpers-Jagtman, and M. van't Hof. "Assessment of apical root resorption using digital reconstruction." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 27, no. 1 (1998): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600313.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Ingram, Keith T., and Gary A. Leers. "Software for Measuring Root Characters from Digital Images." Agronomy Journal 93, no. 4 (2001): 918–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.934918x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ono, Evelise, Edmundo Medici Filho, Horacio Faig Leite, Jefferson Luis Oshiro Tanaka, Mari Eli Leonelli De Moraes, and Julio Cezar De Melo Castilho. "Evaluation of simulated external root resorptions with digital radiography and digital subtraction radiography." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139, no. 3 (2011): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.03.046.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Melchior, Jose Melchior Filho, Alfran Sampaio Moura, and Fernando Feitosa Monteiro. "Performance control of root piles using a digital odometer." DYNA 89, no. 220 (2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v89n220.95008.

Full text

Abstract:

Root piles are injected and installed during mortar shaft construction, using pressures of up to 500 kPa. The executive control is typically done through static load testing, an expensive and time-consuming method. Static load tests on eight controlled piles (diameters between 310 mm and 410 mm) were performed, aiming at evaluating pile ultimate load. This study suggests an innovative, non-destructive approach to validate root pile field performance, using a digital speedometer connected to the drilling rig’s rotating head. The proposed method monitors variables related to bearing capacity during pile installation and proposes an empirical equation to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of root piles. For the assessed piles, the predictions obtained with the proposed equations agreed fairly well with results from static load tests, proving it as a feasible and helpful option for the executive control of root piles, especially when load tests are not available.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Villordon, Arthur, and Heather Carroll. "Digital Image Analysis of Sweetpotato Storage Roots in Herbicide Trials." HortScience 37, no. 4 (2002): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.669.

Full text

Abstract:

Digital image analysis (DIA) was evaluated for use in assessing size and shape attributes of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] storage roots in herbicide studies. Digital image files of U.S. no. 1 storage roots were taken using a digital camera. Image analysis was performed using a publicly available software package. Eight size and shape attributes were measured and subjected to univariate and multivariate procedures. DIA revealed differences for storage root width and roundness attributes. Principal component analysis suggested that storage root length, width, and roundness best described the variability of the storage root sample. The results demonstrate the potential use of DIA in augmenting data from sweetpotato herbicide trials as well as other investigations that require information about storage root size and shape responses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Marron, Louise, Jennifer Rawlinson, Kirk McGilvray, and Ben Prytherch. "Comparison of Micro-Computed Tomography and Digital Intraoral Radiography to Determine the Accuracy of Digital Radiographic Measurements of Mandibular Molar Teeth in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 34, no. 4 (2017): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756417733327.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare root and root canal width measurements between digital intraoral radiography (IOR) and micro-computed tomography (μCT). The accuracy of IOR measurements of canine mandibular molars was scrutinized to assess feasibility of developing a model to estimate animal age based on dentinal thickness. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine canine mandibular first molars were imaged using μCT and IOR. For each tooth, the root and root canal width of the mesial and distal roots were measured by a single observer at 3 marked sites on μCT and IOR. Two different software programs were used to measure the radiographs. The radiograph measurements were compared to each other and to the μCT measurements. The μCT images were considered the anatomic reference standard for structural representation. Results: The data collected demonstrated IOR bias and variability throughout all measurement sites, with some sites being more affected than others. Neither IOR system produced unbiased measurements that closely reflected the μCT measurements consistently. The overall lack of agreement between measurements demonstrated the difficulties in developing a standardized protocol for measuring root and root canal width for the first molar teeth in dogs. Conclusion: Developing a protocol to accurately measure and compare μCT and IOR measurements is challenging. Designing a measurement system that would allow for universal application to age dogs would require continued research utilizing a standardized approach to overcome the limitations identified in this article.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

BERTOLI, Fernanda Mara Paiva, Carolina Dea BRUZAMOLIN, Flares BARATTO FILHO, et al. "Performance in vitro of apex locators in determining root length in primary molars." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 64, no. 3 (2016): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720160003000013230.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate performance of digital radiographic and two electronic apex locators, Propex II and Root ZX in root canal length determination in primary molars. Methods: 25 primary molars were divided into two groups, G1 without root resorption and G2 with root resorption. The exams were performed using all methods by two experienced examiners, with 1-week interval. The gold standard was determined by visual examination. The methods were statistically analyzed regarding the values of reproducibility and correlated with the gold standard by Pearson´s correlation coefficient. Results: The root canal length determination coincided with gold standard in 22.7% for Root ZX, 17.5% for Propex II and 12.5% for digital radiography. Correlation values were higher in G1, the Root ZX presented the highest values. In G2 the digital radiography showed the lowest correlation. In G1, the intra-examiner reproducibility values ranged from 0.925 to 0.523, and interexaminer 0.863 to 0.670. In G2, the values of intra-examiner reproducibility ranges from 0.864 to 0.097, and inter was 0.774 to 0.379. Conclusion: It was concluded that the methods performance varying according to examiner's experience. The Root ZX presented the highest reproducibility and accuracy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Sharifishoshtari, Sanaz, Mansour Jafarzadeh, Fateme Lalegani, and Nima Hesabi. "In Vitro Comparative Accuracy of PSP Digital Radiography and CBCT for Detection of Broken Nickel-Titanium Files in Endodontically Treated Root Canals." Galen Medical Journal 13, SP1 (2024): e3711. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v13isp1.3711.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of indirect photostimulable phosphor (PSP) digital radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detection of broken nickel-titanium (NiTi) files in endodontically treated root canals. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 108 extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars in 4 group (n=27) of positive control (root canal instrumentation and obturation), negative control (root canal instrumentation without obturation) and two experimental groups of file fracture with and without root canal obturation. The teeth underwent PSP digital radiography and CBCT, and the radiographs were evaluated by one oral radiologist and one endodontist twice. Presence/absence of a broken file in the root canals was reported using a 4-point scale. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated and compared for CBCT and PSP digital radiography. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of broken NiTi files in obturated canals were 51.9%, 59.3% and 55.6%, respectively for CBCT and 70.3%, 85%, and 77.8%, respectively for PSP radiography. These values were 81.4%, 59.3%, and 79.6%, respectively for CBCT and 85.1%, 81.4%, and 83.3%, respectively for PSP radiography in unfilled canals. PSP digital radiography was significantly superior to CBCT for detection of broken files in obturated (P=0.01) but not in unfilled (P=0.420) root canals. Conclusion: Considering the lower radiation dose and higher accuracy of PSP digital radiography than CBCT for detection of broken NiTi files in filled canals, and their comparable accuracy in unfilled canals, PSP digital radiography is recommended for this purpose.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

CARVALHO, AIRTON MARQUES DE, LUIZ DIEGO VIDAL SANTOS, FRANCISCO SANDRO RODRIGUES HOLANDA, ALCEU PEDROTTI, and GUILHERME MATOS ANTONIO. "DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING FOR EVALUATION OF PASPALUM MILLEGRANA SCHRAD ROOT SYSTEM1." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 1 (2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n111rc.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT The characterization of the plant root system is of great importance for the understanding of its contribution to soil shear resistance, constituting an important tool for decision making in soil bioengineering works. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and distribution characteristics of the root system of Paspalum millegrana Schrad. grass in Entisol using Digital Imaging Processing (DIP). The data were obtained by opening a soil pit to expose the root system of Paspalum grass up to 1.70 m depth. The profile wall and volumetric ring methods were used to collect quantitative information of the root system. The SAFIRA software and the ArcMAP software belonging to the ArcGIS suite were used for image processing. The profile wall method showed that Paspalum grass has a large volume of roots in the first 0.40 m to 1.30 m soil depth. It was observed that the root length and volume of Paspalum grass reach depths beyond 1.70 m, which is important to increase soil resistance to erosion processes. The profile wall method when compared to the volumetric ring method proved to be more efficient to understand the behavior of the Paspalum grass root system since it enables an assessment of its spatial distribution with better detailing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Melchior Filho, José, Alfran Moura, and Fernando Monteiro. "Contribution for a root pile installation control approach using a digital odometer." Soils and Rocks 45, no. 3 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.077121.

Full text

Abstract:

A root pile is a form of injection pile (cast-in-place with pressure, with very distinct construction aspects from the known micropile type). During the mortar shaft development, these piles are inserted using distinct injection pressures of up to 500 kPa. Static load tests are typically used to control root piles, which can be an expensive and time-consuming testing procedure. Static load tests were performed on eight monitored piles with diameters of 350 and 410 mm to investigate root pile performance control during pile installation. This research presents a refined and developed alternative methodology for confirming root pile performance using a digital odometer attached to the drill rig’s rotatory head. The methodology consists of monitoring variables obtained during pile installation related to pile bearing capacity. Moreover, empirical equations with simple and relevant applications to estimate root pile bearing capacity during installation are proposed. The developed equations produced results consistent with the values obtained from static load testing on the test piles. Therefore, the results suggest that the proposed methodology is a viable alternative for root pile performance control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Kositbowornchai, S., R. Nuansakul, S. Sikram, S. Sinahawattana, and S. Saengmontri. "Root fracture detection: a comparison of direct digital radiography with conventional radiography." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 30, no. 2 (2001): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600587.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVES To compare the diagnostic potential of direct digital radiography with conventional film for detecting experimental root fractures. METHODS Two hundred and one extracted single-rooted human teeth were endodontically instrumented and divided into two groups, a control group of 100 teeth and a fractured group of 101 teeth in which root fractures were produced experimentally. Each tooth was imaged using the paralleling technique with a CCD-based digital system and D-speed film. The images were interpreted by an experienced radiologist without prior knowledge of the distribution of the root fractures. The degree of agreement in detecting root fractures with each imaging system compared with the actual condition was expressed as the kappa value. The difference between the radiographic systems was then assessed by chi(2)-test at the 95% significance level. RESULTS There was substantial agreement between the digital system and the actual condition (kappa=0.71; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.62 to 0.80) and close agreement between the film and the actual condition (kappa=0.63; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.53 to 0.74). However, this difference was not significantly different (P=0.2). CONCLUSIONS The performance of CCD-based digital radiography in detecting root fractures is similar to film-based radiography.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Couso-Queiruga, Emilio, Uzair Ahmad, Hanan Elgendy, Christopher Barwacz, Oscar González-Martín, and Gustavo Avila-Ortiz. "Characterization of Extraction Sockets by Indirect Digital Root Analysis." International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 41, no. 1 (2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11607/prd.4969.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gribbe, Stella, Gesche Blume-Werry, and John Couwenberg. "Digital, Three-Dimensional Visualization of Root Systems in Peat." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010013.

Full text

Abstract:

Belowground plant structures are inherently difficult to observe in the field. Sedge peat that mainly consists of partly decayed roots and rhizomes offers a particularly challenging soil matrix to study (live) plant roots. To obtain information on belowground plant morphology, research commonly relies on rhizotrons, excavations, or computerized tomography scans (CT). However, all of these methods have certain limitations. For example, CT scans of peat cores cannot sharply distinguish between plant material and water, and rhizotrons do not provide a 3D structure of the root system. Here, we developed a low-cost approach for 3D visualization of the root system in peat monoliths. Two large diameter (20 cm) peat cores were extracted, frozen and two smaller peat monoliths (47 × 6.5 × 13 cm) were taken from each core. Slices of 0.5 mm or 1 mm were cut from one of the frozen monoliths, respectively, using a paper block cutter and the freshly cut surface of the monolith was photographed after each cut. A 3D model of the fresh (live) roots and rhizomes was reconstructed from the resulting images of the thinner slices based on computerized image analysis, including preprocessing, filtering, segmentation and 3D visualization using the open-source software Fiji, Drishti, and Ilastik. Digital volume measurements on the models produced similar data as manual washing out of roots from the adjacent peat monoliths. The constructed 3D models provide valuable insight into the three-dimensional structure of the root system in the peat matrix.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Kravitz, Les H., Donald A. Tyndall, Charles P. Bagnell, and S. Brent Dove. "Assessment of external root resorption using digital subtraction radiography." Journal of Endodontics 18, no. 6 (1992): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80954-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Pateña, George, and Keith T. Ingram. "Digital Acquisition and Measurement of Peanut Root Minirhizotron Images." Agronomy Journal 92, no. 3 (2000): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.923541x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Lebowitz, R. J. "Digital image analysis measurement of root length and diameter." Environmental and Experimental Botany 28, no. 3 (1988): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(88)90037-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Suvarnaphaet, P., V. Tanmala, and M. Kanjanamaneesathian. "A nondestructive method to assess rot root severity of Lactuca sativa L." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5705.

Full text

Abstract:

Root rot disease caused by aquatic fungi such as Aphanomyces sp and Pythium sp is prevalent in Lactuca sativa grown in a dynamic root floating technique (DRFT) hydroponic system in Phetchaburi College of Agriculture and Technology Thailand Roots of this plant have been severely infected with these fungi and plant growth has been affected resulting in a decline of yield over time Symptoms of root rot are initially characterised by tissue discoloration in some parts of the root followed by a loss of tissue integrity of the whole root In the DRFT system root rot symptoms of L sativa range from severe (complete) root rot to a healthylooking root (no symptoms)This study investigated the potential for using digital images as an objective tool for assessing disease severity with the aim of the tool being applied by assessors with no previous experience in disease assessment Lactuca sativa that had been grown in DRFT for 30 days and had various degrees of root rot symptoms were selected for the study Visual evaluation of the diseased root indicated that there were six levels of disease severity with root colour ranging from white (healthy looking) to completely black (severe root rot)When the diseased root samples were subjected to digital image analysis between the black and white extremes there was one shade of grey and three shades of brown The images of these six levels of severity were analysed using Hunter L a and b values It was found that the six levels of root rot severity could be distinguished based upon the L parameters The value of Lightness (Hunter L) which is transformed from RGB digital image (using a color calculator in http//wwweasyrgbcom) decreased exponentially (from severity level 1 to 6) with a constant value at 048 This indicates that digital image analysis using this simple tool can be utilised to objectively assess root rot disease in L sativa Once this technology is thoroughly studied developed and validated for lettuce growing in the DRFT system there is potential for it to be a useful tool to assist lettuce growers in making a decision to implement control measures

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Tagliavini, M., L. J. Veto, and N. E. Looney. "Measuring Root Surface Area and Mean Root Diameter of Peach Seedlings by Digital Image Analysis." HortScience 28, no. 11 (1993): 1129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.11.1129.

Full text

Abstract:

Using area profile integration software and an image processing system, we reliably estimated total root surface area of intact each [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] seedlings by 1) producing high-quality monochromatic video images under preset and constant conditions; 2) determining a threshold gray intensity value that differentiates the finest roots on the image; 3) producing a binary image where all pixels with gray values above the threshold are black; 4) determining the proportion of black pixels on the 480× 512-pixel matrix; and 5) multiplying this two-dimensional root surface value by π to estimate total root surface area. Normalized intensity (an average intensity weighted according to the proportion of the binary image in each gray scale class) was calculated using software that superimposed the video image on the binary image and was used to estimate mean root diameter. Evidence of reliability and examples of the use of both estimates are provided.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Wei Chan, Chloe Xiao, Wee Kheng Leow, Alan Ho-lun Cheng, and Kelvin Weng Chiong Foong. "The geometric relationship between root length and root surface area determined from digital tooth models." Computers in Biology and Medicine 191 (June 2025): 110189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110189.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Tonny, Tania Afrin, and Faraha Nawaz. "Digital Violence against Women in Bangladesh: Unpacking its Causes and Effects." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 26, no. 1 (2024): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-02601005.

Full text

Abstract:

Gender norms play a crucial role both in the expansion of digital violence and in its effects. Unlike other studies on digital violence which focus on the different forms of such actions against women, this paper identifies the root causes and gendered effects of digital violence in Bangladesh. This research recruits a qualitative approach using literature review and in-depth interviews. It uses holistic coding for data analysis and the findings highlight the root causes and effects of digital violence against women in Bangladesh. The causes include abuse of digital platforms, a lack of accountability mechanisms, financial interest, and patriarchal dominance over digital spaces. Practices of patriarchy through digital platforms can also result in social exclusion for women. The paper ends with recommendations to combat digital violence against women.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Shi, Jiayi. "A Comparative Study of China and U.S.: The Influence of Digital Divide on Education Inequality and Its Mitigating Policies." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 64, no. 1 (2024): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/64/20240937.

Full text

Abstract:

Under the digital age, the method of learning expanded to the virtual setting. With resources shared through online platforms, digital divide became a new problem in achieving education equality. This paper intends to examine the effect of digital divide on educational system in the U.S. and China from a comparative perspective. This study adopts literature review as its research method. Types of digital divide that occurs in the two countries showcase some similarities, yet the factors attributing to the educational digital divide varies widely. Educational divide exists in different social groups. Systematic and cultural differences are the root behind these factors. In the U.S., digital divide occurred due to differences at multiple levels: race, state, schools, and family SES. In China, digital divide occurs due to geological divergence, generational division, and social class. The root Moreover, mitigating policies from the two countries illustrate how the U.S. and China access the issue from different perspective. The root behind such contrast is the difference in the two countries social system and cultural attitudes. The two countries can inspire each other and the world in creating better solutions to solve this new form of education inequality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Wicht, S., P. Pfeiffer, U. Rother, I. Nergiz, and P. Schmage. "Gray Value Differences to Dentin of Root Posts Radiographed with Digital Intraoral Systems and Conventional X-ray Films." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 1 (2011): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-121-l.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Faraj, Bestoon Mohammed. "Preoperative Estimation of Endodontic Working Length with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Standardized Paralleling Technique in comparison to Its Real Length." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 10, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7890127.

Full text

Abstract:

An accurate estimation of the working canal length is essential for successful root canal treatment. This study is aimed at investigating the diagnostic accuracy of root canal length estimation on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and digital paralleling radiographs (PAs), using the real canal length as a gold standard, and at evaluating the influence of canal curvature on this estimation. Sixty extracted human premolar teeth were selected for this study. Root canal length measurement was performed on CBCT scans (NewTom, Giano, Verona, Italy) and digital paralleling radiography (EzRay Air W; Vatech, Korea). The real working length was established by subtracting 0.5 mm from the actual canal length. No significant difference was found between CBCT and digital paralleling radiography. There was a tendency for underestimation of the root canal length measured on the CBCT images in 52 (86.7%) of the examined teeth and overestimation in 5 teeth (8.3%). All the digital radiographs slightly overestimated the real canal length. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between the estimation from moderate to severe curvature for digital radiography and CBCT images. Preoperative working length estimation can be made closest to its real clinical canal length on the standardized paralleling technique, using a long (16-inch) target-receptor distance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Caroline Solda, Volmir João Fornari, Mateus Silveira Hartmann, Flávia Baldissarelli, Fabiana Corralo dos Santos, and José Roberto Vanni. "Evaluation of three root canal filling techniques through digital radiograph." RSBO 11, no. 3 (2015): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v11i3.857.

Full text

Abstract:

Endodontic obturation consists of root canal filling by antiseptic or inert materials that promote a three-dimensional sealing and stimulate the repair process without interfering with it. Different obturation techniques and materials have been proposed to meet this requirement. Objective: To compare the root canal filling promoted by lateral condensation technique, Tagger's hybrid technique and McSpadden technique by assessing the filling quality through digital radiograph. Material and methods: A total of 45 extracted single-rooted human teeth were used and randomly divided into three experimental groups. After instrumentation, the teeth were filled by lateral condensation (n=15), Hybrid Tagger (n=15), and McSpadden techniques (n=15). Then, digital radiographs were taken with projected increased 10 times, at mesial-distal and buccolingual directions. Results: Visually, few empty spaces were detected at the three root thirds of teeth filled by different techniques. However, statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) found no differences among the different groups, neither among the different thirds nor between both incidences evaluated. Conclusion: It was concluded that the three obturation techniques exhibited similar behavior in relation to the sealing of the root canal through digital radiograph.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Dzeletovic, Bojan, Ivana Bosnjak, Djordje Antonijevic, Jovan Badnjar, Zoran Petrov, and Vanja Opacic-Galic. "Radiopacity of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers using digital imaging." Serbian Dental Journal 68, no. 4 (2021): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs2104189d.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction. Adequate radiopacity of endodontic sealers allows radiographic visualization, assessment of root canal filling quality and its clinical follow-up after obturation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the radiopacity of Bio-Root RCS, MTA Fillapex, Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer, GuttaFlow Bioseal in comparison to AH Plus sealer, as a gold standard in clinical practice. Material and methods. Sealer specimens, 2 mm thick and 5 mm in diameter, were radiographed with an aluminum stepwedge using digital imaging system. Radiographic densities of the specimens were shown as mean greyscale values (Adobe Photoshop CS4 software) and expressed as mmAl/mm of the material. ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey test was used, significance was set at 0.05. Results. Differences in radiopacity between tested endodontic sealers were statistically significant except the difference between BioRoot RCS and GuttaFlow Bioseal. Conclusion. Radiopacities of all evaluated calcium silicate-based sealers were higher than minimal values recommended by standards. AH Plus sealer had the highest radiopacity, while calcium silicate-based sealers showed lower values, from BioRoot RCS, followed by GuttaFlow Bioseal, to MTA Fillapex, in descending order, and Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer with the lowest values.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Mattupalli, Chakradhar, Anand Seethepalli, Larry M. York, and Carolyn A. Young. "Digital Imaging to Evaluate Root System Architectural Changes Associated with Soil Biotic Factors." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 2 (2019): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-12-18-0062-r.

Full text

Abstract:

Root system architecture is critical for plant growth, which is influenced by several edaphic, environmental, genetic, and biotic factors including beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Studying root system architecture and the dynamic changes that occur during a plant’s lifespan, especially for perennial crops growing over multiple growing seasons, is still a challenge because of the nature of their growing environment. We describe the utility of an imaging platform called RhizoVision Crown to study root system architecture of alfalfa, a perennial forage crop threatened by Phymatotrichopsis root rot (PRR) disease. Phymatotrichopsis omnivora is the causal agent of PRR disease that reduces alfalfa stand longevity. During the lifetime of the stand, PRR disease rings enlarge and the field can be categorized into three zones based upon plant status: asymptomatic, disease front and survivor. To study root system architectural changes associated with PRR, a 4-year-old 25.6-ha alfalfa stand infested with PRR was selected at the Red River Farm, Burneyville, OK during October 2017. Line transect sampling was conducted from four actively growing PRR disease rings. At each disease ring, six line transects were positioned spanning 15 m on either side of the disease front with one alfalfa root crown sampled at every 3 m interval. Each alfalfa root crown was imaged with the RhizoVision Crown platform using a backlight and a high-resolution monochrome CMOS camera enabling preservation of the natural root system integrity. The platform’s image analysis software, RhizoVision Analyzer, automatically segmented images, skeletonized, and extracted a suite of features. Data indicated that the survivor plants compensated for damage or loss to the taproot through the development of more lateral and crown roots, and that a suite of multivariate features could be used to automatically classify roots as from survivor or asymptomatic zones. Root growth is a dynamic process adapting to ever changing interactions among various phytobiome components. By utilizing the low-cost, efficient, and high-throughput RhizoVision Crown platform, we quantified these changes in a mature perennial forage crop.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Ogawa, Kaho, Yoshiki Ishida, Yukinori Kuwajima, et al. "Accuracy of a Method to Monitor Root Position Using a 3D Digital Crown/Root Model during Orthodontic Treatments." Tomography 8, no. 2 (2022): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography8020045.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of a method of predicting post-movement root position during orthodontic treatment using a 3D digital crown/root model (3DCRM) created with pre-movement records of both cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and dental arch digital scans. Pre- and post-movement CBCT scans and dental arch digital scans of five patients who had completed orthodontic treatments were used in this study. The 3DCRM was superimposed onto the post-movement scanned dental arch to identify the post-movement root position (test method). Post-movement CBCT (referenced as the current method) served as the control to identify the actual post-movement root position. 3D-coordinate analysis revealed no significant differences between the test and current methods along the X and Y axes. However, the discrepancy on the Z axis (especially in cases of intrusion) was greater than that in all other directions for all three tooth types examined (p < 0.05). A strong positive correlation between the degree of discrepancy and the distance of tooth movement was observed on the Z axis (r = 0.71). The 3DCRM method showed promising potential to accurately predict root position during orthodontic treatments without the need for a second CBCT. However, root resorption, which affected the Z axis prediction, needs to be closely monitored using periapical radiographs to complement this method.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Rui, Qiuzhi, Ryosuke Tajima, Rongling Ye, Emi Kameoka, Donghe Xu, and Koki Homma. "A method for estimating root volume and total root length using images of soybean root in hydroculture taken by digital camera." Plant Root 19 (2025): 30–37. https://doi.org/10.3117/plantroot.19.30.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Shah, Nitin, Sarita Singh, Jyoti Mandlik, Kalpana Pawar, Paras Gupta, and Shoaib Ali Shaik. "An in vivo Evaluation of Different Methods of Working Length Determination." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 4 (2013): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1378.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the ability of digital tactile, digital radiographic and electronic methods to determine reliability in locating the apical constriction. Materials and methods Informed consent was obtained from patients scheduled for orthodontic extraction. The teeth were anesthetized, isolated and accessed. The canals were negotiated, pulp chamber and canals were irrigated and pulp was extirpated. The working length was then evaluated for each canal by digital tactile sensation, an electronic apex locator (The Root ZX) and digital radiography. The readings were then compared with post-extraction working length measurements. Results The percentage accuracy indicated that EAL method (Root ZX) shows maximum accuracy, i.e. 99.85% and digital tactile and digital radiographic method (DDR) showed 98.20 and 97.90% accuracy respectively. Clinical significance Hence, it can be concluded that the EAL method (Root ZX) produced most reliable results for determining the accurate working length. How to cite this article Mandlik J, Shah N, Pawar K, Gupta P, Singh S, Shaik SA. An in vivo Evaluation of Different Methods of Working Length Determination. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):644-648.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Faraj, Bestoon Mohammed. "Estimation Accuracy of Root Canal Curvatures from Different Dental Diagnostic Imaging Techniques: An In Vitro Experimental Study." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699635.

Full text

Abstract:

In clinical endodontics, preoperative estimation of root canal curvature is crucial regarding the prevention of iatrogenic errors. Reproduction of the two-dimensional radiographic images causes certain proximal view curvatures not seen. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating the degree of root canal curvature identified in different radiographic views. A total of 60 human permanent single-rooted teeth with varying degrees of curvature were selected. The root canal curvature for each tooth was measured on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (clinical view), standard digital periapical view (0° angle), digital periapical horizontal parallax view (30° angle), and digital periapical proximal view (0° angle), by using the Schneider method. No statistically significant difference was found in the degree of curvatures estimated on CBCT images and standard digital periapical view (0° angle) in the same tooth. The results revealed a significant difference between the proximal view and the other three groups ( p < 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in this respect between the horizontal parallax view (30° angle), clinical view (CBCT images), and standard digital periapical view ( p > 0.05 ). Proximal view curvatures cannot be predicted or estimated only from examining a clinical view radiograph. A horizontal parallax view (30° angle) is highly recommended as specific guidelines on how to estimate root canal curvature in case difficulty assessment protocols.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Gurskaya, N., E. Rustamov, and D. Ashrafov. "METHOD OF TARGETED PREPARATION OF HARD DENTAL TISSUES USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES." Slovak international scientific journal, no. 92 (February 14, 2025): 40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14869978.

Full text

Abstract:

At the moment, the problem of human congenital pathology remains relevant. Hereditary changes also manifest themselves in the maxillofacial region, in particular expressed as a violation of the structure of dental tissues [4, 5]. Dentinogenesis imperfecta is one of the most well-known forms of hereditary anomalies of dentin formation. This disease occurs with a frequency of about 1:8000 people [1].

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Digital root'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles