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1

Drakenberg, Torbjörn, Peter Brodelius, Deane D. McIntyre, and Hans J. Vogel. "Structural studies of digitoxin and related cardenolides by two-dimensional NMR." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 2 (1990): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-037.

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The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the cardenolides digitoxigenin, digoxigenin, digitoxin, and mono- and bis-digitoxigenin digitoxosides have been completely assigned by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The techniques used include phase-sensitive COSY, multiple relay COSY, and carbon–proton correlation (HETCOR and HMQC) spectra. Various aspects of the solution conformation of the steroid moiety of digitoxin and digoxigenin could be determined from coupling constants and NOE difference experiments and they are indicative of an all-chair conformation. The carbohydrate rings in digitoxin and the mono
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2

Jensen, Kjell Briseid. "Fluorimetric Determination of Digitoxigenin." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 9, no. 1 (2009): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1953.tb02930.x.

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3

Kutney, James P., Krystyna Piotrowska, John Somerville, Shyh-Pyng Huang, and Steven J. Rettig. "The chemistry of thujone. XIII. Synthetic studies in the digitoxigenin series." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 4 (1989): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-088.

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The thujone-derived chiral synthon 1 is converted, via selenium chmistry, to the important cross-conjugated dienone 2 and the latter is then convertible to the unsaturated cardenolide analogue 3, which through known methodology (3 → 26 → 27 → 4), completes a formal synthesis of digitoxigenin (4). Extensive studies to afford 2 from androstenedione (5) are also described and a new approach to elaborate the essential butenolide ring system, characteristic of the cardiac active steroids, is developed. Keywords: thujone, steroid synthesis, digitoxigenin.
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4

Honma, Masahiro, and Masahisa Nakada. "Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-digitoxigenin." Tetrahedron Letters 48, no. 9 (2007): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.024.

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5

Pádua, Rodrigo M., Alaíde B. Oliveira, José D. Souza Filho, Jacqueline A. Takahashi, Maurício de Abreu e. Silva, and Fernão C. Braga. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by Cochliobolus lunatus." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 18, no. 7 (2007): 1303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532007000700002.

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6

Pádua, Rodrigo M., Alaíde B. Oliveira, José D. Souza Filho, Géssy J. Vieira, Jacqueline A. Takahashi, and Fernão C. Braga. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by Fusarium ciliatum." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 16, no. 3b (2005): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-50532005000400019.

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7

Prisbe, Ernest J., Julien P. H. Verheyden, Wayne W. Montgomery, and Arthur M. Strosberg. "Digitoxigenin 3-O-.beta.-D-furanosides." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 29, no. 2 (1986): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00152a012.

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8

Fu, Yu Wan, Hua Sun, Yan Jun Shen, Xi Chen, and Min Wang. "Biotransformation of Digitoxin by Aspergillus Ochraceus." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1281.

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Biotransformations of natural products have great potential for preparation of lead compounds. In this paper, the biotransformation of digitoxin (1) with Aspergillus ochraceus afforded two products, identified as digitoxigenin (2) and sarmentogenin (3) by HR-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.
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9

Honma, Masahiro, and Masahisa Nakada. "Corrigendum to “Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-digitoxigenin”." Tetrahedron Letters 48, no. 12 (2007): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.109.

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10

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Takashi Watanabe, Masao Hirotani, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cultured ginseng cells." Phytochemistry 42, no. 3 (1996): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00079-9.

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11

Feng, Xinchi, Cuifen Wang, Yunhui Xu, et al. "Topical Digitoxigenin for Wound Healing: A Feasibility Study." Bioengineering 5, no. 1 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5010021.

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12

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Sachiko Koike, Masao Hirotani, et al. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cultured Strophanthus hybrid cells." Phytochemistry 47, no. 7 (1998): 1261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00748-6.

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13

Stork, Gilbert, Fred West, Hee Yoon Lee, Richard C. A. Isaacs, and Shino Manabe. "The Total Synthesis of a Natural Cardenolide: (+)-Digitoxigenin." Journal of the American Chemical Society 118, no. 43 (1996): 10660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja962163m.

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14

Scharfenberg-Pfeiffer, D., E. Höhne, and M. Wunderwald. "Crystal- and molecular structure of 19-nor-digitoxigenin." Crystal Research and Technology 22, no. 11 (1987): 1403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170221109.

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15

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Masao Hirotani, Takafumi Yoshikawa, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by ginseng hairy root cultures☆." Phytochemistry 29, no. 3 (1990): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80029-g.

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16

Fenster, P. E., R. T. MacFarland, P. E. Graves, D. Perrier, and F. I. Marcus. "Bioavailability of the bis- and monodigitoxosides of digitoxigenin." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28, no. 6 (1985): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00607909.

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17

Vaněk, T., T. Macek, and J. Harmatha. "Glucosidation of digitoxigenin by tissue culture ofDigitalis lanata." Biotechnology Letters 8, no. 12 (1986): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01078645.

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18

Daniewski, Andrzej Robert, Marek Michal Kabat, Marek Masnyk, Wanda Wojciechowska та Jerzy Wicha. "New way to digitoxigenin from 3β-acetoxy-5-androsten-17-one. Stereoselective free radical substitution of iodide atom by nitrile group as a key step". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, № 5 (1991): 1064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19911064.

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Digitoxigenin (I) was obtained from 17-oxoandrost-5-en-3β-yl acetate (III) using, as a key step, free radical stereoselective substitution of an iodine atom in VI by a nitrile group. Transformation of the nitrile group at C-17 into a pregnane side chain or a butenolide lactone ring took place without isomerization at C-17.
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19

Beaubien, Sylvie, та Pierre Deslongchamps. "Total synthesis of 14β-fluorosteroids via a transannular Diels–Alder reaction". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, № 1 (2006): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-259.

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14β-Fluorosteroids 3 and 4 were synthesized to give a new class of unnatural cardenolides. The total synthesis of racemic 14β-fluorosteroids was accomplished using a highly diastereoselective transannular Diels–Alder reaction on a trans-cis-cis macrocyclic triene. The α-fluoro analog 4 provided a comparable inhibitory activity to natural digitoxigenin 1.Key words: fluorosteroid, bioisostere, cardiovascular diseases, transannular Diels–Alder reaction (TADA), macrocyclization.
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20

Munkert, Jennifer, Eliza R. Gomes, Lucas L. Marostica, et al. "New 99mTc-Labeled Digitoxigenin Derivative for Cancer Cell Identification." ACS Omega 4, no. 26 (2019): 22048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03167.

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21

Warwick, Robert O., Mary P. Smith, Marta A. Graffy, and Gary L. Lage. "Altered distribution and toxicity of digitoxigenin in fasted mice." Life Sciences 37, no. 8 (1985): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(85)90548-x.

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22

Zhang, Jianjun, Larissa V. Ponomareva, Nitin S. Nandurkar, et al. "Influence of Sugar Amine Regiochemistry on Digitoxigenin Neoglycoside Anticancer Activity." ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 6, no. 10 (2015): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00120.

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23

STORK, G., F. WEST, H. Y. LEE, R. C. A. ISAACS, and S. MANABE. "ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of a Natural Cardenolide: (+)-Digitoxigenin (XIV)." ChemInform 28, no. 7 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199707213.

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24

Furuya, Tsutomu, Kiichiro Kawaguchi, and Masao Hirotani. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cell suspension cultures of Strophanthus gratus." Phytochemistry 27, no. 7 (1988): 2129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80110-9.

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25

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Masao Hirotani, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cell suspension cultures of Strophanthus amboensis." Phytochemistry 27, no. 11 (1988): 3475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80751-9.

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26

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Masao Hirotani, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cell suspension cultures of Strophanthus intermedius." Phytochemistry 28, no. 4 (1989): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80190-6.

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27

Kawaguchi, Kiichiro, Masao Hirotani, and Tsutomu Furuya. "Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cell suspension cultures of Strophanthus divaricatus." Phytochemistry 30, no. 5 (1991): 1503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)84197-z.

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28

Pouzar, Vladimír, Ivan Černý, Pavel Drašar, and Miroslav Havel. "New method of preparation of cardioglycoside hemisuccinates." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 9 (1986): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19862019.

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An indirect method for preparation of hemisuccinates (hydrogen butanedioates) is described, consisting in reaction of hydroxy derivatives with 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl hemisuccinate (I) followed by removal of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl group from the mixed succinate with tetrabutylammonium fluoride. It has been applied to the synthesis of hemisuccinates derived from cholesterol (II), (20E)-21-methoxycarbonylpregna-5,20-dien-3β-ol (V), digitoxigenin (XII), digitoxin (XV) and digoxin (XVIII). The method, however, is not suitable for the preparation of estrone hemisuccinate X which is cleaved wit
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29

Černý, Ivan, Petr Novotný, Pavel Drašar, Miroslav Havel та Josef Pacák. "Glycosylation of steroids with silver silicate and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide triacetate". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, № 10 (1989): 2775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19892775.

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Glycosylation with the title glycosyl bromide I in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of silver silicate and a molecular sieves afforded mixtures of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α- and β-D-glucopyranosides (V-X), derived from ethyl (20E)-3β-hydroxy-24-nor-5,20(22)-choladien-23-oate (II), (20E)-3β-hydroxy-5β-pregn-20-ene-21-carboxylate (III) and 3β, 14-dihydroxy-5β, 14β-card-20(22)-enolide (IV, digitoxigenin), in which the β-anomers predominated. Separation and deacetylation furnished the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucosides XI-XVI.
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30

Harkiss, K. J., P. A. Linley, and M. K. M. Mesbah. "Biotransformation of (23-14C)-Digitoxigenin and (23-14C)-Digitoxin inConvallaria majalisL." International Journal of Crude Drug Research 24, no. 1 (1986): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880208609060883.

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31

Ramirez, Margarita, Leonardo Del Valle, Alicia Sanchez-Mendoza, Fermin Alejandro Tenorio, Gabriela Zarco, and Gustavo Pastelin. "Effect of the digitoxigenin derivative, INCICH-D7, on Na+, K+-ATPase." Biochemical Pharmacology 70, no. 6 (2005): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.020.

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32

Wang, Hua-Yu Leo, Bulan Wu, Qi Zhang, Sang-Woo Kang, Yon Rojanasakul та George A. O’Doherty. "C5′-Alkyl Substitution Effects on Digitoxigenin α-l-Glycoside Cancer Cytotoxicity". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2, № 4 (2011): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ml100291n.

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33

Boff, Laurita, Jennifer Munkert, Flaviano Melo Ottoni, et al. "Potential anti-herpes and cytotoxic action of novel semisynthetic digitoxigenin-derivatives." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 167 (April 2019): 546–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.076.

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34

Minuk, G. Y., A. Bennaroch, and L. X. Ding. "Polyamine transport systems in isolated rat hepatocytes derived from resting and regenerating livers." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 263, no. 2 (1992): G169—G173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.2.g169.

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Polyamines and their principal metabolite, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), modulate eukaryotic cell growth. To determine whether the liver possesses specific polyamine transport sites and whether changes occur to these or GABA transport sites during hepatic regeneration, suspensions of rat hepatocytes derived from in situ collagenase perfusions of livers at times 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-partial hepatectomy were incubated at 4, 20, and 37 degrees C with various concentrations of the following ligands: [3H]putrescine, [3H]spermidine, [14C]spermine, and [3H]GABA together with or without excess u
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35

YAMAKI, Hideaki, Akihiro NONAKA, Moritaka TANI, and Mitsuaki WATANABE. "GC/MS Analysis for Strophanthidin and Digitoxigenin in "Moroheiya"(Corchorus olitorius L.)." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 46, no. 4 (1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.46.255.

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36

Scharfenberg-Pfeiffer, D., E. Höhne, R. Megges, and H. J. Schmidt. "Crystal and molecular structure of 14-desoxy-14ß-azido-digitoxigenin-3-acetate." Crystal Research and Technology 23, no. 6 (1988): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170230620.

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37

GODA, Yukihiro, Shinobu SAKAI, Takatoshi NAKAMURA, Kazunari KONDO, Hiroshi AKIYAMA, and Masatake TOYODA. "Determination of Digitoxigenin Glycosides in “Moroheiya” (Corchorus olitorius) and Its Products by HPLC." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 39, no. 6 (1998): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.39.6_415.

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38

FUJII, Youichi, Masahiro FUJII, Yukari IKEDA, Mayumi MORITA, and Mitsuru YAMAZAKI. "Biological Sciences and Analytical Chemistry. Preparation of antiserum for radioimmunoassay of digitoxigenin bisdigitoxoside." Bunseki kagaku 44, no. 10 (1995): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.44.859.

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39

Johannes, Andrea, Lutz von Meyerinck, and Achim Schmoldt. "Purification of a rat liver cytosolic sulfotransferase responsible for the conjugation of digitoxigenin." Biochemical Pharmacology 39, no. 2 (1990): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90029-k.

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40

Bohl, Martin, and Zeno Simon. "MTD Approach to Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Cardiotonic Steroids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 40, no. 11-12 (1985): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1985-11-1219.

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Abstract A minimal topological difference (MTD) approach is made to describe quantitative structure-activity relationships (OSAR) for the Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitory activity of cardiotonic steroids. The calculations take into account 20 derivatives of digitoxigenin, digoxigenin, and gitoxigenin with small substituents at different sites of the steroid backbone. A multiple correlation coefficient of r = 0.916 is obtained using the MTD and an indicator variable for the presence of a 15β substituent. The corresponding receptor map reveals receptor wall vertices in the C11 , C12, C15, and C22 regio
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41

Go, K., and K. K. Bhandary. "Structural studies on the biosides of Digitalis lanata: bisdigitoxosides of digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin and digoxigenin." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 45, no. 3 (1989): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768189001734.

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42

Hinds, John W., Sean B. McKenna, Ehesan U. Sharif, Hua-Yu L. Wang, Novruz G. Akhmedov та George A. O'Doherty. "C3′/C4′-Stereochemical Effects of Digitoxigenin α-L-/α-D-Glycoside in Cancer Cytotoxicity". ChemMedChem 8, № 1 (2012): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201200465.

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43

OGAWA, Masahiko, Katuhiro HAYASI, Satoko TOMIMORI, Nobuyuki KONISHI, and Osamu NAKAYAMA. "Contents of Strophanthidin Glycosides and Digitoxigenin Glycosides in "Moroheiya" (Corchorus olitorius L.) and Its Products." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 49, no. 4 (2002): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.49.282.

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44

Boff, Laurita, Lara Persich, Paula Brambila, et al. "Investigation of the cytotoxic activity of two novel digitoxigenin analogues on H460 lung cancer cells." Anti-Cancer Drugs 31, no. 5 (2020): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cad.0000000000000872.

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45

Go, K., and K. K. Bhandary. "Structural studies on the biosides of Digitalis lanata: bisdigitoxosides of digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin and digoxigenin. Erratum." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 46, no. 2 (1990): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768190099955.

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46

Lowndes, Joseph M., Mabel Hokin-Neaverson, and Arnold E. Ruoho. "Photoaffinity labeling of erythrocyte membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with high specific activity [125I]iodoazidogalactosyl digitoxigenin." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 904, no. 1 (1987): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(87)90098-8.

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47

Radenkova-Saeva, J., and P. Atanasov. "Cardiac Glycoside Plants Self-Poisoning." Acta Medica Bulgarica 41, no. 1 (2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2014-0013.

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Summary Cardiac glycosides are found in a diverse group of plants including Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata (foxgloves), Nerium oleander, Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley), Strophanthus gratus, etc. Nerium Oleander is an indoor and ornamental plant of an evergreen shrub. It’s widespread in countries with a Mediterranean climate. Oleander is one of the most poisonous plants known to humans. All parts of the nerium oleander are poisonous, primarily due to the contained cardiac glycosides - oleandrin, nerin, digitoxigenin, and olinerin of which oleandrin is the principal toxin. The
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48

Petersen, Maike, Hanns Ulrich Seitz та Ernst Reinhard. "Characterization and Localization of Digitoxin 12 β-Hydroxylase from Cell Cultures of Digitalis lanata EHRH". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, № 3-4 (1988): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-3-409.

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The cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase digitoxin 12β-hydroxylase from cell cultures of Digitalis lanata needs NADPH and molecular oxygen and hydroxylates cardiac glycosides with the aglycon of digitoxigenin to the corresponding derivatives of the C-series. Other electron donors cannot replace NADPH. The apparent Km-values are 26 μᴍ for NADPH, 7.1 μᴍ for β-methyldigitoxin and 10 μᴍ for digitoxin. The reaction is inhibited by NADP+ and cytochrome c in a competitive mode. The optimum temperature was at 20 °C. Low concentrations of Mn2+, Mg2+, and EDTA were slightly stimulatory, but there wa
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49

YAMAUCHI, TATSUO, FUMIKO ABE, and ALFRED S. C. WAN. "Studies on Cerbera. V. Minor glycosides of 17.ALPHA.-digitoxigenin from the stems of genus Cerbera." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 35, no. 12 (1987): 4993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.4993.

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50

Theurer, Christoph, Wolfgang Kreis, and Ernst Reinhard. "Effects of Digitoxigenin, Digoxigenin, and Various Cardiac Glycosides on Cardenolide Accumulation in Shoot Cultures ofDigitalis lanata." Planta Medica 64, no. 08 (1998): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957562.

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