Academic literature on the topic 'Digitalized primary sources'

when I wanted to enrich the social studies curriculum, I needed additional materials to supplement the textbook. I made endless trips to the public library to find supplementary resources. When my students participated in National History Day® or conducted other historical research, they often struggled to locate primarysource materials. Some students traveled to the Library of Congress or to national and university libraries. With the advent of the Internet, finding enrichment materials and primary source materials in history and the social sciences has become much easier. Primary source material is much more accessible since the Library of Congress and other institutes, museums, and libraries have begun to digitalize their collections. In addition, historical accounts, economic reports, maps, political commentaries, and demographic information abound on the Internet. Now, instead of going to the library, I log onto to the Internet first.

Amidst fluctuating, turbulent and ever-changing market environment across the globe the market concepts have transformed drastically. The leaps and bounds of digital marketing encompass the global marketing scenario. The cut-throat competition and massive pace with changing business practices has compelled to redesign ethical connotation of present marketing houses. The present study focuses the broad domains viz. morality, word-of-mouth practices, value based advertisements, decision making phenomenon and unethical constraints as the proponent in the digital marketing platform with ethical considerations. The aim of the paper is to identify the items that may be considered to design the MO-CE-SA-PU-EM Scale. The main source of conceptualizing the domains is formulated with related literature and experts opinions comprising both academicians and practicing market executives in the industry in Kolkata as well as across the country through primary and secondary collection methods. A scale would be created involving essential considerations of the paper with the identifiable domains. These would be considered as independent variables and the notion of ethics in digitalized marketing as dependent variable. The implication of the study is that it throws considerable light about the role of ethics in marketing domains and has the potentials to significantly impact marketing business for 21st century digitalized business enterprises.

Primary HLH is a rare, genetic immune-mediated disorder characterized by severe immune activation and hyperinflammation. It is associated with progressive immune-mediated organ damage and is fatal if untreated. Once HLH is diagnosed, therapy should be started as soon as possible to reduce the hyperinflammation, then allowing patients to be offered the only potentially curative treatment, namely hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Conventional treatment (CVT) for newly diagnosed patients comprises off-label use of dexamethasone, etoposide and cyclosporine as per the HLH-94 and HLH-2004 protocol (Trottestam et al. Blood 2011; Bergsten et al. Blood 2017). Emapalumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes IFN-gamma, is approved in the USA for treatment of adult and pediatric patients with primary HLH presenting with refractory, recurrent or progressive disease or intolerance to CVT. In the absence of comparators and head-to-head studies, we conducted a naïve, adjusted treatment comparison of emapalumab versus CVT. A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies that reported clinical efficacy data for CVT in primary HLH. The key relevant data source for CVT (Bergsten 2017), recruited solely treatment-naïve patients. Data from CVT treatment-experienced patients were not identified. Clinical efficacy data for emapalumab were derived from a single-arm trial (Locatelli et al. New Engl J Med 2020) and consisted of treatment-experienced patients who previously received CVT for HLH (mainly re-intensified HLH 94/04 protocol; n=27), aligned to the licensed indication. A comparison between emapalumab and CVT using simulated trial comparison or match-adjusted indirect comparison was not possible due to scarcity of comparable clinical data and sample size limitations. The comparison of baseline characteristics revealed several differences, which increased uncertainty in the estimates of relative efficacy (Table 1). Two analyses were carried out: an unadjusted comparison between emapalumab and CVT, which was limited due to the inability to account for differences between the two trials, and an adjusted comparison in which a third source was used to correct for the subgroup effect on mortality in a treatment-experienced versus a treatment-naïve population. In the unadjusted comparison, post-HSCT overall survival (OS) curves were digitalized from Bergsten 2017. The treatment effect of emapalumab versus CVT was estimated by comparing the mortality observed in treatment-experienced emapalumab patients to the mortality in the CVT-naïve population at 78 weeks using Bergsten 2017 (digitalized 5-year OS curve). The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was estimated at HR=0.32. The resulting survival trends are captured in Figure 1. It was considered that treatment-experienced patients are expected to be in a poorer condition and have worse prognosis than treatment-naive patients; therefore, the unadjusted comparison may be considered as conservative for emapalumab. For the adjusted comparison, the data from Mahlaoui et al. Pediatrics 2007 was used to account for the subgroup effect (that treatment-experienced patients have worse prognosis than treatment-naïve patients). In this study, 17/22 (77%) treatment-naive and 4/8 (50%) treatment-experienced patients survived to the end of the study. The HR for treatment-naive versus treatment-experienced patients was estimated to be HR=2.69. The HR for this subgroup was used to adjust survival outcomes reported for the treatment-naive population in Bergsten 2017 (HR=0.32), in order to predict survival for a CVT-experienced population (i.e. generate an estimated survival curve assuming patients were treated with re-intensified HLH-2004). The subgroup effect was assumed to decrease from HR=2.69 at week 78 to HR=1.0 at 2 years, which implied that no further subgroup effect has been assumed beyond 2 years. The resulting OS trends are reported in Figure 2. OS estimates were consistent and favored emapalumab over frontline CVT both in the unadjusted and adjusted comparisons, however, there were limited data to inform the adjusted comparison; the only available study, Mahlaoui 2007, had a small sample size. Emapalumab may provide an efficacy benefit compared with CVT for the treatment of primary HLH patients who are intolerant or refractory to CVT. Disclosures Dewilde: Sobi: Consultancy. Nivelle:Sobi: Consultancy. Griffiths:Sobi: Consultancy. Wilson:Sobi: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Nazir:Sobi: Current Employment. Pochopien:Sobi: Consultancy. Locatelli:Jazz Pharmaceeutical: Speakers Bureau; Medac: Speakers Bureau; Miltenyi: Speakers Bureau; Bellicum Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine advertising placed within Kai Tiaki: The Journal of Nurses of New Zealand. The periodization for this study is 1908-1929, a chronological time span and approach that incorporates the first issue of the Kai Tiaki in 1908 and ending 1929, thus representing the launch of the journal and first two decades of its production. During this period, New Zealand nursing was emerging as an organised and professionalised body of health-care workers. At the same time, New Zealand, Britain’s most distant “dominion”, was beginning to realise its own nationhood and growth. Design/methodology/approach The primary source of data was digitalised Kai Tiaki issues between 1908 and 1929. Each four issues for every year were analysed. All advertisements were coded (n = 1895), followed by a qualitative content analysis in which key themes were derived. Findings Five overarching themes were found. The two main themes were the proliferation of therapeutic “tonics” and the second the relationship of nurses to them that was profiled by advertisers. The three remaining themes were accommodations, lifestyle and the nurses “role” as nurse, handmaiden or mother. Conclusions discuss reasons for key findings, and, in particular, the reinforcement of the traditional nursing role, which was often at odds with the increased technological roles and responsibilities nurses were undertaking. In turn, advertisers saw the nursing profession as a new and potentially lucrative market of women with disposable income and influence in the health field. Originality/value To date, there is a scarcity of marketing analysis that examines advertising placed in trade journals and in particular for early twentieth century health-care professionals. Through a lens of advertising analysis, this study investigates the advertising nursing readership of the day was exposed to and the motives and tactics used by those interested in expanding both health-care worker and consumer markets through a singular strategy.

RESUMEN: La presente investigación tiene el objetivo de analizar los atributos tecnológicos y de los recursos didácticos del libro de texto digitalizado empleado de forma obligatoria desde el 1° al 6° grado de educación primaria en México. Para fines del artículo, se estudiaron sólo las asignaturas de ciencias naturales, historia y geografía. El desarrollo del proceso metodológico, fue de corte cuantitativo-descriptivo basado en dos dimensiones: la tecnológica y la de recursos didácticos; el procedimiento se acompañó de tres fases: a) Identificación de los libros de texto gratuitos digitalizados de las asignaturas de ciencias naturales en 3°, 4°, 5° y 6° e historia en los últimos tresgrados; b) Identificación y revisión de los enlaces disponibles en los libros de textogratuito digitalizados de las respectivasasignaturas; y c) Tipificación de los enlaces contenidos en enlaces en los temas, referenciasy fuentes de cada asignatura antesmencionada. Entre los principales resultados destaca, que, en México, los libros de texto gratuitos digitalizados, distan significativamente de las características generales con los que son descritos en otros países, además, carecen de las ventajas mínimas necesarias relacionadas con el uso potencial del recurso, aunado a la insuficiencia de enlaces que presentan algunos libros, donde incluso, diversos enlaces no funcionan correctamente o están inactivos. Otro aspecto relevante, está implícitamente relacionado con la disposición de recursos como son los dispositivos electrónicos que permitirían su consulta, así como la escaza accesibilidad a internet y la notoria desigualdad en la distribución de esos recursos.
 PALABRAS CLAVE: libros de texto; libros de texto digitalizados; atributos tecnológicos y recursos didácticos; educación básica; México.
 
 ABSTRACT: The present investigation has the objective of analyzing the technological attributes and the didactic resources of the digitized textbook used in a compulsory manner from the first to the 6th grade of primary education in Mexico. For the purposes of the article, only the subjects of natural sciences, history and geography were studied. The development of the methodological process was quantitative-descriptive, based on two dimensions: the technological and the didactic resources; The procedure was accompanied by three phases: a) Identification of digitized free textbooks of natural science subjects in grades 3, 4, 5 and 6, and history in the last three grades; b) Identification and review of the links available in the digitized free textbooks of the respective subjects; and c) Typification of the links contained in links in the subjects, references and sources of each subject mentioned above. Among the main results, it is worth noting that, in Mexico, digitized free textbooks are significantly different from the general characteristics with which they are described in other countries, and they also lack the minimum necessary advantages related to the potential use of the resource, combined to the insufficiency of links that some books present, where even, several links do not work correctly or are inactive. Another relevant aspect is implicitly related to the availability of resources such as the electronic devices that would allow their consultation, as well as the scarce accessibility to the Internet and the notorious inequality in the distribution of those resources.
 KEYWORDS: textbooks; digitized textbooks; technological attributes and didactic resources; basic education; Mexico.

In South Africa, government departments are under legislative obligations to adopt a systematic and organised approach to the management of records. This is because sound records management is fundamental for good governance and effective and efficient administration of government units. This article analyses records management trends at Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). Qualitative desktop research was used with key legislative and policy sources, StatsSA documents and international literature. The study revealed that numerous challenges existed in the organisation’s records management. These challenges include: creation of the record retention and disposal authority granted by the Archivist; stakeholder relations and engagement; compliance with the National Archives and Records Services of South Africa (NARSSA) Act No. 43 of 1996 as the primary legislation for records and archives management in South Africa; and digitalization and transformation. The article recommends that the resource centre be digitalized by adopting the Millennium and Sierra Integrated Library Systems software for records management, skills development archiving and enhanced stakeholder relations. An effective and efficient records and archives management system promotes good governance, accountability, and transparency.

With a newly established multi-anvil press in the Tokyo Institute of Technology, we have carried out a series of melting experiments on peridotite KLB-1 up to 6.5 GPa. Melt fractions of the peridotite were determined in a wide P-T range using extensive X -ray mapping analysis of run products by EPMA and a digitalized back-scattered electron image technique. Compositions of partial melts and solid residues were determined in the whole melting range up to 6.5 GPa. Given quantitative information on mantle melting, we discuss conditions of melting of various basalt magmas and the nature of their source materials. Our conclusions are consistent with the hypothesis that typical mid oceanic ridge basalts represent low pressure ( ca . 1 GPa), low temperature ( T p ≈ 1300 °C) partial melting products of mantle peridotite. Island arc picritic tholeiites may also be regarded as partial melts of a peridotitic source, at 1-2 GPa pressures and T p ranging from 1400 to 1500 °C. However, proposed primary magmas for Hawaiian tholeiite are difficult to produce by partial melting of typical mantle peridotite at any depth under anhydrous conditions. Source materials for magmas in large hotspots (e.g. Hawaii, Iceland and some continental flood basalts (CFBS)) may be anomalously enriched in FeO and TiO 2 relative to typical upper mantle peridotites such as KLB-1.

Despite the rise of the global availability of biodiversity data by digitisation, essential regions of the world remain poorly documented (Peterson et al. 2015). Research-neglected regions that lack quality information, are mainly the species-rich and developing nations (Gaikwad and Chavan 2006). Mozambique is an African country without a wide-ranging knowledge regarding its fauna’s diversity and distribution (Neves et al. 2018). Undeniably, this country's knowledge gaps constitute a significant impediment for the improvement of effective conservation measures. Primary species occurrence data across dispersed data sources can be a cost-effective resource for boosting knowledge about a country’s biodiversity. Aiming to aggregate a comprehensive dataset of Mozambique’s terrestrial mammals, we compiled primary species occurrence data from dispersed data sources. The produced dataset not only gathered digitalised accessible knowledge (DAK) from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and natural history collections, but also retrieved and digitalised species occurrence data enclosed in grey and scientific literature. Particularly for poorly documented countries, filling data gaps are crucial for new and broad insights for biodiversity research and preservation. Thus, quantification of the effects of data digitisation and mobilisation goes beyond the specific goals of organisations, institutions or data-sharing resources. The impact of data digitisation should be disseminated, not only by the number of publications and times data are accessed (Nelson and Ellis 2018), but also by the actual achievements in regions covered by DAK. To highlight the impact of further data digitisation in a poorly documented country, we examine the effective gain of further digitisation and data cleaning on the terrestrial mammals from Mozambique. We demonstrate the increase in the overall knowledge, not merely in terms of number of species, number of records, and country’s coverage, but from the production of outputs with potential value for data-driven conservation research and planning. More than 17000 records were compiled. The digitisation of data in literature as well as data cleaning and quality improvements resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of DAK, which acknowledges Mozambique’s high species diversity (Fig. 1). The digitisation and data mobilisation hereby described allowed for the update of the country’s terrestrial mammals checklist (Neves et al. 2018). The final dataset also expands the knowledge of the most poorly documented provinces, allowing generation of a data-driven proposal of priority areas to survey (in review). Also, an assessment of Mozambique’s conservation network effectiveness for mammal protection was performed, and additional relevant areas were suggested (in prep.). The dataset compiled is an important "stepping stone" towards an enhanced knowledge of Mozambique’s fauna. Biodiversity conservation and management in developing countries rich in natural resources, which often must deal with a lack of internal capacity for applied research and conservation actions, are challenges. Considering that digitisation and mobilisation of biodiversity data are resourceful processes for improving knowledge, collaborative work between institutions of those countries and international data-provider communities could, in the short term, successfully improve the information baseline to support decision-making in future conservation and management actions.

In recent years, the Swedish educational system has undergone considerable change. A new curriculum and swift digitization via the implementation of the "one-to-one" system have increased the call for new teaching methods in schools. Previous research indicates that working with primary sources can enhance students’ historical thinking and historical empathy. The present licentiate dissertation aims to investigate Swedish upper secondary school students’ use of critical thinking and historical empathy when utilizing digitized primary sources, such as the parish registers stored in the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University.         Five classes in grades 1-3, comprising 110 students, in the ages 16 to 19, and three teachers participated in the study. The students were assigned with compiling a report based on the digitised primary source material and presenting their findings in a written paper or oral presentation. The study was evaluated through (1) interviews with students and teachers, (2) classroom observation of the students while working with the material, (3) questionnaires on the students´ view of history, and (4) the completed assignments.           The study shows that all the students achieved some result based on the information found in the digitised primary sources. While they applied historical empathy and historical thinking, it was mixed with presentism. The majority did not make use of corroboration, but those who did displayed more examples of historical thinking and historical empathy, primarily evident in grades 2 and 3 and in the free discussions held after the presentations. The students’ perception of primary sources shifted as a result of this exercise: Their preference for using primary sources had increased, although their trust in primary sources had simultaneously decreased. Teachers and students alike were generally satisfied with the assignment but argued that the database needed improvement in order to enhance its usefulness. Over the course of the assignment, students frequently expressed that the individuals in the digitized material came to life for them, generating feelings of empathy.         The study’s contribution to history didactics is twofold. First, it clearly demonstrates how upper secondary students can make use of historical thinking and historical empathy when studying digitised parish records, even though they have difficulty contextualizing their results. Secondly, it provides insight into how Swedish students learn history and the kind of history that interests them. The results are predominantly in agreement with those from previous studies but this study is pioneering in basing its findings on primary sources that are digitised.<br>En dator till varje elev, det som ofta kallas en-till-en, har skapat nya förutsättningar för undervisning. I denna studie får gymnasieelever arbeta med digitaliserade primärkällor i historieundervisningen. Elevernas förmåga att använda historiskt tänkande, historisk empati och kontextualisering undersöks, och elevernas inställning till historieämnet kartläggs före och efter mötet med de digitaliserade källorna. Samtliga elever klarar av att genomföra sökningar i det digitaliserade källmaterialet, och de uppvisar i högre eller lägre grad historiskt tänkande, historisk empati och kontextualisering under lektionerna och i sina skriftliga och muntliga redovisningar. Elevernas inställning till historieämnet påverkas i viss mån. Främst förändras deras syn på primärkällor.